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papers/Gagnon_Kebe_Tahiri/main.tex

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 \end{abstract}
 
 \section{Introduction}\label{introduction}
-In the vast North Atlantic and subarctic region, the Icelandic area and its surrounding waters offer fascinating ecological interest \citep{schnurr_composition_2014, uhlir_adding_2021}. The waters surrounding Iceland contain a significant diversity of water bodies from various sources \citep{brix_iceage_2014}. These specific oceanographic and hydrographic characteristics shape benthic habitats through various parameters such as depth gradients, water mass indicators, and specific arrangement of habitats (\citep{meisner_benthic_2014, uhlir_adding_2021}). Therefore, research in these areas enhances our understanding of deep-sea ecosystems and the patterns of biodiversity patterns found within them (\citep{rogers2007corals, meisner_prefacebiodiversity_2018}).
+In the vast North Atlantic and subarctic region, the Icelandic area and its surrounding waters offer fascinating ecological interest \citep{schnurr_composition_2014, uhlir_adding_2021}. The waters surrounding Iceland contain a significant diversity of water bodies from various sources \citep{brix_iceage_2014}. These specific oceanographic and hydrographic characteristics shape benthic habitats through various parameters such as depth gradients, water mass indicators, and specific arrangement of habitats \citep{meisner_benthic_2014, uhlir_adding_2021}. Therefore, research in these areas enhances our understanding of deep-sea ecosystems and the patterns of biodiversity patterns found within them \citep{rogers2007corals, meisner_prefacebiodiversity_2018}.
 
 Biological and environmental baseline data collected in these regions the IceAGE project, as well as its predecessors BIOFAR and BIOICE, which studied the biodiversity of the Faroe Islands and Iceland \citep{meisner_prefacebiodiversity_2018} are invaluable resources. They provide a crucial source of information for understanding two major issues facing present and future generations: the impact of climate change and mining on the seabed. The North Atlantic region around Iceland has been recognized for decades as a critical region for the regulation of global thermohaline \citep{meisner_prefacebiodiversity_2018}. The Greenland, Iceland and Norwegian (GIN) seas, as well as the high-latitude North Atlantic, play a crucial role in modern deep-sea ventilation. The surface waters of these regions are essential source regions for global deep-sea renewal, and are essentials for the circulation of thermohaline \citep{johannessen_relationship_1994}. One of the most important of these changes is the formation of cold, deep water \citep{meisner_prefacebiodiversity_2018}. With the loss of Arctic sea ice, the deep-sea formation process slowed down, likely impacting the flow dynamic and chemistry in the region studied during the IceAGE expedition \citep{meisner_prefacebiodiversity_2018}.
 
-There is a growing international interest in deep-sea resource extraction (\citep{mengerink_call_2014}). These operations target in particular mid-ocean ridges and other active geothermal areas. The ridges around Iceland include these types of areas, such as the Reykjanes Ridge, which is home to hydrothermal vent sites. Accurately and rigorously assessing the extent of damage and loss of ecosystem services caused by mining activities is difficult without robust baseline data \citep{meisner_prefacebiodiversity_2018}.
+There is a growing international interest in deep-sea resource extraction \citep{mengerink_call_2014}. These operations target in particular mid-ocean ridges and other active geothermal areas. The ridges around Iceland include these types of areas, such as the Reykjanes Ridge, which is home to hydrothermal vent sites. Accurately and rigorously assessing the extent of damage and loss of ecosystem services caused by mining activities is difficult without robust baseline data \citep{meisner_prefacebiodiversity_2018}.
 
-Crustaceans of the taxon Peracarida Calman, 1904, often constitute a significant portion of macrobenthic communities in Arctic and subarctic waters. They are widely dispersed across the continental shelf and slope of northern seas \citep{stransky_diversity_2010}. In this study, we focus on the peracarid taxon Cumacea Krøyer, 1846, which not only contribute to food webs, but are also essentials as indicators of marine habitat health (\citep{stransky_diversity_2010}). The latter are mainly bottom-dwelling marine benthic crustaceans, spending a large part of their lives buried in or near sediments. Thus, Cumacea are presumed to have limited dispersal abilities and are unlikely to be able to move great distances \citep{uhlir_adding_2021}.
+Crustaceans of the taxon Peracarida Calman, 1904, often constitute a significant portion of macrobenthic communities in Arctic and subarctic waters. They are widely dispersed across the continental shelf and slope of northern seas \citep{stransky_diversity_2010}. In this study, we focus on the peracarid taxon Cumacea Krøyer, 1846, which not only contribute to food webs, but are also essentials as indicators of marine habitat health \citep{stransky_diversity_2010}. The latter are mainly bottom-dwelling marine benthic crustaceans, spending a large part of their lives buried in or near sediments. Thus, Cumacea are presumed to have limited dispersal abilities and are unlikely to be able to move great distances \citep{uhlir_adding_2021}.
 
 Unlike the benthic invertebrates that inhabit the rocky intertidal environments of the Northwest and Northeast Atlantic, the available information on the evolutionary history and dynamics of deep-sea benthic invertebrates in the North Atlantic remains limited \citep{jennings_phylogeographic_2014}. Although many studies reveal interesting patterns of genetic distribution of benthic invertebrates from the deep sea (e.g. \citep{wilson_historical_1998, havermans_genetic_2013}). However, it is fundamental to better understand the origin and demography of deep Atlantic biota in order to grasp its relationship with ongoing climate change which should be considered a factor in range expansion of deep-sea fauna \citep{jennings_phylogeographic_2014}.