Integrate Clang AddressSanitizer in tests

[3manifold]

Temporarily introduced a memory leak in an operator to check that asan works:
https://github.com/OpenNMT/CTranslate2/actions/runs/16419223767/job/46392885237#logs

[3manifold]

Force ASAN_OPTIONS=detect_leaks=1 in case os: [ubuntu-22.04] matrix expands in the future (leak detection is turned on by default on Linux).

[3manifold]

Could also be in an independent job instead of build-and-test-cpp-x86_64.

[jordimas]

For context:

sanitizers (Archived)

This project has been archived and is no longer actively maintained.

The Sanitizers project, which includes AddressSanitizer, MemorySanitizer, ThreadSanitizer, LeakSanitizer, 
and more, is now archived. 

[3manifold]

For context:

sanitizers (Archived)

This project has been archived and is no longer actively maintained.

The Sanitizers project, which includes AddressSanitizer, MemorySanitizer, ThreadSanitizer, LeakSanitizer, 
and more, is now archived. 

Thanks for the note. Worth noting that sanitisers still exist but are maintained under the LLVM project (link). I can attempt later to re-run them under the LLVM ecosystem (using clang compiler etc. ). I updated the PR using clang this time.