01-Introduction.ipynb

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   "cells": [
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
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     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Quick introduction to Julia"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "These examples are based on http://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/julia/."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Types"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "There are different types of numbers."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
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      "typeof(1)"
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     "metadata": {},
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      {
       "metadata": {},
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       "prompt_number": 2,
       "text": [
        "Int64"
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      "typeof(1.)"
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       "text": [
        "Float64"
       ]
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     "cell_type": "code",
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     "input": [
      "typeof(1 + 1im)"
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     "metadata": {},
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      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 4,
       "text": [
        "Complex{Int64} (constructor with 2 methods)"
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     "cell_type": "code",
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     "input": [
      "super(Float64)"
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      {
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       "text": [
        "FloatingPoint"
       ]
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     "input": [
      "super(FloatingPoint)"
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      {
       "metadata": {},
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       "prompt_number": 6,
       "text": [
        "Real"
       ]
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     ],
     "prompt_number": 6
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     "input": [
      "super(Real)"
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     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 7,
       "text": [
        "Number"
       ]
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     ],
     "prompt_number": 7
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     "cell_type": "code",
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     "input": [
      "super(Number)"
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      {
       "metadata": {},
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       "prompt_number": 8,
       "text": [
        "Any"
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      "super(Int64)"
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        "Signed"
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      "super(Signed)"
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       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 10,
       "text": [
        "Integer"
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     ],
     "prompt_number": 10
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     "input": [
      "super(Integer)"
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       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 11,
       "text": [
        "Real"
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      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 11
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Boolean types"
     ]
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     "cell_type": "code",
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     "input": [
      "typeof(true)"
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      {
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       "text": [
        "Bool"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 12
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     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Boolean Operators"
     ]
    },
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     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Negation is done with !"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "!true"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 13,
       "text": [
        "false"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 13
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     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "1 == 1"
     ],
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      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 14,
       "text": [
        "true"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 14
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "1 != 1"
     ],
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     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 15,
       "text": [
        "false"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 15
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Comparisons can be chained"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "1 < 2 < 3"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 16,
       "text": [
        "true"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 16
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Strings"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Use double quotes for strings."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "\"This is a string\""
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 17,
       "text": [
        "\"This is a string\""
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 17
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     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "typeof(\"This is a string\")"
     ],
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     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 18,
       "text": [
        "ASCIIString (constructor with 2 methods)"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 18
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Use single quotes for characters."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "'a'"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 19,
       "text": [
        "'a'"
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      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 19
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "typeof('a')"
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     "metadata": {},
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      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 20,
       "text": [
        "Char"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 20
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "\"This is a string\"[1] # note the 1-based indexing---similar to Matlab but unlike C/C++/Java"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 21,
       "text": [
        "'T'"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 21
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "$ can be used for \"string interpolation\""
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "\"2 + 2 = $(2+2)\""
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 22,
       "text": [
        "\"2 + 2 = 4\""
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 22
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "@printf \"%d is less than %f\" 4.5 5.3"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "5 is less than "
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "5.300000"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 23
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "println(\"Welcome to Julia\")"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Welcome to Julia\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 24
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Variables"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "x = 5"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 25,
       "text": [
        "5"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 25
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Variable names start with a letter, but after that you can use letters, digits, underscores, and exclamation points."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "xMarksTheSpot2Dig! = 1"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 26,
       "text": [
        "1"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 26
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Arrays"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "a = Int64[]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 27,
       "text": [
        "0-element Array{Int64,1}"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 27
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "b = [4, 5, 6]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 28,
       "text": [
        "3-element Array{Int64,1}:\n",
        " 4\n",
        " 5\n",
        " 6"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 28
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "b[1]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 29,
       "text": [
        "4"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 29
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    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "b[end]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 30,
       "text": [
        "6"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 30
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     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "matrix = [1 2; 3 4]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
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      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 31,
       "text": [
        "2x2 Array{Int64,2}:\n",
        " 1  2\n",
        " 3  4"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 31
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "a"
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     "metadata": {},
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      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 32,
       "text": [
        "0-element Array{Int64,1}"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 32
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    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "push!(a, 1)"
     ],
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     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 33,
       "text": [
        "1-element Array{Int64,1}:\n",
        " 1"
       ]
      }
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     "prompt_number": 33
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    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "push!(a, 2)"
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     "metadata": {},
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      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 34,
       "text": [
        "2-element Array{Int64,1}:\n",
        " 1\n",
        " 2"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 34
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "append!(a, b)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 35,
       "text": [
        "5-element Array{Int64,1}:\n",
        " 1\n",
        " 2\n",
        " 4\n",
        " 5\n",
        " 6"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 35
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     "cell_type": "code",
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      "a"
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       "metadata": {},
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       "prompt_number": 36,
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        "5-element Array{Int64,1}:\n",
        " 1\n",
        " 2\n",
        " 4\n",
        " 5\n",
        " 6"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 36
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "pop!(a)"
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     "metadata": {},
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      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 37,
       "text": [
        "6"
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     ],
     "prompt_number": 37
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    {
     "cell_type": "code",
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     "input": [
      "a"
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     "metadata": {},
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      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 38,
       "text": [
        "4-element Array{Int64,1}:\n",
        " 1\n",
        " 2\n",
        " 4\n",
        " 5"
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      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 38
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "a[2:4]"
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      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 41,
       "text": [
        "3-element Array{Int64,1}:\n",
        " 2\n",
        " 4\n",
        " 5"
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     ],
     "prompt_number": 41
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "a[2:end]"
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     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 42,
       "text": [
        "3-element Array{Int64,1}:\n",
        " 2\n",
        " 4\n",
        " 5"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 42
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "in(4, a)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 44,
       "text": [
        "true"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 44
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "length(a)"
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     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 45,
       "text": [
        "4"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 45
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Tuples"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "a = (1, 5, 3)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 48,
       "text": [
        "(1,5,3)"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 48
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "typeof(a)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 49,
       "text": [
        "(Int64,Int64,Int64)"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 49
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "a[2]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 50,
       "text": [
        "5"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 50
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "a[2] = 3 # can't change elements in a tuple"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "ename": "LoadError",
       "evalue": "no method setindex!((Int64,Int64,Int64), Int64, Int64)\nwhile loading In[52], in expression starting on line 1",
       "output_type": "pyerr",
       "traceback": [
        "no method setindex!((Int64,Int64,Int64), Int64, Int64)\nwhile loading In[52], in expression starting on line 1"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 52
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "a, b, c = (1, 2, 3)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 53,
       "text": [
        "(1,2,3)"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 53
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "a"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 54,
       "text": [
        "1"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 54
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "b"
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     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 55,
       "text": [
        "2"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 55
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "c"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 56,
       "text": [
        "3"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 56
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "a, b, c = 1, 2, 3 # you can also leave off parentheses"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 57,
       "text": [
        "(1,2,3)"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 57
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "a"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 58,
       "text": [
        "1"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 58
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "b"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 59,
       "text": [
        "2"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 59
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "c"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 60,
       "text": [
        "3"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 60
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "(1,) # to create a single element tuple, you must add the \",\" at the end"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 61,
       "text": [
        "(1,)"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 61
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "typeof((1,))"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 62,
       "text": [
        "(Int64,)"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 62
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Dictionaries"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "d = Dict()"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 64,
       "text": [
        "Dict{Any,Any} with 0 entries"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 64
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "d = [\"one\"=>1, \"two\"=>2, \"three\"=>3]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 65,
       "text": [
        "Dict{ASCIIString,Int64} with 3 entries:\n",
        "  \"two\"   => 2\n",
        "  \"one\"   => 1\n",
        "  \"three\" => 3"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 65
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "d[\"one\"]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 66,
       "text": [
        "1"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 66
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "keys(d)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 67,
       "text": [
        "KeyIterator for a Dict{ASCIIString,Int64} with 3 entries. Keys:\n",
        "  \"two\"\n",
        "  \"one\"\n",
        "  \"three\""
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 67
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "collect(keys(d))"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 68,
       "text": [
        "3-element Array{ASCIIString,1}:\n",
        " \"two\"  \n",
        " \"one\"  \n",
        " \"three\""
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 68
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "values(d)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 69,
       "text": [
        "ValueIterator for a Dict{ASCIIString,Int64} with 3 entries. Values:\n",
        "  2\n",
        "  1\n",
        "  3"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 69
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "haskey(d, \"one\")"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 70,
       "text": [
        "true"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 70
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "haskey(d, 1)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 71,
       "text": [
        "false"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 71
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Control Flow"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "# Let's make a variable\n",
      "some_var = 5\n",
      "\n",
      "# Here is an if statement. Indentation is not meaningful in Julia.\n",
      "if some_var > 10\n",
      "    println(\"some_var is totally bigger than 10.\")\n",
      "elseif some_var < 10    # This elseif clause is optional.\n",
      "    println(\"some_var is smaller than 10.\")\n",
      "else                    # The else clause is optional too.\n",
      "    println(\"some_var is indeed 10.\")\n",
      "end"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "some_var is smaller than 10.\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 72
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "# For loops iterate over iterables.\n",
      "# Iterable types include Range, Array, Set, Dict, and String.\n",
      "for animal in [\"dog\", \"cat\", \"mouse\"]\n",
      "    println(\"$animal is a mammal\")\n",
      "    # You can use $ to interpolate variables or expression into strings\n",
      "end"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "dog is a mammal\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "cat is a mammal\n",
        "mouse is a mammal\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 74
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "for a in [\"dog\"=>\"mammal\",\"cat\"=>\"mammal\",\"mouse\"=>\"mammal\"]\n",
      "    println(\"$(a[1]) is a $(a[2])\")\n",
      "end"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "mouse is a mammal\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "cat is a mammal\n",
        "dog is a mammal\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 75
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "for (k,v) in [\"dog\"=>\"mammal\",\"cat\"=>\"mammal\",\"mouse\"=>\"mammal\"]\n",
      "    println(\"$k is a $v\")\n",
      "end"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "mouse is a mammal\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "cat is a mammal\n",
        "dog is a mammal\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 76
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "x = 0\n",
      "while x < 4\n",
      "    println(x)\n",
      "    x += 1  # Shorthand for x = x + 1\n",
      "end"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "0\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "1\n",
        "2\n",
        "3\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 77
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "# Handle exceptions with a try/catch block\n",
      "try\n",
      "   error(\"help\")\n",
      "catch e\n",
      "   println(\"caught it $e\")\n",
      "end"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "caught it ErrorException(\"help\")\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 78
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Functions"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "function add(x, y)\n",
      "    println(\"x is $x and y is $y\")\n",
      "    # Functions return the value of their last statement (or where you specify \"return\")\n",
      "    x + y\n",
      "end\n",
      "add(5, 6) "
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "x is 5 and y is 6\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 80,
       "text": [
        "11"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 80
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "# You can define functions with optional positional arguments\n",
      "function defaults(a,b,x=5,y=6)\n",
      "    return \"$a $b and $x $y\"\n",
      "end"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 82,
       "text": [
        "defaults (generic function with 3 methods)"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 82
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "defaults('h','g')"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 83,
       "text": [
        "\"h g and 5 6\""
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 83
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "defaults('h','g','j')"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 84,
       "text": [
        "\"h g and j 6\""
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 84
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "defaults('h','g','j','k')"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 85,
       "text": [
        "\"h g and j k\""
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 85
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "# You can define functions that take keyword arguments\n",
      "function keyword_args(;k1=4,name2=\"hello\") # note the ;\n",
      "    return [\"k1\"=>k1,\"name2\"=>name2]\n",
      "end"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 86,
       "text": [
        "keyword_args (generic function with 1 method)"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 86
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "keyword_args(name2=\"ness\")"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 87,
       "text": [
        "Dict{ASCIIString,Any} with 2 entries:\n",
        "  \"name2\" => \"ness\"\n",
        "  \"k1\"    => 4"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 87
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "keyword_args(k1=\"mine\")"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 88,
       "text": [
        "Dict{ASCIIString,ASCIIString} with 2 entries:\n",
        "  \"name2\" => \"hello\"\n",
        "  \"k1\"    => \"mine\""
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 88
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "keyword_args()"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 89,
       "text": [
        "Dict{ASCIIString,Any} with 2 entries:\n",
        "  \"name2\" => \"hello\"\n",
        "  \"k1\"    => 4"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 89
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "# This is \"stabby lambda syntax\" for creating anonymous functions\n",
      "(x -> x > 2)(3) # => true"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 90,
       "text": [
        "true"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 90
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "# This function is identical to create_adder implementation above.\n",
      "function create_adder(x)\n",
      "    y -> x + y\n",
      "end"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 91,
       "text": [
        "create_adder (generic function with 1 method)"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 91
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "# You can also name the internal function, if you want\n",
      "function create_adder(x)\n",
      "    function adder(y)\n",
      "        x + y\n",
      "    end\n",
      "    adder\n",
      "end\n"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 92,
       "text": [
        "create_adder (generic function with 1 method)"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 92
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "add_10 = create_adder(10)\n",
      "add_10(3) "
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 94,
       "text": [
        "13"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 94
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "map(add_10, [1,2,3])"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 95,
       "text": [
        "3-element Array{Int64,1}:\n",
        " 11\n",
        " 12\n",
        " 13"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 95
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "filter(x -> x > 5, [3, 4, 5, 6, 7])"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 96,
       "text": [
        "2-element Array{Int64,1}:\n",
        " 6\n",
        " 7"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 96
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "[add_10(i) for i in [1, 2, 3]]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 97,
       "text": [
        "3-element Array{Any,1}:\n",
        " 11\n",
        " 12\n",
        " 13"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 97
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Composite Types"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "type Tiger\n",
      "  taillength::Float64\n",
      "  coatcolor # not including a type annotation is the same as `::Any`\n",
      "end"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 98
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "tigger = Tiger(3.5,\"orange\")"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 99,
       "text": [
        "Tiger(3.5,\"orange\")"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 99
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "abstract Cat # just a name and point in the type hierarchy"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 100
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "subtypes(Number)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 101,
       "text": [
        "6-element Array{Any,1}:\n",
        " Complex{Float16}\n",
        " Complex{Float32}\n",
        " Complex{Float64}\n",
        " Complex{Int64}  \n",
        " Complex{T<:Real}\n",
        " Real            "
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 101
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "subtypes(Cat)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 102,
       "text": [
        "0-element Array{Any,1}"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 102
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "# <: is the subtyping operator\n",
      "type Lion <: Cat # Lion is a subtype of Cat\n",
      "  mane_color\n",
      "  roar::String\n",
      "end"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 103
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "# You can define more constructors for your type\n",
      "# Just define a function of the same name as the type\n",
      "# and call an existing constructor to get a value of the correct type\n",
      "Lion(roar::String) = Lion(\"green\",roar)\n",
      "# This is an outer constructor because it's outside the type definition"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 104,
       "text": [
        "Lion (constructor with 3 methods)"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 104
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "type Panther <: Cat # Panther is also a subtype of Cat\n",
      "  eye_color\n",
      "  Panther() = new(\"green\")\n",
      "  # Panthers will only have this constructor, and no default constructor.\n",
      "end"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 105
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "subtypes(Cat)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 106,
       "text": [
        "2-element Array{Any,1}:\n",
        " Lion   \n",
        " Panther"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 106
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Multiple Dispatch"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "function meow(animal::Lion)\n",
      "  animal.roar # access type properties using dot notation\n",
      "end\n",
      "\n",
      "function meow(animal::Panther)\n",
      "  \"grrr\"\n",
      "end\n",
      "\n",
      "function meow(animal::Tiger)\n",
      "  \"rawwwr\"\n",
      "end"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 107,
       "text": [
        "meow (generic function with 3 methods)"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 107
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "meow(tigger)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 108,
       "text": [
        "\"rawwwr\""
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 108
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "meow(Lion(\"brown\",\"ROAAR\"))"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 109,
       "text": [
        "\"ROAAR\""
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 109
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "meow(Panther())"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 110,
       "text": [
        "\"grrr\""
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 110
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Native Code"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "square(l) = l * l"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 113,
       "text": [
        "square (generic function with 1 method)"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 113
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "square(5)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 114,
       "text": [
        "25"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 114
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "code_native(square, (Int32,))"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "\t.text\n",
        "Filename: In[113]\n",
        "Source line: 1\n",
        "\tpush\tRBP\n",
        "\tmov\tRBP, RSP\n",
        "Source line: 1\n",
        "\tmovsxd\tRAX, EDI\n",
        "\timul\tRAX, RAX\n",
        "\tpop\tRBP\n",
        "\tret\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 115
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "code_native(square, (Float64,))"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "\t.text\n",
        "Filename: In[113]\n",
        "Source line: 1\n",
        "\tpush\tRBP\n",
        "\tmov\tRBP, RSP\n",
        "Source line: 1\n",
        "\tmulsd\tXMM0, XMM0\n",
        "\tpop\tRBP\n",
        "\tret\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 116
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "code_llvm(square, (Int32,))"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "\n",
        "define i64 @\"julia_square;19817\"(i32) {\n",
        "top:\n",
        "  %1 = sext i32 %0 to i64, !dbg !3701\n",
        "  %2 = mul i64 %1, %1, !dbg !3701\n",
        "  ret i64 %2, !dbg !3701\n",
        "}\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 117
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": []
    }
   ],
   "metadata": {}
  }
 ]
}