20231120 - update formative text

isaactpetersen · Nov 21, 2023 · fba10ca · fba10ca
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@@ -543,7 +543,9 @@ semPaths(
 
 Thus, [formative constructs](#formativeConstruct) are challenging to use in a SEM framework.\index{construct!formative}\index{structural equation modeling!model identification}
 To estimate a [formative construct](#formativeConstruct) in a SEM framework, the [formative construct](#formativeConstruct) must be used in the context of a model that allows some constraints.\index{construct!formative}\index{structural equation modeling!model identification}\index{structural equation modeling!degrees of freedom}
-However, emerging techniques such as confirmatory composite analysis allow estimation of [formative](#formativeConstruct) latent factors [@Schuberth2023; @Yu2023].\index{construct!formative}\index{confirmatory composite analysis}
+A [formative](#formativeConstruct) latent factor includes a disturbance term, and is thus not entirely determined by the causal indicators [@Bollen2011].\index{construct!formative}
+A composite (such as in [principal component analysis](#pca)), by contrast, has no disturbance term and is therefore completely determined by the composite indicators [@Bollen2011].\index{construct!formative}
+Emerging techniques such as confirmatory composite analysis allow estimation of [formative](#formativeConstruct) composites [@Schuberth2023; @Yu2023].\index{construct!formative}\index{confirmatory composite analysis}
 
 Below is an example of confirmatory composite analysis using the Henseler-Ogasawara specification (adapted from: https://confirmatorycompositeanalysis.com/tutorials-lavaan; archived at: https://perma.cc/7LSU-PTZR) [@Schuberth2023]: