ICU-23101 Add extended year test for Chinese, Gregorian, Japanese, ...

[sffc]

Added test for the extended year. I can also add tests for other things.

EDIT: I'm also tweaking the definitions here. I can land the test by itself if you prefer. ICU-23167

Checklist

• Required: Issue filed: ICU-23101
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[FrankYFTang]

Could we also add the same test to Java if a C++ test is needed.

[jira-pull-request-webhook]

Notice: the branch changed across the force-push!

• icu4j/main/core/src/test/java/com/ibm/icu/dev/test/calendar/CalendarRegressionTest.java is now changed in the branch

View Diff Across Force-Push

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