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abair.htm
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abair.htm
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<title>abair</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1>
<span class="red">Caibidil a Trí: The Verb (an Briathar)</span></h1>
<h2 id="oben"><i class="red">Irregular Verbs (na Briathra Neamhrialta)</i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td>
<h2>
<i class="lightgreen">abair = say </i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Abair has different stems in the present, imperfect, subjunctive <b>(deir),</b> in the preterite <b>(dúirt)</b>, future, conditional <b>(déar)</b> and imperative <b>(abair),</b>
<br>
There are no special dependent forms, but: <i>no</i> preterite particle is used,
<br>
<table border width="795" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr align="CENTER" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<td width="83"><b> </b></td>
<td colspan="4"><b>indicative</b></td>
<td width="71" rowspan="2"><b>imperative</b></td>
<td width="82" rowspan="2"><b>conditional</b></td>
<td colspan="2"><b>subjunctive</b></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<td> </td>
<td width="89"><b>present</b></td>
<td width="58"><b>preterite</b></td>
<td width="80"><b>imperfect</b></td>
<td width="84"><b>future</b></td>
<td width="84"><b>present</b></td>
<td width="106"><b>preterite</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1st pers. sg.</td>
<td>deirim</td>
<td>dúirt mé</td>
<td>deirinn</td>
<td>déarfaidh mé</td>
<td>abraim</td>
<td>déarfinn</td>
<td>go ndeire mé</td>
<td>dá ndeirinn</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2nd pers. sg.</td>
<td>deir(eann) tú</td>
<td>dúirt tú</td>
<td>deirteá</td>
<td>déarfaidh tú</td>
<td>abair</td>
<td>déarfá</td>
<td>go ndeire tú</td>
<td>dá ndeirteá</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3rd pers. sg.</td>
<td>deir(eann) sé</td>
<td>dúirt sé</td>
<td>deireadh sé</td>
<td>déarfaidh sé</td>
<td nowrap>abradh sé</td>
<td>déarfadh sé</td>
<td>go ndeire sé</td>
<td>dá ndeireadh sé</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1st pers. pl.</td>
<td>deirimid</td>
<td>dúramar</td>
<td>deirimis</td>
<td>déarfaimid</td>
<td>abraimis</td>
<td>déarfimis</td>
<td>go ndeirimid</td>
<td>dá ndeirimis</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2nd pers. pl.</td>
<td nowrap>deir(eann) sibh</td>
<td nowrap>dúirt sibh</td>
<td nowrap>deireadh sibh</td>
<td nowrap>déarfaidh sibh</td>
<td nowrap>abraigí</td>
<td nowrap>déarfadh sibh</td>
<td nowrap>go ndeire sibh</td>
<td nowrap>dá ndeireadh sibh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3rd pers. pl.</td>
<td>deir(eann) siad</td>
<td>dúirt siad</td>
<td>deiridis</td>
<td>déarfaidh siad</td>
<td>abraidís</td>
<td>déarfidís</td>
<td>go ndeire siad</td>
<td>dá ndeiridis</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>autonomous</td>
<td>deirtear</td>
<td>dúradh</td>
<td>deirtí</td>
<td>déarfar</td>
<td>abairtear</td>
<td>déarfaí</td>
<td>go ndeirtear</td>
<td>dá ndeirtí</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>dependent forms</b>
<br>
<table border width="350" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr align="CENTER" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<td> </td>
<td colspan="2"><b>indicative</b></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<td> </td>
<td><b>preterite</b>
<br><b>(ní)</b></td>
<td><b>preterite </b>
<br><b>(an, go, nach, a)</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1st pers. sg.</td>
<td>ní dúirt mé</td>
<td>an nduirt mé</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2nd pers. sg.</td>
<td>ní dúirt tú</td>
<td>an nduirt tú</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3rd pers. sg.</td>
<td>ní dúirt sé</td>
<td>an nduirt sé</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1st pers. pl.</td>
<td>ní dúramar</td>
<td>an nduramar</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2nd pers. pl.</td>
<td>ní dúirt sibh</td>
<td>an nduirt sibh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3rd pers. pl.</td>
<td>ní dúirt siad</td>
<td>an nduirt siad</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>autonom</td>
<td>ní dúradh</td>
<td>an nduradh</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>derivatives:</b>
<br>
<table border width="31%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFCC99"><b>verbal noun</b></td>
<td>rá</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FFCC99"><b>genitive of the verbal noun</b></td>
<td bgcolor="#FFCC99"><b>substantive</b></td>
<td>rá </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#FFCC99"><b>infinitive</b></td>
<td>ráite </td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFCC99"><b>verbal adjective </b></td>
<td>ráite</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>*:deir</b> is much more common than deireann (....a
deir sé <i>instead of </i> ... a deireann/deireas sé).
<br>
<b>deireann</b> serves mostly as the habitual form (<i>deireann sé i gcónaí ... = he always says...</i>)
<p><br>
Forms with <b>d-</b> (deir/dúirt/déar-) are <i>never</i> lenited (since originally there used to be an a- in front: adeir, adúirt < adubhairt, etc.) Only in the subjunctive after <i>nár</i> would one see lenition: <i>nár dheire sé = that he would not like to say </i>
<br>
Also following the dir. relative particle a , d- is not lenited: <b>a deir, a dúirt</b>. Earlier it was commonplace to write <b>adeir, adúirt</b> as the relative form instead (similarly to "atá", where the a is actually part of the verb).
<p>Instead of <i>ní dúirt, an, go, nach ndúirt</i> forms with <b>níor, gur, nar, ar úirt</b> are more common in Connacht (d used as the particle do (<b>d'úirt</b>) and is omitted)
<p>Follwing <b class="red">direct speech </b>one doesn't use deir/dúirt but the <a href="defekt.htm#ar">defect verb</a> <b class="red">ar</b> (preceding seisean, sise, siadsan) or. <b class="red">arsa</b> e.g.:
<br>
<i>"Is amadáin mé, nach ea?" arsa Liam = "I'm an idiot, isn't that so?" said Liam</i>
<br>
<i>"Sea, tá ceart go leor agat, a chara" ar sise = "Yep, you're right, my friend" she said </i>
<p><b>older forms</b>
<p>Earlier, dependent forms in the <b>present/imperfect</b>: <i>abraim, abrann sé, abrainn, abradh sé</i> as well as in the <b>future/conditional</b>: <i>abróidh sé</i> were common.
<br>
In the <b>subjunctive,</b> the root <i>abair</i> was still recognizable. (<i>go n-abra(idh) sé = may he say </i>)</p>
<p><table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr bgcolor="#FFCC99"><td> </td><td><b>dependent</b></td>
<td><b>absolute</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b>present</b></td><td>abrann</td><td>deir(eann)</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>imperfect</b></td><td>abradh</td><td>deireadh</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>future</b></td><td>abróidh</td><td>déarfaidh</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>conditional</b></td><td>abródh</td><td>déarfadh</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>subjunctive</b></td><td align="center" colspan="2">go n-abra</td></tr>
</table>
<p>
<hr width="100%">
<center><a href="#anfang" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="zeitform.htm">tenses</a>
<br>
<a href="verben.htm">verbs</a>
<br>
<a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
<br>
<hr width="100%">
<br><font size="-2">© <a href="https://braesicke.de/index.htm">Lars Bräsicke</a> 1999 / 2000</font></center>
<a href="https://github.com/cuplamilefocal/gnag">view on github</a>
<a href="https://braesicke.de/abair.htm">view original German</a></body>
</html>