Using RenderDoc in a Development Environment
Foreword: This method is disgusting but relatively easy to setup. There's very likely a better way to achieve this.
Install RenderDoc.
Go to Tools > Settings.
In the General tab on the left (should be open by default), enable process injection and restart.
Add a breakpoint on the first line of net.minecraft.client.Main#main
Launch the game.
Once the breakpoint is hit, find the pid of the Minecraft process.
Open RenderDoc if you haven't already.
Go to File > Inject into process.
Enter Minecraft's pid into the bar on the bottom. If it doesn't show up, click the Refresh button on the right.
Double-click on the process in the list.
Resume from the breakpoint.