diff --git a/Mathematics/5th/Advanced_dynamical_systems/Advanced_dynamical_systems.tex b/Mathematics/5th/Advanced_dynamical_systems/Advanced_dynamical_systems.tex index 1abac1c..1902aa2 100644 --- a/Mathematics/5th/Advanced_dynamical_systems/Advanced_dynamical_systems.tex +++ b/Mathematics/5th/Advanced_dynamical_systems/Advanced_dynamical_systems.tex @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ $$ \lim_{n\to\infty}\int_{\TT^2} \exp{2\pi i(\transpose{(\vf{\tilde{A}}^n)}\vf{p}+\vf{q})\cdot \vf{x}}\dd{\vf{x}}=0 $$ - So for any $\vf{p}, \vf{q}\in\ZZ^2$ we have the equality. Then, we use that any function nice enough can be approximated with its Fourier series. + So for any $\vf{p}, \vf{q}\in\ZZ^2$ we have the equality. Then, we use that any function nice enough can be approximated uniformly with the FĂ©jer means of the Fourier series (see \mnameref{MA:fejerthm}). \end{proof} \begin{theorem} On the torus $\TT^2$ there exist two direction fields invariant with respect to the automorphism $\vf{\tilde{A}}$. The integral curves of each of these directions fields are everywhere dense on the torus. The automorphism $\vf{\tilde{A}}$ converts the integral curves of each field into integral curves of the same field, expanding by $\lambda_+$ for the first field and contracting by $\lambda_-$ for the second. @@ -150,17 +150,17 @@ be the expanding and contracting curves and let $\vf{\xi}_{\vf{x}}=\im(\vf\gamma_+)$, $\vf{\eta}_{\vf{x}}=\im(\vf\gamma_-)$ be the corresponding direction fields. The density of the curves is a consequence of the density of orbits in rotation maps in the circle with irrational angle. \end{proof} \begin{definition} - Let $\vf{A},\vf{B}:\TT^2\rightarrow \TT^2$ be $\mathcal{C}^1$ functions. We say that $B$ is \emph{$\mathcal{C}^0$-close} to $\vf{A}$ if for all $\varepsilon>0$: + Let $\vf{A},\vf{B}:\TT^2\rightarrow \TT^2$ be $\mathcal{C}^1$ functions and $\varepsilon>0$. We say that $B$ is \emph{$\mathcal{C}^0$-$\varepsilon$-close} to $\vf{A}$ if: $$ - \sup_{\vf{x}\in \TT^2}\norm{\vf{A}(\vf{x})-\vf{B}(\vf{x})}<\varepsilon + \sup_{\vf{x}\in \TT^2}\norm{\vf{B}(\vf{x})-\vf{A}(\vf{x})}<\varepsilon $$ - We say that $\vf{B}$ is \emph{$\mathcal{C}^1$-close} to $\vf{A}$ if $\vf{B}$ is $\mathcal{C}^0$-close to $\vf{A}$ and for all $\varepsilon>0$: + We say that $\vf{B}$ is \emph{$\mathcal{C}^1$-$\varepsilon$-close} to $\vf{A}$ if they are $\mathcal{C}^0$-$\varepsilon$-close and: $$ - \sup_{\vf{x}\in \TT^2}\norm{\vf{D}\vf{A}(\vf{x})-\vf{D}\vf{B}(\vf{x})}<\varepsilon + \sup_{\vf{x}\in \TT^2}\norm{\vf{DB}(\vf{x})-\vf{DA}(\vf{x})}<\varepsilon $$ \end{definition} \begin{theorem}[Structal stability] - Let $\vf{B}$ be a diffeomorphism on $\TT^2$ which is $\mathcal{C}^1$-close to $\vf{\tilde{A}}$. Then, $\vf{B}$ is $\mathcal{C}^0$-conjugate to $\vf{\tilde{A}}$. + Let $\vf{B}$ be a diffeomorphism on $\TT^2$ which is $\mathcal{C}^1$-$\varepsilon$-close to $\vf{\tilde{A}}$. Then, $\vf{B}$ is $\mathcal{C}^0$-conjugate to $\vf{\tilde{A}}$. \end{theorem} \begin{proof} We need to find a $\mathcal{C}^0$-conjugacy $\vf{H}$ between $\vf{B}$ and $\vf{\tilde{A}}$. Since, $\vf{B}$ is $\mathcal{C}^1$-close to $\vf{\tilde{A}}$, we may expect that both $\vf{H}$ and $\vf{B}$ are small perturbations of the identity and $\vf{\tilde{A}}$ respectively. So set $\vf{H}=\vf{I}+\vf{h}$ and $\vf{B}=\vf{\tilde{A}}+\vf{b}$. Then, we want to find $\vf{h}$ and $\vf{b}$ such that: @@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ Taking limits, we have that $\rho(f)=\rho(g)$, as $\varphi$ is bounded. \end{proof} \begin{remark} - Note that the proof also works even if $\exists h=\id+\varphi\in \mathcal{C}(\TT^1)$ such that $h\circ f=g\circ h$ (i.e.\ $H$ is only a semi-conjugacy). + Note that the proof also works even if $\exists h=\id+\varphi\in \mathcal{C}(\TT^1)$ such that $h\circ f=g\circ h$ (i.e.\ $H$ is only a \textit{special} semi-conjugacy). \end{remark} \subsubsection{Rotation number and invariant measure} \begin{definition}