Ripple is a raytracer made completely from scratch in the C programming language.
It started by rendering simple spheres but aims to render complex objects with varying geometry and aesthetic lighting.
This program uses the MSVC compiler with Make on Windows 11 x64-based operating system.
Before building, make sure there's a directory named build.
> make
cl /O2 /Wall /c src/bmp.c /Fobuild/bmp.obj
Microsoft (R) C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 19.38.33133 for x64
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
bmp.c
src\bmp.c(10) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
cl /O2 /Wall /c src/ripple.c /Fobuild/ripple.obj
Microsoft (R) C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 19.38.33133 for x64
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
ripple.c
src\sphere.h(11): warning C4820: '<unnamed-tag>': '1' bytes padding added after data member 'color'
src\plane.h(11): warning C4820: '<unnamed-tag>': '1' bytes padding added after data member 'color'
src\cube.h(30): warning C4820: '<unnamed-tag>': '1' bytes padding added after data member 'color'
src\base_part.h(15): warning C4201: nonstandard extension used: nameless struct/union
src\raycast.h(14): warning C4820: '<unnamed-tag>': '1' bytes padding added after data member 'color'
src/ripple.c(39): warning C4305: 'function': truncation from 'double' to 'float'
src/ripple.c(68): warning C4020: 'plane_new': too many actual parameters
src\ripple.c(22) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
src\ripple.c(86) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
src\ripple.c(89) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
src\ripple.c(98) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
src\ripple.c(103) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
src\ripple.c(104) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
src\ripple.c(105) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
src\ripple.c(120) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
cl /O2 /Wall /c src/sphere.c /Fobuild/sphere.obj
Microsoft (R) C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 19.38.33133 for x64
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
sphere.c
src\sphere.h(11): warning C4820: '<unnamed-tag>': '1' bytes padding added after data member 'color'
src\sphere.c(6) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
cl /O2 /Wall /c src/cube.c /Fobuild/cube.obj
Microsoft (R) C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 19.38.33133 for x64
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
cube.c
src\plane.h(11): warning C4820: '<unnamed-tag>': '1' bytes padding added after data member 'color'
src\cube.h(30): warning C4820: '<unnamed-tag>': '1' bytes padding added after data member 'color'
src/cube.c(40): warning C4020: 'plane_new': too many actual parameters
src/cube.c(45): warning C4020: 'plane_new': too many actual parameters
src/cube.c(50): warning C4020: 'plane_new': too many actual parameters
src/cube.c(56): warning C4020: 'plane_new': too many actual parameters
src/cube.c(61): warning C4020: 'plane_new': too many actual parameters
src/cube.c(66): warning C4020: 'plane_new': too many actual parameters
src\cube.c(7) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
src\cube.c(8) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
src\cube.c(9) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
src\cube.c(10) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
src\cube.c(11) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
src\cube.c(12) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
src\cube.c(14) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
src\cube.c(15) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
src\cube.c(16) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
src\cube.c(17) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
src\cube.c(18) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
src\cube.c(19) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
cl /O2 /Wall /c src/plane.c /Fobuild/plane.obj
Microsoft (R) C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 19.38.33133 for x64
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
plane.c
src\plane.h(11): warning C4820: '<unnamed-tag>': '1' bytes padding added after data member 'color'
src/plane.c(4): warning C4013: 'printf' undefined; assuming extern returning int
src/plane.c(11): warning C4029: declared formal parameter list different from definition
cl /O2 /Wall /c src/vec3.c /Fobuild/vec3.obj
Microsoft (R) C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 19.38.33133 for x64
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
vec3.c
src\vec3.c(37) : warning C4711: function 'vec3_new' selected for automatic inline expansion
src\vec3.c(44) : warning C4711: function 'vec3_new' selected for automatic inline expansion
src\vec3.c(51) : warning C4711: function 'vec3_new' selected for automatic inline expansion
src\vec3.c(58) : warning C4711: function 'vec3_new' selected for automatic inline expansion
src\vec3.c(75) : warning C4711: function 'vec3_new' selected for automatic inline expansion
src\vec3.c(26) : warning C4711: function 'vec3_magnitude' selected for automatic inline expansion
src\vec3.c(30) : warning C4711: function 'vec3_new' selected for automatic inline expansion
src\vec3.c(8) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
src\vec3.c(8) : warning C4711: function 'vec3_magnitude' selected for automatic inline expansion
cl /O2 /Wall /c src/render.c /Fobuild/render.obj
Microsoft (R) C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 19.38.33133 for x64
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
render.c
src\sphere.h(11): warning C4820: '<unnamed-tag>': '1' bytes padding added after data member 'color'
src\plane.h(11): warning C4820: '<unnamed-tag>': '1' bytes padding added after data member 'color'
src\cube.h(30): warning C4820: '<unnamed-tag>': '1' bytes padding added after data member 'color'
src\base_part.h(15): warning C4201: nonstandard extension used: nameless struct/union
src\raycast.h(14): warning C4820: '<unnamed-tag>': '1' bytes padding added after data member 'color'
src/render.c(13): warning C4305: 'initializing': truncation from 'double' to 'const float'
src/render.c(16): warning C4244: 'initializing': conversion from 'double' to 'const float', possible loss of data
src/render.c(17): warning C4244: 'initializing': conversion from 'double' to 'const float', possible loss of data
src/render.c(38): warning C4244: '=': conversion from 'double' to 'uint8_t', possible loss of data
src/render.c(39): warning C4244: '=': conversion from 'double' to 'uint8_t', possible loss of data
src/render.c(40): warning C4244: '=': conversion from 'double' to 'uint8_t', possible loss of data
src/render.c(43): warning C4244: 'function': conversion from 'double' to 'float', possible loss of data
src/render.c(44): warning C4244: 'function': conversion from 'double' to 'float', possible loss of data
src/render.c(81): warning C4244: 'initializing': conversion from 'double' to 'float', possible loss of data
src/render.c(106): warning C4242: 'return': conversion from 'int' to 'uint8_t', possible loss of data
src\render.c(85) : warning C4711: function 'validate_rgb' selected for automatic inline expansion
src\render.c(86) : warning C4711: function 'validate_rgb' selected for automatic inline expansion
src\render.c(87) : warning C4711: function 'validate_rgb' selected for automatic inline expansion
src\render.c(22) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
src\render.c(23) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
src\render.c(24) : warning C4710: 'printf': function not inlined
src\render.c(28) : warning C5045: Compiler will insert Spectre mitigation for memory load if /Qspectre switch specified
src\render.c(27) : note: index 'WIDTH' range checked by comparison on this line
src\render.c(28) : note: feeds call on this line
cl /O2 /Wall /c src/raycast.c /Fobuild/raycast.obj
Microsoft (R) C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 19.38.33133 for x64
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
raycast.c
src\sphere.h(11): warning C4820: '<unnamed-tag>': '1' bytes padding added after data member 'color'
src\plane.h(11): warning C4820: '<unnamed-tag>': '1' bytes padding added after data member 'color'
src\cube.h(30): warning C4820: '<unnamed-tag>': '1' bytes padding added after data member 'color'
src\base_part.h(15): warning C4201: nonstandard extension used: nameless struct/union
src\raycast.h(14): warning C4820: '<unnamed-tag>': '1' bytes padding added after data member 'color'
src/raycast.c(57): warning C4244: 'initializing': conversion from 'double' to 'float', possible loss of data
src\raycast.c(27) : warning C5045: Compiler will insert Spectre mitigation for memory load if /Qspectre switch specified
src\raycast.c(19) : note: index 'perp_distance' range checked by comparison on this line
src\raycast.c(27) : note: feeds call on this line
src\raycast.c(68) : warning C5045: Compiler will insert Spectre mitigation for memory load if /Qspectre switch specified
src\raycast.c(60) : note: index 'perp_distance' range checked by comparison on this line
src\raycast.c(68) : note: feeds call on this line
src\raycast.c(190) : warning C4711: function 'sphere_raycast' selected for automatic inline expansion
cl /O2 /Wall build/bmp.obj build/ripple.obj build/sphere.obj build/cube.obj build/plane.obj build/vec3.obj build/render.obj build/raycast.obj /Febuild/ripple.exe
Microsoft (R) C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 19.38.33133 for x64
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 14.38.33133.0
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
/out:build/ripple.exe
build/bmp.obj
build/ripple.obj
build/sphere.obj
build/cube.obj
build/plane.obj
build/vec3.obj
build/render.obj
build/raycast.obj
Run the program specifying the width and height.
> build\ripple.exe 3840 2160
Sphere:
Memory Address: 000000056DB1FBF0
Position: (-1.000000 -0.500000 6.000000)
Radius: 0.800000
Color: RGB (200, 30, 30)
Cube:
Memory address: 000000056DB1FB20
Position: (2.000000 -1.000000 5.000000)
Vertex 1 (front top left) (relative to position): (0.500000 0.500000 0.500000)
Vertex 2 (back bottom right) (relative to position): (-0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000)
Color: (146, 112, 45)
Surfaces:
Front:
Normal: (0.000000 0.000000 1.000000)
Point: (2.500000 -0.500000 5.500000)
Back:
Normal: (0.000000 0.000000 -1.000000)
Point: (1.500000 -1.500000 4.500000)
Top:
Normal: (0.000000 1.000000 0.000000)
Point: (2.500000 -0.500000 5.500000)
Bottom:
Normal: (0.000000 -1.000000 0.000000)
Point: (1.500000 -1.500000 4.500000)
Right:
Normal: (-1.000000 0.000000 0.000000)
Point: (1.500000 -1.500000 4.500000)
Left:
Normal: (1.000000 0.000000 0.000000)
Point: (2.500000 -0.500000 5.500000)
Plane:
Memory Address: 000000056DB1FBE0
Normal: (0.000000 1.000000 0.000000)
Point: (0.000000 -2.000000 0.000000)
Color: (56, 112, 45)
Sun position: Vector3:
Memory Address: 000000056DB1FC60
Value: (0.000000 10.000000 0.000000)
Magnitude: 10.000000
Width: 3840, Height: 2160
Light Intensity: 5000
Field Of View: 90
Shading Enabled: 1
Aspect Ratio: 1.777778
Horizontal Field Of View in radians: 1.570796
Vertical Field Of View in radians: 0.883573
Scene Width: 2.000000 Scene Height: 0.945930
Least Scene Width: 0.000521 Least Scene Height: 0.000438
Render time: 5.570000 seconds
You should see an output.bmp file
