ssl: refactor check_supported_protocol_versions #1403

Job	Run time
openssl-1.1.1w	48s
openssl-3.0.15	53s
openssl-3.1.7	51s
openssl-3.2.3	50s
openssl-3.3.2	45s
openssl-3.4.0	45s
openssl-master	3m 53s
ruby-versions / Generate Ruby versions	2s
libressl-3.9.2	54s
libressl-4.0.0	49s
aws-lc-latest	1m 0s
openssl-3.0.15 with fips provider	1m 14s
openssl-3.1.7 with fips provider	42s
openssl-3.2.3 with fips provider	36s
openssl-3.3.2 with fips provider	38s
openssl-3.4.0 with fips provider	39s
openssl-master with fips provider	4m 2s
openssl-3.4.0 without legacy provider	45s
ubuntu-22.04 2.7	54s
ubuntu-22.04 3.0	45s
ubuntu-22.04 3.1	48s
ubuntu-22.04 3.2	47s
ubuntu-22.04 3.3	56s
ubuntu-22.04 3.4	46s
ubuntu-22.04 head	47s
ubuntu-22.04 truffleruby	1m 34s
ubuntu-22.04 truffleruby-head	1m 38s
ubuntu-20.04 2.7	57s
ubuntu-20.04 3.0	49s
ubuntu-20.04 3.1	48s
ubuntu-20.04 3.2	51s
ubuntu-20.04 3.3	53s
ubuntu-20.04 3.4	44s
ubuntu-20.04 head	57s
ubuntu-20.04 truffleruby	1m 28s
ubuntu-20.04 truffleruby-head	1m 41s
macos-latest 2.7	57s
macos-latest 3.0	44s
macos-latest 3.1	38s
macos-latest 3.2	44s
macos-latest 3.3	53s
macos-latest 3.4	35s
macos-latest head	36s
macos-latest truffleruby	54s
macos-latest truffleruby-head	1m 55s
windows-latest 2.7	4m 28s
windows-latest 3.0	3m 56s
windows-latest 3.1	4m 2s
windows-latest 3.2	3m 46s
windows-latest 3.3	3m 54s
windows-latest 3.4	4m 30s
windows-latest head	3m 4s
windows-latest ucrt	3m 7s
windows-latest mswin	4m 4s
	1h 20m 56s

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