diff --git a/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/api/controller/ForTestingController.java b/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/api/controller/ForTestingController.java
index e5f52a211..2f0f49214 100644
--- a/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/api/controller/ForTestingController.java
+++ b/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/api/controller/ForTestingController.java
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
-import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
 import org.springframework.http.HttpMethod;
 import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
@@ -21,11 +20,14 @@ public class ForTestingController {
     @Value("${url.api.2.1.base}/testing")
     private String API_2_1_BASE;
 
-    @Autowired
-    private HttpRequestService httpRequestService;
+    private final HttpRequestService httpRequestService;
 
-    @Autowired
-    private UserContextService userContextService;
+    private final UserContextService userContextService;
+
+    public ForTestingController(HttpRequestService httpRequestService, UserContextService userContextService) {
+        this.httpRequestService = httpRequestService;
+        this.userContextService = userContextService;
+    }
 
     @GetMapping(value = "/exception")
     public ResponseEntity<String> throwException() {
diff --git a/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/api/controller/GeneralRestController.java b/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/api/controller/GeneralRestController.java
index 649504caf..1f1ffa99e 100644
--- a/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/api/controller/GeneralRestController.java
+++ b/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/api/controller/GeneralRestController.java
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
-import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
 import org.springframework.http.HttpMethod;
 import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
@@ -20,11 +19,14 @@ public class GeneralRestController {
     @Value("${url.api.2.1.base}")
     private String API_2_1_BASE;
 
-    @Autowired
-    private HttpRequestService httpRequestService;
+    private final HttpRequestService httpRequestService;
 
-    @Autowired
-    private UserContextService userContextService;
+    private final UserContextService userContextService;
+
+    public GeneralRestController(HttpRequestService httpRequestService, UserContextService userContextService) {
+        this.httpRequestService = httpRequestService;
+        this.userContextService = userContextService;
+    }
 
     /**
      * Get the list of active announcements to display.
diff --git a/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/api/controller/GroupingsRestController.java b/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/api/controller/GroupingsRestController.java
index 46fe5572f..8b76678a1 100644
--- a/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/api/controller/GroupingsRestController.java
+++ b/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/api/controller/GroupingsRestController.java
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
 import org.owasp.html.PolicyFactory;
 import org.owasp.html.Sanitizers;
-import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
 import org.springframework.http.HttpMethod;
 import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@
 public class GroupingsRestController {
 
     private static final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(GroupingsRestController.class);
-    private final PolicyFactory policy;
+    private final PolicyFactory policy = Sanitizers.FORMATTING;;
 
     @Value("${app.groupings.controller.uuid}")
     private String uuid;
@@ -56,8 +55,7 @@ public class GroupingsRestController {
     @Value("${app.api.handshake.enabled:true}")
     private Boolean API_HANDSHAKE_ENABLED = true;
 
-    @Autowired
-    private UserContextService userContextService;
+    private final UserContextService userContextService;
 
     /*
      * Checks to make sure that the API is running and that there are no issues with the overrides file.
@@ -66,15 +64,15 @@ public class GroupingsRestController {
     @Value("${groupings.api.check}")
     private String CREDENTIAL_CHECK_USER;
 
-    @Autowired
     private HttpRequestService httpRequestService;
 
-    @Autowired
     private Realm realm;
 
     // Constructor.
-    public GroupingsRestController() {
-        policy = Sanitizers.FORMATTING;
+    public GroupingsRestController(UserContextService userContextService, HttpRequestService httpRequestService, Realm realm) {
+        this.userContextService = userContextService;
+        this.httpRequestService = httpRequestService;
+        this.realm = realm;
     }
 
     /*
diff --git a/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/api/controller/OotbRestController.java b/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/api/controller/OotbRestController.java
index d2eebdb49..26190314a 100644
--- a/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/api/controller/OotbRestController.java
+++ b/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/api/controller/OotbRestController.java
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
 import org.owasp.html.PolicyFactory;
 import org.owasp.html.Sanitizers;
-import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
 import org.springframework.http.HttpMethod;
 import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
@@ -30,26 +29,28 @@
 @RequestMapping("/api/groupings/ootb")
 public class OotbRestController {
     private static final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(OotbRestController.class);
-    private final PolicyFactory policy;
+    private final PolicyFactory policy = Sanitizers.FORMATTING;;
 
     @Value("${url.api.2.1.base}")
     private String API_2_1_BASE;
 
-    @Autowired
-    private UserContextService userContextService;
+    private final UserContextService userContextService;
 
-    @Autowired
-    private OotbStaticUserAuthenticationFilter ootbAuthenticationFilter;
+    private final OotbStaticUserAuthenticationFilter ootbAuthenticationFilter;
 
-    @Autowired
-    private OotbActiveUserProfileService ootbActiveUserProfileService;
+    private final OotbActiveUserProfileService ootbActiveUserProfileService;
 
-    @Autowired
-    private HttpRequestService httpRequestService;
+    private final HttpRequestService httpRequestService;
 
     // Constructor.
-    public OotbRestController() {
-        policy = Sanitizers.FORMATTING;
+    public OotbRestController(UserContextService userContextService,
+            OotbStaticUserAuthenticationFilter ootbAuthenticationFilter,
+            OotbActiveUserProfileService ootbActiveUserProfileService,
+            HttpRequestService httpRequestService) {
+        this.userContextService = userContextService;
+        this.ootbAuthenticationFilter = ootbAuthenticationFilter;
+        this.ootbActiveUserProfileService = ootbActiveUserProfileService;
+        this.httpRequestService = httpRequestService;
     }
 
     /*
diff --git a/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/access/AuthorizationService.java b/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/access/AuthorizationService.java
index 52ac4190c..312c01b0b 100755
--- a/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/access/AuthorizationService.java
+++ b/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/access/AuthorizationService.java
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 
 import org.apereo.cas.client.authentication.SimplePrincipal;
 
-import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
 import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
 
@@ -17,12 +16,15 @@
 @Service
 public class AuthorizationService {
 
-    @Autowired
-    GroupingsRestController groupingsRestController;
-
-    @Autowired
-    UhUuidCheckerService uhUuidCheckerService;
     private static final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(AuthorizationService.class);
+    private final GroupingsRestController groupingsRestController;
+
+    private final UhUuidCheckerService uhUuidCheckerService;
+
+    public AuthorizationService(GroupingsRestController groupingsRestController, UhUuidCheckerService uhUuidCheckerService) {
+        this.groupingsRestController = groupingsRestController;
+        this.uhUuidCheckerService = uhUuidCheckerService;
+    }
 
     /**
      * Assign roles to user
diff --git a/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/access/UserBuilder.java b/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/access/UserBuilder.java
index 5dab28f39..6735042a9 100755
--- a/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/access/UserBuilder.java
+++ b/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/access/UserBuilder.java
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 
 import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
-import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UsernameNotFoundException;
 import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
 
@@ -15,8 +14,11 @@ public final class UserBuilder {
 
     private static final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(UserBuilder.class);
 
-    @Autowired
-    private AuthorizationService authorizationService;
+    private final AuthorizationService authorizationService;
+
+    public UserBuilder(AuthorizationService authorizationService) {
+        this.authorizationService = authorizationService;
+    }
 
     public User make(Map<String, ?> map) {
         return make(new UhAttributes(map));
diff --git a/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/configuration/GrouperPropertyConfigurer.java b/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/configuration/GrouperPropertyConfigurer.java
index f4e91751e..8f29509ee 100755
--- a/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/configuration/GrouperPropertyConfigurer.java
+++ b/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/configuration/GrouperPropertyConfigurer.java
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 import jakarta.annotation.PostConstruct;
 
-import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
 import org.springframework.core.env.Environment;
 
@@ -11,8 +10,11 @@
 @Configuration
 public class GrouperPropertyConfigurer {
 
-    @Autowired
-    private Environment env;
+    private final Environment env;
+
+    public GrouperPropertyConfigurer(Environment env) {
+        this.env = env;
+    }
 
     @PostConstruct
     public void init() {
diff --git a/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/configuration/Realm.java b/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/configuration/Realm.java
index 53154726c..8e63cb96c 100644
--- a/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/configuration/Realm.java
+++ b/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/configuration/Realm.java
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 
 import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
-import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.core.env.Environment;
 import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
 import org.springframework.util.Assert;
@@ -17,8 +16,11 @@ public class Realm {
 
     private static final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(Realm.class);
 
-    @Autowired
-    private Environment environment;
+    private final Environment environment;
+
+    public Realm(Environment environment) {
+        this.environment = environment;
+    }
 
     private Map<String, Boolean> profileMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/configuration/SecurityConfig.java b/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/configuration/SecurityConfig.java
index 99711f2b2..f60e6f721 100755
--- a/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/configuration/SecurityConfig.java
+++ b/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/configuration/SecurityConfig.java
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 import org.apereo.cas.client.proxy.ProxyGrantingTicketStorageImpl;
 import org.apereo.cas.client.session.SingleSignOutFilter;
 import org.apereo.cas.client.validation.Saml11TicketValidator;
-import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
 import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.condition.ConditionalOnProperty;
 import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
@@ -65,8 +64,11 @@ public class SecurityConfig {
     @Value("${cas.send.renew:false}")
     private boolean casSendRenew;
 
-    @Autowired
-    private UserBuilder userBuilder;
+    private final UserBuilder userBuilder;
+
+    public SecurityConfig(UserBuilder userBuilder) {
+        this.userBuilder = userBuilder;
+    }
 
     @PostConstruct
     public void init() {
diff --git a/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/controller/ErrorControllerAdvice.java b/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/controller/ErrorControllerAdvice.java
index b76840789..614b88555 100755
--- a/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/controller/ErrorControllerAdvice.java
+++ b/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/controller/ErrorControllerAdvice.java
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
 import org.springframework.beans.TypeMismatchException;
-import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ControllerAdvice;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ExceptionHandler;
@@ -26,11 +25,14 @@ public class ErrorControllerAdvice {
 
     private static final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(ErrorControllerAdvice.class);
 
-    @Autowired
-    private UserContextService userContextService;
+    private final UserContextService userContextService;
 
-    @Autowired
-    private EmailService emailService;
+    private final EmailService emailService;
+
+    public ErrorControllerAdvice(UserContextService userContextService, EmailService emailService) {
+        this.userContextService = userContextService;
+        this.emailService = emailService;
+    }
 
     @ExceptionHandler(GroupingsServiceResultException.class)
     public ResponseEntity<GroupingsHTTPException> handleGroupingsServiceResultException(GroupingsServiceResultException gsre) {
diff --git a/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/controller/HomeController.java b/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/controller/HomeController.java
index 52dde2805..a17e42702 100755
--- a/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/controller/HomeController.java
+++ b/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/controller/HomeController.java
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
 import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
 
-import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
 import org.springframework.security.access.prepost.PreAuthorize;
 import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
@@ -35,11 +34,14 @@ public class HomeController {
     @Value("${cas.logout.url}")
     private String casLogoutUrl;
 
-    @Autowired
-    private EmailService emailService;
+    private final EmailService emailService;
 
-    @Autowired
-    private UserContextService userContextService;
+    private final UserContextService userContextService;
+
+    public HomeController(EmailService emailService, UserContextService userContextService) {
+        this.emailService = emailService;
+        this.userContextService = userContextService;
+    }
 
     // Mapping to home.
     @GetMapping(value = { "/", "/home" })
diff --git a/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/service/EmailService.java b/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/service/EmailService.java
index 4e18774a4..a25b71b12 100755
--- a/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/service/EmailService.java
+++ b/src/main/java/edu/hawaii/its/groupings/service/EmailService.java
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 
 import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
-import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
 import org.springframework.mail.MailException;
 import org.springframework.mail.SimpleMailMessage;
@@ -33,9 +32,8 @@ public class EmailService {
 
     private static final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(EmailService.class);
 
-    private JavaMailSender javaMailSender;
+    private final JavaMailSender javaMailSender;
 
-    @Autowired
     public EmailService(JavaMailSender javaMailSender) {
         this.javaMailSender = javaMailSender;
     }