diff --git a/packages/util/src/vector/VectorUtils.test.ts b/packages/util/src/vector/VectorUtils.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d1562a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/util/src/vector/VectorUtils.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Steven Roussey <sroussey@gmail.com>
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+import { describe, expect, test } from "vitest";
+import { inner, magnitude, normalize, normalizeNumberArray } from "./VectorUtils";
+
+describe("VectorUtils", () => {
+  describe("magnitude", () => {
+    test("should calculate magnitude for Float32Array", () => {
+      const vector = new Float32Array([3, 4]);
+      const result = magnitude(vector);
+      expect(result).toBe(5);
+    });
+
+    test("should calculate magnitude for Float64Array", () => {
+      const vector = new Float64Array([1, 2, 2]);
+      const result = magnitude(vector);
+      expect(result).toBe(3);
+    });
+
+    test("should calculate magnitude for Int8Array", () => {
+      const vector = new Int8Array([6, 8]);
+      const result = magnitude(vector);
+      expect(result).toBe(10);
+    });
+
+    test("should calculate magnitude for Uint8Array", () => {
+      const vector = new Uint8Array([5, 12]);
+      const result = magnitude(vector);
+      expect(result).toBe(13);
+    });
+
+    test("should calculate magnitude for Int16Array", () => {
+      const vector = new Int16Array([3, 4]);
+      const result = magnitude(vector);
+      expect(result).toBe(5);
+    });
+
+    test("should calculate magnitude for Uint16Array", () => {
+      const vector = new Uint16Array([8, 15]);
+      const result = magnitude(vector);
+      expect(result).toBe(17);
+    });
+
+    test("should calculate magnitude for Float16Array", () => {
+      const vector = new Float16Array([3, 4]);
+      const result = magnitude(vector);
+      expect(result).toBeCloseTo(5, 1);
+    });
+
+    test("should calculate magnitude for number array", () => {
+      const vector = [3, 4];
+      const result = magnitude(vector);
+      expect(result).toBe(5);
+    });
+
+    test("should return 0 for zero vector", () => {
+      const vector = new Float32Array([0, 0, 0]);
+      const result = magnitude(vector);
+      expect(result).toBe(0);
+    });
+
+    test("should handle single element vector", () => {
+      const vector = new Float32Array([5]);
+      const result = magnitude(vector);
+      expect(result).toBe(5);
+    });
+
+    test("should handle negative values", () => {
+      const vector = new Float32Array([-3, -4]);
+      const result = magnitude(vector);
+      expect(result).toBe(5);
+    });
+
+    test("should handle mixed positive and negative values", () => {
+      const vector = new Float32Array([3, -4]);
+      const result = magnitude(vector);
+      expect(result).toBe(5);
+    });
+
+    test("should handle large vectors", () => {
+      const vector = new Float32Array(1000).fill(1);
+      const result = magnitude(vector);
+      expect(result).toBeCloseTo(Math.sqrt(1000), 5);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("inner", () => {
+    test("should calculate dot product for Float32Array", () => {
+      const arr1 = new Float32Array([1, 2, 3]);
+      const arr2 = new Float32Array([4, 5, 6]);
+      const result = inner(arr1, arr2);
+      expect(result).toBe(32); // 1*4 + 2*5 + 3*6 = 4 + 10 + 18 = 32
+    });
+
+    test("should calculate dot product for Float64Array", () => {
+      const arr1 = new Float64Array([2, 3]);
+      const arr2 = new Float64Array([4, 5]);
+      const result = inner(arr1, arr2);
+      expect(result).toBe(23); // 2*4 + 3*5 = 8 + 15 = 23
+    });
+
+    test("should calculate dot product for Int8Array", () => {
+      const arr1 = new Int8Array([1, 2, 3]);
+      const arr2 = new Int8Array([4, 5, 6]);
+      const result = inner(arr1, arr2);
+      expect(result).toBe(32);
+    });
+
+    test("should calculate dot product for Uint8Array", () => {
+      const arr1 = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3]);
+      const arr2 = new Uint8Array([4, 5, 6]);
+      const result = inner(arr1, arr2);
+      expect(result).toBe(32);
+    });
+
+    test("should calculate dot product for Int16Array", () => {
+      const arr1 = new Int16Array([10, 20]);
+      const arr2 = new Int16Array([5, 3]);
+      const result = inner(arr1, arr2);
+      expect(result).toBe(110); // 10*5 + 20*3 = 50 + 60 = 110
+    });
+
+    test("should calculate dot product for Uint16Array", () => {
+      const arr1 = new Uint16Array([10, 20]);
+      const arr2 = new Uint16Array([5, 3]);
+      const result = inner(arr1, arr2);
+      expect(result).toBe(110);
+    });
+
+    test("should calculate dot product for Float16Array", () => {
+      const arr1 = new Float16Array([1, 2, 3]);
+      const arr2 = new Float16Array([4, 5, 6]);
+      const result = inner(arr1, arr2);
+      expect(result).toBeCloseTo(32, 0);
+    });
+
+    test("should return 0 for zero vectors", () => {
+      const arr1 = new Float32Array([0, 0, 0]);
+      const arr2 = new Float32Array([1, 2, 3]);
+      const result = inner(arr1, arr2);
+      expect(result).toBe(0);
+    });
+
+    test("should handle orthogonal vectors", () => {
+      const arr1 = new Float32Array([1, 0, 0]);
+      const arr2 = new Float32Array([0, 1, 0]);
+      const result = inner(arr1, arr2);
+      expect(result).toBe(0);
+    });
+
+    test("should handle negative values", () => {
+      const arr1 = new Float32Array([-1, -2, -3]);
+      const arr2 = new Float32Array([4, 5, 6]);
+      const result = inner(arr1, arr2);
+      expect(result).toBe(-32); // -1*4 + -2*5 + -3*6 = -4 - 10 - 18 = -32
+    });
+
+    test("should handle single element vectors", () => {
+      const arr1 = new Float32Array([5]);
+      const arr2 = new Float32Array([3]);
+      const result = inner(arr1, arr2);
+      expect(result).toBe(15);
+    });
+
+    test("should handle large vectors", () => {
+      const size = 1000;
+      const arr1 = new Float32Array(size).fill(1);
+      const arr2 = new Float32Array(size).fill(2);
+      const result = inner(arr1, arr2);
+      expect(result).toBe(2000);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("normalize", () => {
+    test("should normalize Float32Array to unit length", () => {
+      const vector = new Float32Array([3, 4]);
+      const result = normalize(vector);
+      expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(Float32Array);
+      expect(result.length).toBe(2);
+      expect(result[0]).toBeCloseTo(0.6, 5);
+      expect(result[1]).toBeCloseTo(0.8, 5);
+      expect(magnitude(result)).toBeCloseTo(1, 5);
+    });
+
+    test("should normalize Float64Array to unit length", () => {
+      const vector = new Float64Array([3, 4]);
+      const result = normalize(vector);
+      expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(Float64Array);
+      expect(result[0]).toBeCloseTo(0.6, 5);
+      expect(result[1]).toBeCloseTo(0.8, 5);
+      expect(magnitude(result)).toBeCloseTo(1, 5);
+    });
+
+    test("should normalize Int8Array to unit length", () => {
+      const vector = new Int8Array([3, 4]);
+      const result = normalize(vector);
+      expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(Int8Array);
+      expect(result.length).toBe(2);
+      // Int8Array will truncate the decimal values
+      expect(magnitude(result)).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    });
+
+    test("should normalize Uint8Array to unit length", () => {
+      const vector = new Uint8Array([3, 4]);
+      const result = normalize(vector);
+      expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(Uint8Array);
+      expect(result.length).toBe(2);
+      expect(magnitude(result)).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    });
+
+    test("should normalize Int16Array to unit length", () => {
+      const vector = new Int16Array([3, 4]);
+      const result = normalize(vector);
+      expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(Int16Array);
+      expect(result.length).toBe(2);
+      expect(magnitude(result)).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    });
+
+    test("should normalize Uint16Array to unit length", () => {
+      const vector = new Uint16Array([3, 4]);
+      const result = normalize(vector);
+      expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(Uint16Array);
+      expect(result.length).toBe(2);
+      expect(magnitude(result)).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    });
+
+    test("should normalize Float16Array and convert to Float32Array", () => {
+      const vector = new Float16Array([3, 4]);
+      const result = normalize(vector);
+      // For Float16Array, the function should return Float32Array
+      expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(Float32Array);
+      expect(result[0]).toBeCloseTo(0.6, 1);
+      expect(result[1]).toBeCloseTo(0.8, 1);
+    });
+
+    test("should throw error for zero vector by default", () => {
+      const vector = new Float32Array([0, 0, 0]);
+      expect(() => normalize(vector)).toThrow("Cannot normalize a zero vector.");
+    });
+
+    test("should return original zero vector when throwOnZero is false", () => {
+      const vector = new Float32Array([0, 0, 0]);
+      const result = normalize(vector, false);
+      expect(result).toBe(vector);
+      expect(result[0]).toBe(0);
+      expect(result[1]).toBe(0);
+      expect(result[2]).toBe(0);
+    });
+
+    test("should handle negative values", () => {
+      const vector = new Float32Array([-3, -4]);
+      const result = normalize(vector);
+      expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(Float32Array);
+      expect(result[0]).toBeCloseTo(-0.6, 5);
+      expect(result[1]).toBeCloseTo(-0.8, 5);
+      expect(magnitude(result)).toBeCloseTo(1, 5);
+    });
+
+    test("should handle mixed positive and negative values", () => {
+      const vector = new Float32Array([3, -4]);
+      const result = normalize(vector);
+      expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(Float32Array);
+      expect(result[0]).toBeCloseTo(0.6, 5);
+      expect(result[1]).toBeCloseTo(-0.8, 5);
+      expect(magnitude(result)).toBeCloseTo(1, 5);
+    });
+
+    test("should handle single element vector", () => {
+      const vector = new Float32Array([5]);
+      const result = normalize(vector);
+      expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(Float32Array);
+      expect(result[0]).toBe(1);
+    });
+
+    test("should handle already normalized vector", () => {
+      const vector = new Float32Array([0.6, 0.8]);
+      const result = normalize(vector);
+      expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(Float32Array);
+      expect(magnitude(result)).toBeCloseTo(1, 5);
+    });
+
+    test("should handle large vectors", () => {
+      const vector = new Float32Array(1000).fill(1);
+      const result = normalize(vector);
+      expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(Float32Array);
+      expect(magnitude(result)).toBeCloseTo(1, 5);
+    });
+
+    test("should preserve type for other integer arrays", () => {
+      // Test Int32Array which is not explicitly handled
+      const vector = new Int32Array([3, 4]);
+      const result = normalize(vector);
+      // Should fall through to Float32Array for unhandled types
+      expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(Float32Array);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("normalizeNumberArray", () => {
+    test("should normalize number array to unit length", () => {
+      const values = [3, 4];
+      const result = normalizeNumberArray(values);
+      expect(Array.isArray(result)).toBe(true);
+      expect(result.length).toBe(2);
+      expect(result[0]).toBeCloseTo(0.6, 5);
+      expect(result[1]).toBeCloseTo(0.8, 5);
+      expect(magnitude(result)).toBeCloseTo(1, 5);
+    });
+
+    test("should return original array for zero vector by default", () => {
+      const values = [0, 0, 0];
+      const result = normalizeNumberArray(values);
+      expect(result).toBe(values);
+      expect(result[0]).toBe(0);
+      expect(result[1]).toBe(0);
+      expect(result[2]).toBe(0);
+    });
+
+    test("should throw error for zero vector when throwOnZero is true", () => {
+      const values = [0, 0, 0];
+      expect(() => normalizeNumberArray(values, true)).toThrow("Cannot normalize a zero vector.");
+    });
+
+    test("should handle negative values", () => {
+      const values = [-3, -4];
+      const result = normalizeNumberArray(values);
+      expect(result[0]).toBeCloseTo(-0.6, 5);
+      expect(result[1]).toBeCloseTo(-0.8, 5);
+      expect(magnitude(result)).toBeCloseTo(1, 5);
+    });
+
+    test("should handle mixed positive and negative values", () => {
+      const values = [3, -4];
+      const result = normalizeNumberArray(values);
+      expect(result[0]).toBeCloseTo(0.6, 5);
+      expect(result[1]).toBeCloseTo(-0.8, 5);
+      expect(magnitude(result)).toBeCloseTo(1, 5);
+    });
+
+    test("should handle single element array", () => {
+      const values = [5];
+      const result = normalizeNumberArray(values);
+      expect(result[0]).toBe(1);
+    });
+
+    test("should handle already normalized array", () => {
+      const values = [0.6, 0.8];
+      const result = normalizeNumberArray(values);
+      expect(magnitude(result)).toBeCloseTo(1, 5);
+    });
+
+    test("should handle large arrays", () => {
+      const values = new Array(1000).fill(1);
+      const result = normalizeNumberArray(values);
+      expect(magnitude(result)).toBeCloseTo(1, 5);
+    });
+
+    test("should handle decimal values", () => {
+      const values = [0.1, 0.2, 0.3];
+      const result = normalizeNumberArray(values);
+      expect(magnitude(result)).toBeCloseTo(1, 5);
+    });
+
+    test("should not mutate original array", () => {
+      const values = [3, 4];
+      const original = [...values];
+      normalizeNumberArray(values);
+      expect(values).toEqual(original);
+    });
+  });
+});