feat: add support for implicit arguments

Changelog.md

@@ -3,7 +3,10 @@
 ## Unreleased
 
 * motoko (`moc`)
-  * Experimental support for Mixins (#5459)
+
+  * Experimental support for `implicit` argument declarations (#5517).
+
+  * Experimental support for Mixins (#5459).
 
 ## 0.16.3 (2025-09-29)
 

doc/md/examples/grammar.txt

@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@
     X
     X SEP <list(X, SEP)>
 
+<id_wild> ::= 
+    '_'
+
 <typ_obj_sort> ::= 
     'object'
     'actor'
@@ -67,6 +70,7 @@
 
 <typ_item> ::= 
     <id> ':' <typ>
+    <id_wild> ':' <typ>
     <typ>
 
 <typ_args> ::= 
@@ -177,19 +181,26 @@
     <id>
     '_'
 
+<exp_arg> ::= 
+    <ob>
+    <lit>
+    '(' <list(<exp>, ',')> ')'
+    <id>
+    '_'
+
 <exp_post> ::= 
     <exp_nullary>
     '[' 'var'? <list(<exp_nonvar>, ',')> ']'
     <exp_post> '[' <exp> ']'
     <exp_post> '.'<nat>
     <exp_post> '.' <id>
-    <exp_post> <inst> <exp_nullary>
+    <exp_post> <inst> <exp_arg>
     <exp_post> '!'
     '(' 'system' <exp_post> '.' <id> ')'
 
 <exp_un> ::= 
     <exp_post>
-    <parenthetical> <exp_post> <inst> <exp_nullary>
+    <parenthetical> <exp_post> <inst> <exp_arg>
     '#' <id>
     '#' <id> <exp_nullary>
     '?' <exp_un>

src/lang_utils/error_codes.ml

@@ -201,6 +201,9 @@ let error_codes : (string * string option) list =
     "M0227", None; (* Non-actor include *)
     "M0228", None; (* Only top-level mixins *)
     "M0229", None; (* Non-var pattern for mixin import *)
+    "M0230", None; (* Cannot determine implicit argument *)
+    "M0231", None; (* Ambiguous implicit argument *)
+    "M0232", None; (* Cannot infer type of implicit argument *)
   ]
 
 (** Message codes that can be both used as warnings and errors *)

src/lowering/desugar.ml

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ let typed_phrase' f x =
   let n' = typ_note x.note in
   { x with it = f x.at n' x.it; note = n' }
 
+let is_empty_tup e = e.it = S.TupE []
 
 let rec exps es = List.map exp es
 
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@ and exp e =
     | _ -> typed_phrase' exp' e
 
 and exp' at note = function
+  | S.HoleE (_, e) -> (exp !e).it
   | S.VarE i -> I.VarE ((match i.note with Var -> I.Var | Const -> I.Const), i.it)
   | S.ActorUrlE e ->
     I.(PrimE (ActorOfIdBlob note.Note.typ, [url e at]))
@@ -125,110 +127,118 @@ and exp' at note = function
     let tys = List.map (T.open_ vars) res_tys in
     I.FuncE (name, s, control, tbs', args, tys, wrap (exp e))
   (* Primitive functions in the prelude have particular shapes *)
-  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE p;_}, _);note;_}, _, e)
+  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE p;_}, _);note;_}, _, (_, e))
     when Lib.String.chop_prefix "num_conv" p <> None ->
     begin match String.split_on_char '_' p with
     | ["num"; "conv"; s1; s2] ->
       let p1 = Type.prim s1 in
       let p2 = Type.prim s2 in
-      I.PrimE (I.NumConvTrapPrim (p1, p2), [exp e])
+      I.PrimE (I.NumConvTrapPrim (p1, p2), [exp !e])
     | _ -> assert false
     end
-  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE p;_}, _);note;_}, _, e)
+  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE p;_}, _);note;_}, _, (_, e))
     when Lib.String.chop_prefix "num_wrap" p <> None ->
     begin match String.split_on_char '_' p with
     | ["num"; "wrap"; s1; s2] ->
       let p1 = Type.prim s1 in
       let p2 = Type.prim s2 in
-      I.PrimE (I.NumConvWrapPrim (p1, p2), [exp e])
+      I.PrimE (I.NumConvWrapPrim (p1, p2), [exp !e])
     | _ -> assert false
     end
-  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "decodeUtf8";_},_);_}, _, e) ->
-    I.PrimE (I.DecodeUtf8, [exp e])
-  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "encodeUtf8";_},_);_}, _, e) ->
-    I.PrimE (I.EncodeUtf8, [exp e])
-  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "cast";_}, _);note;_}, _, e) ->
+  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "decodeUtf8";_},_);_}, _, (_, e)) ->
+    I.PrimE (I.DecodeUtf8, [exp !e])
+  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "encodeUtf8";_},_);_}, _, (_, e)) ->
+    I.PrimE (I.EncodeUtf8, [exp !e])
+  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "cast";_}, _);note;_}, _, (_, e)) ->
     begin match note.S.note_typ with
     | T.Func (T.Local, T.Returns, [], ts1, ts2) ->
-      I.PrimE (I.CastPrim (T.seq ts1, T.seq ts2), [exp e])
+      I.PrimE (I.CastPrim (T.seq ts1, T.seq ts2), [exp !e])
     | _ -> assert false
     end
-  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "serialize";_}, _);note;_}, _, e) ->
+  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "serialize";_}, _);note;_}, _, (_, e)) ->
     begin match note.S.note_typ with
     | T.Func (T.Local, T.Returns, [], ts1, ts2) ->
-      I.PrimE (I.SerializePrim ts1, [exp e])
+      I.PrimE (I.SerializePrim ts1, [exp !e])
     | _ -> assert false
     end
-  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "deserialize";_}, _);note;_}, _, e) ->
+  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "deserialize";_}, _);note;_}, _, (_, e)) ->
     begin match note.S.note_typ with
     | T.Func (T.Local, T.Returns, [], ts1, ts2) ->
-      I.PrimE (I.DeserializePrim ts2, [exp e])
+      I.PrimE (I.DeserializePrim ts2, [exp (!e)])
     | _ -> assert false
     end
-  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "caller";_},_);_}, _, {it=S.TupE es;_}) ->
-    assert (es = []);
-    I.PrimE (I.ICCallerPrim, [])
-  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "deadline";_},_);_}, _, {it=S.TupE es;_}) ->
-    assert (es = []);
+  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "caller";_},_);_}, _, (_, e)) ->
+    (match !e with
+     | {it=S.TupE [];_} ->
+        I.PrimE (I.ICCallerPrim, [])
+     | _ -> assert false)
+  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "deadline";_},_);_}, _, (_, e)) ->
+    assert ((!e).it = S.TupE []);
     I.PrimE (I.ICReplyDeadlinePrim, [])
-  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "time";_},_);_}, _, {it=S.TupE es;_}) ->
-    assert (es = []);
+  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "time";_},_);_}, _, (_, e)) ->
+    assert ((!e).it = S.TupE []);
     I.PrimE (I.SystemTimePrim, [])
   (* Cycles *)
-  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "cyclesBalance";_},_);_}, _, {it=S.TupE es;_}) ->
-    assert (es = []);
+  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "cyclesBalance";_},_);_}, _, (_, e)) ->
+    assert (is_empty_tup !e);
     I.PrimE (I.SystemCyclesBalancePrim, [])
-  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "cyclesAvailable";_},_);_}, _, {it=S.TupE es;_}) ->
-    assert (es = []);
+  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "cyclesAvailable";_},_);_}, _, (_, e)) ->
+    assert (is_empty_tup !e);
     I.PrimE (I.SystemCyclesAvailablePrim, [])
-  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "cyclesRefunded";_},_);_}, _, {it=S.TupE es;_}) ->
-    assert (es = []);
+  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "cyclesRefunded";_},_);_}, _, (_, e)) ->
+    assert (is_empty_tup !e);
     I.PrimE (I.SystemCyclesRefundedPrim, [])
-  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "cyclesAccept";_},_);_}, _, e) ->
-    I.PrimE (I.SystemCyclesAcceptPrim, [exp e])
-  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "cyclesAdd";_},_);_}, _, e) ->
-    I.PrimE (I.SystemCyclesAddPrim, [exp e])
-  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "cyclesBurn";_},_);_}, _, e) ->
-    I.PrimE (I.SystemCyclesBurnPrim, [exp e])
-  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "timeoutSet";_},_);_}, _, e) ->
-    I.PrimE (I.SystemTimeoutSetPrim, [exp e])
+  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "cyclesAccept";_},_);_}, _, (_, e)) ->
+    I.PrimE (I.SystemCyclesAcceptPrim, [exp !e])
+  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "cyclesAdd";_},_);_}, _, (_, e)) ->
+    I.PrimE (I.SystemCyclesAddPrim, [exp !e])
+  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "cyclesBurn";_},_);_}, _, (_, e)) ->
+    I.PrimE (I.SystemCyclesBurnPrim, [exp !e])
+  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "timeoutSet";_},_);_}, _, (_, e)) ->
+    I.PrimE (I.SystemTimeoutSetPrim, [exp !e])
   (* Certified data *)
-  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "setCertifiedData";_},_);_}, _, e) ->
-    I.PrimE (I.SetCertifiedData, [exp e])
-  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "getCertificate";_},_);_}, _, {it=S.TupE es;_}) ->
+  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "setCertifiedData";_},_);_}, _, (_, e)) ->
+    I.PrimE (I.SetCertifiedData, [exp !e])
+  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE "getCertificate";_},_);_}, _, (_, e)) ->
+    assert (is_empty_tup !e);
     I.PrimE (I.GetCertificate, [])
   (* Other *)
-  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE p;_},_);_}, _, {it=S.TupE es;_}) ->
-    I.PrimE (I.OtherPrim p, exps es)
-  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE p;_},_);_}, _, e) ->
-    I.PrimE (I.OtherPrim p, [exp e])
+  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.AnnotE ({it=S.PrimE p;_},_);_}, _, (_, e)) ->
+   (match (!e).it with
+    | S.TupE es ->
+      I.PrimE (I.OtherPrim p, exps es)
+    | _ ->
+      I.PrimE (I.OtherPrim p, [exp !e]))
   (* Optimizing array.size() *)
-  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.DotE (e1, proj, _); _}, _, {it=S.TupE [];_})
-      when T.is_array e1.note.S.note_typ && proj.it = "size" ->
+  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.DotE (e1, proj, _); _}, _, (_, e))
+     when is_empty_tup !e &&
+          T.is_array e1.note.S.note_typ && proj.it = "size" ->
     I.PrimE (I.OtherPrim "array_len", [exp e1])
-  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.DotE (e1, proj, _); _}, _, {it=S.TupE [];_})
-      when T.(is_prim Text) e1.note.S.note_typ && proj.it = "size" ->
+  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.DotE (e1, proj, _); _}, _, (_, e))
+      when is_empty_tup !e &&
+           T.(is_prim Text) e1.note.S.note_typ && proj.it = "size" ->
     I.PrimE (I.OtherPrim "text_len", [exp e1])
-  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.DotE (e1, proj, _); _}, _, {it=S.TupE [];_})
-      when T.(is_prim Blob) e1.note.S.note_typ && proj.it = "size" ->
+  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.DotE (e1, proj,_); _}, _, (_, e))
+      when is_empty_tup !e &&
+           T.(is_prim Blob) e1.note.S.note_typ && proj.it = "size" ->
     I.PrimE (I.OtherPrim "blob_size", [exp e1])
   (* Contextual dot call *)
-  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.DotE(e1, id, n);_}, inst, e2) when Option.is_some !n ->
+  | S.CallE (None, {it=S.DotE(e1, id, n);_}, inst, (_, e2)) when Option.is_some !n ->
      let func_exp = Option.get !n in
-     let args = S.contextual_dot_args e1 e2 func_exp in
+     let args = S.contextual_dot_args e1 !e2 func_exp in
      I.(PrimE (CallPrim inst.note, [exp func_exp; exp args]))
   (* Normal call *)
-  | S.CallE (None, e1, inst, e2) ->
-    I.(PrimE (CallPrim inst.note, [exp e1; exp e2]))
+  | S.CallE (None, e1, inst, (_, e2)) ->
+    I.(PrimE (CallPrim inst.note, [exp e1; exp !e2]))
   (* Call with parenthetical *)
-  | S.CallE (Some _ as par_opt, e1, inst, e2) ->
+  | S.CallE (Some _ as par_opt, e1, inst, (_, e2)) ->
     let send e1_typ = T.(is_func e1_typ &&
                            (let s, _, _, _, _ = as_func e1_typ in
                             is_shared_sort s || is_fut note.Note.typ)) in
     let ds, rs = parenthetical (send e1.note.S.note_typ) par_opt in
-    let v1, v2 = fresh_var "e1" e1.note.S.note_typ, fresh_var "e2" e2.note.S.note_typ in
+    let v1, v2 = fresh_var "e1" e1.note.S.note_typ, fresh_var "e2" (!e2).note.S.note_typ in
     (blockE
-       (ds @ letD v1 (exp e1) :: letD v2 (exp e2) :: rs)
+       (ds @ letD v1 (exp e1) :: letD v2 (exp !e2) :: rs)
        I.{ at; note; it = PrimE (CallPrim inst.note, [varE v1; varE v2]) }).it
   | S.BlockE [] -> (unitE ()).it
   | S.BlockE [{it = S.ExpD e; _}] -> (exp e).it
@@ -251,9 +261,9 @@ and exp' at note = function
   | S.WhileE (e1, e2) -> (whileE (exp e1) (exp e2)).it
   | S.LoopE (e1, None) -> I.LoopE (exp e1)
   | S.LoopE (e1, Some e2) -> (loopWhileE (exp e1) (exp e2)).it
-  | S.ForE (p, {it=S.CallE (None, {it=S.DotE (arr, proj, _); _}, _, e1); _}, e2)
+  | S.ForE (p, {it=S.CallE (None, {it=S.DotE (arr, proj, _); _}, _, (_, e1)); _}, e2)
       when T.is_array arr.note.S.note_typ && (proj.it = "vals" || proj.it = "values" || proj.it = "keys")
-    -> (transform_for_to_while p arr proj e1 e2).it
+    -> (transform_for_to_while p arr proj (!e1) e2).it
   | S.ForE (p, e1, e2) -> (forE (pat p) (exp e1) (exp e2)).it
   | S.DebugE e -> if !Mo_config.Flags.release_mode then (unitE ()).it else (exp e).it
   | S.LabelE (l, t, e) -> I.LabelE (l.it, t.Source.note, exp e)

src/mo_def/arrange.ml

@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@ module Make (Cfg : Config) = struct
      currently. As a compromise, we annotate only the nodes that currently
      matter for the language server, i.e. the left expression of a [DotE] node. *)
   let rec exp ?(arrange_typ = false) e = source e.at (annot ~arrange_typ e.note (match e.it with
+    | HoleE (_, e) -> "HoleE" $$ [exp !e]
     | VarE x              -> "VarE"      $$ [id x]
     | LitE l              -> "LitE"      $$ [lit !l]
     | ActorUrlE e         -> "ActorUrlE" $$ [exp e]
@@ -135,7 +136,7 @@ module Make (Cfg : Config) = struct
         Atom (if sugar then "" else "=");
         exp e'
       ]
-    | CallE (par_opt, e1, ts, e2) -> "CallE" $$ parenthetical par_opt ([exp e1] @ inst ts @ [exp e2])
+    | CallE (par_opt, e1, ts, (_, e2)) -> "CallE" $$ parenthetical par_opt ([exp e1] @ inst ts @ [exp !e2])
     | BlockE ds           -> "BlockE"  $$ List.map dec ds
     | NotE e              -> "NotE"    $$ [exp e]
     | AndE (e1, e2)       -> "AndE"    $$ [exp e1; exp e2]

src/mo_def/syntax.ml

@@ -164,7 +164,9 @@ type sugar = bool (* Is the source of a function body a block `<block>`,
                      public functions as oneway, shared functions *)
 
 type exp = (exp', typ_note) Source.annotated_phrase
+and hole_sort = Named of string | Anon of int
 and exp' =
+  | HoleE of hole_sort * exp ref
   | PrimE of string                            (* primitive *)
   | VarE of id_ref                             (* variable *)
   | LitE of lit ref                            (* literal *)
@@ -188,7 +190,7 @@ and exp' =
   | ArrayE of mut * exp list                   (* array *)
   | IdxE of exp * exp                          (* array indexing *)
   | FuncE of string * sort_pat * typ_bind list * pat * typ option * sugar * exp  (* function *)
-  | CallE of exp option * exp * inst * exp     (* function call *)
+  | CallE of exp option * exp * inst * arg_exp     (* function call *)
   | BlockE of dec list                         (* block (with type after avoidance) *)
   | NotE of exp                                (* negation *)
   | AndE of exp * exp                          (* conjunction *)
@@ -214,7 +216,8 @@ and exp' =
   | IgnoreE of exp                             (* ignore *)
 (*
   | AtomE of string                            (* atom *)
-*)
+ *)
+and arg_exp = (bool * (exp ref))
 
 and assert_kind =
   | Runtime | Static | Invariant | Precondition | Postcondition | Concurrency of string | Loop_entry | Loop_continue | Loop_exit | Loop_invariant

src/mo_frontend/definedness.ml

@@ -80,9 +80,10 @@ let delayed_vars : f -> S.t =
 
 let rec exp msgs e : f = match e.it with
   (* Eager uses are either first-class uses of a variable: *)
+  | HoleE (s, e) -> exp msgs (!e)
   | VarE i              -> M.singleton i.it Eager
   (* Or anything that is occurring in a call (as this may call a closure): *)
-  | CallE (par_opt, e1, _ts, e2) -> eagerify (Option.to_list par_opt @ [e1; e2] |> exps msgs)
+  | CallE (par_opt, e1, _ts, (_, e2)) -> eagerify (Option.to_list par_opt @ [e1; !e2] |> exps msgs)
   (* And break, return, throw can be thought of as calling a continuation: *)
   | BreakE (_, e)
   | RetE e

src/mo_frontend/effect.ml

@@ -49,10 +49,11 @@ let effect_exp (exp:Syntax.exp) : T.eff = eff exp
 (* infer the effect of an expression, assuming all sub-expressions are correctly effect-annotated es *)
 let rec infer_effect_exp (exp:Syntax.exp) : T.eff =
   match exp.it with
+  | HoleE _ -> T.Triv (* TBR *)
   | CallE (_, exp1, inst, exp2) when is_async_call exp1 inst exp2 ->
     T.Await
-  | CallE (Some par, exp1, _, exp2) ->
-    map_max_effs effect_exp [par; exp1; exp2]
+  | CallE (Some par, exp1, _, (_, exp2)) ->
+    map_max_effs effect_exp [par; exp1; !exp2]
   | PrimE _
   | VarE _
   | LitE _
@@ -83,14 +84,15 @@ let rec infer_effect_exp (exp:Syntax.exp) : T.eff =
   | IdxE (exp1, exp2)
   | RelE (_, exp1, _, exp2)
   | AssignE (exp1, exp2)
-  | CallE (None, exp1, _, exp2)
   | AndE (exp1, exp2)
   | OrE (exp1, exp2)
   | ImpliesE (exp1, exp2)
   | WhileE (exp1, exp2)
   | LoopE (exp1, Some exp2)
   | ForE (_, exp1, exp2) ->
     map_max_effs effect_exp [exp1; exp2]
+  | CallE (None, exp1, _, (_, exp2)) ->
+    map_max_effs effect_exp [exp1; !exp2]
   | DebugE exp1 ->
     effect_exp exp1
   | ToCandidE exps