Reticulum Specifications

Byte-level interoperability specifications for the Reticulum Network Stack and LXMF — the parts that aren't in the upstream manuals but are needed to build a working client from scratch.

Upstream Reticulum has excellent operator-facing documentation (config, deployment, design philosophy). What's missing — and what every alternative implementation has had to reverse-engineer from the Python source — is an authoritative wire-level spec: header bit layouts, msgpack field types, signature input formats, the exact behavior of Transport.outbound, and the long list of "would never guess from reading the manual" gotchas that cost hours of debugging each.

This repo collects those findings in one place. The hope is that future client authors (Kotlin, Swift, Rust, Go, embedded C — pick your stack) can read this instead of re-deriving everything from RNS/Transport.py.

Status

Early days, contributions welcome. Current content was bootstrapped from the working notes of two reverse-engineering efforts:

• The web-based Reticulum client at reticulum-lora-webclient
• The native Android client at reticulum-mobile-app

Each finding is grounded in upstream source citations (file + line) so it can be re-verified as RNS evolves.

What's here

• SPEC.md — the single combined spec document, organized by protocol layer
• playbook.md — how to troubleshoot interop bugs, design tests that don't lie to you, and navigate the protocol's code-as-spec parts. Read this if you're starting any Reticulum implementation work, not just contributing to this repo. Includes an incident registry of past wire-format bugs and their fixes.
• agent.md — verification rules for adding to this repo (markers, tools/, test-vectors)
• templates/ — drop-in AGENTS.md for new Reticulum implementation projects in any language. Copy into your project root, edit the marked sections, and the next agent or contributor lands on the right docs automatically.
• flows/ — chronological end-to-end narratives (e.g. "send a message"), cross-referencing SPEC.md sections
• tools/ — self-contained Python verifier scripts that test SPEC.md claims against upstream RNS / LXMF. Pinned via tools/requirements.txt to the upstream versions the scripts were last re-verified against
• test-vectors/ — known-good byte sequences each implementation should be able to round-trip (intent: grow into a compliance suite)

As content grows, SPEC.md will be split into per-layer files (packet header, identity, announce, token-crypto, LXMF, link, resource, transport).

Spec corrections

Errata that may invalidate code built against an earlier revision of SPEC.md. Newest first. Feature additions and ordinary edits live in git log — this section is reserved for cases where the spec said one thing, that turned out to be wrong, and an implementer who pulled the bad version needs to fix their code.

• 2026-05-17 — §10.2 Resource integrity hash: the 4-byte prefix is NOT r, and is NOT in the hash input. Bad text introduced in 95823ad; on master from 2026-05-03 to 2026-05-17. §10.2 step 3 wrongly equated the random-hash prefix prepended to the Resource body with the advertisement's r field, and step 5 wrongly fed that prefix into hash/expected_proof (claiming hash = SHA256(random_hash || body || random_hash)). Upstream RNS/Resource.py (1.2.4) uses two distinct get_random_hash()[:4] values: a throwaway prefix the receiver strips and discards (:405/412, :682), and self.random_hash — the advertisement's r field (:440, :1285). The integrity hash is SHA256(uncompressed_plaintext || r) over the prefix-stripped, decompressed body (:441, :694) — exactly as §10.8 already stated. An implementer who trusted §10.2 step 5 computes a hash no spec-compliant peer accepts; every Resource is rejected as CORRUPT. §10.2 corrected to agree with §10.8; §10.12's wire-layering block fixed to match. Surfaced by issue #9.

• 2026-05-06 — §2.1 flag byte: bit 7 is the IFAC flag, not part of header_type. Bad text introduced in 8c4d550, corrected in 0c2021e; on master from 2026-05-04 to 2026-05-06. The corrected layout is ifac_flag(bit 7) | header_type(bit 6) | context_flag(5) | transport_type(4) | destination_type(3-2) | packet_type(1-0), matching the official manual §4.6.3 and upstream RNS/Packet.py:246 (parse mask 0b01000000 >> 6) / RNS/Transport.py:1003 (IFAC setter raw[0] | 0x80). Implementers who consumed the bad version will mis-parse every IFAC-protected packet as header_type ∈ {2, 3} and drop it. Surfaced by issue #4 item #1.

Scope

In scope:

• Wire formats: byte layouts, field encodings, framing
• Signing inputs and what's hashed where
• Cross-cutting behaviors required for interop (path requests, ratchet rotation, retransmit semantics)
• "Gotchas" — things upstream code does that aren't obvious from the manual or RFC-style sketches
• Test vectors that any implementation must be able to round-trip

Out of scope:

• Operator/user documentation — see the official manual
• API design choices for any specific implementation
• Networking layer config (interfaces, transport modes) — already well documented

Source citations

Where a finding cites upstream Python code, the path is relative to a standard pip install rns lxmf installation, e.g. RNS/Transport.py, LXMF/LXMF.py. Where the bundled umsgpack is referenced, the path is RNS/vendor/umsgpack.py.

When upstream code changes such that a citation no longer matches, file an issue or PR — the goal is to track the de-facto wire spec as it actually behaves, not as it was at any single snapshot.

Contributing

If you've debugged a Reticulum interop problem and the answer wasn't in the upstream docs, please add it. Format:

### N.M Short description of the finding

**Symptom:** what you observed that prompted the investigation.

**What's happening:** the actual mechanism, ideally with upstream source citation (file + line).

**Implication / fix:** what an implementation must do to interop.

**Source:** upstream file paths and approximate line numbers.

Add a worked test vector to test-vectors/ if the finding is byte-level.

License

CC BY 4.0 — use freely, attribution appreciated.