Package author: Jukka Aho (@ahojukka5)

Judycon.jl implements dynamic connectivity algorithms for Julia programming language. In computing and graph theory, a dynamic connectivity structure is a data structure that dynamically maintains information about the connected components of a graph. Dynamic connectivity has a lot of applications. For example, dynamic connetivity can be used to determine functional connectivity change points in fMRI data. In the top of this readme, you see a percolation model which is solved using the functions provided this package. For more information about the model and the package, see the documentation. Project documentation is found from url https://ahojukka5.github.io/Judycon.jl/dev/.

Usage

The following two algoritms are implemented:

• QuickFind
• QuickUnion

Both of the algorithms have same API, but the internal data structure is different. Typical use case is:

using Judycon: QuickFind, QuickUnion, connect!, isconnected

wuf = QuickUnion(10)
connect!(wuf, 1, 2)
connect!(wuf, 2, 3)
connect!(wuf, 3, 4)
isconnected(wuf, 1, 4)

# output

true

For further information about the implementation details and usage, please see the documentation.

QuickFind is a simple data structure making it possible to very fast query, does points p and q belong to the same connected component, but connecting the points is slow, up to ~ N^2 in the worst case.

QuickUnion makes it fast to connect points. Finding points is not that fast than with QuickFind, but with some common modifications, i.e. weighting and path compression, it gives good a performance.

Weighted quick union with path compression makes it possible to solve problems that could not otherwise be addressed. In case of doubt which suits for your need, use that.

The performance of the algorithms (M union-find operations on a set of N object) is given below.

algorithm	worst-case time
quick-find	M N
quick-union	M N
weighted QU	M + N log N
QU + path compression	M + N log N
weighted QU + path compression	N + M lg N

Dynamic connectivity application: percolation

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percolation

In physics, chemistry and materials science, percolation (from Latin percōlāre, "to filter" or "trickle through") refers to the movement and filtering of fluids through porous materials. It is described by Darcy's law. Broader applications have since been developed that cover connectivity of many systems modeled as lattices or graphs, analogous to connectivity of lattice components in the filtration problem that modulates capacity for percolation.

During the last decades, percolation theory, the mathematical study of percolation, has brought new understanding and techniques to a broad range of topics in physics, materials science, complex networks, epidemiology, and other fields. For example, in geology, percolation refers to filtration of water through soil and permeable rocks. The water flows to recharge the groundwater in the water table and aquifers. In places where infiltration basins or septic drain fields are planned to dispose of substantial amounts of water, a percolation test is needed beforehand to determine whether the intended structure is likely to succeed or fail.

Percolation typically exhibits universality. Statistical physics concepts such as scaling theory, renormalization, phase transition, critical phenomena and fractals are used to characterize percolation properties. Percolation is the downward movement of water through pores and other spaces in the soil due to gravity. Combinatorics is commonly employed to study percolation thresholds.

Due to the complexity involved in obtaining exact results from analytical models of percolation, computer simulations are typically used. The current fastest algorithm for percolation was published in 2000 by Mark Newman and Robert Ziff.

Use cases of percolation model

• Coffee percolation, where the solvent is water, the permeable substance is the coffee grounds, and the soluble constituents are the chemical compounds that give coffee its color, taste, and aroma.
• Movement of weathered material down on a slope under the earth's surface.
• Cracking of trees with the presence of two conditions, sunlight and under the influence of pressure.
• Collapse and robustness of biological virus shells to random subunit removal (experimentally verified fragmentation and disassembly of viruses).
• Robustness of networks to random and targeted attacks.
• Transport in porous media.
• Epidemic spreading.
• Surface roughening.
• Dental percolation, increase rate of decay under crowns because of a conducive environment for strep mutants and lactobacillus
• Potential sites for septic systems are tested by the "perk test". Example/theory: A hole (usually 6–10 inches in diameter) is dug in the ground surface (usually 12–24" deep). Water is filled in to the hole, and the time is measured for a drop of one inch in the water surface. If the water surface quickly drops, as usually seen in poorly-graded sands, then it is a potentially good place for a septic "leach field". If the hydraulic conductivity of the site is low (usually in clayey and loamy soils), then the site is undesirable.
• Traffic percolation.

From demos, you find a percolation model implemented using Judycon.jl The development of system from initial state to percolation is animated in the top of this file.