Upgrade CI to use latest protobuf version

[eapolinario]

Tracking issue

Closes flyteorg/flyte#5448

Why are the changes needed?

The bugs caused by the latest major protobuf version were resolved. Time to use protobuf 5 in flytekit CI.

What changes were proposed in this pull request?

Remove pinned versions of protobuf in CI and in the dev environment setup.

How was this patch tested?

Setup process

Screenshots

Check all the applicable boxes

• I updated the documentation accordingly.
• All new and existing tests passed.
• All commits are signed-off.

Related PRs

Docs link

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 76.09%. Comparing base (2e40e76) to head (9491b42).
Report is 4 commits behind head on master.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master    #2946      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   78.59%   76.09%   -2.51%     
==========================================
  Files         199      200       +1     
  Lines       20886    20835      -51     
  Branches     2688     2688              
==========================================
- Hits        16416    15855     -561     
- Misses       3764     4261     +497     
- Partials      706      719      +13     

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