The official Python client for Prometheus.
One: Install the client:
pip install prometheus-client
Two: Paste the following into a Python interpreter:
from prometheus_client import start_http_server, Summary
import random
import time
# Create a metric to track time spent and requests made.
REQUEST_TIME = Summary('request_processing_seconds', 'Time spent processing request')
# Decorate function with metric.
@REQUEST_TIME.time()
def process_request(t):
"""A dummy function that takes some time."""
time.sleep(t)
if __name__ == '__main__':
# Start up the server to expose the metrics.
start_http_server(8000)
# Generate some requests.
while True:
process_request(random.random())Three: Visit http://localhost:8000/ to view the metrics.
From one easy to use decorator you get:
request_processing_seconds_count: Number of times this function was called.request_processing_seconds_sum: Total amount of time spent in this function.
Prometheus's rate function allows calculation of both requests per second,
and latency over time from this data.
In addition if you're on Linux the process metrics expose CPU, memory and
other information about the process for free!
pip install prometheus_client
This package can be found on PyPI.
Four types of metric are offered: Counter, Gauge, Summary and Histogram. See the documentation on metric types and instrumentation best practices on how to use them.
Counters go up, and reset when the process restarts.
from prometheus_client import Counter
c = Counter('my_failures', 'Description of counter')
c.inc() # Increment by 1
c.inc(1.6) # Increment by given valueIf there is a suffix of _total on the metric name, it will be removed. When
exposing the time series for counter, a _total suffix will be added. This is
for compatibility between OpenMetrics and the Prometheus text format, as OpenMetrics
requires the _total suffix.
There are utilities to count exceptions raised:
@c.count_exceptions()
def f():
pass
with c.count_exceptions():
pass
# Count only one type of exception
with c.count_exceptions(ValueError):
passGauges can go up and down.
from prometheus_client import Gauge
g = Gauge('my_inprogress_requests', 'Description of gauge')
g.inc() # Increment by 1
g.dec(10) # Decrement by given value
g.set(4.2) # Set to a given valueThere are utilities for common use cases:
g.set_to_current_time() # Set to current unixtime
# Increment when entered, decrement when exited.
@g.track_inprogress()
def f():
pass
with g.track_inprogress():
passA Gauge can also take its value from a callback:
d = Gauge('data_objects', 'Number of objects')
my_dict = {}
d.set_function(lambda: len(my_dict))Summaries track the size and number of events.
from prometheus_client import Summary
s = Summary('request_latency_seconds', 'Description of summary')
s.observe(4.7) # Observe 4.7 (seconds in this case)There are utilities for timing code:
@s.time()
def f():
pass
with s.time():
passThe Python client doesn't store or expose quantile information at this time.
Histograms track the size and number of events in buckets. This allows for aggregatable calculation of quantiles.
from prometheus_client import Histogram
h = Histogram('request_latency_seconds', 'Description of histogram')
h.observe(4.7) # Observe 4.7 (seconds in this case)The default buckets are intended to cover a typical web/rpc request from milliseconds to seconds.
They can be overridden by passing buckets keyword argument to Histogram.
There are utilities for timing code:
@h.time()
def f():
pass
with h.time():
passInfo tracks key-value information, usually about a whole target.
from prometheus_client import Info
i = Info('my_build_version', 'Description of info')
i.info({'version': '1.2.3', 'buildhost': 'foo@bar'})Enum tracks which of a set of states something is currently in.
from prometheus_client import Enum
e = Enum('my_task_state', 'Description of enum',
states=['starting', 'running', 'stopped'])
e.state('running')All metrics can have labels, allowing grouping of related time series.
See the best practices on naming and labels.
Taking a counter as an example:
from prometheus_client import Counter
c = Counter('my_requests_total', 'HTTP Failures', ['method', 'endpoint'])
c.labels('get', '/').inc()
c.labels('post', '/submit').inc()Labels can also be passed as keyword-arguments:
from prometheus_client import Counter
c = Counter('my_requests_total', 'HTTP Failures', ['method', 'endpoint'])
c.labels(method='get', endpoint='/').inc()
c.labels(method='post', endpoint='/submit').inc()Metrics with labels are not initialized when declared, because the client can't
know what values the label can have. It is recommended to initialize the label
values by calling the .labels() method alone:
from prometheus_client import Counter
c = Counter('my_requests_total', 'HTTP Failures', ['method', 'endpoint'])
c.labels('get', '/')
c.labels('post', '/submit')Exemplars can be added to counter and histogram metrics. Exemplars can be specified by passing a dict of label value pairs to be exposed as the exemplar. For example with a counter:
from prometheus_client import Counter
c = Counter('my_requests_total', 'HTTP Failures', ['method', 'endpoint'])
c.labels('get', '/').inc(exemplar={'trace_id': 'abc123'})
c.labels('post', '/submit').inc(1.0, {'trace_id': 'def456'})And with a histogram:
from prometheus_client import Histogram
h = Histogram('request_latency_seconds', 'Description of histogram')
h.observe(4.7, {'trace_id': 'abc123'})By default counters, histograms, and summaries export an additional series
suffixed with _created and a value of the unix timestamp for when the metric
was created. If this information is not helpful, it can be disabled by setting
the environment variable PROMETHEUS_DISABLE_CREATED_SERIES=True.
The Python client automatically exports metrics about process CPU usage, RAM,
file descriptors and start time. These all have the prefix process, and
are only currently available on Linux.
The namespace and pid constructor arguments allows for exporting metrics about other processes, for example:
ProcessCollector(namespace='mydaemon', pid=lambda: open('/var/run/daemon.pid').read())
The client also automatically exports some metadata about Python. If using Jython,
metadata about the JVM in use is also included. This information is available as
labels on the python_info metric. The value of the metric is 1, since it is the
labels that carry information.
There are several options for exporting metrics.
Metrics are usually exposed over HTTP, to be read by the Prometheus server.
The easiest way to do this is via start_http_server, which will start a HTTP
server in a daemon thread on the given port:
from prometheus_client import start_http_server
start_http_server(8000)Visit http://localhost:8000/ to view the metrics.
To add Prometheus exposition to an existing HTTP server, see the MetricsHandler class
which provides a BaseHTTPRequestHandler. It also serves as a simple example of how
to write a custom endpoint.
To use prometheus with twisted, there is MetricsResource which exposes metrics as a twisted resource.
from prometheus_client.twisted import MetricsResource
from twisted.web.server import Site
from twisted.web.resource import Resource
from twisted.internet import reactor
root = Resource()
root.putChild(b'metrics', MetricsResource())
factory = Site(root)
reactor.listenTCP(8000, factory)
reactor.run()To use Prometheus with WSGI, there is
make_wsgi_app which creates a WSGI application.
from prometheus_client import make_wsgi_app
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
app = make_wsgi_app()
httpd = make_server('', 8000, app)
httpd.serve_forever()Such an application can be useful when integrating Prometheus metrics with WSGI apps.
The method start_wsgi_server can be used to serve the metrics through the
WSGI reference implementation in a new thread.
from prometheus_client import start_wsgi_server
start_wsgi_server(8000)By default, the WSGI application will respect Accept-Encoding:gzip headers used by Prometheus
and compress the response if such a header is present. This behaviour can be disabled by passing
disable_compression=True when creating the app, like this:
app = make_wsgi_app(disable_compression=True)To use Prometheus with ASGI, there is
make_asgi_app which creates an ASGI application.
from prometheus_client import make_asgi_app
app = make_asgi_app()Such an application can be useful when integrating Prometheus metrics with ASGI apps.
By default, the WSGI application will respect Accept-Encoding:gzip headers used by Prometheus
and compress the response if such a header is present. This behaviour can be disabled by passing
disable_compression=True when creating the app, like this:
app = make_asgi_app(disable_compression=True)To use Prometheus with Flask we need to serve metrics through a Prometheus WSGI application. This can be achieved using Flask's application dispatching. Below is a working example.
Save the snippet below in a myapp.py file
from flask import Flask
from werkzeug.middleware.dispatcher import DispatcherMiddleware
from prometheus_client import make_wsgi_app
# Create my app
app = Flask(__name__)
# Add prometheus wsgi middleware to route /metrics requests
app.wsgi_app = DispatcherMiddleware(app.wsgi_app, {
'/metrics': make_wsgi_app()
})Run the example web application like this
# Install uwsgi if you do not have it
pip install uwsgi
uwsgi --http 127.0.0.1:8000 --wsgi-file myapp.py --callable appVisit http://localhost:8000/metrics to see the metrics
The textfile collector allows machine-level statistics to be exported out via the Node exporter.
This is useful for monitoring cronjobs, or for writing cronjobs to expose metrics about a machine system that the Node exporter does not support or would not make sense to perform at every scrape (for example, anything involving subprocesses).
from prometheus_client import CollectorRegistry, Gauge, write_to_textfile
registry = CollectorRegistry()
g = Gauge('raid_status', '1 if raid array is okay', registry=registry)
g.set(1)
write_to_textfile('/configured/textfile/path/raid.prom', registry)A separate registry is used, as the default registry may contain other metrics such as those from the Process Collector.
The Pushgateway allows ephemeral and batch jobs to expose their metrics to Prometheus.
from prometheus_client import CollectorRegistry, Gauge, push_to_gateway
registry = CollectorRegistry()
g = Gauge('job_last_success_unixtime', 'Last time a batch job successfully finished', registry=registry)
g.set_to_current_time()
push_to_gateway('localhost:9091', job='batchA', registry=registry)A separate registry is used, as the default registry may contain other metrics such as those from the Process Collector.
Pushgateway functions take a grouping key. push_to_gateway replaces metrics
with the same grouping key, pushadd_to_gateway only replaces metrics with the
same name and grouping key and delete_from_gateway deletes metrics with the
given job and grouping key. See the
Pushgateway documentation
for more information.
instance_ip_grouping_key returns a grouping key with the instance label set
to the host's IP address.
If the push gateway you are connecting to is protected with HTTP Basic Auth, you can use a special handler to set the Authorization header.
from prometheus_client import CollectorRegistry, Gauge, push_to_gateway
from prometheus_client.exposition import basic_auth_handler
def my_auth_handler(url, method, timeout, headers, data):
username = 'foobar'
password = 'secret123'
return basic_auth_handler(url, method, timeout, headers, data, username, password)
registry = CollectorRegistry()
g = Gauge('job_last_success_unixtime', 'Last time a batch job successfully finished', registry=registry)
g.set_to_current_time()
push_to_gateway('localhost:9091', job='batchA', registry=registry, handler=my_auth_handler)It is also possible to expose metrics to systems other than Prometheus. This allows you to take advantage of Prometheus instrumentation even if you are not quite ready to fully transition to Prometheus yet.
Metrics are pushed over TCP in the Graphite plaintext format.
from prometheus_client.bridge.graphite import GraphiteBridge
gb = GraphiteBridge(('graphite.your.org', 2003))
# Push once.
gb.push()
# Push every 10 seconds in a daemon thread.
gb.start(10.0)Graphite tags are also supported.
from prometheus_client.bridge.graphite import GraphiteBridge
gb = GraphiteBridge(('graphite.your.org', 2003), tags=True)
c = Counter('my_requests_total', 'HTTP Failures', ['method', 'endpoint'])
c.labels('get', '/').inc()
gb.push()Sometimes it is not possible to directly instrument code, as it is not in your control. This requires you to proxy metrics from other systems.
To do so you need to create a custom collector, for example:
from prometheus_client.core import GaugeMetricFamily, CounterMetricFamily, REGISTRY
class CustomCollector(object):
def collect(self):
yield GaugeMetricFamily('my_gauge', 'Help text', value=7)
c = CounterMetricFamily('my_counter_total', 'Help text', labels=['foo'])
c.add_metric(['bar'], 1.7)
c.add_metric(['baz'], 3.8)
yield c
REGISTRY.register(CustomCollector())SummaryMetricFamily, HistogramMetricFamily and InfoMetricFamily work similarly.
A collector may implement a describe method which returns metrics in the same
format as collect (though you don't have to include the samples). This is
used to predetermine the names of time series a CollectorRegistry exposes and
thus to detect collisions and duplicate registrations.
Usually custom collectors do not have to implement describe. If describe is
not implemented and the CollectorRegistry was created with auto_describe=True
(which is the case for the default registry) then collect will be called at
registration time instead of describe. If this could cause problems, either
implement a proper describe, or if that's not practical have describe
return an empty list.
Prometheus client libraries presume a threaded model, where metrics are shared across workers. This doesn't work so well for languages such as Python where it's common to have processes rather than threads to handle large workloads.
To handle this the client library can be put in multiprocess mode. This comes with a number of limitations:
- Registries can not be used as normal, all instantiated metrics are exported
- Registering metrics to a registry later used by a
MultiProcessCollectormay cause duplicate metrics to be exported
- Registering metrics to a registry later used by a
- Custom collectors do not work (e.g. cpu and memory metrics)
- Info and Enum metrics do not work
- The pushgateway cannot be used
- Gauges cannot use the
pidlabel - Exemplars are not supported
There's several steps to getting this working:
1. Deployment:
The PROMETHEUS_MULTIPROC_DIR environment variable must be set to a directory
that the client library can use for metrics. This directory must be wiped
between process/Gunicorn runs (before startup is recommended).
This environment variable should be set from a start-up shell script, and not directly from Python (otherwise it may not propagate to child processes).
2. Metrics collector:
The application must initialize a new CollectorRegistry, and store the
multi-process collector inside. It is a best practice to create this registry
inside the context of a request to avoid metrics registering themselves to a
collector used by a MultiProcessCollector. If a registry with metrics
registered is used by a MultiProcessCollector duplicate metrics may be
exported, one for multiprocess, and one for the process serving the request.
from prometheus_client import multiprocess
from prometheus_client import generate_latest, CollectorRegistry, CONTENT_TYPE_LATEST, Counter
MY_COUNTER = Counter('my_counter', 'Description of my counter')
# Expose metrics.
def app(environ, start_response):
registry = CollectorRegistry()
multiprocess.MultiProcessCollector(registry)
data = generate_latest(registry)
status = '200 OK'
response_headers = [
('Content-type', CONTENT_TYPE_LATEST),
('Content-Length', str(len(data)))
]
start_response(status, response_headers)
return iter([data])3. Gunicorn configuration:
The gunicorn configuration file needs to include the following function:
from prometheus_client import multiprocess
def child_exit(server, worker):
multiprocess.mark_process_dead(worker.pid)4. Metrics tuning (Gauge):
When Gauges are used in multiprocess applications,
you must decide how to handle the metrics reported by each process.
Gauges have several modes they can run in, which can be selected with the multiprocess_mode parameter.
- 'all': Default. Return a timeseries per process (alive or dead), labelled by the process's
pid(the label is added internally). - 'min': Return a single timeseries that is the minimum of the values of all processes (alive or dead).
- 'max': Return a single timeseries that is the maximum of the values of all processes (alive or dead).
- 'sum': Return a single timeseries that is the sum of the values of all processes (alive or dead).
Prepend 'live' to the beginning of the mode to return the same result but only considering living processes (e.g., 'liveall, 'livesum', 'livemax', 'livemin').
from prometheus_client import Gauge
# Example gauge
IN_PROGRESS = Gauge("inprogress_requests", "help", multiprocess_mode='livesum')The Python client supports parsing the Prometheus text format. This is intended for advanced use cases where you have servers exposing Prometheus metrics and need to get them into some other system.
from prometheus_client.parser import text_string_to_metric_families
for family in text_string_to_metric_families(u"my_gauge 1.0\n"):
for sample in family.samples:
print("Name: {0} Labels: {1} Value: {2}".format(*sample))