[FLINK-38826][table] Add new ArgumentStrategy to support array with specified element type

[dylanhz]

What is the purpose of the change

Add two ArgumentStrategy to support array with specified element type, providing more flexible and convenient type validation for collection-based functions.

Brief change log

• Add ArrayOfRootArgumentTypeStrategy and ArrayOfFamilyArgumentTypeStrategy.
• Add arrayOf() shortcut for strategies above, similar to the existing logical().
• Replace ArrayOfStringArgumentTypeStrategy with arrayOf(LogicalTypeFamily.CHARACTER_STRING)

Verifying this change

• InputTypeStrategiesTest
• CollectionFunctionsITCase

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): (no)
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): (no)
• The serializers: (no)
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): (no)
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn, ZooKeeper: (no)
• The S3 file system connector: (no)

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? (no)
• If yes, how is the feature documented? (not documented)

[dylanhz]

The pr will be rebased once the first commit is merged.

[flinkbot]

CI report:

• 2775ae1 Azure: FAILURE

Bot commands

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• @flinkbot run azure re-run the last Azure build

[davidradl]

Please could you update the Jira text with some examples on how this will effect the externals and add to the documentation if appropriate.