| Component | Average Latency | Description |
|---|---|---|
| L1 Cache | ~0.5 ns | Access to CPU's internal cache |
| L2 Cache | ~7 ns | Access to secondary cache within CPU |
| Main Memory (RAM) | ~100 ns | Access to system's main memory |
| PCIe NVMe SSD | ~30-100 µs | Access to data on a high-speed SSD |
| SATA SSD | ~100 µs | Access to data on a standard Solid State Drive |
| HDD (Rotational Disk) | ~5-10 ms | Access to data on a Hard Disk Drive |
| TCP Packet (localhost) | ~0.3 ms | TCP packet transfer within the same machine |
| Local Area Network (1 Gbps) | ~0.5 ms | Latency within a 1 Gbps local area network |
| Local Area Network (10 Gbps) | ~0.1 ms | Latency within a 10 Gbps local area network |
| Data Center (Intra-DC) | ~0.5-1 ms | Latency within a single data center |
| Cross-Data Center (Inter-DC) | ~1-2 ms | Latency between data centers within the same region |
| Cloud Region (Same Region) | ~2-10 ms | Latency between zones in the same cloud region |
| Cross-Region (Inter-Region) | ~10-50 ms | Latency between cloud regions (same continent) |
| Cross-Continent | ~150-300 ms | Latency between continents via undersea cables |
| Redis In-Memory Access | ~1 ms | Latency for accessing Redis in-memory data |
| Memcached Access | ~1 ms | Latency for accessing data from Memcached |
| Simple MySQL Query | ~5-10 ms | Execution time for a simple SQL query in MySQL |
| PostgreSQL Query | ~5-10 ms | Execution time for a simple SQL query in PostgreSQL |
| Oracle DB Query | ~5-15 ms | Execution time for a simple SQL query in Oracle DB |
| Kafka Publish | ~1-2 ms | Time taken to publish a message to Kafka |
| Kafka Consume | ~2-5 ms | Time taken to consume a message from Kafka |
| RabbitMQ Publish | ~1-2 ms | Time taken to publish a message to RabbitMQ |
| RabbitMQ Consume | ~2-5 ms | Time taken to consume a message from RabbitMQ |
| HTTP Request (localhost) | ~0.5-1 ms | Latency for a simple HTTP request within the same machine |
| HTTP Request (over Internet) | ~20-100 ms | Average REST API call latency over the internet |
| DNS Lookup | ~50-150 ms | Time taken for a DNS lookup over the internet |
| SSH Latency (over Internet) | ~50-200 ms | Latency for an SSH session over the internet |
| Disk Seek Time (HDD) | ~3-15 ms | Time taken for a hard disk to find data on its surface |
| Disk Seek Time (SSD) | ~50-100 µs | Time taken for an SSD to find data |
| Network File System (NFS) Read | ~1-2 ms | Latency for reading a file over NFS in a local network |
Note: These values are average approximations and can vary depending on specific infrastructure and configurations.