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{% include list.liquid all=true %}

## Mobius Strip

There are some mathematical shape of this residual objects. [Torus](https://gist.github.com/eq19/e9832026b5b78f694e4ad22c3eb6c3ef#the-crank-of-a-partition) is basically a donut shape, which has the property of of having variable Gaussian curvature.

```note
The blue parts of the torus above have positive curvature, the red parts negative and the top grey band has zero curvature. If our 3 dimensional space was like the surface areas of a 4 dimensional torus, the parts would have different angle sums.
```

[![Torus](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/8466209/228750971-14bb5e2a-5cc7-4b18-9d97-d77401deb55e.png)](https://gist.github.com/eq19/e9832026b5b78f694e4ad22c3eb6c3ef#the-crank-of-a-partition)

Some parts of the surface has positive curvature, others zero, others negative.

![ring_tor1_anim](https://github.com/eq19/eq19.github.io/assets/8466209/4b77a4af-3b1c-434a-8999-50299af5e55d)

If you start anywhere on its surface and follow the curvature round you will eventually return to the same place having travelled on every part of the surface.

![Mobius](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/8466209/228749895-07d0a768-8c0c-49b1-933f-beec4ce57e25.png)

![Fiddler_crab_mobius_strip](https://github.com/eq19/eq19.github.io/assets/8466209/4e817847-439e-431c-830c-86baa87da064)

Mobius strip only has one side, there are two more bizarre shapes with strange properties.

## The Klein bottle

The Klein bottleis in someways a 3D version of the Mobius strip and even though it exists in 3 dimensions, to make a true one you need to “fold through” the 4th dimension.

```note
In [mathematics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics), the Klein bottle ([/ˈklaɪn/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English)) is an example of a [non-orientable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientability) [surface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_(topology)); that is, informally, a one-sided surface which, if traveled upon, could be followed back to the point of origin while flipping the traveler upside down.
- More formally, the Klein bottle is a [two-dimensional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional) [manifold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold) on which one cannot define a [normal vector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_vector) at each point that varies [continuously](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_function) over the whole manifold.
- Other related non-orientable surfaces include the [Möbius strip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6bius_strip) and the [real projective plane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_projective_plane).
While a Möbius strip is a surface with a [boundary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_(topology)), a Klein bottle has no boundary. For comparison, a [sphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere) is an orientable surface with no boundary.
```

[![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/8466209/280599328-a9fa1ac3-aed2-4568-a9ed-8ed8f720e2a5.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein_bottle)

[![Klein bottle](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/8466209/228749672-e1db5df4-8843-4c73-b3a1-b16d21188c52.png)](https://ibmathsresources.com/2014/08/05/non-euclidean-geometry-v-theshapeoftheuniverse/)

A sign inversion visualized as a vector pointing along the [Möbius band](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6bius_band) when the circle is continuously rotated through a full turn of 360°.

![image](https://github.com/eq19/eq19.github.io/assets/8466209/ff2606a4-aedd-4ec0-a698-d61dd98e9af1)

## The Spinors

A spinor associated to the conformal group of the circle, exhibiting a sign inversion on a full rotation of the circle through an angle of 2π.

***(17+13) + (11+19) = (7+11) + (19+23) = 60***

[![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/36441664/276617374-f69dd637-a11c-47b2-a3ac-f90a5c95c939.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_spinor#Four-spinor_for_particles)

[![Sipnors](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/8466209/283152686-01a7a295-d34c-4b95-923c-10f91c2983f9.png)](https://youtu.be/4NJBvkjpC3E)

![3-Figure1-1](https://github.com/eq19/eq19.github.io/assets/8466209/213c69eb-5cd6-4d2d-9acf-b28242b90486)

```note
Eigennvalue curves (right) showing a triple eigenvalue at zero for τ = 1 and double eigenvalues at 1 ± √2i for τ = √43. On the left the graph of 1/|Q(λ)| with the same eigenvalue curves plotted in the ground plane. Green stars indicate the eigenvalues of A, blue stars the roots of puv(λ) and triangles the zeroes of Q0
(λ)
```

## Global Properties

***7 + 11 + 13 = 31***
***1 + (26+6) + (27+6) = 66***

[![9 vs 18](https://github.com/eq19/eq19.github.io/assets/8466209/19f68eca-c0e1-48fc-9c9a-60d01cf26057)](https://www.hexspin.com/0-1-and-negative-numbers/)

```txt
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17
---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
- | - | 20| 21| 22| 23| 24| 25|
---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
- | - | - | - | 28| 29| ◄--- missing 26 & 27 ✔️
---+---+---+---+---+---+
30| 31| - | - | ◄--- missing 32 & 33 ✔️
---+---+---+---+
36|
```

```tip
This behaviour finaly brings us to a suggestion that the dimension in string theory are linked with ***the prime distribution level*** as indicated by the _[self repetition](https://www.eq19.com/exponentiation/#self-repetition)_ on MEC30.
```

***7th spin - 4th spin = (168 - 102)s = 66s = 6 x 11s = 30s + 36s***

![IMG_20231221_074421](https://github.com/eq19/eq19.github.io/assets/8466209/1e7dc443-b7d8-44d9-8da0-5fe50dd7ee70)

```txt
$True Prime Pairs:
(5,7), (11,13), (17,19)
layer | node | sub | i | f. MEC 30 / 2
------+------+-----+-----+------ ‹------------------------------ 0 {-1/2}
| | | 1 | --------------------------
| | 1 +-----+ |
| 1 | | 2 | (5) |
| |-----+-----+ |
| | | 3 | |
1 +------+ 2 +-----+---- |
| | | 4 | |
| +-----+-----+ |
| 2 | | 5 | (7) |
| | 3 +-----+ |
| | | 6 | 11s ‹-- ∆28 = (71-43) √
------+------+-----+-----+------ } (36) |
| | | 7 | |
| | 4 +-----+ |
| 3 | | 8 | (11) |
| +-----+-----+ |
| | | 9 |‹-- ∆9 = (89-71) / 2 √ |
2 +------| 5* +-----+----- |
| | | 10 | |
| |-----+-----+ |
| 4 | | 11 | (13) ---------------------
| | 6 +-----+ ‹------------------------------ 15 {0}
| | | 12 |---------------------------
------+------+-----+-----+------------ |
| | | 13 | |
| | 7 +-----+ |
| 5 | | 14 | (17) |
| |-----+-----+ |
| | | 15 | 7 x 24 = 168 √
3* +------+ 8 +-----+----- } (36) |
| | | 16 | |
| |-----+-----+ |
| 6 | | 17 | (19) |
| | 9 +-----+ |
| | | 18 | --------------------------
------|------|-----+-----+----- ‹----------------------------------- 30 {+1/2}
```

This model may explains the newly discovered prime number theorem in relatively simple layman's terms for anyone with a slight background in theoretical physics.

```note
The property gives an in depth analysis of the not so random distribution of primes by showing how it has solved Goldbach's conjecture and the Ulam spiral.
```

![Schematic-of-the-internal-energy-ow-in-the-model-The-lines-of-ow-geodesics-circulate](https://github.com/eq19/eq19.github.io/assets/8466209/e4025311-cda2-4fd1-a870-ed049a14d8af)

The model suggests a possible origin for both charge and half-integer spin and also reconciles the apparently contradictory criteria discussed above.

```note
***Arbitrary sequence of three (3) consecutive nucleotides*** along a helical path whose metric distances satisfy the relationship dn,n+3dn,n+2dn,n+1.
- Sketch showing a characteristic duplex DNA helical standing-wave pattern.
- The vertical lines depict the cross-section projections of each bp along the helix axis, their length providing a measure of their twist magnitude.
- Thick lines represent the sugar-phosphate profile.
Optimally overlapping bps are indicated by the presence of the ovals (m) measures the overlapping resonance correlation length. _([π − π orbital resonance in twisting duplex DNA](https://github.com/eq19/eq19.github.io/files/13790206/prb_Hx2.pdf))_
```

[![a-Arbitrary-sequence-of-three-consecutive-nucleotides-along-a-helical-path-whose-metric](https://github.com/eq19/eq19.github.io/assets/8466209/ba9499c8-c066-44e5-8b78-d73b198accfa)](https://github.com/eq19/eq19.github.io/files/13790206/prb_Hx2.pdf)

Under certain conditions, energy could not take on any indiscriminate value, the energy must be some multiple of a very small quantity (later to be known as a ***quantum***).

```note
Twisted strip model for one wavelength of a photon with circular polarisation in at space. A similar photon in a closed path in curved space with periodic boundary conditions of length C.
- The B-fi eld is in the plane of the strip and the E-field is perpendicular to it (a).
- The E-fi eld vector is radial and directed inwards, and the B-fi eld is vertical (b).
The magnetic moment ~, angular momentum L~, and direction of propagation with velocity c are also indicated. _([Is the electron a photon with toroidal topology? - pdf](https://github.com/eq19/eq19.github.io/files/13790325/LdBelectoroid.pdf))_
```

[![a-Twisted-strip-model-for-one-wavelength-of-a-photon-with-circular-polarisation-in-at](https://github.com/eq19/eq19.github.io/assets/8466209/fe25c572-6c0b-4200-b249-f9341e72c47e)](https://github.com/eq19/eq19.github.io/files/13790325/LdBelectoroid.pdf)

A deeper understanding requires a uni cation of the aspects discussed above in terms of an underlying principle.
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