diff --git a/docs/conf.py b/docs/conf.py
index c35f7bb..47e060b 100644
--- a/docs/conf.py
+++ b/docs/conf.py
@@ -10,9 +10,10 @@
 # add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
 # documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
 #
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
 import sys
-from typing import List
 
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath(".."))
 
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@
 # List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
 # directories to ignore when looking for source files.
 # This pattern also affects html_static_path and html_extra_path.
-exclude_patterns: List[str] = []
+exclude_patterns: list[str] = []
 
 
 # -- Options for HTML output -------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/h5grove/content.py b/h5grove/content.py
index f5b520f..eaa9e4d 100644
--- a/h5grove/content.py
+++ b/h5grove/content.py
@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
-import contextlib
-from pathlib import Path
+from __future__ import annotations
+from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
 from typing import (
     Any,
-    Callable,
-    Dict,
     Generic,
-    Optional,
-    Sequence,
     TypeVar,
-    Union,
     cast,
 )
+
+import contextlib
+from pathlib import Path
 import h5py
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -131,8 +129,8 @@ def __init__(self, path: str, h5py_entity: T):
         """Resolved h5py entity"""
 
     def attributes(
-        self, attr_keys: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
-    ) -> Dict[str, AttributeMetadata]:
+        self, attr_keys: Sequence[str] | None = None
+    ) -> dict[str, AttributeMetadata]:
         """Attributes of the h5py entity. Can be filtered by keys."""
         if attr_keys is None:
             return dict((*self._h5py_entity.attrs.items(),))
@@ -169,9 +167,9 @@ def metadata(self, depth=None) -> DatasetMetadata:
 
     def data(
         self,
-        selection: Selection = None,
+        selection: Selection | None = None,
         flatten: bool = False,
-        dtype: Optional[str] = "origin",
+        dtype: str | None = "origin",
     ):
         """Dataset data.
 
@@ -189,7 +187,7 @@ def data(
 
         return result
 
-    def data_stats(self, selection: Selection = None) -> Stats:
+    def data_stats(self, selection: Selection | None = None) -> Stats:
         """Statistics on the data. Providing a selection will compute stats only on the selected slice.
 
         :param selection: NumPy-like indexing to define a selection as a slice
@@ -254,7 +252,7 @@ def metadata(self, depth=None) -> DatatypeMetadata:
 
 def create_content(
     h5file: h5py.File,
-    path: Optional[str],
+    path: str | None,
     resolve_links: LinkResolution = LinkResolution.ONLY_VALID,
 ):
     """
@@ -293,11 +291,11 @@ def create_content(
 
 @contextlib.contextmanager
 def get_content_from_file(
-    filepath: Union[str, Path],
-    path: Optional[str],
+    filepath: str | Path,
+    path: str | None,
     create_error: Callable[[int, str], Exception],
-    resolve_links_arg: Optional[str] = LinkResolution.ONLY_VALID,
-    h5py_options: Dict[str, Any] = {},
+    resolve_links_arg: str | None = LinkResolution.ONLY_VALID,
+    h5py_options: dict[str, Any] = {},
 ):
     f = open_file_with_error_fallback(filepath, create_error, h5py_options)
 
@@ -322,11 +320,11 @@ def get_content_from_file(
 
 @contextlib.contextmanager
 def get_list_of_paths(
-    filepath: Union[str, Path],
-    base_path: Optional[str],
+    filepath: str | Path,
+    base_path: str | None,
     create_error: Callable[[int, str], Exception],
-    resolve_links_arg: Optional[str] = LinkResolution.ONLY_VALID,
-    h5py_options: Dict[str, Any] = {},
+    resolve_links_arg: str | None = LinkResolution.ONLY_VALID,
+    h5py_options: dict[str, Any] = {},
 ):
     f = open_file_with_error_fallback(filepath, create_error, h5py_options)
 
diff --git a/h5grove/encoders.py b/h5grove/encoders.py
index 12a1b44..7bb2455 100644
--- a/h5grove/encoders.py
+++ b/h5grove/encoders.py
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any
+
 import io
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Optional, Union
 import numpy as np
 import orjson
 import h5py
@@ -17,7 +20,7 @@ def bin_encode(array: np.ndarray) -> bytes:
     return array.tobytes()
 
 
-def orjson_default(o: Any) -> Union[list, float, str, None]:
+def orjson_default(o: Any) -> list | float | str | None:
     """Converts Python objects to JSON-serializable objects.
 
     :raises TypeError: if the object is not supported."""
@@ -37,7 +40,7 @@ def orjson_default(o: Any) -> Union[list, float, str, None]:
     raise TypeError
 
 
-def orjson_encode(content: Any, default: Optional[Callable] = None) -> bytes:
+def orjson_encode(content: Any, default: Callable | None = None) -> bytes:
     """Encode in JSON using orjson.
 
     :param: content: Content to encode
@@ -82,15 +85,15 @@ def tiff_encode(data: np.ndarray) -> bytes:
 class Response:
     content: bytes
     """ Encoded `content` as bytes """
-    headers: Dict[str, str]
+    headers: dict[str, str]
     """ Associated headers """
 
-    def __init__(self, content: bytes, headers: Dict[str, str]):
+    def __init__(self, content: bytes, headers: dict[str, str]):
         self.content = content
         self.headers = {**headers, "Content-Length": str(len(content))}
 
 
-def encode(content: Any, encoding: Optional[str] = "json") -> Response:
+def encode(content: Any, encoding: str | None = "json") -> Response:
     """Encode content in given encoding.
 
     Warning: Not all encodings supports all types of content.
diff --git a/h5grove/fastapi_utils.py b/h5grove/fastapi_utils.py
index 6271caf..27d0da1 100644
--- a/h5grove/fastapi_utils.py
+++ b/h5grove/fastapi_utils.py
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 """Helpers for usage with `FastAPI <https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/>`_"""
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+from collections.abc import Callable
+
 from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, Response, Query, Request
 from fastapi.routing import APIRoute
 from pydantic_settings import BaseSettings
-from typing import List, Optional, Union, Callable
 
 from .content import (
     DatasetContent,
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ async def custom_route_handler(request: Request) -> Response:
 
 
 class Settings(BaseSettings):
-    base_dir: Union[str, None] = None
+    base_dir: str | None = None
 
 
 settings = Settings()
@@ -86,7 +88,7 @@ async def get_root():
 async def get_attr(
     file: str = Depends(add_base_path),
     path: str = "/",
-    attr_keys: Optional[List[str]] = Query(default=None),
+    attr_keys: list[str] | None = Query(default=None),
 ):
     """`/attr/` endpoint handler"""
     with get_content_from_file(file, path, create_error) as content:
diff --git a/h5grove/flask_utils.py b/h5grove/flask_utils.py
index 68d3ece..dbfe0f2 100644
--- a/h5grove/flask_utils.py
+++ b/h5grove/flask_utils.py
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 """Helpers for usage with `Flask <https://flask.palletsprojects.com/>`_"""
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping
+from typing import Any
+
 from werkzeug.exceptions import HTTPException
 from flask import Blueprint, current_app, request, Response, Request
 import os
-from typing import Any, Callable, Mapping, Optional
-
 
 from .content import (
     DatasetContent,
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@
 
 
 def make_encoded_response(
-    content, format_arg: Optional[str] = "json", status: Optional[int] = None
+    content, format_arg: str | None = "json", status: int | None = None
 ) -> Response:
     """Prepare flask Response according to format"""
     h5grove_response = encode(content, format_arg)
diff --git a/h5grove/models.py b/h5grove/models.py
index b506e3f..3537d68 100644
--- a/h5grove/models.py
+++ b/h5grove/models.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Dict, Tuple, Union, List
-from typing_extensions import TypedDict, NotRequired, Optional
+from typing import Union, Tuple, Dict, List
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict, NotRequired
 import h5py
 
 H5pyEntity = Union[
@@ -83,11 +84,11 @@ class DatatypeMetadata(ResolvedEntityMetadata):
 Stats = TypedDict(
     "Stats",
     {
-        "strict_positive_min": Optional[Union[int, float]],
-        "positive_min": Optional[Union[int, float]],
-        "min": Optional[Union[int, float]],
-        "max": Optional[Union[int, float]],
-        "mean": Optional[Union[int, float]],
-        "std": Optional[Union[int, float]],
+        "strict_positive_min": Union[int, float, None],
+        "positive_min": Union[int, float, None],
+        "min": Union[int, float, None],
+        "max": Union[int, float, None],
+        "mean": Union[int, float, None],
+        "std": Union[int, float, None],
     },
 )
diff --git a/h5grove/tornado_utils.py b/h5grove/tornado_utils.py
index 7d026bc..4256e8c 100644
--- a/h5grove/tornado_utils.py
+++ b/h5grove/tornado_utils.py
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 """Helpers for usage with `Tornado <https://www.tornadoweb.org>`_"""
 
-import os
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from __future__ import annotations
+from typing import Any
 
+import os
 from tornado.web import HTTPError, MissingArgumentError, RequestHandler
 
 from .content import (
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ def create_error(status_code: int, message: str):
 class BaseHandler(RequestHandler):
     """Base class for h5grove handlers"""
 
-    def initialize(self, base_dir: str, allow_origin: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    def initialize(self, base_dir: str, allow_origin: str | None = None) -> None:
         self.base_dir = base_dir
         self.allow_origin = allow_origin
 
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ def get(self):
         self.finish()
 
     def get_response(
-        self, full_file_path: str, path: Optional[str], resolve_links: Optional[str]
+        self, full_file_path: str, path: str | None, resolve_links: str | None
     ) -> Response:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ def head(self):
 
 class ContentHandler(BaseHandler):
     def get_response(
-        self, full_file_path: str, path: Optional[str], resolve_links: Optional[str]
+        self, full_file_path: str, path: str | None, resolve_links: str | None
     ) -> Response:
         with get_content_from_file(
             full_file_path, path, create_error, resolve_links
@@ -141,7 +142,7 @@ def get_content_response(self, content: EntityContent) -> Response:
 
 class PathsHandler(BaseHandler):
     def get_response(
-        self, full_file_path: str, path: Optional[str], resolve_links: Optional[str]
+        self, full_file_path: str, path: str | None, resolve_links: str | None
     ) -> Response:
         with get_list_of_paths(
             full_file_path, path, create_error, resolve_links
@@ -150,7 +151,7 @@ def get_response(
 
 
 # TODO: Setting the return type raises mypy errors
-def get_handlers(base_dir: Optional[str], allow_origin: Optional[str] = None):
+def get_handlers(base_dir: str | None, allow_origin: str | None = None):
     """Build h5grove handlers (`/`, `/attr/`, `/data/`, `/meta/` and `/stats/`).
 
     :param base_dir: Base directory from which the HDF5 files will be served
diff --git a/h5grove/utils.py b/h5grove/utils.py
index 56ef031..e3094e9 100644
--- a/h5grove/utils.py
+++ b/h5grove/utils.py
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any, TypeVar
+
 from pathlib import Path
 import h5py
 from h5py.version import version_tuple as h5py_version
 from os.path import basename
 import numpy as np
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, TypeVar, Union
 
 from .models import (
     H5pyEntity,
@@ -89,7 +92,7 @@ def get_entity_from_file(
     return h5file[path]
 
 
-def parse_slice(slice_str: str) -> Tuple[Union[slice, int], ...]:
+def parse_slice(slice_str: str) -> tuple[slice | int, ...]:
     """
     Parses a string containing a slice under NumPy format.
 
@@ -108,7 +111,7 @@ def parse_slice(slice_str: str) -> Tuple[Union[slice, int], ...]:
     return tuple(parse_slice_member(s) for s in slice_members)
 
 
-def parse_slice_member(slice_member: str) -> Union[slice, int]:
+def parse_slice_member(slice_member: str) -> slice | int:
     if ":" not in slice_member:
         return int(slice_member)
 
@@ -132,7 +135,7 @@ def parse_slice_member(slice_member: str) -> Union[slice, int]:
     raise TypeError(f"{slice_member} is not a valid slice")
 
 
-def sorted_dict(*args: Tuple[str, Any]):
+def sorted_dict(*args: tuple[str, Any]):
     return dict(sorted(args, key=lambda entry: entry[0]))
 
 
@@ -229,7 +232,7 @@ def _sanitize_dtype(dtype: np.dtype) -> np.dtype:
 T = TypeVar("T", np.ndarray, np.number, np.bool_)
 
 
-def convert(data: T, dtype: Optional[str] = "origin") -> T:
+def convert(data: T, dtype: str | None = "origin") -> T:
     """Convert array or numpy scalar to given dtype query param
 
     :param data: nD array or scalar to convert
@@ -251,7 +254,7 @@ def convert(data: T, dtype: Optional[str] = "origin") -> T:
     raise QueryArgumentError(f"Unsupported dtype {dtype}")
 
 
-def is_numeric_data(data: Union[np.ndarray, np.number, np.bool_, bytes]) -> bool:
+def is_numeric_data(data: np.ndarray | np.number | np.bool_ | bytes) -> bool:
     if not isinstance(data, (np.ndarray, np.number, np.bool_)):
         return False
 
@@ -288,14 +291,14 @@ def get_array_stats(data: np.ndarray) -> Stats:
     }
 
 
-def hdf_path_join(prefix: Union[str, None], suffix: str):
+def hdf_path_join(prefix: str | None, suffix: str):
     if prefix is None or prefix == "/":
         return f"/{suffix}"
 
     return f'{prefix.rstrip("/")}/{suffix}'
 
 
-def parse_bool_arg(query_arg: Union[str, None], fallback: bool) -> bool:
+def parse_bool_arg(query_arg: str | None, fallback: bool) -> bool:
     if query_arg is None:
         return fallback
 
@@ -303,7 +306,7 @@ def parse_bool_arg(query_arg: Union[str, None], fallback: bool) -> bool:
 
 
 def parse_link_resolution_arg(
-    raw_query_arg: Union[str, None], fallback: LinkResolution
+    raw_query_arg: str | None, fallback: LinkResolution
 ) -> LinkResolution:
     if raw_query_arg is None:
         return fallback
@@ -342,7 +345,7 @@ def get_dataset_slice(dataset: h5py.Dataset, selection: Selection):
 
 def get_filters(
     dataset: h5py.Dataset,
-) -> Optional[List[Dict[str, Union[int, str]]]]:
+) -> list[dict[str, int | str]] | None:
     property_list = dataset.id.get_create_plist()
 
     n_filters = property_list.get_nfilters()
@@ -353,8 +356,8 @@ def get_filters(
 
 
 def get_filter_info(
-    filter: Tuple[int, int, Tuple[int, ...], str]
-) -> Dict[str, Union[int, str]]:
+    filter: tuple[int, int, tuple[int, ...], str]
+) -> dict[str, int | str]:
     # https://api.h5py.org/h5p.html#h5py.h5p.PropDCID.get_filter
     (filter_id, _, _, name) = filter
 
@@ -371,9 +374,9 @@ def stringify_dtype(dtype: np.dtype) -> StrDtype:
 
 
 def open_file_with_error_fallback(
-    filepath: Union[str, Path],
+    filepath: str | Path,
     create_error: Callable[[int, str], Exception],
-    h5py_options: Dict[str, Any] = {},
+    h5py_options: dict[str, Any] = {},
 ) -> h5py.File:
     try:
         f = h5py.File(filepath, "r", **h5py_options)
diff --git a/test/base_test.py b/test/base_test.py
index df6d60d..24f2225 100644
--- a/test/base_test.py
+++ b/test/base_test.py
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 """Base class for testing with different servers"""
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+from collections.abc import Generator
+
 import os
 import stat
-from typing import Generator
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 
 import h5py
diff --git a/test/conftest.py b/test/conftest.py
index ce6c6dd..e031abb 100644
--- a/test/conftest.py
+++ b/test/conftest.py
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+from collections.abc import Callable
+
 import os
 import pathlib
 import socketserver
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import time
-from typing import Callable, Optional
 from urllib.request import urlopen
 from urllib.error import HTTPError
 
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ def _get_response(self, url: str, benchmark: Callable) -> Response:
     def get(
         self,
         url: str,
-        benchmark: Optional[Callable] = None,
+        benchmark: Callable | None = None,
     ) -> Response:
         """Request url and return retrieved response"""
         if benchmark is None:
diff --git a/test/test_benchmark_data.py b/test/test_benchmark_data.py
index ae75af1..213cd26 100644
--- a/test/test_benchmark_data.py
+++ b/test/test_benchmark_data.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 """Benchmark data requests with server apps in example/ folder"""
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+from collections.abc import Generator
+
 import pathlib
-from typing import Generator
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 import h5py
 import numpy as np
diff --git a/test/test_fastapi.py b/test/test_fastapi.py
index 4fb7e46..71b7013 100644
--- a/test/test_fastapi.py
+++ b/test/test_fastapi.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 """Test fastapi_utils with fastapi testing"""
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+from collections.abc import Callable
+
 import pathlib
-from typing import Callable
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
 import pytest
diff --git a/test/test_flask.py b/test/test_flask.py
index 75b4500..ddec322 100644
--- a/test/test_flask.py
+++ b/test/test_flask.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 """Test flask_utils blueprint with Flask testing"""
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+from collections.abc import Callable
+
 import pathlib
-from typing import Callable
 from flask import Flask
 import pytest
 
diff --git a/test/test_tornado.py b/test/test_tornado.py
index 628a2a8..7de8fc5 100644
--- a/test/test_tornado.py
+++ b/test/test_tornado.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 """Test tornado_utils using pytest-tornado"""
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+from collections.abc import Callable
+
 import pathlib
-from typing import Callable
 import pytest
 from tornado.httpclient import HTTPClientError
 import tornado.web
diff --git a/test/utils.py b/test/utils.py
index fcedcf2..124eb4d 100644
--- a/test/utils.py
+++ b/test/utils.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
 import io
 import json
 import numpy as np
-from typing import List, NamedTuple, Tuple
 
 import tifffile
 
@@ -12,7 +14,7 @@ class Response(NamedTuple):
     """Return type of :meth:`get`"""
 
     status: int
-    headers: List[Tuple[str, str]]
+    headers: list[tuple[str, str]]
     content: bytes
 
     def find_header_value(self, key: str):
@@ -55,7 +57,7 @@ def decode_array_response(
     response: Response,
     format: str,
     dtype: str,
-    shape: Tuple[int, ...],
+    shape: tuple[int, ...],
 ) -> np.ndarray:
     """Decode data array response content according to given information"""
     content_type = response.find_header_value("content-type")