SeleniumHQ · p0deje · May 12, 2025 · May 7, 2025 · May 8, 2025 · May 9, 2025
diff --git a/.bazelrc b/.bazelrc
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ build --flag_alias=headless=//common:headless
 
 # Set the default java toolchain
 
-build --java_language_version=17
-build --java_runtime_version=remotejdk_17
-build --tool_java_language_version=17
-build --tool_java_runtime_version=remotejdk_17
+build --java_language_version=21
+build --java_runtime_version=remotejdk_21
+build --tool_java_language_version=21
+build --tool_java_runtime_version=remotejdk_21
 
 # We target java 11 by default
 

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-rbe.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-rbe.yml
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
     with:
       name: Check format script run
       caching: false
-      ruby-version: jruby-9.4.12.0
+      ruby-version: jruby-10.0.0.0
       run: ./scripts/github-actions/check-format.sh
 
   test:
@@ -31,5 +31,5 @@ jobs:
     with:
       name: All RBE tests
       caching: false
-      ruby-version: jruby-9.4.12.0
+      ruby-version: jruby-10.0.0.0
       run: ./scripts/github-actions/ci-build.sh ${{ github.event.inputs.disable_test_cache }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-renovate-rbe.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-renovate-rbe.yml
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ jobs:
     with:
       name: Check format script run
       caching: false
-      ruby-version: jruby-9.4.12.0
+      ruby-version: jruby-10.0.0.0
       run: ./scripts/github-actions/check-format.sh
 
   test:
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ jobs:
     with:
       name: All RBE tests
       caching: false
-      ruby-version: jruby-9.4.12.0
+      ruby-version: jruby-10.0.0.0
       run: ./scripts/github-actions/ci-build.sh
 
   ci-gh:

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-ruby.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-ruby.yml
@@ -30,17 +30,17 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
-          - ruby-version: 3.1.6
+          - ruby-version: 3.2.8
             os: ubuntu
-          - ruby-version: 3.1.6
+          - ruby-version: 3.2.8
             os: windows
-          - ruby-version: 3.1.6
+          - ruby-version: 3.2.8
             os: macos
-          - ruby-version: 3.3.5
+          - ruby-version: 3.4.3
             os: ubuntu
-          - ruby-version: jruby-9.4.12.0
+          - ruby-version: jruby-10.0.0.0
             os: ubuntu
-          - ruby-version: truffleruby-24.1.1
+          - ruby-version: truffleruby-24.2.1
             os: ubuntu
     with:
       name: Unit Tests (${{ matrix.ruby-version }}, ${{ matrix.os }})

diff --git a/.github/workflows/pre-release.yml b/.github/workflows/pre-release.yml
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install Ruby
         uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
         with:
-          ruby-version: '3.1'
+          ruby-version: '3.2'
           working-directory: 'rb'
       - name: Setup curl for Ubuntu
         run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y libcurl4-openssl-dev

diff --git a/MODULE.bazel b/MODULE.bazel
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ bazel_dep(name = "rules_oci", version = "1.8.0")
 bazel_dep(name = "rules_pkg", version = "1.0.1")
 bazel_dep(name = "rules_python", version = "1.1.0")
 bazel_dep(name = "rules_proto", version = "7.0.2")
-bazel_dep(name = "rules_ruby", version = "0.18.0")
+bazel_dep(name = "rules_ruby", version = "0.19.0")
 
 # Until `rules_jvm_external` 6.8 ships
 git_override(
@@ -266,86 +266,83 @@ ruby.bundle_fetch(
     gem_checksums = {
         "activesupport-7.2.2.1": "842bcbf8a92977f80fb4750661a237cf5dd4fdd442066b3c35e88afb488647f5",
         "addressable-2.8.7": "462986537cf3735ab5f3c0f557f14155d778f4b43ea4f485a9deb9c8f7c58232",
-        "ast-2.4.2": "1e280232e6a33754cde542bc5ef85520b74db2aac73ec14acef453784447cc12",
+        "ast-2.4.3": "954615157c1d6a382bc27d690d973195e79db7f55e9765ac7c481c60bdb4d383",
         "base64-0.2.0": "0f25e9b21a02a0cc0cea8ef92b2041035d39350946e8789c562b2d1a3da01507",
         "benchmark-0.4.0": "0f12f8c495545e3710c3e4f0480f63f06b4c842cc94cec7f33a956f5180e874a",
         "bigdecimal-3.1.9": "2ffc742031521ad69c2dfc815a98e426a230a3d22aeac1995826a75dabfad8cc",
         "bigdecimal-3.1.9-java": "dd9b8f7c870664cd9538a1325ce385ba57a6627969177258c4f0e661a7be4456",
         "concurrent-ruby-1.3.5": "813b3e37aca6df2a21a3b9f1d497f8cbab24a2b94cab325bffe65ee0f6cbebc6",
-        "connection_pool-2.5.0": "233b92f8d38e038c1349ccea65dd3772727d669d6d2e71f9897c8bf5cd53ebfc",
+        "connection_pool-2.5.3": "cfd74a82b9b094d1ce30c4f1a346da23ee19dc8a062a16a85f58eab1ced4305b",
         "crack-1.0.0": "c83aefdb428cdc7b66c7f287e488c796f055c0839e6e545fec2c7047743c4a49",
-        "csv-3.3.2": "6ff0c135e65e485d1864dde6c1703b60d34cc9e19bed8452834a0b28a519bd4e",
+        "csv-3.3.4": "e96ecd5a8c3494aa5b596282249daba5c6033203c199248e6146e36d2a78d8cd",
         "curb-1.0.9": "07e5b74a4836103ce186827528f76a22d3991a9b7c45f5c10ee18ee7b03feb0d",
         "date-3.4.1": "bf268e14ef7158009bfeaec40b5fa3c7271906e88b196d958a89d4b408abe64f",
         "date-3.4.1-java": "74740d914c65a922a15657c25ff0e203c16f1d0f7aa910a9ebed712afe9819c4",
         "debug-1.10.0": "11e28ca74875979e612444104f3972bd5ffb9e79179907d7ad46dba44bd2e7a4",
-        "diff-lcs-1.6.0": "a1e7f7b272962f8fc769358ad00001b87cdcf32ba349d6c70c6b544613d2da2e",
+        "diff-lcs-1.6.1": "12a5a83f3e37a8e2f4427268e305914d5f1879f22b4e73bb1a09f76a3dd86cd4",
         "drb-2.2.1": "e9d472bf785f558b96b25358bae115646da0dbfd45107ad858b0bc0d935cb340",
-        "ffi-1.17.1": "26f6b0dbd1101e6ffc09d3ca640b2a21840cc52731ad8a7ded9fb89e5fb0fc39",
-        "ffi-1.17.1-arm64-darwin": "a8e04f79d375742c54ee7f9fff4b4022b87200a4ec0eb082128d3b6559e67b4d",
-        "ffi-1.17.1-java": "2546e11f9592e2b9b6de49eb96d2a378da47b0bb8469d5cbc9881a55c0d55da7",
-        "ffi-1.17.1-x64-mingw-ucrt": "da79a832aee7ccd3635b4ec5e8a1927aed786e7ea03f2e33e2c06ea4fcece4a0",
-        "ffi-1.17.1-x86_64-darwin": "0036199c290462dd7f03bc22933644c1685b7834a21788062bd5df48c72aa7a6",
-        "ffi-1.17.1-x86_64-linux-gnu": "8c0ade2a5d19f3672bccfe3b58e016ae5f159e3e2e741c856db87fcf07c903d0",
+        "ffi-1.17.2": "297235842e5947cc3036ebe64077584bff583cd7a4e94e9a02fdec399ef46da6",
+        "ffi-1.17.2-java": "94c8516d7c97b21915497b994e41f69e7e8e21d5fc085c498b68e52044e191ec",
+        "ffi-1.17.2-x64-mingw-ucrt": "15d2da54ee578657a333a6059ed16eaba1cbd794ceecd15944825b65c8381ac0",
+        "ffi-1.17.2-x86_64-darwin": "981f2d4e32ea03712beb26e55e972797c2c5a7b0257955d8667ba58f2da6440e",
+        "ffi-1.17.2-x86_64-linux-gnu": "05d2026fc9dbb7cfd21a5934559f16293815b7ce0314846fee2ac8efbdb823ea",
         "fileutils-1.7.3": "57271e854b694a87755d76f836f5c57b2c9538ebbaf4b2154bb66addf15eb5da",
         "git-1.19.1": "b0a422d9f6517353c48a330d6114de4db9e0c82dbe7202964a1d9f1fbc827d70",
         "hashdiff-1.1.2": "2c30eeded6ed3dce8401d2b5b99e6963fe5f14ed85e60dd9e33c545a44b71a77",
         "i18n-1.14.7": "ceba573f8138ff2c0915427f1fc5bdf4aa3ab8ae88c8ce255eb3ecf0a11a5d0f",
         "io-console-0.8.0": "cd6a9facbc69871d69b2cb8b926fc6ea7ef06f06e505e81a64f14a470fddefa2",
         "io-console-0.8.0-java": "3cc6fd5c66e587145c1fdf8dc40c2e3d851e90722a5d0cc3f38da352f06fe1bd",
-        "irb-1.15.1": "d9bca745ac4207a8b728a52b98b766ca909b86ff1a504bcde3d6f8c84faae890",
+        "irb-1.15.2": "222f32952e278da34b58ffe45e8634bf4afc2dc7aa9da23fed67e581aa50fdba",
         "jar-dependencies-0.5.5": "2972b9fcba4b014e6446a84b5c09674a3e8648b95b71768e729f0e8e40568059",
-        "json-2.10.1": "ddc88ad91a1baf3f0038c174f253af3b086d30dc74db17ca4259bbde982f94dc",
-        "json-2.10.1-java": "de07233fb74113af2186eb9342f8207c9be0faf289a1e2623c9b0acb8b0b0ee1",
+        "json-2.11.3": "9a10f658a2de67c0eb837eb795dd48132ce797c403e52b5ebef87dcdc7f9ccc1",
+        "json-2.11.3-java": "cfe8db24e49073c5bcd93699d106a1c1c9e5bc301fcc0de05965e72fad999a34",
         "language_server-protocol-3.17.0.4": "c484626478664fd13482d8180947c50a8590484b1258b99b7aedb3b69df89669",
         "lint_roller-1.1.0": "2c0c845b632a7d172cb849cc90c1bce937a28c5c8ccccb50dfd46a485003cc87",
         "listen-3.9.0": "db9e4424e0e5834480385197c139cb6b0ae0ef28cc13310cfd1ca78377d59c67",
-        "logger-1.6.6": "dd618d24e637715472732e7eed02e33cfbdf56deaad225edd0f1f89d38024017",
-        "minitest-5.25.4": "9cf2cae25ac4dfc90c988ebc3b917f53c054978b673273da1bd20bcb0778f947",
-        "parallel-1.26.3": "d86babb7a2b814be9f4b81587bf0b6ce2da7d45969fab24d8ae4bf2bb4d4c7ef",
-        "parser-3.3.7.1": "7dbe61618025519024ac72402a6677ead02099587a5538e84371b76659e6aca1",
+        "logger-1.7.0": "196edec7cc44b66cfb40f9755ce11b392f21f7967696af15d274dde7edff0203",
+        "minitest-5.25.5": "391b6c6cb43a4802bfb7c93af1ebe2ac66a210293f4a3fb7db36f2fc7dc2c756",
+        "parallel-1.27.0": "4ac151e1806b755fb4e2dc2332cbf0e54f2e24ba821ff2d3dcf86bf6dc4ae130",
+        "parser-3.3.8.0": "2476364142b307fa5a1b1ece44f260728be23858a9c71078e956131a75453c45",
         "pp-0.6.2": "947ec3120c6f92195f8ee8aa25a7b2c5297bb106d83b41baa02983686577b6ff",
         "prettyprint-0.2.0": "2bc9e15581a94742064a3cc8b0fb9d45aae3d03a1baa6ef80922627a0766f193",
-        "psych-5.2.3": "84a54bb952d14604fea22d99938348814678782f58b12648fcdfa4d2fce859ee",
-        "psych-5.2.3-java": "3e5425b9e8a2f41cc2707d5ef14fdc1ae908abbafb12fe45727bd63900056585",
-        "public_suffix-6.0.1": "61d44e1cab5cbbbe5b31068481cf16976dd0dc1b6b07bd95617ef8c5e3e00c6f",
+        "prism-1.4.0": "dc0e3e00e93160213dc2a65519d9002a4a1e7b962db57d444cf1a71565bb703e",
+        "psych-5.2.4": "f2d9810f7f383a6b0fbc705202851e1a55b236bcb8e168ab5dfa5741842ec7c5",
+        "psych-5.2.4-java": "a3ae584e85e11fd069f17a563ef18f204d3df0fde0c093d35ae494fd64164664",
+        "public_suffix-6.0.2": "bfa7cd5108066f8c9602e0d6d4114999a5df5839a63149d3e8b0f9c1d3558394",
         "racc-1.8.1": "4a7f6929691dbec8b5209a0b373bc2614882b55fc5d2e447a21aaa691303d62f",
         "racc-1.8.1-java": "54f2e6d1e1b91c154013277d986f52a90e5ececbe91465d29172e49342732b98",
-        "rack-2.2.11": "424c49affa19081e9255d65d861f2d7bc7d8388edc0cb608b5e6caf1dd49bb8a",
+        "rack-2.2.13": "ccee101719696a5da12ee9da6fb3b1d20cb329939e089e0e458be6e93667f0fb",
         "rainbow-3.1.1": "039491aa3a89f42efa1d6dec2fc4e62ede96eb6acd95e52f1ad581182b79bc6a",
         "rake-13.2.1": "46cb38dae65d7d74b6020a4ac9d48afed8eb8149c040eccf0523bec91907059d",
         "rb-fsevent-0.11.2": "43900b972e7301d6570f64b850a5aa67833ee7d87b458ee92805d56b7318aefe",
         "rb-inotify-0.11.1": "a0a700441239b0ff18eb65e3866236cd78613d6b9f78fea1f9ac47a85e47be6e",
-        "rbs-3.8.1": "2b6ce37952e267e1d3ad330aabfadbdceac234193a60cc18f25a8f75fa949c1d",
+        "rbs-3.9.2": "873b5d01a11f3dc15a7cc3bd66d9d50c3d05fad4fbb73b47704eb96f0ba6faf2",
         "rchardet-1.9.0": "26889486cdd83b378652baf7603f71d93e431bb11bc237b4cd8c65151af4a590",
-        "rdoc-6.12.0": "7d6f706e070bffa5d18a448f24076cbfb34923a99c1eab842aa18e6ca69f56e0",
+        "rdoc-6.13.1": "62a0dac99493c94e8eb7a3fb44e55aefcb4cecb119f7991f25bddc5ed8d472f7",
         "regexp_parser-2.10.0": "cb6f0ddde88772cd64bff1dbbf68df66d376043fe2e66a9ef77fcb1b0c548c61",
-        "reline-0.6.0": "57620375dcbe56ec09bac7192bfb7460c716bbf0054dc94345ecaa5438e539d2",
+        "reline-0.6.1": "1afcc9d7cb1029cdbe780d72f2f09251ce46d3780050f3ec39c3ccc6b60675fb",
         "rexml-3.4.1": "c74527a9a0a04b4ec31dbe0dc4ed6004b960af943d8db42e539edde3a871abca",
         "rspec-3.13.0": "d490914ac1d5a5a64a0e1400c1d54ddd2a501324d703b8cfe83f458337bab993",
         "rspec-core-3.13.3": "25136507f4f9cf2e8977a2851e64e438b4331646054e345998714108745cdfe4",
-        "rspec-expectations-3.13.3": "0e6b5af59b900147698ea0ff80456c4f2e69cac4394fbd392fbd1ca561f66c58",
-        "rspec-mocks-3.13.2": "2327335def0e1665325a9b617e3af9ae20272741d80ac550336309a7c59abdef",
-        "rspec-support-3.13.2": "cea3a2463fd9b84b9dcc9685efd80ea701aa8f7b3decb3b3ce795ed67737dbec",
-        "rubocop-1.72.2": "0259a32d89fee60882bf4c4d8847e696357719c9db4971839da742bf053ae96b",
-        "rubocop-ast-1.38.0": "4fdf6792fe443a9a18acb12dbc8225d0d64cd1654e41fedb30e79c18edbb26ae",
-        "rubocop-capybara-2.21.0": "5d264efdd8b6c7081a3d4889decf1451a1cfaaec204d81534e236bc825b280ab",
-        "rubocop-factory_bot-2.26.1": "8de13cd4edcee5ca800f255188167ecef8dbfc3d1fae9f15734e9d2e755392aa",
-        "rubocop-performance-1.24.0": "e5bd39ff3e368395b9af886927cc37f5892f43db4bd6c8526594352d5b4440b5",
-        "rubocop-rake-0.6.0": "56b6f22189af4b33d4f4e490a555c09f1281b02f4d48c3a61f6e8fe5f401d8db",
-        "rubocop-rspec-2.31.0": "2bae19388d78e1ceace44cd95fd34f3209f4ef20cac1b168d0a1325cbba3d672",
-        "rubocop-rspec_rails-2.29.1": "4ae95abbe9ca5a9b6d8be14e50d230fb5b6ba033b05d4c0981b5b76fc44988e4",
+        "rspec-expectations-3.13.4": "4e43459765dfee900b25aa1361e106ab0799895ede65fc57872069feb559ecd8",
+        "rspec-mocks-3.13.3": "be08abadfe28e932d03b8e70215cd5972bd7693e0f1a45c7479b11e9a773c3c2",
+        "rspec-support-3.13.3": "2a61e393f6e18b7228726e0c6869c5d5a1419d37206116c4d917d145276b3f43",
+        "rubocop-1.75.4": "e0656af44d0811bb40f6d0bd4ed6c8d80c0f05f3444f0e8f0839833dd46d18c6",
+        "rubocop-ast-1.44.1": "e3cc04203b2ef04f6d6cf5f85fe6d643f442b18cc3b23e3ada0ce5b6521b8e92",
+        "rubocop-performance-1.25.0": "6f7d03568a770054117a78d0a8e191cefeffb703b382871ca7743831b1a52ec1",
+        "rubocop-rake-0.7.1": "3797f2b6810c3e9df7376c26d5f44f3475eda59eb1adc38e6f62ecf027cbae4d",
+        "rubocop-rspec-3.6.0": "c0e4205871776727e54dee9cc91af5fd74578001551ba40e1fe1a1ab4b404479",
         "ruby-progressbar-1.13.0": "80fc9c47a9b640d6834e0dc7b3c94c9df37f08cb072b7761e4a71e22cff29b33",
         "rubyzip-2.4.1": "8577c88edc1fde8935eb91064c5cb1aef9ad5494b940cf19c775ee833e075615",
         "securerandom-0.4.1": "cc5193d414a4341b6e225f0cb4446aceca8e50d5e1888743fac16987638ea0b1",
         "steep-1.5.3": "7c6302a4d5932d0a46176ebc79766e52b853c223a85525aa2f8911e345123b85",
-        "stringio-3.1.4": "7dd68f6f1a88610817c21f6d926dbf36e1fc585d3869fcd4a56c1f3210591d70",
-        "strscan-3.1.2": "5529ff36c95fe752b8489f2e6c7f4f230fd9904e0b24fdc6e0833436c63ee2e3",
-        "strscan-3.1.2-java": "4e9379df974b1af28d1bc1bc845ebb7e2bb21a7f9948ac99e1a8c5479881ecec",
+        "stringio-3.1.7": "5b78b7cb242a315fb4fca61a8255d62ec438f58da2b90be66048546ade4507fa",
+        "strscan-3.1.4": "8e130a503aa6c79352c6ac02a9819507c8b8720c174ce8335e3eb2c8cc2ae042",
+        "strscan-3.1.4-java": "5551e01d215ba8ac7dadb6dab46b9fb4c33303ba63eaf3e1b0496c078b8d3fb8",
         "terminal-table-3.0.2": "f951b6af5f3e00203fb290a669e0a85c5dd5b051b3b023392ccfd67ba5abae91",
         "tzinfo-2.0.6": "8daf828cc77bcf7d63b0e3bdb6caa47e2272dcfaf4fbfe46f8c3a9df087a829b",
         "unicode-display_width-2.6.0": "12279874bba6d5e4d2728cef814b19197dbb10d7a7837a869bab65da943b7f5a",
-        "webmock-3.25.0": "573c23fc4887008c830f22da588db339ca38b6d59856fd57f5a068959474198e",
+        "webmock-3.25.1": "ab9d5d9353bcbe6322c83e1c60a7103988efc7b67cd72ffb9012629c3d396323",
         "webrick-1.9.1": "b42d3c94f166f3fb73d87e9b359def9b5836c426fc8beacf38f2184a21b2a989",
         "websocket-1.2.11": "b7e7a74e2410b5e85c25858b26b3322f29161e300935f70a0e0d3c35e0462737",
         "yard-0.9.37": "a6e910399e78e613f80ba9add9ba7c394b1a935f083cccbef82903a3d2a26992",

diff --git a/java/BUILD.bazel b/java/BUILD.bazel
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-load("@contrib_rules_jvm//java:defs.bzl", "spotbugs_config")
+load("@contrib_rules_jvm//java:defs.bzl", "spotbugs_binary", "spotbugs_config")
 load(":defs.bzl", "artifact")
 
 exports_files(
@@ -34,11 +34,20 @@ java_library(
     ],
 )
 
+spotbugs_binary(
+    name = "spotbugs-cli",
+    runtime_deps = [
+        artifact("com.github.spotbugs:spotbugs"),
+        artifact("org.slf4j:slf4j-jdk14"),
+    ],
+)
+
 spotbugs_config(
     name = "spotbugs-config",
     effort = "default",
     exclude_filter = "spotbugs-excludes.xml",
     fail_on_warning = True,
+    spotbugs_binary = ":spotbugs-cli",
     visibility = [
         "//visibility:public",
     ],

diff --git a/java/spotbugs-excludes.xml b/java/spotbugs-excludes.xml
@@ -4,6 +4,10 @@
     xmlns="https://github.com/spotbugs/filter/3.0.0"
     xsi:schemaLocation="https://github.com/spotbugs/filter/3.0.0 https://raw.githubusercontent.com/spotbugs/spotbugs/3.1.0/spotbugs/etc/findbugsfilter.xsd">
 
+  <Match>
+    <Bug code="CT"/>
+  </Match>
+
   <Match>
     <Bug pattern="SIC_INNER_SHOULD_BE_STATIC,EI_EXPOSE_REP,EI_EXPOSE_REP2,EI_EXPOSE_BUF2"/>
   </Match>
@@ -139,7 +143,7 @@
     <Class name="org.openqa.selenium.json.JsonInputIterator"/>
     <Bug pattern="IT_NO_SUCH_ELEMENT"/>
   </Match>
-  
+
   <Match>
     <Class name="org.openqa.selenium.net.NetworkUtils"/>
     <Bug pattern="ST_WRITE_TO_STATIC_FROM_INSTANCE_METHOD"/>
@@ -240,4 +244,9 @@
     <Bug pattern="NP_NULL_ON_SOME_PATH_FROM_RETURN_VALUE,IS2_INCONSISTENT_SYNC"/>
   </Match>
 
+  <Match>
+    <Class name="org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.jdk.JdkHttpClient"/>
+    <Bug pattern="BC_VACUOUS_INSTANCEOF"/>
+  </Match>
+
 </FindBugsFilter>
diff --git a/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/chromium/ChromiumDriver.java b/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/chromium/ChromiumDriver.java
@@ -321,6 +321,10 @@ public void launchApp(String id) {
   @Override
   public Map<String, Object> executeCdpCommand(String commandName, Map<String, Object> parameters) {
     Require.nonNull("Command Name", commandName);
+    if (this.cdp == null) {
+      return java.util.Collections.emptyMap();
+    }
+
     return cdp.executeCdpCommand(commandName, parameters);
   }
 
@@ -358,36 +362,56 @@ public Optional<BiDi> maybeGetBiDi() {
 
   @Override
   public List<Map<String, String>> getCastSinks() {
+    if (this.casting == null) {
+      return java.util.Collections.emptyList();
+    }
+
     return casting.getCastSinks();
   }
 
   @Override
   public String getCastIssueMessage() {
+    if (this.casting == null) {
+      return "";
+    }
+
     return casting.getCastIssueMessage();
   }
 
   @Override
   public void selectCastSink(String deviceName) {
     Require.nonNull("Device Name", deviceName);
-    casting.selectCastSink(deviceName);
+
+    if (this.casting != null) {
+      casting.selectCastSink(deviceName);
+    }
   }
 
   @Override
   public void startDesktopMirroring(String deviceName) {
     Require.nonNull("Device Name", deviceName);
-    casting.startDesktopMirroring(deviceName);
+
+    if (this.casting != null) {
+      casting.startDesktopMirroring(deviceName);
+    }
   }
 
   @Override
   public void startTabMirroring(String deviceName) {
     Require.nonNull("Device Name", deviceName);
-    casting.startTabMirroring(deviceName);
+
+    if (this.casting != null) {
+      casting.startTabMirroring(deviceName);
+    }
   }
 
   @Override
   public void stopCasting(String deviceName) {
     Require.nonNull("Device Name", deviceName);
-    casting.stopCasting(deviceName);
+
+    if (this.casting != null) {
+      casting.stopCasting(deviceName);
+    }
   }
 
   @Override

diff --git a/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/firefox/ProfilesIni.java b/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/firefox/ProfilesIni.java
@@ -136,10 +136,11 @@ protected File locateAppDataDirectory(Platform os) {
       appData =
           new File(
               MessageFormat.format(
-                  "{0}/Library/Application Support/Firefox", System.getenv("HOME")));
+                  "{0}/Library/Application Support/Firefox", System.getProperty("user.home")));
 
     } else {
-      appData = new File(MessageFormat.format("{0}/.mozilla/firefox", System.getenv("HOME")));
+      appData =
+          new File(MessageFormat.format("{0}/.mozilla/firefox", System.getProperty("user.home")));
     }
 
     if (!appData.exists()) {

diff --git a/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/remote/tracing/opentelemetry/OpenTelemetryTracer.java b/java/src/org/openqa/selenium/remote/tracing/opentelemetry/OpenTelemetryTracer.java
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 public class OpenTelemetryTracer implements org.openqa.selenium.remote.tracing.Tracer {
 
   private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(OpenTelemetryTracer.class.getName());
-  private static boolean HTTP_LOGS;
+  private static volatile boolean HTTP_LOGS;
 
   // We obtain the underlying tracer instance from the singleton instance
   // that OpenTelemetry maintains. If we blindly grabbed the tracing provider

diff --git a/rb/.rubocop.yml b/rb/.rubocop.yml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ plugins:
   - rubocop-rspec
 
 AllCops:
-  TargetRubyVersion: 3.1
+  TargetRubyVersion: 3.2
   NewCops: enable
   Exclude:
     - !ruby/regexp /lib\/selenium\/devtools\/v\d+/

diff --git a/rb/.ruby-version b/rb/.ruby-version
@@ -1 +1 @@
-3.1.6
+3.2.8
diff --git a/rb/README.md b/rb/README.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # selenium-webdriver
 
-This gem provides Ruby bindings for Selenium and supports MRI >= 3.1.
+This gem provides Ruby bindings for Selenium and supports MRI >= 3.2.
 
 ## Install
 

diff --git a/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver.rb b/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 require 'fileutils'
 require 'date'
 require 'json'
-require 'set'
 require 'uri'
 require 'net/http'
 
@@ -85,8 +84,8 @@ def self.root
     # @see Selenium::WebDriver::Support::AbstractEventListener
     #
 
-    def self.for(*args)
-      WebDriver::Driver.for(*args)
+    def self.for(*)
+      WebDriver::Driver.for(*)
     end
 
     #
@@ -95,9 +94,9 @@ def self.for(*args)
     # @return [Logger]
     #
 
-    def self.logger(**opts)
+    def self.logger(**)
       level = $DEBUG || ENV.key?('DEBUG') ? :debug : :info
-      @logger ||= WebDriver::Logger.new('Selenium', default_level: level, **opts)
+      @logger ||= WebDriver::Logger.new('Selenium', default_level: level, **)
     end
   end # WebDriver
 end # Selenium
diff --git a/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/atoms.rb b/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/atoms.rb
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ def read_atom(function)
         File.read(File.expand_path("../atoms/#{function}.js", __FILE__))
       end
 
-      def execute_atom(function_name, *arguments)
-        execute_script(atom_script(function_name), *arguments)
+      def execute_atom(function_name, *)
+        execute_script(atom_script(function_name), *)
       end
     end # Atoms
   end # WebDriver

diff --git a/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/bidi/log/console_log_entry.rb b/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/bidi/log/console_log_entry.rb
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ class BiDi
       class ConsoleLogEntry < GenericLogEntry
         attr_accessor :method, :realm, :args
 
-        def initialize(method:, realm:, args:, **opts)
-          super(**opts)
+        def initialize(method:, realm:, args:, **)
+          super(**)
           @method = method
           @realm = realm
           @args = args

diff --git a/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/chrome/driver.rb b/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/chrome/driver.rb
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ module Chrome
       class Driver < Chromium::Driver
         include LocalDriver
 
-        def initialize(options: nil, service: nil, url: nil, **opts)
+        def initialize(options: nil, service: nil, url: nil, **)
           caps, url = initialize_local_driver(options, service, url)
-          super(caps: caps, url: url, **opts)
+          super(caps: caps, url: url, **)
         end
 
         def browser

diff --git a/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/chromium/options.rb b/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/chromium/options.rb
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ class Options < WebDriver::Options
         # @option opts [Array<String>] window_types A list of window types to appear in the list of window handles
         #
 
-        def initialize(profile: nil, **opts)
-          super(**opts)
+        def initialize(profile: nil, **)
+          super(**)
 
           @profile = profile
 

diff --git a/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/common/driver.rb b/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/common/driver.rb
@@ -68,9 +68,9 @@ def for(browser, opts = {})
       # @api private
       #
 
-      def initialize(bridge: nil, listener: nil, **opts)
+      def initialize(bridge: nil, listener: nil, **)
         @devtools = nil
-        bridge ||= create_bridge(**opts)
+        bridge ||= create_bridge(**)
         @bridge = listener ? Support::EventFiringBridge.new(bridge, listener) : bridge
         add_extensions(@bridge.browser)
       end
@@ -131,8 +131,8 @@ def manage
       # @see ActionBuilder
       #
 
-      def action(**opts)
-        bridge.action(**opts)
+      def action(**)
+        bridge.action(**)
       end
 
       #
@@ -225,8 +225,8 @@ def window_handle
       #   The value returned from the script.
       #
 
-      def execute_script(script, *args)
-        bridge.execute_script(script, *args)
+      def execute_script(script, *)
+        bridge.execute_script(script, *)
       end
 
       # Execute an asynchronous piece of JavaScript in the context of the
@@ -244,8 +244,8 @@ def execute_script(script, *args)
       # @return [WebDriver::Element,Integer,Float,Boolean,NilClass,String,Array]
       #
 
-      def execute_async_script(script, *args)
-        bridge.execute_async_script(script, *args)
+      def execute_async_script(script, *)
+        bridge.execute_async_script(script, *)
       end
 
       #

diff --git a/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/common/interactions/key_actions.rb b/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/common/interactions/key_actions.rb
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ module KeyActions
       # @return [ActionBuilder] A self reference
       #
 
-      def key_down(*args, device: nil)
-        key_action(*args, action: :create_key_down, device: device)
+      def key_down(*, device: nil)
+        key_action(*, action: :create_key_down, device: device)
       end
 
       #
@@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ def key_down(*args, device: nil)
       # @return [ActionBuilder] A self reference
       #
 
-      def key_up(*args, device: nil)
-        key_action(*args, action: :create_key_up, device: device)
+      def key_up(*, device: nil)
+        key_action(*, action: :create_key_up, device: device)
       end
 
       #

diff --git a/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/common/interactions/pointer_actions.rb b/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/common/interactions/pointer_actions.rb
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ def default_move_duration
       # @return [ActionBuilder] A self reference.
       #
 
-      def pointer_down(button = :left, device: nil, **opts)
-        button_action(button, :create_pointer_down, device: device, **opts)
+      def pointer_down(button = :left, device: nil, **)
+        button_action(button, :create_pointer_down, device: device, **)
       end
 
       #
@@ -63,8 +63,8 @@ def pointer_down(button = :left, device: nil, **opts)
       # @return [ActionBuilder] A self reference.
       #
 
-      def pointer_up(button = :left, device: nil, **opts)
-        button_action(button, :create_pointer_up, device: device, **opts)
+      def pointer_up(button = :left, device: nil, **)
+        button_action(button, :create_pointer_up, device: device, **)
       end
 
       #
@@ -122,13 +122,13 @@ def move_to(element, right_by = nil, down_by = nil, **opts)
       # @raise [MoveTargetOutOfBoundsError] if the provided offset is outside the document's boundaries.
       #
 
-      def move_by(right_by, down_by, device: nil, duration: default_move_duration, **opts)
+      def move_by(right_by, down_by, device: nil, duration: default_move_duration, **)
         pointer = pointer_input(device)
         pointer.create_pointer_move(duration: duration,
                                     x: Integer(right_by),
                                     y: Integer(down_by),
                                     origin: Interactions::PointerMove::POINTER,
-                                    **opts)
+                                    **)
         tick(pointer)
         self
       end
@@ -150,13 +150,13 @@ def move_by(right_by, down_by, device: nil, duration: default_move_duration, **o
       # @raise [MoveTargetOutOfBoundsError] if the provided x or y value is outside the document's boundaries.
       #
 
-      def move_to_location(x, y, device: nil, duration: default_move_duration, **opts)
+      def move_to_location(x, y, device: nil, duration: default_move_duration, **)
         pointer = pointer_input(device)
         pointer.create_pointer_move(duration: duration,
                                     x: Integer(x),
                                     y: Integer(y),
                                     origin: Interactions::PointerMove::VIEWPORT,
-                                    **opts)
+                                    **)
         tick(pointer)
         self
       end
@@ -336,9 +336,9 @@ def drag_and_drop_by(source, right_by, down_by, device: nil)
 
       private
 
-      def button_action(button, action, device: nil, **opts)
+      def button_action(button, action, device: nil, **)
         pointer = pointer_input(device)
-        pointer.send(action, button, **opts)
+        pointer.send(action, button, **)
         tick(pointer)
         self
       end

diff --git a/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/common/interactions/pointer_input.rb b/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/common/interactions/pointer_input.rb
@@ -49,16 +49,16 @@ def assert_kind(pointer)
           KIND[pointer]
         end
 
-        def create_pointer_move(duration: 0, x: 0, y: 0, origin: nil, **opts)
-          add_action(PointerMove.new(self, duration, x, y, origin: origin, **opts))
+        def create_pointer_move(duration: 0, x: 0, y: 0, origin: nil, **)
+          add_action(PointerMove.new(self, duration, x, y, origin: origin, **))
         end
 
-        def create_pointer_down(button, **opts)
-          add_action(PointerPress.new(self, :down, button, **opts))
+        def create_pointer_down(button, **)
+          add_action(PointerPress.new(self, :down, button, **))
         end
 
-        def create_pointer_up(button, **opts)
-          add_action(PointerPress.new(self, :up, button, **opts))
+        def create_pointer_up(button, **)
+          add_action(PointerPress.new(self, :up, button, **))
         end
 
         def create_pointer_cancel

diff --git a/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/common/options.rb b/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/common/options.rb
@@ -29,26 +29,26 @@ class Options
       class << self
         attr_reader :driver_path
 
-        def chrome(**opts)
-          Chrome::Options.new(**opts)
+        def chrome(**)
+          Chrome::Options.new(**)
         end
 
-        def firefox(**opts)
-          Firefox::Options.new(**opts)
+        def firefox(**)
+          Firefox::Options.new(**)
         end
 
-        def ie(**opts)
-          IE::Options.new(**opts)
+        def ie(**)
+          IE::Options.new(**)
         end
         alias internet_explorer ie
 
-        def edge(**opts)
-          Edge::Options.new(**opts)
+        def edge(**)
+          Edge::Options.new(**)
         end
         alias microsoftedge edge
 
-        def safari(**opts)
-          Safari::Options.new(**opts)
+        def safari(**)
+          Safari::Options.new(**)
         end
 
         def set_capabilities

diff --git a/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/common/service.rb b/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/common/service.rb
@@ -28,27 +28,27 @@ class Service
       class << self
         attr_reader :driver_path
 
-        def chrome(**opts)
-          Chrome::Service.new(**opts)
+        def chrome(**)
+          Chrome::Service.new(**)
         end
 
-        def firefox(**opts)
-          Firefox::Service.new(**opts)
+        def firefox(**)
+          Firefox::Service.new(**)
         end
 
-        def ie(**opts)
-          IE::Service.new(**opts)
+        def ie(**)
+          IE::Service.new(**)
         end
         alias internet_explorer ie
 
-        def edge(**opts)
-          Edge::Service.new(**opts)
+        def edge(**)
+          Edge::Service.new(**)
         end
         alias microsoftedge edge
         alias msedge edge
 
-        def safari(**opts)
-          Safari::Service.new(**opts)
+        def safari(**)
+          Safari::Service.new(**)
         end
 
         def driver_path=(path)

diff --git a/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/common/virtual_authenticator/credential.rb b/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/common/virtual_authenticator/credential.rb
@@ -26,12 +26,12 @@ module Selenium
   module WebDriver
     class Credential
       class << self
-        def resident(**opts)
-          Credential.new(resident_credential: true, **opts)
+        def resident(**)
+          Credential.new(resident_credential: true, **)
         end
 
-        def non_resident(**opts)
-          Credential.new(resident_credential: false, **opts)
+        def non_resident(**)
+          Credential.new(resident_credential: false, **)
         end
 
         def encode(byte_array)

diff --git a/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/edge/driver.rb b/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/edge/driver.rb
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ module Edge
       class Driver < Chromium::Driver
         include LocalDriver
 
-        def initialize(options: nil, service: nil, url: nil, **opts)
+        def initialize(options: nil, service: nil, url: nil, **)
           caps, url = initialize_local_driver(options, service, url)
-          super(caps: caps, url: url, **opts)
+          super(caps: caps, url: url, **)
         end
 
         def browser

diff --git a/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/firefox/driver.rb b/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/firefox/driver.rb
@@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ class Driver < WebDriver::Driver
 
         include LocalDriver
 
-        def initialize(options: nil, service: nil, url: nil, **opts)
+        def initialize(options: nil, service: nil, url: nil, **)
           caps, url = initialize_local_driver(options, service, url)
-          super(caps: caps, url: url, **opts)
+          super(caps: caps, url: url, **)
         end
 
         def browser

diff --git a/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/ie/driver.rb b/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/ie/driver.rb
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ class Driver < WebDriver::Driver
 
         include LocalDriver
 
-        def initialize(options: nil, service: nil, url: nil, **opts)
+        def initialize(options: nil, service: nil, url: nil, **)
           caps, url = initialize_local_driver(options, service, url)
-          super(caps: caps, url: url, **opts)
+          super(caps: caps, url: url, **)
         end
 
         def browser

diff --git a/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/remote/driver.rb b/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/remote/driver.rb
@@ -30,12 +30,12 @@ class Driver < WebDriver::Driver
         include DriverExtensions::HasSessionId
         include DriverExtensions::HasFileDownloads
 
-        def initialize(capabilities: nil, options: nil, service: nil, url: nil, **opts)
+        def initialize(capabilities: nil, options: nil, service: nil, url: nil, **)
           raise ArgumentError, "Can not set :service object on #{self.class}" if service
 
           url ||= "http://#{Platform.localhost}:4444/wd/hub"
           caps = process_options(options, capabilities)
-          super(caps: caps, url: url, **opts)
+          super(caps: caps, url: url, **)
           @bridge.file_detector = ->((filename, *)) { File.exist?(filename) && filename.to_s }
           command_list = @bridge.command_list
           @bridge.extend(WebDriver::Remote::Features)

diff --git a/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/safari/driver.rb b/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/safari/driver.rb
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ class Driver < WebDriver::Driver
 
         include LocalDriver
 
-        def initialize(options: nil, service: nil, url: nil, **opts)
+        def initialize(options: nil, service: nil, url: nil, **)
           caps, url = initialize_local_driver(options, service, url)
-          super(caps: caps, url: url, **opts)
+          super(caps: caps, url: url, **)
         end
 
         def browser

diff --git a/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/support/block_event_listener.rb b/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/support/block_event_listener.rb
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ def initialize(callback)
           @callback = callback
         end
 
-        def method_missing(meth, *args) # rubocop:disable Style/MissingRespondToMissing
-          @callback.call meth, *args
+        def method_missing(meth, *) # rubocop:disable Style/MissingRespondToMissing
+          @callback.call(meth, *)
         end
       end # BlockEventListener
     end # Support

diff --git a/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/support/event_firing_bridge.rb b/rb/lib/selenium/webdriver/support/event_firing_bridge.rb
@@ -112,10 +112,10 @@ def driver
           @driver ||= Driver.new(bridge: self)
         end
 
-        def dispatch(name, *args)
-          @listener.__send__(:"before_#{name}", *args)
+        def dispatch(name, *)
+          @listener.__send__(:"before_#{name}", *)
           returned = yield
-          @listener.__send__(:"after_#{name}", *args)
+          @listener.__send__(:"after_#{name}", *)
 
           returned
         end

diff --git a/rb/selenium-devtools.gemspec b/rb/selenium-devtools.gemspec
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   }
 
   s.required_rubygems_version = Gem::Requirement.new('> 1.3.1') if s.respond_to? :required_rubygems_version=
-  s.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new('>= 3.1')
+  s.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new('>= 3.2')
 
   s.files = [
     'LICENSE',

diff --git a/rb/selenium-webdriver.gemspec b/rb/selenium-webdriver.gemspec
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   }
 
   s.required_rubygems_version = Gem::Requirement.new('> 1.3.1') if s.respond_to? :required_rubygems_version=
-  s.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new('>= 3.1')
+  s.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new('>= 3.2')
 
   s.files = [
     'CHANGES',

diff --git a/rb/spec/integration/selenium/webdriver/spec_support/test_environment.rb b/rb/spec/integration/selenium/webdriver/spec_support/test_environment.rb
@@ -164,14 +164,14 @@ def root
           @root ||= Pathname.new('../../../../../../../').realpath(__FILE__)
         end
 
-        def create_driver!(listener: nil, **opts, &block)
+        def create_driver!(listener: nil, **, &block)
           check_for_previous_error
 
           method = :"#{driver}_driver"
           instance = if private_methods.include?(method)
-                       send(method, listener: listener, options: build_options(**opts))
+                       send(method, listener: listener, options: build_options(**))
                      else
-                       WebDriver::Driver.for(driver, listener: listener, options: build_options(**opts))
+                       WebDriver::Driver.for(driver, listener: listener, options: build_options(**))
                      end
           @create_driver_error_count -= 1 unless @create_driver_error_count.zero?
           if block
@@ -191,12 +191,12 @@ def create_driver!(listener: nil, **opts, &block)
 
         private
 
-        def build_options(**opts)
+        def build_options(**)
           options_method = :"#{browser}_options"
           if private_methods.include?(options_method)
-            send(options_method, **opts)
+            send(options_method, **)
           else
-            WebDriver::Options.send(browser, **opts)
+            WebDriver::Options.send(browser, **)
           end
         end
 
@@ -225,45 +225,45 @@ def check_for_previous_error
           raise DriverInstantiationError, msg, @create_driver_error.backtrace
         end
 
-        def remote_driver(**opts)
+        def remote_driver(**)
           url = ENV.fetch('WD_REMOTE_URL', remote_server.webdriver_url)
 
-          WebDriver::Driver.for(:remote, url: url, **opts)
+          WebDriver::Driver.for(:remote, url: url, **)
         end
 
-        def chrome_driver(service: nil, **opts)
+        def chrome_driver(service: nil, **)
           service ||= WebDriver::Service.chrome
           service.args << '--disable-build-check' if ENV['DISABLE_BUILD_CHECK']
           service.args << '--verbose' if WebDriver.logger.debug?
           service.executable_path = ENV['CHROMEDRIVER_BINARY'] if ENV.key?('CHROMEDRIVER_BINARY')
-          WebDriver::Driver.for(:chrome, service: service, **opts)
+          WebDriver::Driver.for(:chrome, service: service, **)
         end
 
-        def edge_driver(service: nil, **opts)
+        def edge_driver(service: nil, **)
           service ||= WebDriver::Service.edge
           service.args << '--disable-build-check' if ENV['DISABLE_BUILD_CHECK']
           service.args << '--verbose' if WebDriver.logger.debug?
           service.executable_path = ENV['MSEDGEDRIVER_BINARY'] if ENV.key?('MSEDGEDRIVER_BINARY')
-          WebDriver::Driver.for(:edge, service: service, **opts)
+          WebDriver::Driver.for(:edge, service: service, **)
         end
 
-        def firefox_driver(service: nil, **opts)
+        def firefox_driver(service: nil, **)
           service ||= WebDriver::Service.firefox
           service.args.push('--log', 'trace') if WebDriver.logger.debug?
           service.executable_path = ENV['GECKODRIVER_BINARY'] if ENV.key?('GECKODRIVER_BINARY')
-          WebDriver::Driver.for(:firefox, service: service, **opts)
+          WebDriver::Driver.for(:firefox, service: service, **)
         end
 
-        def safari_driver(**opts)
+        def safari_driver(**)
           service_opts = WebDriver.logger.debug? ? {args: '--diagnose'} : {}
           service = WebDriver::Service.safari(**service_opts)
-          WebDriver::Driver.for(:safari, service: service, **opts)
+          WebDriver::Driver.for(:safari, service: service, **)
         end
 
-        def safari_preview_driver(**opts)
+        def safari_preview_driver(**)
           service_opts = WebDriver.logger.debug? ? {args: '--diagnose'} : {}
           service = WebDriver::Service.safari(**service_opts)
-          WebDriver::Driver.for(:safari, service: service, **opts)
+          WebDriver::Driver.for(:safari, service: service, **)
         end
 
         def chrome_options(args: [], **opts)
@@ -299,9 +299,9 @@ def ie_options(**opts)
           WebDriver::Options.ie(**opts)
         end
 
-        def safari_preview_options(**opts)
+        def safari_preview_options(**)
           WebDriver::Safari.technology_preview!
-          WebDriver::Options.safari(**opts)
+          WebDriver::Options.safari(**)
         end
 
         def random_port

diff --git a/rb/spec/unit/selenium/webdriver/chrome/options_spec.rb b/rb/spec/unit/selenium/webdriver/chrome/options_spec.rb
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ module Chrome
 
             expect {
               options.as_json
-            }.to raise_error(Error::WebDriverError, 'These options are not w3c compliant: {:foo=>"bar"}')
+            }.to raise_error(Error::WebDriverError, /These options are not w3c compliant: \{:?foo[:=][ >]"bar"\}/)
           end
 
           it 'returns added options' do

diff --git a/rb/spec/unit/selenium/webdriver/edge/options_spec.rb b/rb/spec/unit/selenium/webdriver/edge/options_spec.rb
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ module Edge
 
             expect {
               options.as_json
-            }.to raise_error(Error::WebDriverError, 'These options are not w3c compliant: {:foo=>"bar"}')
+            }.to raise_error(Error::WebDriverError, /These options are not w3c compliant: \{:?foo[:=][ >]"bar"\}/)
           end
 
           it 'returns added options' do

diff --git a/rb/spec/unit/selenium/webdriver/guard_spec.rb b/rb/spec/unit/selenium/webdriver/guard_spec.rb
@@ -77,16 +77,22 @@ module Support
             guards = described_class.new(example)
             guards.add_condition(:foo, false)
 
-            expect(guards.disposition).to eq [:pending,
-                                              'Test guarded; Guarded by {:foo=>false, :reason=>"No reason given"};']
+            expect(guards.disposition.size).to eq(2)
+            expect(guards.disposition[0]).to eq :pending
+            message = /Test guarded;/
+            guarded_by = /Guarded by {:?foo[:=][ >]false, :?reason[:=][ >]"No reason given"};/
+            expect(guards.disposition[1]).to match(/#{message} #{guarded_by}/)
           end
 
           it 'is skipped without provided reason', exclusive: {foo: true} do |example|
             guards = described_class.new(example)
             guards.add_condition(:foo, false)
 
-            message = 'Test does not apply to this configuration; Guarded by {:foo=>true, :reason=>"No reason given"};'
-            expect(guards.disposition).to eq [:skip, message]
+            expect(guards.disposition.size).to eq(2)
+            expect(guards.disposition[0]).to eq :skip
+            message = /Test does not apply to this configuration;/
+            guarded_by = /Guarded by {:?foo[:=][ >]true, :?reason[:=][ >]"No reason given"};/
+            expect(guards.disposition[1]).to match(/#{message} #{guarded_by}/)
           end
         end
 
@@ -158,7 +164,7 @@ module Support
           it 'defaults to no reason given' do
             guard = described_class.new({}, :only)
 
-            expect(guard.message).to eq('Test guarded; Guarded by {:reason=>"No reason given"};')
+            expect(guard.message).to match(/Test guarded; Guarded by {:?reason[:=][ >]"No reason given"};/)
           end
 
           it 'accepts integer' do |example|
@@ -171,7 +177,7 @@ module Support
           it 'accepts String' do
             guard = described_class.new({reason: 'because'}, :only)
 
-            expect(guard.message).to eq('Test guarded; Guarded by {:reason=>"because"};')
+            expect(guard.message).to match(/Test guarded; Guarded by {:?reason[:=][ >]"because"};/)
           end
 
           it 'accepts Symbol of known message' do
@@ -191,20 +197,25 @@ module Support
           it 'has special message for exclude' do
             guard = described_class.new({reason: 'because'}, :exclude)
 
-            expect(guard.message).to eq('Test skipped because it breaks test run; Guarded by {:reason=>"because"};')
+            message = /Test skipped because it breaks test run;/
+            guarded_by = /Guarded by {:?reason[:=][ >]"because"};/
+            expect(guard.message).to match(/#{message} #{guarded_by}/)
           end
 
           it 'has special message for flaky' do
             guard = described_class.new({reason: 'because'}, :flaky)
 
-            msg = 'Test skipped because it is unreliable in this configuration; Guarded by {:reason=>"because"};'
-            expect(guard.message).to eq(msg)
+            message = /Test skipped because it is unreliable in this configuration;/
+            guarded_by = /Guarded by {:?reason[:=][ >]"because"};/
+            expect(guard.message).to match(/#{message} #{guarded_by}/)
           end
 
           it 'has special message for exclusive' do
             guard = described_class.new({reason: 'because'}, :exclusive)
 
-            expect(guard.message).to eq('Test does not apply to this configuration; Guarded by {:reason=>"because"};')
+            message = /Test does not apply to this configuration;/
+            guarded_by = /Guarded by {:?reason[:=][ >]"because"};/
+            expect(guard.message).to match(/#{message} #{guarded_by}/)
           end
         end
       end