Can a serialized module be executed headlessly across different platforms? #5511

stereoF · 2025-04-16T01:55:48Z

stereoF
Apr 16, 2025

For example, if I serialize a module using a C API on Linux and save it to a file, can this file be sent to Android and iOS clients and executed on these clients using a headless library?

Answered by Arshia001

Apr 17, 2025

Hi @stereoF! If by serialized module you mean the output from wasmer compile, then no, the format is highly platform-dependent, and is runnable only on the machine that generated it, or machines sharing the same architecture and having at least the same CPU instruction set extensions. This means a compiled module generated on one amd64 linux machine may not run on another amd64 linux machine, much less different platforms.

Also, please note that due to Apple's code execution policy, modules can not be compiled on iOS; the only option available on iOS is interpreting the WASM code. Wasmer supports this today via the WAMR backend.

View full answer

Arshia001 · 2025-04-17T05:00:48Z

Arshia001
Apr 17, 2025
Maintainer

Hi @stereoF! If by serialized module you mean the output from wasmer compile, then no, the format is highly platform-dependent, and is runnable only on the machine that generated it, or machines sharing the same architecture and having at least the same CPU instruction set extensions. This means a compiled module generated on one amd64 linux machine may not run on another amd64 linux machine, much less different platforms.

Also, please note that due to Apple's code execution policy, modules can not be compiled on iOS; the only option available on iOS is interpreting the WASM code. Wasmer supports this today via the WAMR backend.

7 replies

stereoF Apr 24, 2025
Author

@xdoardo Can you help me for the iOS capi build command with WAMR backend? Thanks a lot!

xdoardo Apr 24, 2025

We don't have a command to build the c-api with WAMR for iOS specifically. You can try adapting the make build-capi-wamr command to what make build-capi-headless-ios does:

RUSTFLAGS=" -C panic=abort" cargo lipo --manifest-path lib/c-api/Cargo.toml --release --no-default-features --features wat,wamr-default,wasi --locked

let me know if you find any issues, we haven't tested this build in a while.

stereoF May 7, 2025
Author

error: failed to run custom build command for wasmer v6.0.0-beta.1 (/Users/stereof/code/wasmer/lib/api)

Caused by:
process didn't exit successfully: /Users/stereof/code/wasmer/target/release/build/wasmer-7f71bdeaa7bf5166/build-script-build (exit status: 101)
--- stdout
cargo::rerun-if-changed=/Users/stereof/code/wasmer/target/aarch64-apple-ios/release/build/wasmer-1bc51b7cd1aba6ff/out/third_party/wamr
CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE_aarch64-apple-ios = None
CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE_aarch64_apple_ios = None
TARGET_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE = None
CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE = None
CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH_aarch64-apple-ios = None
CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH_aarch64_apple_ios = None
TARGET_CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH = None
CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH = None
CMAKE_aarch64-apple-ios = None
CMAKE_aarch64_apple_ios = None
TARGET_CMAKE = None
CMAKE = None
running: cd "/Users/stereof/code/wasmer/target/aarch64-apple-ios/release/build/wasmer-1bc51b7cd1aba6ff/out/build" && CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH="" LC_ALL="C" "cmake" "/Users/stereof/code/wasmer/target/aarch64-apple-ios/release/build/wasmer-1bc51b7cd1aba6ff/out/third_party/wamr/product-mini/platforms/ios" "-G" "Ninja" "-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release" "-DWAMR_BUILD_AOT=0" "-DWAMR_BUILD_BULK_MEMORY=1" "-DWAMR_BUILD_REF_TYPES=1" "-DWAMR_BUILD_SIMD=1" "-DWAMR_BUILD_FAST_INTERP=1" "-DWAMR_BUILD_LIB_PTHREAD=1" "-DWAMR_BUILD_LIB_WASI_THREADS=0" "-DWAMR_BUILD_LIBC_WASI=0" "-DWAMR_BUILD_LIBC_BUILTIN=0" "-DWAMR_BUILD_SHARED_MEMORY=1" "-DWAMR_BUILD_MULTI_MODULE=1" "-DWAMR_DISABLE_HW_BOUND_CHECK=1" "-DWAMR_BUILD_TARGET=AARCH64" "-DCMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME=iOS" "-DCMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR=arm64" "-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/Users/stereof/code/wasmer/target/aarch64-apple-ios/release/build/wasmer-1bc51b7cd1aba6ff/out" "-DCMAKE_C_FLAGS= -fPIC --target=arm64-apple-ios -miphoneos-version-min=18.2 -isysroot /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/SDKs/iPhoneOS18.2.sdk" "-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=/usr/bin/clang" "-DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS= -fPIC --target=arm64-apple-ios -miphoneos-version-min=18.2 -isysroot /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/SDKs/iPhoneOS18.2.sdk" "-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=/usr/bin/clang++" "-DCMAKE_ASM_FLAGS= -fPIC --target=arm64-apple-ios -miphoneos-version-min=18.2 -isysroot /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/SDKs/iPhoneOS18.2.sdk" "-DCMAKE_ASM_COMPILER=/usr/bin/clang"
-- Configuring incomplete, errors occurred!

--- stderr
CMake Error: CMake was unable to find a build program corresponding to "Ninja". CMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM is not set. You probably need to select a different build tool.
thread 'main' panicked at /Users/stereof/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/cmake-0.1.54/src/lib.rs:1119:5:

command did not execute successfully, got: exit status: 1

build script failed, must exit now
note: run with RUST_BACKTRACE=1 environment variable to display a backtrace
warning: build failed, waiting for other jobs to finish...
[ERROR cargo_lipo] Failed to build "wasmer-c-api" for "aarch64-apple-ios": Executing env -i CARGO="/Users/stereof/.rustup/toolchains/1.81-x86_64-apple-darwin/bin/cargo" CARGO_HOME="/Users/stereof/.cargo" COLORTERM="truecolor" COMMAND_MODE="unix2003" DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH="/Users/stereof/.rustup/toolchains/1.81-x86_64-apple-darwin/lib:/Users/stereof/lib:/usr/local/lib:/usr/lib" GIT_ASKPASS="/Applications/Visual Studio Code.app/Contents/Resources/app/extensions/git/dist/askpass.sh" HOME="/Users/stereof" LANG="en_US.UTF-8" LOGNAME="stereof" LaunchInstanceID="8BFFFC55-93BC-43FC-ABA8-8EB5BC769605" MAKEFLAGS="" MAKELEVEL="1" MANPATH="/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/share/man:/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/usr/share/man:/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/usr/share/man:/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/share/man:" MFLAGS="" MallocNanoZone="0" ORIGINAL_XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP="undefined" PATH="/usr/local/bin:/System/Cryptexes/App/usr/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/var/run/com.apple.security.cryptexd/codex.system/bootstrap/usr/local/bin:/var/run/com.apple.security.cryptexd/codex.system/bootstrap/usr/bin:/var/run/com.apple.security.cryptexd/codex.system/bootstrap/usr/appleinternal/bin:/Library/Apple/usr/bin:/Users/stereof/.cargo/bin:/Users/stereof/Library/Application Support/Code/User/globalStorage/github.copilot-chat/debugCommand" PWD="/Users/stereof/code/wasmer" RUSTFLAGS="-C panic=abort" RUSTUP_HOME="/Users/stereof/.rustup" RUSTUP_TOOLCHAIN="1.81-x86_64-apple-darwin" RUST_RECURSION_COUNT="1" SECURITYSESSIONID="186a1" SHELL="/bin/zsh" SHLVL="2" SSH_AUTH_SOCK="/private/tmp/com.apple.launchd.4uMNyORCXB/Listeners" TERM="xterm-256color" TERM_PROGRAM="vscode" TERM_PROGRAM_VERSION="1.99.3" TMPDIR="/var/folders/wh/x9w4r0cs4_ldzxs_c2p9s3fw0000gn/T/" USER="stereof" USER_ZDOTDIR="/Users/stereof" VSCODE_GIT_ASKPASS_EXTRA_ARGS="" VSCODE_GIT_ASKPASS_MAIN="/Applications/Visual Studio Code.app/Contents/Resources/app/extensions/git/dist/askpass-main.js" VSCODE_GIT_ASKPASS_NODE="/Applications/Visual Studio Code.app/Contents/Frameworks/Code Helper (Plugin).app/Contents/MacOS/Code Helper (Plugin)" VSCODE_GIT_IPC_HANDLE="/var/folders/wh/x9w4r0cs4_ldzxs_c2p9s3fw0000gn/T/vscode-git-9f6c796fd8.sock" VSCODE_INJECTION="1" VSCODE_LOGIN_INITIALIZED="1" VSCODE_PROFILE_INITIALIZED="1" XPC_FLAGS="0x0" XPC_SERVICE_NAME="0" ZDOTDIR="/Users/stereof" _="/Users/stereof/.cargo/bin/cargo" __CFBundleIdentifier="com.microsoft.VSCode" __CF_USER_TEXT_ENCODING="0x1F5:0x19:0x34" "/Users/stereof/.rustup/toolchains/1.81-x86_64-apple-darwin/bin/cargo" "--color" "auto" "--locked" "build" "--manifest-path" "lib/c-api/Cargo.toml" "-p" "wasmer-c-api" "--target" "aarch64-apple-ios" "--release" "--lib" "--no-default-features" "--features" "wat,wamr-default,wasi" finished with error status: exit status: 101
make: *** [build-capi-wamr] Error 1

xdoardo May 7, 2025

CMake Error: CMake was unable to find a build program corresponding to "Ninja". CMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM is not set. You probably need to select a different build tool.

I think you need to install ninja.

stereoF May 8, 2025
Author

@xdoardo It seems that the removed ios setting need to add back? Or need using xcode clang instead? but I don't know how to set this.

--- stderr
CMake Error at /usr/local/share/cmake/Modules/CMakeTestCCompiler.cmake:67 (message):
The C compiler

  "/usr/bin/clang"

is not able to compile a simple test program.

It fails with the following output:

  Change Dir: '/Users/stereof/code/wasmer/target/aarch64-apple-ios/release/build/wasmer-5d9fc63bbba4ce5a/out/build/CMakeFiles/CMakeScratch/TryCompile-tT1x5z'
  
  Run Build Command(s): /usr/local/bin/ninja -v cmTC_f6a56
  [1/2] /usr/bin/clang   -fPIC --target=arm64-apple-ios -miphoneos-version-min=18.2 -isysroot /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/SDKs/iPhoneOS18.2.sdk -mfloat-abi=hard  -isysroot /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/SDKs/iPhoneOS18.2.sdk -MD -MT CMakeFiles/cmTC_f6a56.dir/testCCompiler.c.o -MF CMakeFiles/cmTC_f6a56.dir/testCCompiler.c.o.d -o CMakeFiles/cmTC_f6a56.dir/testCCompiler.c.o -c /Users/stereof/code/wasmer/target/aarch64-apple-ios/release/build/wasmer-5d9fc63bbba4ce5a/out/build/CMakeFiles/CMakeScratch/TryCompile-tT1x5z/testCCompiler.c
  FAILED: CMakeFiles/cmTC_f6a56.dir/testCCompiler.c.o 
  /usr/bin/clang   -fPIC --target=arm64-apple-ios -miphoneos-version-min=18.2 -isysroot /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/SDKs/iPhoneOS18.2.sdk -mfloat-abi=hard  -isysroot /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/SDKs/iPhoneOS18.2.sdk -MD -MT CMakeFiles/cmTC_f6a56.dir/testCCompiler.c.o -MF CMakeFiles/cmTC_f6a56.dir/testCCompiler.c.o.d -o CMakeFiles/cmTC_f6a56.dir/testCCompiler.c.o -c /Users/stereof/code/wasmer/target/aarch64-apple-ios/release/build/wasmer-5d9fc63bbba4ce5a/out/build/CMakeFiles/CMakeScratch/TryCompile-tT1x5z/testCCompiler.c
  clang: error: unsupported option '-mfloat-abi=' for target 'arm64-apple-ios'
  ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.
  
  



CMake will not be able to correctly generate this project.

Call Stack (most recent call first):
CMakeLists.txt:8 (project)

thread 'main' panicked at /Users/stereof/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/cmake-0.1.54/src/lib.rs:1119:5:

command did not execute successfully, got: exit status: 1

build script failed, must exit now
note: run with RUST_BACKTRACE=1 environment variable to display a backtrace
warning: build failed, waiting for other jobs to finish...
[ERROR cargo_lipo] Failed to build "wasmer-c-api" for "aarch64-apple-ios": Executing env -i CARGO="/Users/stereof/.rustup/toolchains/1.81-x86_64-apple-darwin/bin/cargo" CARGO_HOME="/Users/stereof/.cargo" COLORTERM="truecolor" COMMAND_MODE="unix2003" DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH="/Users/stereof/.rustup/toolchains/1.81-x86_64-apple-darwin/lib:/Users/stereof/lib:/usr/local/lib:/usr/lib" GIT_ASKPASS="/Applications/Visual Studio Code.app/Contents/Resources/app/extensions/git/dist/askpass.sh" HOME="/Users/stereof" LANG="en_US.UTF-8" LOGNAME="stereof" LaunchInstanceID="8BFFFC55-93BC-43FC-ABA8-8EB5BC769605" MAKEFLAGS="" MAKELEVEL="1" MANPATH="/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/share/man:/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/usr/share/man:/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/usr/share/man:/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/share/man:" MFLAGS="" MallocNanoZone="0" ORIGINAL_XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP="undefined" PATH="/usr/local/bin:/System/Cryptexes/App/usr/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/var/run/com.apple.security.cryptexd/codex.system/bootstrap/usr/local/bin:/var/run/com.apple.security.cryptexd/codex.system/bootstrap/usr/bin:/var/run/com.apple.security.cryptexd/codex.system/bootstrap/usr/appleinternal/bin:/Library/Apple/usr/bin:/Users/stereof/.cargo/bin:/Users/stereof/Library/Application Support/Code/User/globalStorage/github.copilot-chat/debugCommand" PWD="/Users/stereof/code/wasmer" RUSTFLAGS="-C panic=abort" RUSTUP_HOME="/Users/stereof/.rustup" RUSTUP_TOOLCHAIN="1.81-x86_64-apple-darwin" RUST_RECURSION_COUNT="1" SECURITYSESSIONID="186a1" SHELL="/bin/zsh" SHLVL="2" SSH_AUTH_SOCK="/private/tmp/com.apple.launchd.4uMNyORCXB/Listeners" TERM="xterm-256color" TERM_PROGRAM="vscode" TERM_PROGRAM_VERSION="1.99.3" TMPDIR="/var/folders/wh/x9w4r0cs4_ldzxs_c2p9s3fw0000gn/T/" USER="stereof" USER_ZDOTDIR="/Users/stereof" VSCODE_GIT_ASKPASS_EXTRA_ARGS="" VSCODE_GIT_ASKPASS_MAIN="/Applications/Visual Studio Code.app/Contents/Resources/app/extensions/git/dist/askpass-main.js" VSCODE_GIT_ASKPASS_NODE="/Applications/Visual Studio Code.app/Contents/Frameworks/Code Helper (Plugin).app/Contents/MacOS/Code Helper (Plugin)" VSCODE_GIT_IPC_HANDLE="/var/folders/wh/x9w4r0cs4_ldzxs_c2p9s3fw0000gn/T/vscode-git-9f6c796fd8.sock" VSCODE_INJECTION="1" VSCODE_LOGIN_INITIALIZED="1" VSCODE_PROFILE_INITIALIZED="1" XPC_FLAGS="0x0" XPC_SERVICE_NAME="0" ZDOTDIR="/Users/stereof" _="/Users/stereof/.cargo/bin/cargo" __CFBundleIdentifier="com.microsoft.VSCode" __CF_USER_TEXT_ENCODING="0x1F5:0x19:0x34" "/Users/stereof/.rustup/toolchains/1.81-x86_64-apple-darwin/bin/cargo" "--color" "auto" "--locked" "build" "--manifest-path" "lib/c-api/Cargo.toml" "-p" "wasmer-c-api" "--target" "aarch64-apple-ios" "--release" "--lib" "--no-default-features" "--features" "wat,wamr-default,wasi" finished with error status: exit status: 101
make: *** [build-capi-wamr] Error 1

stereoF · 2025-05-13T10:36:23Z

stereoF
May 13, 2025
Author

@xdoardo After uncomment target_ios script in build.rs:

this error raise:

--- stderr
-- Build Configurations:
Build as target AARCH64
CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Release
WAMR Interpreter enabled
WAMR AOT disabled
WAMR Fast JIT disabled
WAMR LLVM ORC JIT disabled
Libc builtin enabled
Libc WASI enabled
Fast interpreter enabled
Multiple modules enabled
Bulk memory feature enabled
Shared memory enabled
Thread manager enabled
Lib pthread enabled
Hardware boundary check disabled
Wakeup of blocking operations enabled
SIMD enabled
Reference types enabled
GC performance profiling disabled
Module instance context enabled
thread 'main' panicked at lib/api/build.rs:183:9:
No program akin to objcopy found
I searched for these programs in your path: llvm-objcopy, objcopy, gobjcopy
note: run with RUST_BACKTRACE=1 environment variable to display a backtrace
warning: build failed, waiting for other jobs to finish...
[ERROR cargo_lipo] Failed to build "wasmer-c-api" for "aarch64-apple-ios": Executing env -i CARGO="/Users/stereof/.rustup/toolchains/1.81-x86_64-apple-darwin/bin/cargo" CARGO_HOME="/Users/stereof/.cargo" COLORTERM="truecolor" COMMAND_MODE="unix2003" DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH="/Users/stereof/.rustup/toolchains/1.81-x86_64-apple-darwin/lib:/Users/stereof/lib:/usr/local/lib:/usr/lib" GIT_ASKPASS="/Applications/Visual Studio Code.app/Contents/Resources/app/extensions/git/dist/askpass.sh" HOME="/Users/stereof" LANG="en_US.UTF-8" LOGNAME="stereof" LaunchInstanceID="22226BE7-B102-4591-AB4B-891E1044BCBE" MAKEFLAGS="" MAKELEVEL="1" MANPATH="/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/share/man:/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/usr/share/man:/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/usr/share/man:/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/share/man:" MFLAGS="" MallocNanoZone="0" ORIGINAL_XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP="undefined" PATH="/usr/local/bin:/System/Cryptexes/App/usr/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/var/run/com.apple.security.cryptexd/codex.system/bootstrap/usr/local/bin:/var/run/com.apple.security.cryptexd/codex.system/bootstrap/usr/bin:/var/run/com.apple.security.cryptexd/codex.system/bootstrap/usr/appleinternal/bin:/Library/Apple/usr/bin:/Users/stereof/.cargo/bin:/Users/stereof/Library/Application Support/Code/User/globalStorage/github.copilot-chat/debugCommand" PWD="/Users/stereof/code/wasmer" RUSTFLAGS="-C panic=abort" RUSTUP_HOME="/Users/stereof/.rustup" RUSTUP_TOOLCHAIN="1.81-x86_64-apple-darwin" RUST_RECURSION_COUNT="1" SECURITYSESSIONID="186a1" SHELL="/bin/zsh" SHLVL="2" SSH_AUTH_SOCK="/private/tmp/com.apple.launchd.y4j8TA40Ie/Listeners" TERM="xterm-256color" TERM_PROGRAM="vscode" TERM_PROGRAM_VERSION="1.99.3" TMPDIR="/var/folders/wh/x9w4r0cs4_ldzxs_c2p9s3fw0000gn/T/" USER="stereof" USER_ZDOTDIR="/Users/stereof" VSCODE_GIT_ASKPASS_EXTRA_ARGS="" VSCODE_GIT_ASKPASS_MAIN="/Applications/Visual Studio Code.app/Contents/Resources/app/extensions/git/dist/askpass-main.js" VSCODE_GIT_ASKPASS_NODE="/Applications/Visual Studio Code.app/Contents/Frameworks/Code Helper (Plugin).app/Contents/MacOS/Code Helper (Plugin)" VSCODE_GIT_IPC_HANDLE="/var/folders/wh/x9w4r0cs4_ldzxs_c2p9s3fw0000gn/T/vscode-git-9f6c796fd8.sock" VSCODE_INJECTION="1" VSCODE_PROFILE_INITIALIZED="1" XPC_FLAGS="0x0" XPC_SERVICE_NAME="0" ZDOTDIR="/Users/stereof" _="/Users/stereof/.cargo/bin/cargo" __CFBundleIdentifier="com.microsoft.VSCode" __CF_USER_TEXT_ENCODING="0x1F5:0x19:0x34" "/Users/stereof/.rustup/toolchains/1.81-x86_64-apple-darwin/bin/cargo" "--color" "auto" "--locked" "build" "--manifest-path" "lib/c-api/Cargo.toml" "-p" "wasmer-c-api" "--target" "aarch64-apple-ios" "--release" "--lib" "--no-default-features" "--features" "wat,wamr-default,wasi" finished with error status: exit status: 101
make: *** [build-capi-wamr] Error 1

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Can a serialized module be executed headlessly across different platforms? #5511

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Can a serialized module be executed headlessly across different platforms? #5511

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stereoF Apr 16, 2025

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Arshia001 Apr 17, 2025 Maintainer

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stereoF
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Replies: 2 comments 7 replies

Arshia001
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