From 0b610779fa770661dbecfd764fabb3899c0f61ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Sean Marquez Date: Thu, 1 Dec 2022 13:59:31 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 1/2] add boilerplate LaTeX for journal of open hardware --- content/en/article.tex | 354 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 354 insertions(+) create mode 100644 content/en/article.tex diff --git a/content/en/article.tex b/content/en/article.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cd30a83 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/en/article.tex @@ -0,0 +1,354 @@ +%% Hardware Metapaper Template for the Journal of Open Hardware, v.1 + +\documentclass[a4paper]{article} + +\usepackage{lmodern} +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{amssymb,amsmath} + +\usepackage{hyperref} +\hypersetup{unicode=true, + pdfborder={0 0 0}, + breaklinks=true} +\urlstyle{same} + +\usepackage{longtable,booktabs} +\IfFileExists{parskip.sty}{% +\usepackage{parskip} +}{% else +\setlength{\parindent}{0pt} +\setlength{\parskip}{6pt plus 2pt minus 1pt} +} +\setlength{\emergencystretch}{3em} % prevent overfull lines +\providecommand{\tightlist}{% + \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}} +\setcounter{secnumdepth}{0} + +%% \date{} + + +\title{Template for Hardware Metapaper} +\usepackage{authblk} +\author[1]{Author 1} +\author[2]{Author 2} +\affil[1]{Author 1, Open Hardware project affiliation} +\affil[2]{Author 2, institutional affiliation} +\renewcommand\Affilfont{\itshape\small} + +\begin{document} +\maketitle + + +% Include your abstract here +\begin{abstract} +A short, 300 words summary of the hardware being described: what problem(s) the hardware addresses, what it does, how it technically/methodologically advances the state-of-the-art, how it was designed and implemented, and its applicability to other issues/research/areas of reuse. +\end{abstract} + +\begin{longtable}[]{@{}l@{}} +\begin{minipage}[t]{0.97\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut + + +\subsection{Metadata Overview}\label{h.akaipbqoqfs8} + +Main design files: link to repository with design files and assembly instructions + +Target group: scientists in biology, engineers for example + +Skills required: 3D printing - easy; CNC milling of aluminum - advanced; + +Replication\textsuperscript{\protect\hyperlink{cmnt1}{{[}a{]}}}{: +}{www.irnas.eu for instance.} + +See section ``Build Details'' for more detail. + + +\subsection{Keywords}\label{h.kdz351yp7g7c} + +{(required)}{~bioprinting; open source; extruder;} + +\strut\end{minipage}\tabularnewline +\bottomrule +\end{longtable} + + +\subsection{Introduction}\label{h.pnj38xyr5dyy} + +{Bioprinting is a fast growing field, APPLICATION, TECHNOLOGY, why OS...} + + +\subsection{Overall Implementation and design}\label{h.1u7vph94gfbt} + +The hardware of Vitaprint is divided into two parts, namely the CNC part and the extruder. The CNC construction the miniCNC design by AL was used. MiniCNC is a small and robust version of a standard 3-axis CNC router. The support is made of steel and holds in place the aluminium head and table. Stainless steel rods are used with ball bearings to ensure smooth movement. Linear motion is controlled by three Nema32 stepper motors coupled with ball screws. + +The second part of the Vitaprint hardware is the syringe extruder, designed by LB. The extruder is entirely built out of aluminium. Most of the parts are milled out of 5mm aluminium plate to keep the manufacturing easy. Two parts are manufactured out of thicker aluminium and require more advanced CNC milling skills. + +The extruder is designed to fit the outer dimensions of standard 5ml syringes. The syringe is placed firmly inside the extruder base and fixed with a front cap without any screws. A narrow strip of EPDM is used as a spring to keep the syringe in place. The extruder head has milled holes for standard heaters that are used in hot ends of other 3D printers. Nema14 non-captive linear stepper motor is used to move the syringe piston. + +A common feature of most high-end 3D bioprinters is multiple-extruder technology and fast extruder switching. A 24BYJ-48 stepper motor was therefore added to each extruder to add the possibility to move each extruder in the Z-direction separately. + + +\subsubsection{Universality of the design}\label{h.q32f2nclh4e5} + +One of the biggest advantages that Vitaprint brings is that each extruder is a self-contained unit. First and foremost, the user is able to add as many extruders as needed to the head without significant modifications of any of the hardware pieces. Moreover, the extruder unit can be attached to any other CNC system with very little modification. This means that the user can build a Vitaprint extruder unit for their own CNC router. + + +\section{(2) Quality control}\label{h.f8237gmzmwc6} + +\subsection{Safety}\label{h.v60aduckfisj} + +Describe all relevant safety issues or reference to a risk assessment +if included in the hardware documentation. Detail what safety +considerations have been included in the hardware design and how these +features have been tested, including any official safety standards or +criteria that were used in this assessment. If appropriate, discuss the +wider context of use of the hardware and safety issues or risks that may +arise in the use environment. + + +\subsection{Calibration}\label{h.kr90wh14sxr5} + +If the hardware is used for measurements, please detail here how the +reliability of measurements, or other hardware properties that are +relevant for measurements, has been quantified and explain the +results. Be clear about the processes or procedures used to compare the +hardware to a standard, as well as the description of the standard +calibrated against. + +Detail the general procedures in place for users to calibrate their +hardware before or during use. What methods can be used to relate user +generated data to data from other sources? + +Note: Detailed instructions belong in documentation; here, provide +insight into how and why the calibration is valid. + + +\subsubsection{Subsections}\label{h.6mrkl1u5j8xc} + +We encourage the use of subsections within all sections to increase +clarity. + + +\subsection{General testing}\label{h.wbekh9ay82yu} + +In this section, details can be provided on the testing of hardware +functionalities, that are not directly essential for precision +operation of the hardware in the given context (which are in turn, +where applicable, handled under Calibration), such as automated +movements to position the hardware, repeatability of tool exchanges, +recyclability, water-tightness, weight or other possibly relevant +characteristics. We encourage the authors to characterise all +appropriate functionalities of the hardware, if not already described +elsewhere (add reference instead). The testing should define the +safe/reliable limits in which the components can be operated (e.g. step +size and repeatability of linear motion, force ranges, ratio of devices +with leaks when built in a workshop, etc).This will enhance the +usability of the hardware or method in other contexts. + +Again: Detailed instructions belong in documentation; here, provide a +summary ~instead. + + +\section{(3) Application}\label{h.f78bi3oom0mu} + +\subsection{Use case(s)}\label{h.4q5g9edishy3} + +Describe at least one example of an application of your hardware. This +should include some evidence of output, e.g. data produced by the use of +the device or a picture of other types of results. Outline how the +quality control in the previous section enables the use of the hardware +in this context. We encourage the inclusion of experiment results or the +reference to a publication (published or to-be-published) where these +results are detailed. We also encourage pointers to ongoing work. + +Note: In the spirit of openness, we require authors to provide (or link +to) datasets along with the submitted graphic representations. We do not +impose arbitrary limits on inclusion of data so please include +sufficient empirical detail and results to ensure your data can be +easily verified, analysed and clearly interpreted by the wider +scientific community. + + +\subsubsection{Subsections}\label{h.qz4dez1pbkv1} + +We encourage the demonstration of different use cases, divided by +sub-sections to guide the reader. + + +\subsection{Reuse potential and adaptability}\label{h.6wkumyl0ejrh} + +Please describe in as much detail as possible the ways in which the +hardware could be reused by other researchers both within and outside of +your field. This should include the use cases for the hardware, and also +details of how the hardware might be modified or extended (including how +contributors should contact you) if appropriate.Refer to section +``Ease of build'' where necessary. + +Please provide your thoughts on the adaptability of the hardware +design. What tools and procedures would it require for other users to +modify your design without your help in order to adapt them for +foreseeable or even unforeseeable use. + +Also you must include details of what support mechanisms there are in +place for this hardware and software (even if there is no support or +support community). + + +\section{(4) Build Details}\label{h.l8i9vokvs0bj} + +\subsection{Availability of materials and methods}\label{h.60suejv0jlzi} + +Summarise what materials have been used to construct the hardware and +what methods to process the materials as well as the assembly. Provide +more details or references where important materials or methods are +non-standard, not globally available or produced only by one +manufacturer. + + +\subsection{Ease of build}\label{h.wg823sgyb1e4} + +Have any measures been taken in the design to make the hardware easy to +build for other users e.g. reduction of parts, features in the design +to make the hardware assembly more reliable? + + +\subsection{Operating software and peripherals}\label{h.uz77dixfh5i4} + +If hardware requires software, details on the operating software and +programming language - Please include minimum version compatibility. +Additional system requirements, e.g. memory, disk space, processor, +input or output devices. + +If the hardware does not require software, detail any required +supporting processes or protocols required for use. + + +\subsection{Dependencies}\label{h.vr0vnjs8z9ar} + +E.g. other hardware or software projects, modular components, +libraries, frameworks, incl. minimum version compatibility. + + +\subsection{Hardware documentation and files location:}\label{h.nbisrsde6sc3} + +Archive for hardware documentation and build files (required. +We recommend the use the DocuBricks repository, please see author guide for criteria and alternative +repositories.) Note: We require the inclusion of modifiable design +files as well as a detailed documentation of the functionality of the +hardware with assembly instructions. This will be assessed as part of +the journal peer review process. + +Name: The name of the archive + +Persistent identifier: e.g. DOI, etc. + +Licence: Open hardware license under which the documentation and +files are licensed - see author guide for more information + +Publisher: Name of the person who deposited the documentation + +Date published: dd/mm/yy + +Modifiable design files (if different from above) + +Name:The name of the emulation environment + +Persistent identifier: e.g. DOI, handle, PURL, etc. + +Licence: Open license under which the software is licensed here + +Publisher: Name of the person who deposited the documentation + +Date published: dd/mm/yy + +Software code repository (e.g. SourceForge, GitHub etc.) +(required) + +Name: The name of the code repository + +Identifier: {The identifier (or URI) used by the repository + +Licence: Open license under which the software is licensed + +Date published: dd/mm/yy + + +\section{(5) Discussion}\label{h.90jl7wm65t65} + +\subsection{Conclusions}\label{h.h3fr33ylzsnh} + +Conclusions, learned lessons from design iterations, learned lessons +from use cases, summary of results. + + +\subsection{Future Work}\label{h.neocsr410zj} + +Further work pursued by the authors or collaborators; known issues; +suggestions for others to improve on the hardware design or testing,, +given what you have learned from your design iterations. + + +\subsection{Paper author contributions}\label{h.fy8hbipy6kwe} + +Task (e.g. design, assembly, use cases contribution, documentation, +paper writing), contribution, author name. + + +\subsection{Acknowledgements}\label{h.gu3yyarx72d6} + +Please add any relevant acknowledgements to anyone else who supported +the project in which the hardware was created, but did not work directly +on the hardware itself. + +Please list anyone who helped to create the hardware and software (who +may also not be an author of this paper), including their roles and +affiliations. + + +\subsection{Funding statement}\label{h.4u1a7tugh2om} + +If the hardware resulted from funded research please give the funder +and grant number. + + +\subsection{Competing interests}\label{h.q1j1rznb43fl} + +If any of the authors have any competing +interests then these must be declared. The authors' initials should be used to denote +differing competing interests. For example: ``BH has minority shares in +{[}company name{]}, which part funded the research grant for this +project. All other authors have no competing interests.'' + +If there are no competing interests, please add the statement: + +``The authors declare that they have no competing interests.'' + + +\subsection{References}\label{h.6fml9tf50r5c} + +Please enter references in the Harvard style and include a DOI where +available, citing them in the text with author and year. + + +\section{Copyright notice}\label{h.jm5gcqv4g8x0} + +Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: + +Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first +publication with the work simultaneously licensed under +a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with +an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in +this journal. + +Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual +arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's +published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional +repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its +initial publication in this journal. + +By submitting this paper you agree to the terms of this Copyright +Notice, which will apply to this submission if and when it is published +by this journal. + + +\end{document} \ No newline at end of file From 3852213b3785640d845b6c80b411952a6abcf54b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Sean Marquez Date: Sat, 3 Dec 2022 18:49:31 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 2/2] add introduction to PAPRa --- content/en/article.tex | 21 ++++++++++++++++++++- 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/content/en/article.tex b/content/en/article.tex index cd30a83..c14205e 100644 --- a/content/en/article.tex +++ b/content/en/article.tex @@ -74,7 +74,26 @@ \subsection{Keywords}\label{h.kdz351yp7g7c} \subsection{Introduction}\label{h.pnj38xyr5dyy} -{Bioprinting is a fast growing field, APPLICATION, TECHNOLOGY, why OS...} +{The COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 created an unprecedented need for respiratory personal protection equipment (PPE). Due to the world-wide spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus, global supply lines and manufacturing disruptions led to severe shortages, especially in the realm of face masks in general, and N95 rated protection specifically. This crisis led to rationing of masks of all filtration levels and the unavailability of medical grade filters used in treating respiratory patients. In addition, mask mandates were enforced in some regions of the US, reducing the already low supply of PPE for healthcare. + +In addition to the issues with supply, the PPE currently available were not suitable for general public use. One inherent shortcoming of N95 rated passive masks is the reduced air flow which results in increased effort exerted by the wearer. Traditional disposable N95 masks are not rated to be worn more than 4 hours at a time, as a proper seal around the face will tend to have the wearer inhale their own exhaled carbon dioxide, a situation that leads to a condition called hypercapnia. Hypercapnia typically causes headaches, dizziness, fatigue, and inability to think clearly, meaning that those wearing properly fitted PPE had to work in difficult conditions, while those with improperly sealed PPE were exposed to the virus. Additionally, N95 masks are supposed to be single-use disposable respirators. During the shortages, healthcare workers were forced to reuse their masks which increased the risks of cross-contamination as well as possible reduction of protection. Hospitals with more financial resources returning towards powered air purifying respirator (PAPR) units. + +During the Ebola epidemics previous to 2020, many healthcare providers purchase small numbers of PAPRs specifically to protect healthcare workers dealing with Ebola patients. There were two major differences between the protection needs of the Ebola epidemic and the COVID-19 pandemic. The first was the scale of healthcare workers who needed protection. For Ebola, the presumption was that you needed to protect only the healthcare workers administering aid to a very small number of possible Ebola patients. For COVID-19, the expectation was that all healthcare workers needed to be protected from all patients. The second difference was the nature of the protection. In previous epidemics, the assumption of PPE use was to protect the healthcare provider from the illness of the patient. With COVID-19, a further constraint was placed in protecting patients from possibly infected healthcare providers. Medically specified PAPRs vent the exhalation of the wearer into open space. The system works perfectly fine in isolated rooms where everybody is wearing the correct PPE, but poses a problem when used in common areas as with the use cases of the COVID-19 pandemic. + +To address the lack of life saving PPE, TBD set out to design an open-source 3D printable PAPR with filtered exhalation using freely available components, which we named the PAPRa. The design starting point was to source a filter which was not a protected medical commodity. Looking for n95 equivalent performance, the rating of HEPA filters used in air purifiers provided the filtration efficiency necessary. The PAPRa was designed around the form factor of the Germ Guardian Type A HEPA filter. Using an existing and available filter allowed for access to replacement HEPA certified consumables without the need for custom manufactured filters. Multiple manufacturers make generic versions of this form factor, so the design would not be locked into a single provider of filter material + +As the design progressed, we enumerated several design criteria beyond the use of HEPA filters, including ensuring a minimum of N95 levels of protection as determined by a quantitative fit test, 115 LPM of flow to the face of the wearer, the ability to modulate the amount of airflow to the face of the wearer, at least three hours of battery life at full power, a combined weight of less than 2 pounds for the entire device, and the ability to be mounted on MOLLE accessories, such as belts and backpacks. + +Careful selection of the fan component was based on both power consumption and flow necessary to produce minimum safe conditions of 115 LPM while not being too loud or consuming too much power. After testing multiple models and manufacturers, the squirrel cage blower type gave the best performance for power supplied. To power the blower, the choice was made to use a 12 volt power tool battery. This design decision provided two crucial benefits. The first is the easy availability of 12 volt batteries which have their own established charging ecosystems. Second is convenient packaging which allows for secure connections while maintaining speedy battery exchange. + +In order to take advantage of an existing battery design, a custom electronic board was engineered to serve as the power delivery system to the fan unit, the fan speed controller, and the battery level indicator. A 3D printable housing was modeled to contain both the board and serve as the retaining receptacle for the power tool battery. Currently, the designs for the PAPRa are focused towards using the Milwaukee M12 line of lithium ion batteries. Future plans are to create different boards and battery housing models to accommodate other brands. The intention has always been to provide options in terms of power source. + +In recent years, the proliferation of consumer grade additive manufacturing platforms has dramatically increased in America and around the world. The ability to turn digital files into physical objects has captured the imaginations of many makers. The designs created for the PAPRa have been prototyped on popular consumer focused 3D printers such as the Prusa MK3S and the Creality Ender 3. Our tests have shown that devices printed on such machines are capable of producing the desired airtight seal and physical durability necessary for a useful device. + +NIOSH does not certify designs, but rather certifies manufactured devices. As such, the current goal of TBD is to manufacture devices that can meet NIOSH certifications, and then distribute those devices to address what we see as a need in the marketplace for active N95 half facepiece respirators. + +The PAPRa project, like all projects at Tetra Bio, is maintained as an open-source hardware project using a docs-as-code approach, with tools such as Asciidoc, and Hugo. The project repo can be found on GitHub (https://tetrabiodistributed.github.io/papra). We encourage anyone interested to check out our designs and provide suggestions on improvements. Tetra Bio is offering the designs freely and licensed under open source. The hope is to continue to create open sourced medical-related devices to combat future shortages. +} \subsection{Overall Implementation and design}\label{h.1u7vph94gfbt}