Liger Kernel: Efficient Triton Kernels for LLM Training

Stable		Nightly		Discord	Gurubase (experimental)

Installation | Getting Started | Examples | APIs | Cite our work

Latest News 🔥

• [2024/10/21] We have released the tech report of Liger Kernel on Arxiv: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.10989
• [2024/9/6] We release v0.2.1 (X post). 2500+ Stars, 10+ New Contributors, 50+ PRs, 50k Downloads in two weeks!
• [2024/8/31] CUDA MODE talk, Liger-Kernel: Real-world Triton kernel for LLM Training, Slides
• [2024/8/23] Official release: check out our X post

Liger Kernel is a collection of Triton kernels designed specifically for LLM training. It can effectively increase multi-GPU training throughput by 20% and reduces memory usage by 60%. We have implemented Hugging Face Compatible RMSNorm, RoPE, SwiGLU, CrossEntropy, FusedLinearCrossEntropy, and more to come. The kernel works out of the box with Flash Attention, PyTorch FSDP, and Microsoft DeepSpeed. We welcome contributions from the community to gather the best kernels for LLM training.

Supercharge Your Model with Liger Kernel

With one line of code, Liger Kernel can increase throughput by more than 20% and reduce memory usage by 60%, thereby enabling longer context lengths, larger batch sizes, and massive vocabularies.

Speed Up	Memory Reduction

Note:

• Benchmark conditions: LLaMA 3-8B, Batch Size = 8, Data Type = bf16, Optimizer = AdamW, Gradient Checkpointing = True, Distributed Strategy = FSDP1 on 8 A100s.
• Hugging Face models start to OOM at a 4K context length, whereas Hugging Face + Liger Kernel scales up to 16K.

Examples

Basic

Example	Description	Lightning Studio
Hugging Face Trainer	Train LLaMA 3-8B ~20% faster with over 40% memory reduction on Alpaca dataset using 4 A100s with FSDP	TBA
Lightning Trainer	Increase 15% throughput and reduce memory usage by 40% with LLaMA3-8B on MMLU dataset using 8 A100s with DeepSpeed ZeRO3	TBA

Advanced

Example	Description	Lightning Studio
Medusa Multi-head LLM (Retraining Phase)	Reduce memory usage by 80% with 5 LM heads and improve throughput by 40% using 8 A100s with FSDP	TBA

Key Features

• Ease of use: Simply patch your Hugging Face model with one line of code, or compose your own model using our Liger Kernel modules.
• Time and memory efficient: In the same spirit as Flash-Attn, but for layers like RMSNorm, RoPE, SwiGLU, and CrossEntropy! Increases multi-GPU training throughput by 20% and reduces memory usage by 60% with kernel fusion, in-place replacement, and chunking techniques.
• Exact: Computation is exact—no approximations! Both forward and backward passes are implemented with rigorous unit tests and undergo convergence testing against training runs without Liger Kernel to ensure accuracy.
• Lightweight: Liger Kernel has minimal dependencies, requiring only Torch and Triton—no extra libraries needed! Say goodbye to dependency headaches!
• Multi-GPU supported: Compatible with multi-GPU setups (PyTorch FSDP, DeepSpeed, DDP, etc.).
• Trainer Framework Integration: Axolotl, LLaMa-Factory, SFTTrainer, Hugging Face Trainer, SWIFT

Target Audiences

• Researchers: Looking to compose models using efficient and reliable kernels for frontier experiments.
• ML Practitioners: Focused on maximizing GPU training efficiency with optimal, high-performance kernels.
• Curious Novices: Eager to learn how to write reliable Triton kernels to enhance training efficiency.

Installation

Dependencies

CUDA

• torch >= 2.1.2
• triton >= 2.3.0

ROCm

• torch >= 2.5.0 Install according to the instruction in Pytorch official webpage.
• triton >= 3.0.0 Install from pypi. (e.g. pip install triton==3.0.0)

Optional Dependencies

• transformers >= 4.x: Required if you plan to use the transformers models patching APIs. The specific model you are working will dictate the minimum version of transformers.

Note: Our kernels inherit the full spectrum of hardware compatibility offered by Triton.

To install the stable version:

$ pip install liger-kernel

To install the nightly version:

$ pip install liger-kernel-nightly

To install from source:

git clone https://github.com/linkedin/Liger-Kernel.git
cd Liger-Kernel
pip install -e .
# or if using transformers
pip install -e .[transformers]

Getting Started

There are a couple of ways to apply Liger kernels, depending on the level of customization required.

1. Use AutoLigerKernelForCausalLM

Using the AutoLigerKernelForCausalLM is the simplest approach, as you don't have to import a model-specific patching API. If the model type is supported, the modeling code will be automatically patched using the default settings.

from liger_kernel.transformers import AutoLigerKernelForCausalLM

# This AutoModel wrapper class automatically monkey-patches the
# model with the optimized Liger kernels if the model is supported.
model = AutoLigerKernelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("path/to/some/model")

2. Apply Model-Specific Patching APIs

Using the patching APIs, you can swap Hugging Face models with optimized Liger Kernels.

import transformers
from liger_kernel.transformers import apply_liger_kernel_to_llama

# 1a. Adding this line automatically monkey-patches the model with the optimized Liger kernels
apply_liger_kernel_to_llama()

# 1b. You could alternatively specify exactly which kernels are applied
apply_liger_kernel_to_llama(
  rope=True,
  swiglu=True,
  cross_entropy=True,
  fused_linear_cross_entropy=False,
  rms_norm=False
)

# 2. Instantiate patched model
model = transformers.AutoModelForCausalLM("path/to/llama/model")

3. Compose Your Own Model

You can take individual kernels to compose your models.

from liger_kernel.transformers import LigerFusedLinearCrossEntropyLoss
import torch.nn as nn
import torch

model = nn.Linear(128, 256).cuda()

# fuses linear + cross entropy layers together and performs chunk-by-chunk computation to reduce memory
loss_fn = LigerFusedLinearCrossEntropyLoss()

input = torch.randn(4, 128, requires_grad=True, device="cuda")
target = torch.randint(256, (4, ), device="cuda")

loss = loss_fn(model.weight, input, target)
loss.backward()

Structure

Source Code

• ops/: Core Triton operations.
• transformers/: PyTorch nn.Module implementations built on Triton operations, compliant with the transformers API.

Tests

• transformers/: Correctness tests for the Triton-based layers.
• convergence/: Patches Hugging Face models with all kernels, runs multiple iterations, and compares weights, logits, and loss layer-by-layer.

Benchmark

• benchmark/: Execution time and memory benchmarks compared to Hugging Face layers.

APIs

AutoModel

AutoModel Variant	API
AutoModelForCausalLM	liger_kernel.transformers.AutoLigerKernelForCausalLM

Patching

Model	API	Supported Operations
LLaMA 2 & 3	liger_kernel.transformers.apply_liger_kernel_to_llama	RoPE, RMSNorm, SwiGLU, CrossEntropyLoss, FusedLinearCrossEntropy
LLaMA 3.2-Vision	liger_kernel.transformers.apply_liger_kernel_to_mllama	RoPE, RMSNorm, SwiGLU, CrossEntropyLoss, FusedLinearCrossEntropy
Mistral	liger_kernel.transformers.apply_liger_kernel_to_mistral	RoPE, RMSNorm, SwiGLU, CrossEntropyLoss, FusedLinearCrossEntropy
Mixtral	liger_kernel.transformers.apply_liger_kernel_to_mixtral	RoPE, RMSNorm, SwiGLU, CrossEntropyLoss, FusedLinearCrossEntropy
Gemma1	liger_kernel.transformers.apply_liger_kernel_to_gemma	RoPE, RMSNorm, GeGLU, CrossEntropyLoss, FusedLinearCrossEntropy
Gemma2	liger_kernel.transformers.apply_liger_kernel_to_gemma2	RoPE, RMSNorm, GeGLU, CrossEntropyLoss
Qwen2 & Qwen2.5	liger_kernel.transformers.apply_liger_kernel_to_qwen2	RoPE, RMSNorm, SwiGLU, CrossEntropyLoss, FusedLinearCrossEntropy
Qwen2-VL	liger_kernel.transformers.apply_liger_kernel_to_qwen2_vl	RMSNorm, LayerNorm, SwiGLU, CrossEntropyLoss, FusedLinearCrossEntropy
Phi3 & Phi3.5	liger_kernel.transformers.apply_liger_kernel_to_phi3	RoPE, RMSNorm, SwiGLU, CrossEntropyLoss, FusedLinearCrossEntropy

Kernels

Kernel	API
RMSNorm	liger_kernel.transformers.LigerRMSNorm
LayerNorm	liger_kernel.transformers.LigerLayerNorm
RoPE	liger_kernel.transformers.liger_rotary_pos_emb
SwiGLU	liger_kernel.transformers.LigerSwiGLUMLP
GeGLU	liger_kernel.transformers.LigerGEGLUMLP
CrossEntropy	liger_kernel.transformers.LigerCrossEntropyLoss
FusedLinearCrossEntropy	liger_kernel.transformers.LigerFusedLinearCrossEntropyLoss
KLDivergence	liger_kernel.transformers.LigerKLDIVLoss
JSD	liger_kernel.transformers.LigerJSD
FusedLinearJSD	liger_kernel.transformers.LigerFusedLinearJSD

• RMSNorm: RMSNorm, which normalizes activations using their root mean square, is implemented by fusing the normalization and scaling steps into a single Triton kernel, and achieves ~3X speedup with ~3X peak memory reduction.
• LayerNorm: LayerNorm, which centers and normalizes activations across the feature dimension, is implemented by fusing the centering, normalization and scaling steps into a single Triton kernel, and achieves ~2X speedup.
• GroupNorm: GroupNorm, which normalizes activations across the group dimension for a given sample. Channels are grouped in K groups over which the normalization is performed, is implemented by fusing the centering, normalization and scaling steps into a single Triton kernel, and can achieve up to ~2X speedup as the number of channels/groups increases.
• RoPE: Rotary Positional Embedding is implemented by fusing the query and key embedding rotary into a single kernel with inplace replacement, and achieves ~3X speedup with ~3X peak memory reduction.
• SwiGLU: Swish Gated Linear Units, given by $$\text{SwiGLU}(x)=\text{Swish}_{\beta}(xW+b)\otimes(xV+c)$$ , is implemented by fusing the elementwise multiplication (denoted by $\otimes$) into a single kernel with inplace replacement, and achieves parity speed with ~1.5X peak memory reduction.
• GeGLU: GELU Gated Linear Units, given by $$\text{GeGLU}(x)=\text{GELU}(xW+b)\otimes(xV+c)$$ , is implemented by fusing the elementwise multiplication into a single kernel with inplace replacement, and achieves parity speed with ~1.5X peak memory reduction. Note that the tanh approximation form of GELU is used.
• CrossEntropy: Cross entropy loss is implemented by computing both the loss and gradient in the forward pass with inplace replacement of input to reduce the peak memory by avoiding simultaneous materialization of both input logits and gradient. It achieves >2X speedup and >4X memory reduction for common vocab sizes (e.g., 32K, 128K, etc.).

• FusedLinearCrossEntropy: Peak memory usage of cross entropy loss is further improved by fusing the model head with the CE loss and chunking the input for block-wise loss and gradient calculation, a technique inspired by Efficient Cross Entropy. It achieves >4X memory reduction for 128k vocab size. This is highly effective for large batch size, large sequence length, and large vocabulary sizes. Please refer to the Medusa example for individual kernel usage.
• KLDivergence: KL Divergence is implemented by fusing the forward into a single triton kernel, with reduction done outside the kernel. It achieves ~1.5X speed and ~15% memory reduction for 128K vocab size.
• JSD: Generalized JSD (Jensen-Shannon divergence), is implemented by computing both the loss and gradient in the forward pass. It achieves ~1.5X speed and ~54% memory reduction for 128k vocab size.
• FusedLinearJSD: Peak memory usage of JSD loss is further improved by fusing the model head with the JSD and chunking the input for block-wise loss and gradient calculation. It achieves ~85% memory reduction for 128k vocab size where batch size $\times$ sequence length is 8192.

Experimental Kernels

Kernel	API
Embedding	liger_kernel.transformers.experimental.LigerEmbedding
Matmul int2xint8	liger_kernel.transformers.experimental.matmul

• Embedding: Embedding is implemented by fusing embedding lookup and output operations. It achieves a peak speedup of ~1.5x in the forward pass and an overall speedup of ~1.1x.
• Matmul int2xint8: is implemented by using the cache tiled matrix multiplication and by fusing the matmul with the unpacking process which achieves a considerable speed up and performs on par with @torch.compile

Note: Reported speedups and memory reductions are with respect to the LLaMA 3-8B Hugging Face layer implementations. All models use 4K hidden size and 4K sequence length and are evaluated based on memory usage and wall time for the forward+backward pass on a single NVIDIA A100 80G GPU using small batch sizes. Liger kernels exhibit more efficient scaling to larger batch sizes, detailed further in the Benchmark folder.

Contributing

CONTRIBUTING GUIDE

Acknowledgement

Design

• @claire_yishan for the LOGO design
• Wave Snippets for generating the animated code snippets

Code

We referenced or used the following projects:

#	Project	Description	Location	License
1	Unsloth	calculate_settings to determine block size and warp; We reuse it for Norm and MLP	Liger Kernel Utils	Apache
2	Unsloth	We modified and added dW calculation on top of Unsloth implementation	Liger Kernel RMS Norm	Apache
3	Triton tutorial	We modified on top of triton tutorials	Liger Kernel RMS Norm	MIT
4	tiny shakespeare dataset	We use tiny shakespeare dataset to conduct convergence test on mini model	Liger Kernel Convergence	N/A
5	Efficient Cross Entropy	We use the idea of gradient-in-forward and chunking	Liger Kernel Linear Cross Entropy	MIT
6	Flash attn	We take many optimization ideas from the work, such as tiling and recomputation		BSD
7	AutoAWQ	We reference the design of automodel	Liger Kernel Auto Model	MIT
8	llm.c	We reference the design of end-to-end testing	Liger Kernel Convergence Tests	MIT

Many thanks to the contributors to these projects for their invaluable work that helped make Liger possible.

License

This project is licensed under the BSD 2-CLAUSE License (see LICENSE for details). It also includes components from projects licensed under:

• Apache License 2.0 (see LICENSE-APACHE-2.0 for details).
• MIT License (see LICENSE-MIT-AutoAWQ for details).
• MIT License (see LICENSE-MIT-Efficient Cross Entropy for details).
• MIT License (see LICENSE-MIT-llmc for details).
• MIT License (see LICENSE-MIT-triton for details).

Contact

• For public discussion, join our discord channel
• For formal collaboration, send an email to [email protected]

Cite this work

Biblatex entry:

@article{hsu2024ligerkernelefficienttriton,
      title={Liger Kernel: Efficient Triton Kernels for LLM Training}, 
      author={Pin-Lun Hsu and Yun Dai and Vignesh Kothapalli and Qingquan Song and Shao Tang and Siyu Zhu and Steven Shimizu and Shivam Sahni and Haowen Ning and Yanning Chen},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2410.10989},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.LG},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.10989},
      journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.10989},
}

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