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[[Strukturierte Verkabelung]] <br> | ||
[[Twisted-Pair-Kabel]] <br> | ||
[[Kategorien von Twisted-Pair-Kabeln (Cat)]] <br> | ||
[[Glasfaser]] <br> | ||
[[Übertragungsstandards]] <br> | ||
[[Topologie]] <br> | ||
[[Struktur des OSI-Modells]] <br> | ||
[[1. Schicht Bitübertragungsschicht, Physical-Layer]] <br> | ||
[[2. Schicht Sicherungsschicht, Data Link Layer]] <br> | ||
[[3. Schicht Vermittlungsschicht, Network-Layer]] <br> | ||
[[Schachtelung - TCP IP-Modell]] <br> | ||
[[ARP - Address Resolution Protocol]] <br> | ||
[[Switch]] <br> | ||
[[DHCP]] <br> | ||
[[Router]] <br> | ||
[[Strukturierte Verkabelung]]<br> | ||
[[Twisted-Pair-Kabel]]<br> | ||
[[Kategorien von Twisted-Pair-Kabeln (Cat)]]<br> | ||
[[Glasfaser]]<br> | ||
[[Übertragungsstandards]]<br> | ||
[[Topologie]]<br> | ||
Vorlesung 2: [[Struktur des OSI-Modells]]<br> | ||
[[1. Schicht Bitübertragungsschicht, Physical-Layer]]<br> | ||
[[2. Schicht Sicherungsschicht, Data Link Layer]]<br> | ||
[[3. Schicht Vermittlungsschicht, Network-Layer]]<br> | ||
[[Schachtelung - TCP IP-Modell]]<br> | ||
[[ARP - Address Resolution Protocol]]<br> | ||
[[Switch]]<br> | ||
[[DHCP]]<br> | ||
[[Router]]<br> | ||
|
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docs/DUP/Kabeltypen/Kategorien von Twisted-Pair-Kabeln (Cat).md
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| Typ | Speed | Reichweite | Frequenz | Beschreibung | | ||
| ----- | -------- | ---------- | -------- | ------------- | | ||
| Cat 5 | 1Gbit/s | 100m | 100MHz | Heimnetzwerke | | ||
| Cat 6 | 10Gbit/s | 50m | 250MHz | Unternehmen | | ||
| Cat 7 | 10Gbit/s | 50m | 600MHz | Spezialisten | | ||
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| Übertragungsrate: | 100MBit/s | 1GBit/s | 10GBit/s | 40GBit/s | | ||
| ----------------- | --------- | ------- | -------- | -------- | | ||
| Mindestkategorie: | 5 | 5e | 6A | 8.1 | | ||
![[Pasted image 20230706150454.png]] | ||
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- Cat 7 ist in Deutschland das üblichste | ||
- 1 Gigabit ist der Standard unseren Hosts |
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docs/DUP/OSI-Modell/3. Schicht Vermittlungsschicht, Network-Layer.md
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!!! note | ||
Arbeitet auf Layer 3 | ||
```ad-hint | ||
Arbeitet auf Layer 3 | ||
``` | ||
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Verschiedene Netzwerke werden über Router miteinander verbunden. Ein Router arbeitet auf Layer 3, kommuniziert also mit IP-Adressen. | ||
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#### Default-Gateway | ||
Ein Beispiel für ein Default Gateway ist der Router, der mit dem lokalen Netzwerk verbunden ist und die Verbindung zum Internet herstellt. Wenn ein Gerät im lokalen Netzwerk eine Anfrage an eine externe IP-Adresse sendet, wird die Anfrage an das Default Gateway (den Router) weitergeleitet. Der Router leitet dann die Anfrage an das externe Netzwerk weiter und ermöglicht so den Zugriff auf Ressourcen außerhalb des lokalen Netzwerks, wie z.B. das Surfen im Internet. | ||
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#### Adressierung von Paketen | ||
[[OSI 1-3 - Paketadressierung 3 Router.pdf | Adressierung Bsp.]] | ||
Haben wir Pakete im lokalen Netz, dann ist die Ziel-MAC und Ziel-IP von dem gleichen Gerät. | ||
Gehen wir aber nun aus unserem Netzwerk hinaus, über den Router, dann ist die Ziel-IP, die von dem eigentlichen Ziel (z.B. Website) und die Ziel-MAC, die von unserem Router. | ||
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!!! note "IP-Adresse" | ||
Gibt das endgültige Ziel an, den ein Paket erreichen soll (Ende-zu-Ende) | ||
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!!! note "MAC-Adresse" | ||
Gibt den nächsten Host an, den ein Paket erreichen soll (Punkt-zu-Punkt) | ||
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```ad-hint | ||
title: Ziel-IP (Ende-zu-Ende) | ||
Gibt das endgültige Ziel an, den ein Paket erreichen soll (Ende-zu-Ende) | ||
``` | ||
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```ad-hint | ||
title: Ziel-MAC (Punkt-zu-Punkt) | ||
Gibt den nächsten Host an, den ein Paket erreichen soll (Punkt-zu-Punkt) | ||
``` |
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![[PT_VLAN.pkt]] | ||
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![[Pasted image 20230706170728.png]] | ||
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## Kommunikation innerhalb der VLANs | ||
Um eine Kommunikation innerhalb der VLANs zu ermöglichen (also nicht VLAN zu VLAN): | ||
#### 1. VLAN Datenbank (Switch) | ||
Die jeweiligen VLANs hinzufügen![[Pasted image 20230706170934.png]] | ||
![[Pasted image 20230706183114.png]] | ||
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#### 2. VLAN Ports zuweisen (Switch) | ||
Den einzelnen Ports ein VLAN zuweisen: | ||
Hier Access Mode, da wir nur ein VLAN an einem Port haben. Das natürlich für alle Ports machen, an dem VLANs sind. In dem Beispiel wären das 4, pro Switch 2. | ||
![[Pasted image 20230706171059.png]] | ||
![[Pasted image 20230706183158.png]] | ||
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#### 3. Trunk Mode zwischen Switches | ||
Zuletzt noch erlauben, dass die VLAN von einem zum anderen Switch übertragen werden können: | ||
Dazu müssen beide Interfaces, zwischen den Switches, im Trunk Mode sein und min. VLAN 10 und VLAN 20 erlauben | ||
![[Pasted image 20230706171314.png]] | ||
![[Pasted image 20230706183236.png]] | ||
Jetzt sind die VLANs in der Lage untereinander zu kommunizieren. | ||
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## Kommunikation zwischen VLANs | ||
Wenn wir zwischen zwei VLANs kommunizieren wollen, dann brauchen wir einen Router. In diesem Router müssen wir nun Subinterfaces erstellen. Das bedeutet, dass wir unser Interface, an dem der Switch liegt, in mehrere Interfaces aufteilen (diese sind natürlich dann nur virtuell). | ||
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#### 1.Subinterfaces (Router) | ||
Mit `interface FastEthernet 0/0.1` erstellen wir z.B. schon ein Subinterface. | ||
Jetzt weisen wir diesem Subinterface ein VLAN zu: | ||
![[Pasted image 20230706173342.png]] | ||
Somit ist VLAN 10 nun dem Subinterface 0.1 zugewiesen. Dieses Subinterface bracht natürlich noch einen IP, welche das Default-Gateway für die Gerät im VLAN 10 ist. | ||
![[Pasted image 20230706173512.png]] | ||
Pro VLAN erstellen wir ein Subinterface, das heißt wir haben hier zwei Subinterfaces. Diese werden analog zueinander erstellt. | ||
So sollte unsere Config aussehen: | ||
![[Pasted image 20230706173632.png]] | ||
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#### 2. Trunk Mode von Switch zu Router | ||
Damit unsere VLANs nun auch deren Gateway (den Router, bzw. Subinterfaces) erreichen können, müssen wir natürlich den Port des Switches, zum Router, in Trunkmode setzen und beide VLANs erlauben. | ||
![[Pasted image 20230706173932.png]] | ||
![[Pasted image 20230706183330.png]] | ||
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#### 3. Gateway | ||
Zuletzt muss jeder Host die Gateway Adresse (IP der Subinterfaces) haben. | ||
Jetzt können die Geräte VLAN übergreifend kommunizieren. |
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### 1) Allgemeine Fragen zu Subnetzmasken | ||
PC: | ||
192.168.10.10 | ||
255.255.255.0 | ||
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Server: | ||
192.168.14.10 | ||
255.255.255.0 | ||
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Ersichtlich, dass beide Geräte nicht im gleichen Netz sind. | ||
a) <u>Subnetzmaske in Binär:</u> `11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000` | ||
b) <u>Netzadresse des PCs:</u> 192.168.10.0 | ||
c) <u>Broadcastadresse des PC Netzes:</u> 192.168.10.255 | ||
d) <u>Anzahl der Hosts:</u> 254 Hosts | ||
c) Server und Client können nicht ohne Router kommunizieren, das sie in unterschiedlichen Netzen sind. | ||
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#### Neue Subnetzmaske des PCs | ||
PC: | ||
192.168.10.10 | ||
255.255.0.0 | ||
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f) <u>Netzadresse:</u> 192.168.0.0 | ||
<u>Broadcastadresse:</u> 192.168.255.255 | ||
g) <u>Anzahl der Hosts:</u> 65534 Hosts | ||
h) Server und Client können nicht miteinander kommunizieren, da sie sich immer noch in verschiedenen Subnetzen befinden. | ||
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#### Neue Subnetzmaske des PCs | ||
PC: | ||
192.168.10.10 | ||
255.255.128.0 | ||
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i) <u>Subnetzmaske in Binär:</u> `11111111 11111111 10000000 00000000` | ||
j) <u>Netzadresse des Netzes:</u> 192.168.0.0 | ||
k) <u>Broadcastadresse des Netzes:</u> 192.168.127.255 | ||
l) Die Geräte können auch nicht kommunizieren, da sie wieder in unterschiedlichen Subnetzen sind. | ||
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### 2) Unterteilung eines IP-Bereiches in verschiedene Subnetze | ||
d) Unser gegebener IP-Adressbereich fängt bei 192.170.0.0 an. | ||
192.170.0.0/19 | ||
<--> *Netz A* | ||
192.170.32.0/19 | ||
<--> *Netz B* | ||
192.170.64.0/19 | ||
<--> *Netz C* | ||
192.170.96.0/19 | ||
<--> *Netz D* | ||
192.170.128.0 | ||
![[Aufgabe2.pdf]] | ||
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### 3) Ergänzende Aufgaben zum Subnetting | ||
a) <u>Netzadressen im 255.255.255.224 Netz:</u> 0, 32, 64, $\color{red}96$, 128, 160, ... | ||
Beide PCs sind im 4ten Subnetz (192.168.222.96/27 ($\color{red}192.168.222.96-192.168.222.127$)) | ||
b) <u>Netzadressen im 255.255.255.240:</u> 0, $\color{violet}16$, $\color{green}32$, 48, ... | ||
PC1 ist im 2ten Subnetz und PC2 im 3ten, somit sind sie in unterschiedlichen Subnetzen. | ||
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### 4) VLANs | ||
a) | ||
- IP-Adressen + Subnetzmaske an ==Subinterfaces== vergeben | ||
- Encapsulation: Zuordnung von Subinterface zu VLAN-ID | ||
- Falls DHCP-Relay genutzt werden soll: Helper-Adresse konfigurieren | ||
- Interface einschalten | ||
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b) | ||
![[Pasted image 20230705164300.png]] | ||
![[Pasted image 20230705164243.png]] | ||
Die beiden Gigabitverbindungen sind zwar im trunk mode, allerdings sind nur VLANs von 20-1001 erlaubt, wodurch VLAN 10 nicht weitergegeben wird. So kann VLAN 10 auch nicht über die Switches kommunizieren. | ||
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### 5) Statisches Routing zwischen zwei Subnetzen | ||
![[Pasted image 20230706135552.png]] | ||
![[Pasted image 20230706135620.png]] | ||
### 11) | ||
![[Pasted image 20230706142009.png]] | ||
### 13) | ||
![[Pasted image 20230706140513.png]] | ||
### 15) | ||
![[Pasted image 20230706185311.png]] | ||
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### 16) | ||
- Ein möglicher Fehler ist, dass in diesem Host, keine ==Gateway-IP== vergeben wird und dieser somit nicht der Router findet. | ||
Dazu könnte man sich einfach der Netzwerkkonfigurationen auf dem Host anschauen und gucken, ob die richtige bzw. überhaupt eine Gateway IP vergeben wurde. | ||
- ==Firewall:== Blockierte Ports/IPs | ||
Dazu muss man sich die Firewall-settings anschauen | ||
### 17) | ||
![[Pasted image 20230706142518.png]] |
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