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romainsacchi committed Aug 15, 2024
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Expand Up @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ A series of transformations are applied to the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) databa
and technology market shares with the outputs from the Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) scenario.

Mobile batteries
================
++++++++++++++++

Inventories for several battery technologies for mobile applications are provided
in *premise*. See EXTRACT/Import of additional inventories/Li-ion batteries for
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ under https://github.com/polca/premise/blob/master/premise/data/battery/scenari
Stationary batteries
====================
++++++++++++++++++++
Inventories for several battery technologies for stationary applications are provided:
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ market for battery capacity, stationary (TC scenario) GLO Vanadium R
capacity needed in high voltage electricity markets.
Biomass
=======
+++++++
Run
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ and transport it to the powerplant, but no other forestry-related burden is incl
Power generation
================
++++++++++++++++
Run
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -716,8 +716,6 @@ regional mixes defined by the International Energy Agency (IEA).
.. _IAI Beyond 2 Degrees Aluminium Roadmap: https://international-aluminium.org/resource/aluminium-sector-greenhouse-gas-pathways-to-2050-2021/
Storage
-------
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -847,7 +845,7 @@ activities to the new regional markets. The regional market it re-links to
depends on the location of the consumer.
Cement production
=================
+++++++++++++++++
The modelling of future improvements in the cement sector is relatively
simple at the moment, and does not involve the emergence of new
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -1043,7 +1041,7 @@ cement. The regional market it re-links to depends on the location
of the consumer.
Steel production
================
++++++++++++++++
Run
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -1211,7 +1209,7 @@ steel. The regional market it re-links to depends on the location
of the consumer.
Transport
=========
+++++++++
Run
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================================================================= ============ ================ ===========
Direct Air Capture
==================
++++++++++++++++++
Run
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -1457,7 +1455,7 @@ and heat of the DAC datasets to reflect changes in efficiency.
.. _Qiu: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31146-1
Fuels
"""""
+++++
Run
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -1488,60 +1486,14 @@ Efficiency adjustment
---------------------
Biofuels
========
--------
The biomass-to-fuel efficiency ratio of bioethanol and biodiesel
production datasets is adjusted according to the IAM scenario projections.
Inputs to the biofuel production datasets are multiplied by a *scaling factor*
that represents the change in efficiency relative to today (2020).
Hydrogen
========
Several pathways for hydrogen production are modeled in *premise*:
- electrolysis
- steam methane reforming of natural gas
- steam methane reforming of biomethane
- gasification of coal
- gasification of woody biomass
The last four pathways are modeled with and without CCS.
Inventories for these pathways are available under:
* premise/data/additional_inventories/lci-hydrogen-electrolysis.xlsx
* premise/data/additional_inventories/lci-smr-atr-natgas.xlsx
* premise/data/additional_inventories/lci-smr-atr-biogas.xlsx
* premise/data/additional_inventories/lci-hydrogen-coal-gasification.xlsx
* premise/data/additional_inventories/lci-hydrogen-wood-gasification.xlsx
In case the IAM variable that relates to a given hydrogen pathway's
efficiency is not available, the process' efficiency is not modified,
with the exception of electrolysis, which is modified regardless.
A scaling factor is calculated for each pathway, which is the ratio
between the IAM variable value for the year in question
and the current efficiency value (i.e., in 2020). *premise*
uses this scaling factor to adjust the amount of feedstock
input to produce 1 kg of hydrogen (e.g., m3 of natural gas per kg hydrogen).
If the IAM variable that relates to the efficiency of
the electrolysis hydrogen process is not available,
*premise* adjusts the amount of electricity needed
to produce 1 kg of hydrogen by electrolysis, on the basis of the following
requirements, which are sourced from Bauer_ et al, 2022:
==================== ======= ======= =======
kWh/kg H2, 25 bar 2010 2020 2050
==================== ======= ======= =======
electricity 58 55 48
==================== ======= ======= =======
.. _Bauer: https://www.psi.ch/en/media/77703/download?attachment
Land use and land use change
----------------------------
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -1587,7 +1539,33 @@ a variety of hydrogen and CO2 sources. Additionally, hydrogen can be supplied
by different means of transport, and in different states.
Hydrogen
========
--------
Several pathways for hydrogen production are modeled in *premise*:
- electrolysis
- steam methane reforming of natural gas
- steam methane reforming of biomethane
- gasification of coal
- gasification of woody biomass
- natural gas pyrolysis
- thermochemical water splitting
Each pathways are modeled with and without CCS,
with the exception of electrolysis, natural gas pyrolysis
and thermochemical water splitting.
In case the IAM variable that relates to a given hydrogen pathway's
efficiency is not available, the process' efficiency is not modified.
A scaling factor is calculated for each pathway, which is the ratio
between the IAM variable value for the year in question
and the current efficiency value (i.e., in 2020). *premise*
uses this scaling factor to adjust the amount of feedstock
input to produce 1 kg of hydrogen (e.g., m3 of natural gas per kg hydrogen).
Hydrogen supply chains
----------------------
*premise* starts by building different supply chains for hydrogen by varying:
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -1753,7 +1731,7 @@ are modelled with the calorific value of conventional gasoline.
=================================================================== ========= =========== ===========
Heat
====
++++
Run
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Geographical mapping
====================
++++++++++++++++++++
IAM models have slightly different geographical resolutions and definitions.
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -2068,7 +2046,7 @@ The mapping between ecoinvent locations and IAM regions is available under the f
https://github.com/polca/premise/blob/master/premise/iam_variables_mapping/topologies
Regionalization
===============
+++++++++++++++
Several of the integration steps described above involve the
regionalization of datasets. It is the case, for example, when introducing
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -2177,7 +2155,12 @@ Final Steps
GAINS emission factors
======================
++++++++++++++++++++++
Emissions factors from the air pollution model GAINS are used to scale
non-CO2 emissions in various datasets. The emission factors are available under:
premise/data/GAINS_emission_factors
Run
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -2295,7 +2278,7 @@ For questions related to GAINS modelling, please contact the respective GAINS te
* GAINS-IAM: https://gains.iiasa.ac.at/gains/IAM/index.login
Logs
====
++++
*premise* generates a spreadsheet report detailing changes made to the database
for each scenario. The report is saved in the current working directory and
Expand Down

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