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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<!--
MIT License
Copyright (c) 2004-2006 Weston Ruter
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.
-->
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
<title>International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Chart in Unicode and XHTML/CSS</title>
<meta name="author" content="Weston Ruter" />
<meta name="description" content="Standards compliant and open source edition of the IPA chart in Unicode." />
<meta name="keywords" content="linguistics, phonetics, phonology, xhtml, css, international phonetic alphabet, ipa, chart" />
<link rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' href='all.css?5' />
<!--[if lt IE 7]>
<style type="text/css">#keyboardLink { position:absolute; } </style>
<![endif]-->
<script type="text/javascript" src="chart.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="chart">
<h1 id="title">The International Phonetic Alphabet <span id="alphabetRevision">(revised to 2005)</span></h1>
<div><a target="_top" href="./keyboard/" id="keyboardLink">IPA Chart Keyboard</a></div>
<p id="chartIntro">
This IPA chart is composed of Unicode characters and is written in
valid XHTML/CSS; it is open source software released under the GPL.
<span id="keyboardRefHead">To easily copy/enter/input/insert/type
the IPA characters/symbols/letters/glyphs and diacritics, found in
this chart, use the <a href="keyboard/" target="_top">IPA Unicode “Keyboard”</a>,
which is built off of this document.</span>
</p>
<p>If you are a screen reader user, you may want to use <a href="./accessiblechart.html"> a more accessible version of the chart</a> </p>
<!--[if !IE]><!-->
<button id="loadFontBtn" type="button" onclick="loadFontStylesheet(); return false;" title="If don't have a font installed that can display all of the symbols in the IPA, click this button to load and immediately apply a font that does. Please be patient... it takes a moment to download.">Missing some symbols? Apply Doulos SIL font</button>
<!--<![endif]-->
<div id="pulmonicConsonants">
<h2>Consonants (Pulmonic)</h2>
<table>
<!--<caption>Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right
represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations
judged impossible.</caption>-->
<colgroup width="0*" />
<colgroup />
<colgroup />
<colgroup />
<colgroup />
<colgroup />
<colgroup />
<colgroup />
<colgroup />
<colgroup />
<colgroup />
<colgroup />
<thead>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th class="place">Bilabial</th>
<th class="place">Labiodental</th>
<th class="place">Dental</th>
<th class="place">Alveolar</th>
<th class="place">Postalveolar</th>
<th class="place">Retroflex</th>
<th class="place">Palatal</th>
<th class="place"> Velar </th> <!-- Note: spaces to prevent MSIE from wrapping some symbols -->
<th class="place">Uvular</th>
<th class="place">Pharyngeal</th>
<th class="place">Glottal</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th class="manner">Plosive</th>
<td>
<span title="U+0070: LATIN SMALL LETTER P" class='voiceless'>p</span>
<span title="U+0062: LATIN SMALL LETTER B" class='voiced'>b</span>
</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>
<span title="U+0074: LATIN SMALL LETTER T" class='voiceless'>t</span>
<span title="U+0064: LATIN SMALL LETTER D" class='voiced'>d</span>
</td>
<td></td>
<td>
<span title="U+0288: LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH RETROFLEX HOOK" class='voiceless'>ʈ</span>
<span title="U+0256: LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH TAIL" class='voiced'>ɖ</span>
</td>
<td>
<span title="U+0063: LATIN SMALL LETTER C" class='voiceless'>c</span>
<span title="U+025F: LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J WITH STROKE" class='voiced'>ɟ</span>
</td>
<td>
<span title="U+006B: LATIN SMALL LETTER K" class='voiceless'>k</span>
<span title="U+0261: LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G" class='voiced'>ɡ</span>
</td>
<td>
<span title="U+0071: LATIN SMALL LETTER Q" class='voiceless'>q</span>
<span title="U+0262: LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL G" class='voiced'>ɢ</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class='voiceless'></span>
<span class='voiced impossible'> </span>
</td>
<td>
<span title="U+0294: LATIN LETTER GLOTTAL STOP" class='voiceless'>ʔ</span>
<span class='voiced impossible'> </span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="manner">Nasal</th>
<td>
<span title="U+006D: LATIN SMALL LETTER M" class='voiced'>m</span>
</td>
<td>
<span title="U+0271: LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH HOOK" class='voiced'>ɱ</span>
</td>
<td></td>
<td>
<span title="U+006E: LATIN SMALL LETTER N" class='voiced'>n</span>
</td>
<td></td>
<td>
<span title="U+0273: LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH RETROFLEX HOOK" class='voiced'>ɳ</span>
</td>
<td>
<span title="U+0272: LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH LEFT HOOK" class='voiced'>ɲ</span>
</td>
<td>
<span title="U+014B: LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG" class='voiced'>ŋ</span>
</td>
<td>
<span title="U+0274: LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL N" class='voiced'>ɴ</span>
</td>
<td class="impossible"></td>
<td class="impossible"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="manner">Trill</th>
<td>
<span title="U+0299: LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL B" class='voiced'>ʙ</span>
</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>
<span title="U+0072: LATIN SMALL LETTER R" class='voiced'>r</span>
</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td class="impossible"></td>
<td>
<span title="U+0280: LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R" class='voiced'>ʀ</span>
</td>
<td></td>
<td class="impossible"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="manner">Tap or Flap</th>
<td></td>
<td>
<span title="U+2C71: LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH RIGHT HOOK" class='voiced'>ⱱ</span>
</td>
<td></td>
<td>
<span title="U+027E: LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH FISHHOOK" class='voiced'>ɾ</span>
</td>
<td></td>
<td>
<span title="U+027D: LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH TAIL" class='voiced'>ɽ</span>
</td>
<td></td>
<td class="impossible"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td class="impossible"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="manner">Fricative</th>
<td>
<span title="U+0278: LATIN SMALL LETTER PHI" class='voiceless'>ɸ</span>
<span title="U+03B2: GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA" class='voiced'>β</span>
</td>
<td>
<span title="U+0066: LATIN SMALL LETTER F" class='voiceless'>f</span>
<span title="U+0076: LATIN SMALL LETTER V" class='voiced'>v</span>
</td>
<td>
<span title="U+03B8: GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA" class='voiceless'>θ</span>
<span title="U+00F0: LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH" class='voiced'>ð</span>
</td>
<td>
<span title="U+0073: LATIN SMALL LETTER S" class='voiceless'>s</span>
<span title="U+007A: LATIN SMALL LETTER Z" class='voiced'>z</span>
</td>
<td>
<span title="U+0283: LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH" class='voiceless'>ʃ</span>
<span title="U+0292: LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH" class='voiced'>ʒ</span>
</td>
<td>
<span title="U+0282: LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH HOOK" class='voiceless'>ʂ</span>
<span title="U+0290: LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH RETROFLEX HOOK" class='voiced'>ʐ</span>
</td>
<td>
<span title="U+00E7: LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA" class='voiceless'>ç</span>
<span title="U+029D: LATIN SMALL LETTER J WITH CROSSED-TAIL" class='voiced'>ʝ</span>
</td>
<td>
<span title="U+0078: LATIN SMALL LETTER X" class='voiceless'>x</span>
<span title="U+0263: LATIN SMALL LETTER GAMMA" class='voiced'>ɣ</span>
</td>
<td>
<span title="U+03C7: GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI" class='voiceless'>χ</span>
<span title="U+0281: LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL INVERTED R" class='voiced'>ʁ</span>
</td>
<td>
<span title="U+0127: LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH STROKE" class='voiceless'>ħ</span>
<span title="U+0295: LATIN LETTER PHARYNGEAL VOICED FRICATIVE" class='voiced'>ʕ</span>
</td>
<td>
<span title="U+0068: LATIN SMALL LETTER H" class='voiceless'>h</span>
<span title="U+0266: LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH HOOK" class='voiced'>ɦ</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="manner">Lateral fricative</th>
<td class="impossible"></td>
<td class="impossible"></td>
<td></td>
<td>
<span title="U+026C: LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH BELT" class='voiceless'>ɬ</span>
<span title="U+026E: LATIN SMALL LETTER LEZH" class='voiced'>ɮ</span>
</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td class="impossible"></td>
<td class="impossible"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="manner">Approximant</th>
<td></td>
<td>
<span title="U+028B: LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH HOOK" class='voiced'>ʋ</span>
</td>
<td></td>
<td>
<span title="U+0279: LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R" class='voiced'>ɹ</span>
</td>
<td></td>
<td>
<span title="U+027B: LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R WITH HOOK" class='voiced'>ɻ</span>
</td>
<td>
<span title="U+006A: LATIN SMALL LETTER J" class='voiced'>j</span>
</td>
<td>
<span title="U+0270: LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED M WITH LONG LEG" class='voiced'>ɰ</span>
</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td class="impossible"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="manner">Lateral approximant</th>
<td class="impossible"></td>
<td class="impossible"></td>
<td></td>
<td>
<span title="U+006C: LATIN SMALL LETTER L" class='voiced'>l</span>
</td>
<td></td>
<td>
<span title="U+026D: LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH RETROFLEX HOOK" class='voiced'>ɭ</span>
</td>
<td>
<span title="U+028E: LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED Y" class='voiced'>ʎ</span>
</td>
<td>
<span title="U+029F: LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL L" class='voiced'>ʟ</span>
</td>
<td></td>
<td class="impossible"></td>
<td class="impossible"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a
voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged
impossible.</p>
</div>
<div id="nonPulmonicConsonants">
<h2>Consonants (Non-Pulmonic)</h2>
<table>
<colgroup span="2" />
<colgroup span="2" />
<colgroup span="2" />
<thead>
<tr>
<th colspan="2">Clicks</th>
<th colspan="2">Voiced implosives</th>
<th colspan="2">Ejectives</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td title="U+0298: LATIN LETTER BILABIAL CLICK">ʘ</td>
<th>Bilabial</th>
<td title="U+0253: LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH HOOK">ɓ</td>
<th>Bilabial</th>
<!--<td title="U+2019: RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK">’</td>-->
<td title="U+02BC: MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE">ʼ</td><!-- thanks Dan McCloy: http://students.washington.edu/drmccloy/ -->
<th>Examples:</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+01C0: LATIN LETTER DENTAL CLICK">ǀ</td>
<th>Dental</th>
<td title="U+0257: LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH HOOK">ɗ</td>
<th>Dental/alveolar</th>
<td>pʼ<!--’--></td>
<th>Bilabal</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+01C3: LATIN LETTER RETROFLEX CLICK">ǃ</td>
<th>(Post)alveolar</th>
<td title="U+0284: LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J WITH STROKE AND HOOK">ʄ</td>
<th>Palatal</th>
<td>tʼ<!--’--></td>
<th>Dental/alveolar</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+01C2: LATIN LETTER ALVEOLAR CLICK">ǂ</td>
<th>Palatoalveolar</th>
<td title="U+0260: LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH HOOK">ɠ</td>
<th>Velar</th>
<td>kʼ<!--’--></td>
<th>Velar</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+01C1: LATIN LETTER LATERAL CLICK">ǁ</td>
<th>Alveolar lateral</th>
<td title="U+029B: LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL G WITH HOOK">ʛ</td>
<th>Uvular</th>
<td>sʼ<!--’--></td>
<th>Alveolar fricative</th>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div id="vowels">
<h2>Vowels</h2>
<div id="vowelQuadrilateral">
<img id="vowelBackground" src="vowelBackground.png" alt="Vowel Quadrilateral" />
<!--<embed src="vowelQuadrilateral.svg" type="image/svg+xml" pluginspage="http://www.adobe.com/svg/viewer/install/" />-->
<div id="vowelLabels">
<span style="right:76%; top:0">Front</span>
<span style="right:40.5%; top:0">Central</span>
<span style="right:3.5%; top:0">Back</span>
<span style="left:0; top:11.2087912087912%">Close</span>
<span style="left:0; top:36.4835164835165%">Close-mid</span>
<span style="left:0; top:62.8571428571429%">Open-mid</span>
<span style="left:0; top:89.2307692307692%">Open</span>
</div>
<div id="vowelSymbols">
<div id="closeVowels">
<span title="U+0069: LATIN SMALL LETTER I" style="right:82.31%; top:6.81%;">i</span>
<span title="U+0079: LATIN SMALL LETTER Y" style="right:70.77%; top:6.81%">y</span>
<span title="U+0268: LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH STROKE" style="right:45.85%; top:6.81%">ɨ</span>
<span title="U+0289: LATIN SMALL LETTER U BAR" style="right:35.85%; top:6.81%">ʉ</span>
<span title="U+026F: LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED M" style="right:10.00%; top:6.81%">ɯ</span>
<span title="U+0075: LATIN SMALL LETTER U" style="right:0.15%; top:6.81%">u</span>
</div>
<div id="closeLaxVowels">
<span title="U+026A: LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL I" style="right:64.15%; top:18.90%">ɪ</span>
<span title="U+028F: LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL Y" style="right:58.46%; top:18.90%">ʏ</span>
<span title="U+028A: LATIN SMALL LETTER UPSILON" style="right:16.62%; top:18.90%">ʊ</span>
</div>
<div id="close-midVowels">
<span title="U+0065: LATIN SMALL LETTER E" style="right:69.85%; top:32.53%">e</span>
<span title="U+00F8: LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE" style="right:59.85%; top:32.53%">ø</span>
<span title="U+0258: LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED E" style="right:39.23%; top:32.53%">ɘ</span>
<span title="U+0275: LATIN SMALL LETTER BARRED O" style="right:30.77%; top:32.53%">ɵ</span>
<span title="U+0264: LATIN SMALL LETTER RAMS HORN" style="right:10.00%; top:32.53%">ɤ</span>
<span title="U+006F: LATIN SMALL LETTER O" style="right:0.15%; top:32.53%">o</span>
</div>
<div id="middleVowels">
<span title="U+0259: LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA" style="right:32.00%; top:45.27%">ə</span>
</div>
<div id="open-midVowels">
<span title="U+025B: LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E" style="right:58.15%; top:58.90%">ɛ</span>
<span title="U+0153: LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE" style="right:46.77%; top:58.90%">œ</span>
<span title="U+025C: LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED OPEN E" style="right:33.08%; top:58.90%">ɜ</span>
<span title="U+025E: LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED REVERSED OPEN E" style="right:24.15%; top:58.90%">ɞ</span>
<span title="U+028C: LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED V" style="right:9.54%; top:58.90%">ʌ</span>
<span title="U+0254: LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O" style="right:0.46%; top:58.90%">ɔ</span>
</div>
<div id="openLaxVowels">
<span title="U+00E6: LATIN SMALL LETTER AE" style="right:51.23%; top:73.41%">æ</span>
<span title="U+0250: LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED A" style="right:26.00%; top:71.65%">ɐ</span>
</div>
<div id="openVowels">
<span title="U+0061: LATIN SMALL LETTER A" style="right:45.23%; top:84.84%">a</span>
<span title="U+0276: LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL OE" style="right:35.38%; top:84.84%">ɶ</span>
<span title="U+0251: LATIN SMALL LETTER ALPHA" style="right:9.23%; top:84.84%">ɑ</span>
<span title="U+0252: LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED ALPHA" style="right:0.15%; top:84.84%">ɒ</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class='caption'>Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.</p>
</div>
<div id="otherSymbols">
<h2>Other Symbols</h2>
<table>
<colgroup>
<col width="0*" />
<col width="1*" />
</colgroup>
<colgroup>
<col width="0*" />
<col width="1*" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td title="U+028D: LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED W">ʍ</td>
<th>Voiceless labial-velar fricative</th>
<td title="U+0255: LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CURL" class="firstOfTwoExamples">ɕ</td>
<td title="U+0291: LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CURL" class="secondOfTwoExamples">ʑ</td>
<th>Alveolo-palatal fricatives</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+0077: LATIN SMALL LETTER W">w</td>
<th>Voiced labial-velar approximant</th>
<td title="U+027A: LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R WITH LONG LEG" colspan="2">ɺ</td>
<th>Alveolar lateral flap</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+0265: LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H">ɥ</td>
<th>Voiced labial-palatal approximant</th>
<td title="U+0267: LATIN SMALL LETTER HENG WITH HOOK" colspan="2">ɧ</td>
<th>Simultaneous <span title="U+0283: LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH" class="ipa">ʃ</span> and <span title="U+0078: LATIN SMALL LETTER X" class="ipa">x</span></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+029C: LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL H">ʜ</td>
<th>Voiceless epiglottal fricative</th>
<!-- <th rowspan="3" colspan="2">
<span id="tiebarExample" class="ipa"> kp͡ ts͡ </span>
<p id="tiebarNote">Affricates and double articulations
can be represented by two symbols
joined by a tie bar if necessary. <em>Note: Unicode does not support tie bars underneath.</em></p>
</th>
<td>k͡p</td>
<td>ts͡</td>
-->
<th rowspan="3" colspan="3" id='tiebar'>
<span id="tiebarExample">
<span class='ipa'>k͡p</span> <span class='ipa'>t͜s</span><br />
<span class='ipa' title="U+0361: COMBINING DOUBLE INVERTED BREVE">◌͡◌</span> <span class='ipa' title="U+035C: COMBINING DOUBLE BREVE BELOW">◌͜◌</span>
</span>
<p>Affricates and double articulations
can be represented by two symbols
joined by a tie bar if necessary. <!--<em>Note: Unicode does not support tie bars underneath.</em>--></p>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+02A2: LATIN LETTER REVERSED GLOTTAL STOP WITH STROKE">ʢ</td>
<th>Voiced epiglottal fricative</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+02A1: LATIN LETTER GLOTTAL STOP WITH STROKE">ʡ</td>
<th>Epiglottal plosive</th>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div id="suprasegmentals">
<h2>Suprasegmentals</h2>
<table>
<col width="0*" />
<col />
<col width="0*" />
<tbody>
<tr>
<td title="U+02C8: MODIFIER LETTER VERTICAL LINE" class="symbol">ˈ</td>
<th colspan="2">Primary stress</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+02CC: MODIFIER LETTER LOW VERTICAL LINE" class="symbol">ˌ</td>
<th colspan="2">Secondary stress</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" id="stressExample">ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+02D0: MODIFIER LETTER TRIANGULAR COLON" class="symbol">ː</td>
<th>Long</th>
<td class="example">eː</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+02D1: MODIFIER LETTER HALF TRIANGULAR COLON" class="symbol">ˑ</td>
<th>Half-long</th>
<td class="example">eˑ</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+0306: COMBINING BREVE" class="symbol">◌̆</td>
<th>Extra short</th>
<td class="example">ĕ</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+007C: VERTICAL LINE" class="symbol">|</td>
<th colspan="2">Minor (foot) group</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+2016: DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE" class="symbol">‖</td>
<th colspan="2">Major (intonation) group</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+002E: FULL STOP" class="symbol">.</td>
<th>Syllable break</th>
<td class="example">ɹi.ækt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+203F: UNDERTIE" class="symbol">‿</td>
<th colspan="2">Linking (absence of a break)</th>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div id="diacritics">
<h2>Diacritics</h2>
<p>Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. <span class="ipa">ŋ̊</span></p>
<table>
<colgroup span="4">
<col width="0*" />
<col />
<col width="0*" />
<col width="0*" />
</colgroup>
<colgroup span="4">
<col width="0*" />
<col />
<col width="0*" />
<col width="0*" />
</colgroup>
<colgroup span="4">
<col width="0*" />
<col />
<col width="0*" />
<col width="0*" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td title="U+0325: COMBINING RING BELOW">◌̥</td>
<th>Voiceless</th>
<td class="leftExample">n̥</td>
<td class="rightExample">d̥</td>
<td title="U+0324: COMBINING DIAERESIS BELOW">◌̤</td>
<th>Breathy voiced</th>
<td class="leftExample">b̤</td>
<td class="rightExample">a̤</td>
<td title="U+032A: COMBINING BRIDGE BELOW">◌̪</td>
<th>Dental</th>
<td class="leftExample">t̪</td>
<td class="rightExample">d̪</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+032C: COMBINING CARON BELOW">◌̬</td>
<th>Voiced</th>
<td class="leftExample">s̬</td>
<td class="rightExample">t̬</td>
<td title="U+0330: COMBINING TILDE BELOW">◌̰</td>
<th>Creaky voiced</th>
<td class="leftExample">b̰</td>
<td class="rightExample">a̰</td>
<td title="U+033A: COMBINING INVERTED BRIDGE BELOW">◌̺</td>
<th>Apical</th>
<td class="leftExample">t̺</td>
<td class="rightExample">d̺</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+02B0: MODIFIER LETTER SMALL H">ʰ</td>
<th>Aspirated</th>
<td class="leftExample">tʰ</td>
<td class="rightExample">dʰ</td>
<td title="U+033C: COMBINING SEAGULL BELOW">◌̼</td>
<th>Linguolabial</th>
<td class="leftExample">t̼</td>
<td class="rightExample">d̼</td>
<td title="U+033B: COMBINING SQUARE BELOW">◌̻</td>
<th>Laminal</th>
<td class="leftExample">t̻</td>
<td class="rightExample">d̻</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+0339: COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING BELOW">◌̹</td>
<th>More rounded</th>
<td class="leftExample">ɔ̹</td>
<td class="rightExample"></td>
<td title="U+02B7: MODIFIER LETTER SMALL W">ʷ</td>
<th>Labalized</th>
<td class="leftExample">tʷ</td>
<td class="rightExample">dʷ</td>
<td title="U+0303: COMBINING TILDE">◌̃</td>
<th colspan="2">Nasalized</th>
<td class="rightExample">ẽ</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+031C: COMBINING LEFT HALF RING BELOW">◌̜</td>
<th>Less rounded</th>
<td class="leftExample">ɔ̜</td>
<td class="rightExample"></td>
<td title="U+02B2: MODIFIER LETTER SMALL J">ʲ</td>
<th>Palatalized</th>
<td class="leftExample">tʲ</td>
<td class="rightExample">dʲ</td>
<td title="U+207F: SUPERSCRIPT LATIN SMALL LETTER N">ⁿ</td>
<th colspan="2">Nasal release</th>
<td class="rightExample">dⁿ</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+031F: COMBINING PLUS SIGN BELOW">◌̟</td>
<th>Advanced</th>
<td class="leftExample">u̟</td>
<td class="rightExample"></td>
<td title="U+02E0: MODIFIER LETTER SMALL GAMMA">ˠ</td>
<th>Velarized</th>
<td class="leftExample">tˠ</td>
<td class="rightExample">dˠ</td>
<td title="U+02E1: MODIFIER LETTER SMALL L">ˡ</td>
<th colspan="2">Lateral release</th>
<td class="rightExample">dˡ</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+0320: COMBINING MINUS SIGN BELOW">◌̠</td>
<th>Retracted</th>
<td class="leftExample">e̠</td>
<td class="rightExample"></td>
<td title="U+02E4: MODIFIER LETTER SMALL REVERSED GLOTTAL STOP">ˤ</td>
<th>Pharyngealized</th>
<td class="leftExample">tˤ</td>
<td class="rightExample">dˤ</td>
<td title="U+031A: COMBINING LEFT ANGLE ABOVE">◌̚</td>
<th colspan="2">No audible release</th>
<td class="rightExample">d̚</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+0308: COMBINING DIAERESIS">◌̈</td>
<th>Centralized</th>
<td class="leftExample">ë</td>
<td class="rightExample"></td>
<td title="U+0334: COMBINING TILDE OVERLAY">◌̴<!--~--></td>
<th colspan="2">Velarized or pharyngealized</th>
<td title="U+026B: LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE TILDE" class="wideCell" colspan="5">ɫ</td>
<!--<th colspan="4"></th>-->
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+033D: COMBINING X ABOVE">◌̽</td>
<th>Mid-centralized</th>
<td class="leftExample">e̽</td>
<td class="rightExample"></td>
<td title="U+031D: COMBINING UP TACK BELOW">◌̝</td>
<th>Raised</th>
<td class="leftExample">e̝</td>
<th colspan="5" class="wideCell">(<span class="ipa">ɹ̝</span> = voiced alveolar fricative)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+0329: COMBINING VERTICAL LINE BELOW">◌̩</td>
<th>Syllabic</th>
<td class="leftExample">n̩</td>
<td class="rightExample"></td>
<td title="U+031E: COMBINING DOWN TACK BELOW">◌̞</td>
<th>Lowered</th>
<td class="leftExample">e̞</td>
<th colspan="5" class="wideCell">(<span class="ipa">β̞</span> = voiced bilabial approximant)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+032F: COMBINING INVERTED BREVE BELOW">◌̯</td>
<th>Non-syllabic</th>
<td class="leftExample">e̯</td>
<td class="rightExample"></td>
<td title="U+0318: COMBINING LEFT TACK BELOW">◌̘</td>
<th colspan="2">Advanced Tongue Root</th>
<td class="wideCell" colspan="5">e̘</td>
<!--<th colspan="4"></th>-->
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+02DE: MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK">˞</td>
<th>Rhoticity</th>
<!--<td class="leftExample">ə˞</td>-->
<td class="leftExample" title="U+025A: LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA WITH HOOK">ɚ</td>
<td class="rightExample">a˞</td>
<td title="U+0319: COMBINING RIGHT TACK BELOW">◌̙</td>
<th colspan="2">Retracted Tongue Root</th>
<td class="wideCell" colspan="5">e̙</td>
<!--<th colspan="4"></th>-->
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div id="tonesAndWordAccents">
<h2>Tones and Word Accents</h2>
<table>
<colgroup span="4">
<col />
<col width="0*" />
<col />
<col />
</colgroup>
<colgroup span="3" width="0*" />
<thead>
<tr>
<th colspan="4">Level</th>
<th colspan="4">Contour</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<!--
Though Doulos SIL supports the diacritics for contour-tones, it is Unicode 4.1 unofficial (the codes are in the PUA). It is going to be in Unicode 5.0:
1. U+030C COMBINING CARON
2. U+0302 COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT
3. U+1DC4 COMBINING MACRON-ACUTE
4. U+1DC5 COMBINING GRAVE-MACRON
5. U+1DC8 COMBINING GRAVE-ACUTE-GRAVE
* U+1DC4 COMBINING MACRON-ACUTE
* U+1DC5 COMBINING GRAVE-MACRON
* U+1DC6 COMBINING MACRON-GRAVE
* U+1DC7 COMBINING ACUTE-MACRON
* U+1DC8 COMBINING GRAVE-ACUTE-GRAVE
* U+1DC9 COMBINING ACUTE-GRAVE-ACUTE
You might want to include these as a precursor to the upcoming new standard.
Update this chart to correspond to: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/15/IPA_chart_2005.png
-->
<tr>
<td title="U+030B: COMBINING DOUBLE ACUTE ACCENT">e̋</td>
<th class="or">or</th>
<td title="U+02E5: MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-HIGH TONE BAR">˥</td>
<th>Extra high</th>
<td title="U+030C: COMBINING CARON">ě</td>
<th class="or">or</th>
<td title="U+02E9 MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-LOW TONE BAR, U+02E5 MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-HIGH TONE BAR">˩˥</td>
<th>Rising</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+0301: COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT">é</td>
<th class="or"></th>
<td title="U+02E6 MODIFIER LETTER HIGH TONE BAR" >˦</td>
<th>High</th>
<td title="U+0302: COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT">ê</td>
<th class="or"></th>
<td title="U+02E5 MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-HIGH TONE BAR, U+02E9 MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-LOW TONE BAR">˥˩</td>
<th>Falling</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+0304: COMBINING MACRON">ē</td>
<th class="or"></th>
<td title="U+02E7: MODIFIER LETTER MID TONE BAR">˧</td>
<th>Mid</th>
<td title="U+1DC4: COMBINING MACRON-ACUTE">e᷄</td>
<th class="or"></th>
<td title="U+02E6 MODIFIER LETTER HIGH TONE BAR, U+02E5 MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-HIGH TONE BAR">˦˥</td>
<th>High rising</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+0300: COMBINING GRAVE ACCENT">è</td>
<th class="or"></th>
<td title="U+02E8: MODIFIER LETTER LOW TONE BAR">˨</td>
<th>Low</th>
<td title="U+1DC5: COMBINING GRAVE-MACRON">e᷅</td>
<th class="or"></th>
<td title="U+02E9 MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-LOW TONE BAR, U+02E8 MODIFIER LETTER LOW TONE BAR">˩˨</td>
<th>Low rising</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+030F: COMBINING DOUBLE GRAVE ACCENT">ȅ</td>
<th class="or"></th>
<td title="U+02E9: MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-LOW TONE BAR">˩</td>
<th>Extra low</th>
<td title="U+1DC8: COMBINING GRAVE-ACUTE-GRAVE">e᷈</td>
<th class="or"></th>
<td title="U+02E7 MODIFIER LETTER MID TONE BAR, U+02E6 MODIFIER LETTER HIGH TONE BAR, U+02E7 MODIFIER LETTER MID TONE BAR">˧˦˧</td>
<th>Rising-falling</th>
</tr>
<!-- Note: there are more tone contour letters than displayed on the official chart -->
<tr>
<td title="U+2193: DOWNWARDS ARROW">↓</td>
<th colspan="3">Downstep</th>
<td title="U+2197: NORTH EAST ARROW">↗</td>
<th colspan="3">Global rise</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td title="U+2191: UPWARDS ARROW">↑</td>
<th colspan="3">Upstep</th>
<td title="U+2198: SOUTH EAST ARROW">↘</td>
<th colspan="3">Global fall</th>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!--<p>Note: these last four are not tech</p>-->
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer">
<hr />
<p>
This chart requires a Unicode font; for best results, use the
<a target="_top" href="http://scripts.sil.org/CharisSILfont">Charis SIL</a>,
<a target="_top" href="http://scripts.sil.org/DoulosSILfont">Doulos SIL</a>, or
<a target="_top" href="http://scripts.sil.org/Gentium">Gentium</a> Unicode fonts.
<!--This chart is coded to standards defined by the W3C and
therefore a standards-complaint browser will yield the best
results, especially <a target="_top" href="http://www.getfirefox.com/">Mozilla
Firefox</a> or <a target="_top" href="http://opera.com/">Opera 9+</a>.-->
<!--A mimimum screen resolution of 1024×768 is also required. -->
<span id="keyboardRefFoot">To easily copy and type the IPA
symbols and characters found in this chart, use the <a
href="keyboard/">IPA Unicode “Keyboard”</a>, which is built off
of this document.</span>
</p>
<p>
To see recent changes, visit the <a href="https://github.com/westonruter/ipa-chart/" target="_top">GitHub repo</a>.
If you have corrections or suggestions, please see the <a href="https://github.com/westonruter/ipa-chart/issues" target="_top">issues</a>.
Please feel free to fork the repo to implement the changes yourself and then issue a pull request back to me.
</p>
<div id='footerBoilerplate'>
<address>
<a target="_top" rel="author" href="http://westonruter.github.com/">Weston Ruter</a><br />
2009-10-20
</address>
<div id='copyright'>The <!--<a href="http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipa.html">-->International
Phonetic Association<!--</a>--> is the copyright owner of the
International Phonetic Alphabet and the IPA chart.
The code is copyright © 2004-2009, Weston Ruter.</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>