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bi_ina.htm
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<title>Classificatory Clauses w/o the Copula</title>
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<h1 id="Anfang"><span class="red">Caibidil a Trí Déag: Sentences and Syntax (Abairt agus Comhréir)</span></h1>
<h1><i class="red">Classificatory- and Identificatory Clauses Without the Copula</i></h1>
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<a href="#bin">classificatory clauses with bí and i (= in)</a>
<br><a href="#klassar">classificatory clause with bí and ar (= auf)</a>
<br><a href="#idar">identificatory clauses with bí and ar (= auf)</a>
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<br>
Classificatory clauses (e.g. "The man is a doctor ") are usually formed with the <a href="kopul5.htm">copula</a>: (Is dochtúir é an fear).
<br>
Often, one needs clause forms with the verb <a href="bi.htm">bí</a> instead,
partially to express the time relevance ("I was a student at that time "), the attainment ("then I became a teacher ") or also just to vary things a bit.
In some dialects, these cluase forms are generally preferred over copular clauses.
<h3 id="bin"><span class="lightgreen">classificatory clauses with <i>bí</i> and der preposition <i>i (= in)</i></span></h3>
<p>The use of the preposition <a href="i.htm">i = in</a> is easily explained. Because it is a condition that is being described, <b>in</b> which one finds oneself or a function that one has with "<b>in</b>" (= in oneself).
<p>Here, there are 3 clause forms:
<p><b>1. i + possessive pronoun + predicate:</b>
<p><b><i>Tá</i></b> mé <b><i>i mo</i></b> dhochtúir. = I am a doctor. ("I am in my (status as) a doctor")
<br>
<b><i>Tá</i></b> Bríd <b><i>ina</i></b> dochtúir. = Bríd is a doctor. ("Bríd is in-her (function as) a doctor")
<p><b>2. within a relative clause (i + subject):</b>
<p>Dochtúir <b><i>atá ionam.</i></b> = I am a doctor. ("a doctor, that is in-me", meaning: "...whose function is in me")
<br>
Dochtúir <b><i>atá ann.</i></b> = He is a doctor. ("a doctor, that is in-him", "...whose function is in him")
<br>
Dochtúir <b><i>atá in Bríd.</i></b> = Bríd is a doctor ("a doctor, that is in Bríd", "... whose function is in Bríd")
<p>Note the use of <i>in</i> (instead of i) here preceding names and the missing eclipsis.
(<i>in Bríd</i> instead of <i>i mBríd</i>).
<br>
In some grammar explanations, the use of the prepositional pronoun (e.g. <i>ionam</i>) is seen as allowed.
<br>
Furthermore, one should note the double meaning of <i>"Dochtúir atá ann"</i>: <i>"He is a doctor"</i> and <i>"There is a doctor "</i> (due to the common adverbial use of ann = da: <i>tá .. ann = "there is"</i>)
<p><b>3. in an "only"-clause (i + subject):</b>
<p>Níl <b><i>ionam ach</i></b> amadán = I am only an idiot (lit.: not-is in-me but an idiot)
<br>
<br>
Only an "only"-clause is considerable as a non-relative clause form.
<br>
A normal non-relative clause with <i>i + subject</i>, like e.g.: *<i>Tá amadán ionam</i> is not possible!
<br>
Here, one could only do so as the form <i>Tá mé i m'amadán = I am an idiot </i> (see 1.) <br>
<br><b>use:</b>
<br>
These forms are used,
<ul>
<li>if a <b><i>recently attained </i></b> or <b><i>temporary</i> function, profession or similar </b> is meant.
<br>
e.g.: <i>Bhí mé fós i mo chailín beag ag an am sin = I was still a little girl at that time </i>
<br>
If the connection of subject and predicate is already inborn, and this (permanent) connection cannot be reversed, one <i>cannot</i> use these expressions, then it is only possible as a copular clause:
<br>
(incorrect e.g. *<i>Tá an bradán ina iasc</i> instead of correct: <i>Is iasc é an bradán</i> <i>= The salmon is a fish</i>, because the salmon was always a fish and will always remain one, it's not just temporarily taking on the job of a fish)</li>
<li>in <b><i>tenses</i> where there is <i>no copular form</i></b>, so, in the future, imperative, as well as in clauses requiring a verbal noun. Most of the time these sentences are logically equivalent to the first point. e.g.:
<br>
<i>Bí i d'fhear! = Be a man! (lit.: "be in your man")</i>, <br>
<i>Ní maith léi bheith ina cailín beag. = She doesn't like being a little girl. (lit.: "not-is good with-her being in-her girl small ")</i>
<br>
</li></ul>
<h3 id="klassar"><span class="lightgreen">classificatory clause with <i>bí</i> and the preposition <i>ar (= on)</i></span></h3>
<p>This expression is used especially in those cases when <i>"one of...", </i> and the like should be expressed with the superlative. It is also used for statements like <i>"one so ... as ... "</i> (i.e. as the attributive equative). e.g.:
<p>Tá sé <b><i>ar na daoine is mó</i></b> sa rang = He is <b><i>one of the biggest</i></b> in the class.(lit.: "is he on the people are biggest in the class ")
<br>
Tá sí <b><i>ar na cailíní is áille</i></b> ar an domhan = She is <b><i>one of the most beautiful </i></b>girls in the world. (lit.: "is she on the girls are most beautiful on the world ")
<br>
Tá sé <b><i>ar fhear chomh maith leat</i></b> = He is <i><b>a man as good as you</b></i>.
<br>
Tá sin <b><i>ar ceann de na rudaí</i></b> a dúirt mé = That is <b><i>one of the things </i></b> of which I spoke.(lit.: "is that on head of the things that spoke I")
<h3 id="idar"><span class="lightgreen">identificatory clauses with <i>bí</i> and the preposition <i>ar (= on)</i></span></h3>
<p>These are mostly used to demonstrate the superlative ("the smartest " etc.) and with ordinal numbers ("the first ", "the second ", etc.).
<p>Tá sé <b><i>ar an bhfear is cliste</i></b> sa bhaile = He is <b><i>the smartest man</i></b> in the town. (lit.: "is he on the man is smartest in-the town ")
<br>
Tá sí <b><i>ar an gcailín is áille</i></b> in Éirinn = She is <b><i>the most beautiful girl</i></b> in Ireland (lit.: "is she on the girl is most beautiful in Ireland")
<br>
Bhí sé <b><i>ar an dara fear</i></b> a tháinig = He was <b><i>the second man</i></b> that came (lit.: "was he on the second man that came ")
<hr width="100%">
<center><a href="#Anfang" title="nach oben">suas</a>
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<br>
<a href="satz1.htm">sentences and syntax</a>
<br>
<a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
<hr width="100%">
<font size="-2">© <a href="https://braesicke.de/index.htm">Lars Bräsicke</a> 1999 / 2000 / 2001</font>
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<a href="https://braesicke.de/bi_ina.htm">view original German</a></body>
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