diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index cef8df4b..f1c40e97 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 _site
 *.log
+*.swp
 .sass-cache
diff --git a/CNAME b/CNAME
deleted file mode 100644
index df53adaa..00000000
--- a/CNAME
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-softdes.olin.build
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Gemfile b/Gemfile
index 9b497089..bf3b967b 100644
--- a/Gemfile
+++ b/Gemfile
@@ -6,3 +6,4 @@ group :jekyll_plugins do
 end
 
 gem 'html-proofer'
+gem 'therubyracer'
diff --git a/Gemfile.lock b/Gemfile.lock
index f271785f..c7c92116 100644
--- a/Gemfile.lock
+++ b/Gemfile.lock
@@ -1,72 +1,77 @@
 GEM
   remote: https://rubygems.org/
   specs:
-    activesupport (4.2.8)
+    activesupport (4.2.9)
       i18n (~> 0.7)
       minitest (~> 5.1)
       thread_safe (~> 0.3, >= 0.3.4)
       tzinfo (~> 1.1)
-    addressable (2.5.1)
-      public_suffix (~> 2.0, >= 2.0.2)
+    addressable (2.5.2)
+      public_suffix (>= 2.0.2, < 4.0)
     coffee-script (2.4.1)
       coffee-script-source
       execjs
-    coffee-script-source (1.12.2)
+    coffee-script-source (1.11.1)
     colorator (1.1.0)
-    colored (1.2)
+    colorize (0.8.1)
+    commonmarker (0.17.7.1)
+      ruby-enum (~> 0.5)
+    concurrent-ruby (1.0.5)
     em-websocket (0.5.1)
       eventmachine (>= 0.12.9)
       http_parser.rb (~> 0.6.0)
-    ethon (0.10.1)
+    ethon (0.11.0)
       ffi (>= 1.3.0)
     eventmachine (1.2.5)
     execjs (2.7.0)
-    faraday (0.13.1)
+    faraday (0.14.0)
       multipart-post (>= 1.2, < 3)
     ffi (1.9.18)
     forwardable-extended (2.6.0)
     gemoji (3.0.0)
-    github-pages (148)
-      activesupport (= 4.2.8)
+    github-pages (175)
+      activesupport (= 4.2.9)
       github-pages-health-check (= 1.3.5)
-      jekyll (= 3.5.1)
-      jekyll-avatar (= 0.4.2)
-      jekyll-coffeescript (= 1.0.1)
+      jekyll (= 3.6.2)
+      jekyll-avatar (= 0.5.0)
+      jekyll-coffeescript (= 1.0.2)
+      jekyll-commonmark-ghpages (= 0.1.3)
       jekyll-default-layout (= 0.1.4)
       jekyll-feed (= 0.9.2)
       jekyll-gist (= 1.4.1)
-      jekyll-github-metadata (= 2.6.0)
+      jekyll-github-metadata (= 2.9.3)
       jekyll-mentions (= 1.2.0)
-      jekyll-optional-front-matter (= 0.2.0)
+      jekyll-optional-front-matter (= 0.3.0)
       jekyll-paginate (= 1.1.0)
-      jekyll-readme-index (= 0.1.0)
+      jekyll-readme-index (= 0.2.0)
       jekyll-redirect-from (= 0.12.1)
-      jekyll-relative-links (= 0.4.1)
+      jekyll-relative-links (= 0.5.2)
+      jekyll-remote-theme (= 0.2.3)
       jekyll-sass-converter (= 1.5.0)
-      jekyll-seo-tag (= 2.2.3)
-      jekyll-sitemap (= 1.0.0)
+      jekyll-seo-tag (= 2.3.0)
+      jekyll-sitemap (= 1.1.1)
       jekyll-swiss (= 0.4.0)
-      jekyll-theme-architect (= 0.0.4)
-      jekyll-theme-cayman (= 0.0.4)
-      jekyll-theme-dinky (= 0.0.4)
-      jekyll-theme-hacker (= 0.0.4)
-      jekyll-theme-leap-day (= 0.0.4)
-      jekyll-theme-merlot (= 0.0.4)
-      jekyll-theme-midnight (= 0.0.4)
-      jekyll-theme-minimal (= 0.0.4)
-      jekyll-theme-modernist (= 0.0.4)
-      jekyll-theme-primer (= 0.3.1)
-      jekyll-theme-slate (= 0.0.4)
-      jekyll-theme-tactile (= 0.0.4)
-      jekyll-theme-time-machine (= 0.0.4)
-      jekyll-titles-from-headings (= 0.3.0)
-      jemoji (= 0.8.0)
-      kramdown (= 1.13.2)
+      jekyll-theme-architect (= 0.1.0)
+      jekyll-theme-cayman (= 0.1.0)
+      jekyll-theme-dinky (= 0.1.0)
+      jekyll-theme-hacker (= 0.1.0)
+      jekyll-theme-leap-day (= 0.1.0)
+      jekyll-theme-merlot (= 0.1.0)
+      jekyll-theme-midnight (= 0.1.0)
+      jekyll-theme-minimal (= 0.1.0)
+      jekyll-theme-modernist (= 0.1.0)
+      jekyll-theme-primer (= 0.5.2)
+      jekyll-theme-slate (= 0.1.0)
+      jekyll-theme-tactile (= 0.1.0)
+      jekyll-theme-time-machine (= 0.1.0)
+      jekyll-titles-from-headings (= 0.5.0)
+      jemoji (= 0.8.1)
+      kramdown (= 1.16.2)
       liquid (= 4.0.0)
       listen (= 3.0.6)
       mercenary (~> 0.3)
       minima (= 2.1.1)
-      rouge (= 1.11.1)
+      rouge (= 2.2.1)
       terminal-table (~> 1.4)
     github-pages-health-check (1.3.5)
       addressable (~> 2.3)
@@ -74,42 +79,51 @@ GEM
       octokit (~> 4.0)
       public_suffix (~> 2.0)
       typhoeus (~> 0.7)
-    html-pipeline (2.7.0)
+    html-pipeline (2.7.1)
       activesupport (>= 2)
       nokogiri (>= 1.4)
-    html-proofer (3.7.2)
+    html-proofer (3.7.6)
       activesupport (>= 4.2, < 6.0)
       addressable (~> 2.3)
-      colored (~> 1.2)
+      colorize (~> 0.8)
       mercenary (~> 0.3.2)
-      nokogiri (~> 1.7)
+      nokogiri (~> 1.8.1)
       parallel (~> 1.3)
       typhoeus (~> 0.7)
       yell (~> 2.0)
     http_parser.rb (0.6.0)
-    i18n (0.8.6)
-    jekyll (3.5.1)
+    i18n (0.9.3)
+      concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0)
+    jekyll (3.6.2)
       addressable (~> 2.4)
       colorator (~> 1.0)
       jekyll-sass-converter (~> 1.0)
       jekyll-watch (~> 1.1)
-      kramdown (~> 1.3)
+      kramdown (~> 1.14)
       liquid (~> 4.0)
       mercenary (~> 0.3.3)
       pathutil (~> 0.9)
-      rouge (~> 1.7)
+      rouge (>= 1.7, < 3)
       safe_yaml (~> 1.0)
-    jekyll-avatar (0.4.2)
+    jekyll-avatar (0.5.0)
       jekyll (~> 3.0)
-    jekyll-coffeescript (1.0.1)
+    jekyll-coffeescript (1.0.2)
       coffee-script (~> 2.2)
+      coffee-script-source (~> 1.11.1)
+    jekyll-commonmark (1.1.0)
+      commonmarker (~> 0.14)
+      jekyll (>= 3.0, < 4.0)
+    jekyll-commonmark-ghpages (0.1.3)
+      commonmarker (~> 0.17.6)
+      jekyll-commonmark (~> 1)
+      rouge (~> 2)
     jekyll-default-layout (0.1.4)
       jekyll (~> 3.0)
     jekyll-feed (0.9.2)
       jekyll (~> 3.3)
     jekyll-gist (1.4.1)
       octokit (~> 4.2)
-    jekyll-github-metadata (2.6.0)
+    jekyll-github-metadata (2.9.3)
       jekyll (~> 3.1)
       octokit (~> 4.0, != 4.4.0)
     jekyll-livereload (0.2.2)
@@ -119,83 +133,106 @@ GEM
       activesupport (~> 4.0)
       html-pipeline (~> 2.3)
       jekyll (~> 3.0)
-    jekyll-optional-front-matter (0.2.0)
+    jekyll-optional-front-matter (0.3.0)
       jekyll (~> 3.0)
     jekyll-paginate (1.1.0)
-    jekyll-readme-index (0.1.0)
+    jekyll-readme-index (0.2.0)
       jekyll (~> 3.0)
     jekyll-redirect-from (0.12.1)
       jekyll (~> 3.3)
-    jekyll-relative-links (0.4.1)
+    jekyll-relative-links (0.5.2)
       jekyll (~> 3.3)
+    jekyll-remote-theme (0.2.3)
+      jekyll (~> 3.5)
+      rubyzip (>= 1.2.1, < 3.0)
+      typhoeus (>= 0.7, < 2.0)
     jekyll-sass-converter (1.5.0)
       sass (~> 3.4)
-    jekyll-seo-tag (2.2.3)
+    jekyll-seo-tag (2.3.0)
       jekyll (~> 3.3)
-    jekyll-sitemap (1.0.0)
+    jekyll-sitemap (1.1.1)
       jekyll (~> 3.3)
     jekyll-swiss (0.4.0)
-    jekyll-theme-architect (0.0.4)
+    jekyll-theme-architect (0.1.0)
+      jekyll (~> 3.5)
+      jekyll-seo-tag (~> 2.0)
+    jekyll-theme-cayman (0.1.0)
+      jekyll (~> 3.5)
+      jekyll-seo-tag (~> 2.0)
+    jekyll-theme-dinky (0.1.0)
+      jekyll (~> 3.5)
+      jekyll-seo-tag (~> 2.0)
+    jekyll-theme-hacker (0.1.0)
+      jekyll (~> 3.5)
+      jekyll-seo-tag (~> 2.0)
+    jekyll-theme-leap-day (0.1.0)
+      jekyll (~> 3.5)
+      jekyll-seo-tag (~> 2.0)
+    jekyll-theme-merlot (0.1.0)
+      jekyll (~> 3.5)
+      jekyll-seo-tag (~> 2.0)
+    jekyll-theme-midnight (0.1.0)
+      jekyll (~> 3.5)
+      jekyll-seo-tag (~> 2.0)
+    jekyll-theme-minimal (0.1.0)
+      jekyll (~> 3.5)
+      jekyll-seo-tag (~> 2.0)
+    jekyll-theme-modernist (0.1.0)
+      jekyll (~> 3.5)
+      jekyll-seo-tag (~> 2.0)
+    jekyll-theme-primer (0.5.2)
+      jekyll (~> 3.5)
+      jekyll-github-metadata (~> 2.9)
+      jekyll-seo-tag (~> 2.2)
+    jekyll-theme-slate (0.1.0)
+      jekyll (~> 3.5)
+      jekyll-seo-tag (~> 2.0)
+    jekyll-theme-tactile (0.1.0)
+      jekyll (~> 3.5)
+      jekyll-seo-tag (~> 2.0)
+    jekyll-theme-time-machine (0.1.0)
+      jekyll (~> 3.5)
+      jekyll-seo-tag (~> 2.0)
+    jekyll-titles-from-headings (0.5.0)
       jekyll (~> 3.3)
-    jekyll-theme-cayman (0.0.4)
-      jekyll (~> 3.3)
-    jekyll-theme-dinky (0.0.4)
-      jekyll (~> 3.3)
-    jekyll-theme-hacker (0.0.4)
-      jekyll (~> 3.3)
-    jekyll-theme-leap-day (0.0.4)
-      jekyll (~> 3.3)
-    jekyll-theme-merlot (0.0.4)
-      jekyll (~> 3.3)
-    jekyll-theme-midnight (0.0.4)
-      jekyll (~> 3.3)
-    jekyll-theme-minimal (0.0.4)
-      jekyll (~> 3.3)
-    jekyll-theme-modernist (0.0.4)
-      jekyll (~> 3.3)
-    jekyll-theme-primer (0.3.1)
-      jekyll (~> 3.3)
-    jekyll-theme-slate (0.0.4)
-      jekyll (~> 3.3)
-    jekyll-theme-tactile (0.0.4)
-      jekyll (~> 3.3)
-    jekyll-theme-time-machine (0.0.4)
-      jekyll (~> 3.3)
-    jekyll-titles-from-headings (0.3.0)
-      jekyll (~> 3.3)
-    jekyll-watch (1.5.0)
-      listen (~> 3.0, < 3.1)
-    jemoji (0.8.0)
-      activesupport (~> 4.0)
+    jekyll-watch (1.5.1)
+      listen (~> 3.0)
+    jemoji (0.8.1)
+      activesupport (~> 4.0, >= 4.2.9)
       gemoji (~> 3.0)
       html-pipeline (~> 2.2)
       jekyll (>= 3.0)
-    kramdown (1.13.2)
+    kramdown (1.16.2)
+    libv8 (3.16.14.19)
     liquid (4.0.0)
     listen (3.0.6)
       rb-fsevent (>= 0.9.3)
       rb-inotify (>= 0.9.7)
     mercenary (0.3.6)
-    mini_portile2 (2.2.0)
+    mini_portile2 (2.3.0)
     minima (2.1.1)
       jekyll (~> 3.3)
-    minitest (5.10.3)
+    minitest (5.11.3)
     multipart-post (2.0.0)
     net-dns (0.8.0)
-    nokogiri (1.8.0)
-      mini_portile2 (~> 2.2.0)
-    octokit (4.7.0)
+    nokogiri (1.8.2)
+      mini_portile2 (~> 2.3.0)
+    octokit (4.8.0)
       sawyer (~> 0.8.0, >= 0.5.3)
-    parallel (1.12.0)
-    pathutil (0.14.0)
+    parallel (1.12.1)
+    pathutil (0.16.1)
       forwardable-extended (~> 2.6)
     public_suffix (2.0.5)
     rb-fsevent (0.10.2)
     rb-inotify (0.9.10)
       ffi (>= 0.5.0, < 2)
-    rouge (1.11.1)
+    ref (2.0.0)
+    rouge (2.2.1)
+    ruby-enum (0.7.1)
+      i18n
+    rubyzip (1.2.1)
     safe_yaml (1.0.4)
-    sass (3.5.1)
+    sass (3.5.5)
       sass-listen (~> 4.0.0)
     sass-listen (4.0.0)
       rb-fsevent (~> 0.9, >= 0.9.4)
@@ -205,10 +242,13 @@ GEM
       faraday (~> 0.8, < 1.0)
     terminal-table (1.8.0)
       unicode-display_width (~> 1.1, >= 1.1.1)
+    therubyracer (0.12.3)
+      libv8 (~> 3.16.14.15)
+      ref
     thread_safe (0.3.6)
     typhoeus (0.8.0)
       ethon (>= 0.8.0)
-    tzinfo (1.2.3)
+    tzinfo (1.2.4)
       thread_safe (~> 0.1)
     unicode-display_width (1.3.0)
     yell (2.0.7)
@@ -220,6 +260,7 @@ DEPENDENCIES
   github-pages
   html-proofer
   jekyll-livereload
+  therubyracer
 
 BUNDLED WITH
-   1.14.6
+   1.16.1
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 2d2b24df..102508d3 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,4 +1,11 @@
-# Fall 2017 SoftDes Web Site
-[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/sd17fall/softdes.web.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/sd17fall/softdes.web)
+# Spring 2018 SoftDes Web Site
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/sd1spring/softdes.web.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/sd18spring/softdes.web)
 
-Couse site for Fall 2017 Software Design @ Olin College.
+Course site for Fall 2018 Software Design @ Olin College.
+
+To build and deploy locally
+```
+bundle exec jekyll serve
+```
+
+To access the server, go to [http://127.0.0.1:4000](http://127.0.0.1:4000)
diff --git a/_activities/course-evaluation.md b/_activities/course-evaluation.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 2da3cc9d..00000000
--- a/_activities/course-evaluation.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
----
-title: Course Evaluation
-date: 2017-11-27 09:00:00 -05:00
-end_date: 2018-01-03 23:59:59 -05:00
-inline: true
----
-
-## Olin Students / Cross-Registered Students with Olin logins
-
-1. Sign into <https://my.olin.edu>.
-2. Click on the ["Academic & Student Life"](https://my.olin.edu/ICS/Academic__Student_Life/) tab.
-3. Click on ["Course Evaluations"](https://my.olin.edu/ICS/Academic__Student_Life/Course_Evaluations.jnz).
-
-## If you don't know your Olin login information
-
-Visit the  [Olin wiki: cross-registered students](http://wikis.olin.edu/it/doku.php?id=cross_registered_students) for more information.
diff --git a/_activities/course-feedback.md b/_activities/course-feedback.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b290fa7..00000000
--- a/_activities/course-feedback.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
----
-title: Additional Course Feedback
-date: 2017-12-13 08:00:00 -05:00
-end_date: 2018-01-03 23:59:59 -05:00
-inline: true
----
-
-Please take a moment to complete the [Course Survey Supplement](https://goo.gl/forms/6ZfBngQ5UZ2lB44s1).
diff --git a/_activities/final-project-teaming.md b/_activities/final-project-teaming.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 94175e17..00000000
--- a/_activities/final-project-teaming.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
----
-date: 2017-10-30 09:00:00 -04:00
-title: Final Project Team Formation
-spreadsheet_url: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1HtPkvLfhCo9cfIQAKojzhBqLgJMWCkaqQx73rdoPrTU/edit?usp=sharing
----
-
-Today in class we will [form teams]({% link _assignments/final-project.md %}#teaming) for the [Final Project]({% link _assignments/final-project.md %}).
-
-## Ideation and Teaming
-
-Add your ideas to the [Final Project Ideas sheet](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1kYvrMXWHGb_SfdCCC3TVrgLXR4j4L7GO9O9xyi4p9Lc/edit?usp=sharing).
diff --git a/_activities/geometry-classes.md b/_activities/geometry-classes.md
deleted file mode 100644
index a0580041..00000000
--- a/_activities/geometry-classes.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,101 +0,0 @@
----
-date: 2017-10-16 09:00:00 -04:00
-omit_title: true
----
-
-{% include toc %}
-
-## In-Class Exercise: Geometry Classes
-
-In this exercise, you will define methods for `Line` and `Rect` geometry
-classes.
-
-Save the file
-[`geometry.py`]({% link files/activities/geometry-classes/geometry.py %})
-to your file system, and modify it so that the doctests pass:
-
-```bash
-python geometry.py
-```
-
-In order to run the doctests for a _single_ method, comment out
-`doctest.testmod` and un-comment `doctest.run_docstringexamples` at the end of
-the file:
-
-```python
-doctest.testmod()
-# doctest.run_docstringexamples(Line.__repr_, globals())
-```
-
-→
-
-```python
-# doctest.testmod()
-doctest.rundocstring_examples(Line._repr_, globals())
-```
-
-You can use the `Point` class from the reading, but you are not required to.
-
-Two of the methods in this file, `Line.intersection` and `Rect.intersection`, have their doc tests commented out.
-(Yes, they're commented out within a comment.)
-You don't need to implement these. They're the subject of the third _Going Beyond_ exercise, below.
-
-Think about:
-
-1. A rectangle conceptually has _left_, _right_, _top_, and _bottom_ coordinates, as well as _width_ and _height_. How many of these do you need to store, and how many can be calculated? Which ones will make the implementation of the class methods simpler?
-2. Line's initialization method takes two _x_ coordinates in either order (x0 &lt; x1, or x1 &lt; x0). Is there work you could do when you initialize the object, that would make it easier to implement the methods.
-3. What are the pros and cons of adding a `Square` class?
-
-You're encouraged to think about the first two questions before or while you
-perform this exercise. Think about the last question afterwards, if you have
-time.
-
-_If you have time_, you can extend your work in any of the following
-directions. Any of these can be done independently of the others.
-
-### Going Beyond 1: Duck Typing
-
-_Skills emphasized: object-oriented programming (classes); polymorphism (“duck typing”)._
-
-Save the file
-[`geometry_beyond_1.py`](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/{{ site.github.owner_name }}/{{ site.github.owner_name }}.github.io/master/files/activities/geometry-classes/geometry_beyond_1.py),
-implement the methods of the `Circle` class, and implement the function `stochastic_area`.
-`stochastic_area` should work on either a Rect or a Circle.
-
-Some things to think about:
-
-* How close is `stochastic_area`'s return value to Rect and Circle's area methods?
-* What needs to be true of a class for `stochastic_area` to work on it?
-* Are there additional classes that would be simple to implement, that you could apply stochastic_area to?
-* When would you use `stochastic_area` instead of just `area`?
-
-### Going Beyond 2: PyGame
-
-_Skill emphasized: computer graphics._
-
-Save the file
-[`geometry_beyond_2`.py](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/{{ site.github.owner_name }}/{{ site.github.owner_name }}.github.io/master/files/activities/geometry-classes/geometry_beyond_2.py),
-and modify the implementation of `draw_shapes` to attend to its argument (a
-list of shapes).
-
-### Going Beyond 3: Geometry algorithms
-
-_Skill emphasized: computation geometry and computer algorithms._
-
-You guessed it: un-comment the test cases in `Line.intersection` and
-`Rect.intersection` and make them pass.
-
-Think about:
-
-* What should `Line.intersection` and `Rect.intersection` do when the two lines or rectangles don't intersect? Can you think of several answers? – what are their pro and cons?
-
-### Going Beyond 4: Test Case Design
-
-_Skill emphasized: software engineering._
-
-Think about the mistakes a non-malicious programmer could make while
-implementing these methods. Do the test cases detect these mistakes? What
-would you add?
-
-You may do this exercise by drawing lines, squares, and points on a piece of
-paper, instead of covering coordinates to numbers.
diff --git a/_activities/modular-design.md b/_activities/modular-design.md
deleted file mode 100644
index bbbd1b4f..00000000
--- a/_activities/modular-design.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
----
-title: Exploring modular design
-date: 2017-10-05 10:50:00 -05:00
----
-
-In small groups, review the [solutions from the class](https://github.com/sd17fall/ReadingJournal-Solutions/blob/master/reading-journal-1-solutions.ipynb##Exercise-3.3) to the Exercise 3.3.
-
-What aspects of these different designs:
-
-* Increased / decreased the readability of code (readability means your ability to easily deduce what the code does, how it works, and whether or not it is correct).
-* Increased / decreased the flexibility of the code (flexibility means the ability of this code to be easily modified to satisfy new requirements that may arise.
-
-In groups, redo Chapter 3 Exercise 5 based on the design that your group
-decides is most readable and most flexible.
-
-In a surprise move, your manager has asked you to implement two new features
-for your program.
-
-1\. Write a function that draws the following grid:
-
-    + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - +
-    |         |         |         |         |         |
-    |         |         |         |         |         |
-    |         |         |         |         |         |
-    |         |         |         |         |         |
-    + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - +
-    |         |         |         |         |         |
-    |         |         |         |         |         |
-    |         |         |         |         |         |
-    |         |         |         |         |         |
-    + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - +
-    |         |         |         |         |         |
-    |         |         |         |         |         |
-    |         |         |         |         |         |
-    |         |         |         |         |         |
-    + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - +
-
-2\. Modify your function to take in two additional inputs that specify the
-dimensions of width and height (in characters) of each of the boxes that
-compose the grid. For instance,
-
-`grid(5, 3)` produces:
-
-    + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - +
-    |     |     |     |     |     |
-    |     |     |     |     |     |
-    + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - +
-    |     |     |     |     |     |
-    |     |     |     |     |     |
-    + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - +
-    |     |     |     |     |     |
-    |     |     |     |     |     |
-    + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - +
diff --git a/_activities/setup.md b/_activities/setup.md
index 3648204d..fb97e980 100644
--- a/_activities/setup.md
+++ b/_activities/setup.md
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 ---
 title: Set Up Your Development Environment
-date: 2017-08-31 10:50:00 -04:00
+date: 2018-01-23 15:10:00 -04:00
 ---
 
 {% include toc %}
 
-## Keep Calm and SoftDes On
-
 Before we can get down to the business, we need to make sure we have the right tools for the job. If you follow these instructions (with help from our amazing NINJA team), your computer will be primed and ready to do some serious computational work.
 
 Initially, the amount of new stuff here may seem intimidating. Please do not let this discourage you! We (NINJAs and faculty) will provide lots of help and guidance along the way to help you setup, and then gain comfort with your new toolset. The process will start at the end of the first class, and will continue with additional NINJA / faculty office hours to help you complete the process successfully. Additionally, you will gain familiarity and comfort with this toolset as the semester progresses. In other words, you should think of learning the toolset as a process and not something that you need to do all at once.
@@ -15,7 +13,63 @@ Initially, the amount of new stuff here may seem intimidating. Please do not let
 
 The instructions below will allow you to setup the “officially supported” environment for SoftDes. Some deviations from the setup below are okay while others are not (when in doubt please ask). That being said, it will likely be more difficult for us to help you debug problems with your setup if you have a nonstandard environment.
 
-## Step 1: Install Python
+## Step 1: Install Ubuntu
+
+Our officially supported OS is Ubuntu 16.04.3 64-bit ([link to ISO](http://releases.ubuntu.com/16.04/ubuntu-16.04.3-desktop-amd64.iso) - huge file).  There are two ways configure Ubuntu on your computer: dual boot and virtual machine.
+
+### Dual Boot (preferred)
+
+The preferred method for installing Ubuntu is to use what's known as a dual boot.  In this setup, you will have Ubuntu installed alongside Windows.  Upon startup of your computer, you will be able to choose which OS to boot into.  If you are going to be using a dual boot setup, the easiest way to get up and running is to use one of the provided SoftDes thumb drives.  These thumb drives have been pre-loaded with a bootable installer for Ubuntu 16.04.3.
+
+#### Creating Space for an Ubuntu Partition
+
+In order to install Ubuntu on your computer, you will need to create a partition on your disk drive.  Luckily, Ubuntu's installer can do most of this for you, however, this will only work if you have unpartitioned space on your drive.  The easiest way to create unpartitioned space on your drive is to shrink the size of your Windows partition.  In this way, unused drive space that is currently allocated to Windows will now be allocated to Ubuntu.
+
+To shrink your Windows volume, you need to open up the Windows "Disk Management" utility.  The easiest way to do this is to click the Windows button in the lower lefthand corner of the screen and enter "diskmgmt.msc" into the box and press enter.  Once you are in the Disk Management utility, check to see if you have any unallocated (or unpartitioned space).  If you do (about 50 GB is a good number), there is no need to do anything.  If you don't (which is the likely case), click on the largest partition and then click the "Shrink Volume" button.  This button will prompt you to enter how much you'd like to shrink your volume by.  We recommend choosing at least 50GB (you will enter 50,000 into the utility since it uses MB as its default units).  Once you have shrunk your volume, you will now have space to use for installation of Ubuntu.
+
+Before beginning the Ubuntu install, you should restart your computer to make sure that Windows has a chance to scan the new partition and update its boot loader.
+
+#### Installing from the Bootable USB Drive
+
+Next, insert the thumb drive, reboot your computer, and hold the F12 key before your computer starts to load Windows.  Depending on your system, one of two things will happen.  If you have an Olin first-year laptop, you will be able to select which device you'd like to boot from (go ahead and select the USB drive).  If you have another type of system, you may see your computer's BIOS menu.  Use the arrow keys to select boot from "USB Storage Device".  If everything has gone properly, you will see a menu with entries such as "Install Ubuntu" and "Try Ubuntu".  Select "Install Ubuntu" and the installation process will begin.
+
+Most of the Ubuntu installation should proceed without much intervention on your part.  Here are a few things to keep in mind.
+
+1.  When it asks you what type of installation you'd like, make sure to select the option that says something like "install Ubuntu beside Windows".
+2.  Don't worry about connecting to a network during install (you can click the box that says "Don't connect to a network").
+3.  Click the option "Install 3rd Party Software"
+
+Once you've booted into Ubuntu, the first thing you'll probably want to do is get setup with the wireless.  For your convenience, we have copied the instructions from IT's Linux Wiki on how to sign into the Olin network.
+
+> Wireless configuration:
+> 1. Click the NetworkManager icon in the system tray, which is normally just to the left of the speaker icon.
+> 2. Select the OLIN wireless network.
+> 3. Set Authentication to Protected EAP (PEAP).
+> 4. In the Username: field, enter your Windows username followed by “@olin.edu”. Note that this is not your email address! For example, Joe Student would enter jstudent@olin.edu.
+> 5. In the Password: field, enter your Windows password.
+> 6. Click Connect.
+> 7. You will receive a warning reading “No Certificate Authority certificate chosen”. Click the box to the left of Don't warn me again to ignore future warnings and click Ignore.
+
+### Virtual Machine
+
+Another option is to use a [virtual machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine).  In this variant you will run Ubuntu inside of a window inside of the Windows operating system (or Mac OSX if that is what you have).  We will also have thumb drives on hand that can be used to install Ubuntu as a virtual machine.  We recommend the freely available program [Virtual Box](https://www.virtualbox.org/) if you are running a VM.  Here are some guidelines to follow if you wind up using a VM.
+
+1.  Make sure to allocate at least 2 CPUs (preferably 4) and at least 2 GB (preferably 4GB) of RAM to your Ubuntu VM.
+2.  If you are using VirtualBox, make sure to install the VirtualBox Guest Additions once your Ubuntu is up and running.
+3.  If you are using VirtualBox and are experiencing sluggish performance, [consider checking the "Use Host I/O Cache" box](https://www.electricmonk.nl/log/2016/03/14/terrible-virtualbox-disk-performance/) in the settings.
+
+### Post Installation Configuration
+
+To make sure your installation is up to date, you should run the following commands at the Linux terminal.  To open the terminal you can click on the "Search Your Computer" button in the top left of the Ubuntu desktop and type "terminal".  Note: that we use the convention of preceding a terminal command with the dollar sign (you don't actually need to type the dollar sign into the terminal).
+
+```bash
+$ sudo apt-get update
+$ sudo apt-get upgrade
+```
+
+You may find [IT's instructions](http://wikis.olin.edu/linux/doku.php) useful for completing tasks such as setting up printers and the like (warning: these are somewhat out of date).
+
+## Step 2: Install Python
 
 [Adapted from _Modeling and Simulation in Python_, by Allen Downey.]
 
@@ -25,27 +79,34 @@ You could update Python and install these libraries, but I strongly recommend th
 
 Anaconda is available for Linux, macOS, and Windows. By default, it puts all files in your home directory, so you don’t need administrator (root) permission to install it, and if you have a version of Python already, Anaconda will not remove or modify it.
 
-To install Anaconda, visit the [Anaconda install page](http://docs.continuum.io/anaconda/install.html).
+To install Anaconda, visit the [Anaconda install page](http://docs.continuum.io/anaconda/install.html).  One quick note is that at the end of the install process you will be asked whether to prepend the path to anaconda to your `.bashrc` file.  You should select 'yes' to this prompt.  As the installer says, you will then need to open a terminal for this change to take effect.
 
-## Step 2: Verify Jupyter
+## Step 3: Verify Jupyter
 
-Run `jupyter -h` verify that Jupyter is installed.
+Run `jupyter -h` to check if Jupyter is installed.
 
-When you install Anaconda, you should get Jupyter by default, but if not, run
+If Jupyter was not installed automatically with Anaconda, you should run
 
-    conda install jupyter
+    $ conda install jupyter
 
-## Step 3: Get Started with Git
+## Step 4: Get Started with Git
 
-We will make heavy use of Git (and GitHub in this class). Haven’t heard of Git? That’s totally fine (and totally expected)! Before we do some course specific Git stuff, take some time to read [Chapter 1](https://github.com/AllenDowney/amgit/blob/master/en/01-introduction/01-chapter1.markdown) of Allen’s excellent online book called AmGit.
+We will make heavy use of Git (and GitHub in this class). Haven’t heard of Git? That’s totally fine (and totally expected). Before we do some course-specific Git stuff, take some time to read [Chapter 1](https://github.com/AllenDowney/amgit/blob/master/en/01-introduction/01-chapter1.markdown) of Allen’s excellent online book called AmGit.
 
 ### Install Git
 
-Git may already be installed on your system. Enter `git --version` into a terminal window to test. If this prints something like `git version 2.14.1`, you are good to go. (The exact number doesn't matter, so long as it's 2.something.)
+If you just installed Ubuntu, you will need to install Git using the instructions below.  If you had an existing Ubuntu installation, Git may already be installed on your system. Enter `git --version` into a terminal window to test. If this prints something like `git version 2.14.1`, you are good to go. (The exact number doesn't matter, so long as it's 2.something.)
+
+Otherwise, you can install it from the terminal by running the command
+```bash
+$ sudo apt-get install git
+```
 
-Otherwise, download and install git from the [git download page](https://git-scm.com/download/).
+Set up your Git identity by following the instructions in [Chapter 1](https://github.com/AllenDowney/amgit/blob/master/en/01-introduction/01-chapter1.markdown#first-time-git-setup).
 
+{::comment}
 If you are a macOS user and you are using [homebrew](https://brew.sh), you can run `brew install git` instead of download  git from the download page. If you don't know what this means, use the download page.
+{:/comment}
 
 ### Create a GitHub Account
 
@@ -71,7 +132,7 @@ Now that you have the basic idea of what version control is and what it is good
 >
 > It is probably a good idea to think of everything you do on GitHub as part of your public professional reputation.
 
-### Step 4. Get the Reading Journal
+### Get the Reading Journal
 
 We will be using GitHub for a number of use cases in the class.
 
@@ -81,32 +142,33 @@ We will be using GitHub for a number of use cases in the class.
 
 Since there’s reading due next class, you will need to perform the steps below to setup your personal `ReadingJournal` repository.
 
-1. Click on the invitation link <https://classroom.github.com/a/XrWDBCx2>
+1. Click on the invitation link <{{ site.data.github.reading_journal_invite }}>
 2. Click the green button “Accept this assignment”.
-3. Follow the remaining instructions until you get to your repository page. It will looks something like this <https://github.com/sd17fall/ReadingJournal-myname>, except with your GitHub user id instead of `myname`.
-4. ***Clone the repository*** by typing the following into your terminal program. Replace `myname` with your GitHub user id.
+3. Follow the remaining instructions until you get to your repository page. It will looks something like <https://github.com/{{ site.data.github.organization }}/ReadingJournal-myname>, except with your GitHub user id instead of `myname`.
+4. Clone the repository to your computer by typing the following into your terminal program. Replace `myname` with your GitHub user id.
 
 ```bash
-$ git clone git@github.com:sd17fall/ReadingJournal-myname.git ReadingJournal
+$ git clone https://github.com/{{ site.data.github.organization }}/ReadingJournal-myname.git ReadingJournal
 ```
 
-Now you have a copy of the ReadingJournal folder (directory) on your drive. Use the terminal, macOS Finder, Windows Explorer, or Ubuntu File Manager to verify that it is present.
+Now you have a copy of the ReadingJournal folder (directory) on your drive. Use the terminal{::comment}, macOS Finder, Windows Explorer,{:/comment} or Ubuntu File Manager to verify that it is present.
 
 Next, you can fire up Jupyter notebook and load the reading journal for day X.
 
 ```bash
 $ cd ReadingJournal
-$ jupyter notebook reading-journal-1.ipynb
+$ jupyter notebook reading-journal-01.ipynb
 ```
 
 If all goes well, this should bring up a web-browser with the reading questions.
 
 ## Step 5. Install Atom
 
-1. [Download and install](http://flight-manual.atom.io/getting-started/sections/installing-atom/) the [Atom text editor](https://atom.io) onto your computer.
+1. [Download and install](http://flight-manual.atom.io/getting-started/sections/installing-atom/) the [Atom text editor](https://atom.io) onto your computer.  Note: if you have a brand new install of Ubuntu, you may need to run `sudo apt-get install curl` before following these instructions.
 2. Follow the [Atom Basics](http://flight-manual.atom.io/getting-started/sections/atom-basics/) instructions to create a text file and save it.
 3. Follow the [Atom Packages](http://flight-manual.atom.io/using-atom/sections/atom-packages/) instructions to find and install the following packages: `python-tools`, `trailing-spaces`, `Hydrogen`.
 
+{::comment}
 On Windows, if you see an error like this:
 
 ![](/images/setup/error_python-tools_480.jpg)
@@ -120,3 +182,4 @@ Then do the following:
   * Find the "python-tools" package
   * Click Settings.
   * In the “Path to python directory” setting, paste the path from 1., *without* the final `python.exe`: for example, `C:\Users\MYNAME\AppData\Local\Continuum\Anaconda3\python.exe`
+{:/comment}
diff --git a/_assignments/assignment-1.md b/_assignments/assignment-1.md
index 900a04a6..1ddda7b7 100644
--- a/_assignments/assignment-1.md
+++ b/_assignments/assignment-1.md
@@ -1,26 +1,33 @@
 ---
 title: Assignment 1
-due: 2017-09-07 09:00:00 -04:00
+due: 2018-01-26 13:30:00 -04:00
 ---
 
-## Required
 
-Due 9am Thursday 7 September.
+{::comment}
+Removed:
+* Read [Holding a Program in One's Head](http://paulgraham.com/head.html), Paul Graham.
+MASH joke: [**But first**](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UcaWQZlPXgQ)
+{:/comment}
 
-* Complete the [course entrance survey](https://goo.gl/forms/JHSocQE14iEVBnHc2) before class on Thursday. This counts towards your participation grade.
-* Use [this link](https://join.slack.com/t/sd17fall/shared_invite/MjMzOTgyNjM5OTA5LTE1MDQxMDA3NDktYTQzMzg5OGUyZg) to join the <http://sd17fall.slack.com> Slack team.
+## Read
 * Familiarize yourself with the [Course Policies]({% link pages/policies.md %}).
-* Read [_Think Python_](http://greenteapress.com/wp/think-python-2e/) chapters 1-3. [**But first**](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UcaWQZlPXgQ) note what time you started reading, and what time you stopped. (Please do this for all the readings.) You will use this to avoid working longer than required by the course policy. Also, the reading journal notebook asks how long you spent on the readings and notebook questions – we will use this to callibrate the course work.
-* Read Think Python [chapter 5](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2006.html): sections 5.2-5.7 and section 5.11.
-* Read [Holding a Program in One's Head](http://paulgraham.com/head.html), Paul Graham.
+* [_Think Python_](http://greenteapress.com/wp/think-python-2e/) chapters 1-3. Don't just sit back and read passively, get your hands on the keyboard using your Reading Journal (see below)!
+Note the times you start and stop reading (please do this for all the readings). You will use this to avoid working longer than required by the course policy. Also, the reading journal notebook asks how long you spent on the readings and notebook questions – we will use this to calibrate the course work.
+* Think Python [chapter 5](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2006.html): sections 5.2-5.7 and section 5.11.
+
+## Do
+* Make sure to finish up any activities that you didn't get to from the [Day 1 materials](/notes/day-1).
+* Complete the [course entrance survey](https://goo.gl/forms/5AEwQVWbFzQSHWB43) before class on Friday. This counts towards your participation grade.
+* Complete Reading Journal 1. Follow [these instructions]({{site.baseurl}}{% link pages/reading-journal.md %}) to submit it.
+* Use [this link](https://join.slack.com/t/softdes/signup?x=x-303627938934-302893055029) to join the <http://softdes.slack.com> Slack team.
 * Send a message to the `#general` channel of the [Slack](http://sd17fall.slack.com) team. This counts towards your participation grade. You can do any of the following:
   * Ask a question.
   * Answer a question that someone has asked.
   * Post a computing-related link or news item.
   * Say "Hi" or "Present".
-* Complete Reading Journal 1. Follow [these instructions]({% link pages/reading-journal.md %}) to submit it.
 
 ## Optional (fun) reading
 
-* [“In the beginning was the command line”](http://www.mit.edu/~yandros/doc/command.txt), Neal Stephenson
 * [xkcd #353](https://xkcd.com/353/), and [xkcd #353 explained](https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php/353:_Python)
+* [“In the beginning was the command line”](http://www.mit.edu/~yandros/doc/command.txt), Neal Stephenson
diff --git a/_assignments/assignment-10.md b/_assignments/assignment-10.md
index 005085f6..84476d38 100644
--- a/_assignments/assignment-10.md
+++ b/_assignments/assignment-10.md
@@ -1,10 +1,17 @@
 ---
 title: Assignment 10
-due: 2017-10-12 9:00:00 -04:00
+due: 2018-03-02 09:00:00 -04:00
 ---
 
-* Read [Storing API keys]({% link _notebooks/storing-api-keys.md %})
-* Read [How to Write a Git Commit Message](https://chris.beams.io/posts/git-commit/)
-* Complete *Reading Journal 9*.
+## Read
+ * [How to write a Git commit message](https://chris.beams.io/posts/git-commit/)
+ * [Check In Early, Check In Often](https://blog.codinghorror.com/check-in-early-check-in-often/)
+ * Choose one of the class [Git resources](/resources/#git) (or another one you like) and learn something new (time budget: 30 minutes). One topic that will become more relevant as we start working with partners is resolving merge conflicts.
+ * Review Think Python as necessary
+
+
+## Do
+ * Complete [Reflection and Teaming Survey 2](https://goo.gl/forms/C5Lv97hbB5s5SfXW2)
+* (Optional) If you'd like to share your MP3 work with the class, make sure to put a slide describing what you did in our [shared Slides presentation](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1dRYZskFKM5zbMYOoCEtzrDjY9pzSfe0omhXNN9dbbDE/edit?usp=sharing).
+ * No Reading Journal exercises
 
-[![](https://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/git_commit.png)](https://xkcd.com/1296/)
diff --git a/_assignments/assignment-11.md b/_assignments/assignment-11.md
index 43707126..9e5c5414 100644
--- a/_assignments/assignment-11.md
+++ b/_assignments/assignment-11.md
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 ---
 title: Assignment 11
-due: 2017-10-16 10:50:00 -04:00
+due: 2018-03-06 09:00:00 -04:00
 ---
 
-* Bring your [MP4 project proposal]({% link _assignments/mini-project-4-interactive-visualization.md %}#project-proposal)
-* Read _Think Python_ [Chapter 16](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2017.html), [Chapter 17](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2018.html)
-* Bring your `geometry.py` from [Thursday's activity]({% link _activities/geometry-classes.md %}). You don't need to work further on it outside of class or turn it in – although if you want to work on the Going Beyond sections, you may want to get a head start.
+## Read
+ * Think Python Chapter [18](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/html/thinkpython019.html)
 
-## (Way) Before Class
 
-* By Friday evening, you should have entered your partner and project on the spreadsheet, per [MP4 instructions]({% link _assignments/mini-project-4-interactive-visualization.md %}#getting-started).
\ No newline at end of file
+## Do
+ * Complete Reading Journal 11. (Note: There is no 10, numbering tracks with class day assigned)
+ * Submit MP4 project proposal and bring a printed copy to next class
+
diff --git a/_assignments/assignment-12.md b/_assignments/assignment-12.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 7a30dad7..00000000
--- a/_assignments/assignment-12.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
----
-title: Assignment 12
-due: 2017-10-19 09:00:00 -04:00
-teaming_spreadsheet: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1pykAoJBFgz-e2yGLKbuBznSJ0mt0LGpgUFRxckxxcQg/edit?usp=sharing
----
-
-* Review _Think Python_ [Chapter 15](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2016.html), [Chapter 16](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2017.html), [Chapter 17](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2018.html)
-* Review _Think Python_ [Chapter 14.9](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2015.html#sec173) “Writing Modules”.
-
-By end of class today:
-
-* The [MP4 team spreadsheet]({{ teaming_spreadsheet}}) must contain a link to your team's repo.
-
-By {{ page.due | date: site.due_datetime_format }}:
-
-* Your MP4 GitHub repo should contain (at least) two files such that:
-  * One file defines a function, or class that (you think will) be used in your project.
-  * The other file `import`s the first file, and uses the function or class that it defines.
diff --git a/_assignments/assignment-13.md b/_assignments/assignment-13.md
index 2cbe0302..33a7bab8 100644
--- a/_assignments/assignment-13.md
+++ b/_assignments/assignment-13.md
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
 ---
 title: Assignment 13
-due: 2017-10-23 09:00:00 -04:00
+due: 2018-03-12 09:00:00 -04:00
 ---
 
-* Read [Check In Early, Check In Often](https://blog.codinghorror.com/check-in-early-check-in-often/). (Jeff Atwood is the co-creator of *Stack Overflow*. You may have heard of it.)
-  * Optional reading: [How Often do you Commit?](http://www.howardism.org/Technical/Git/how-often.html), Howard Abrams
-* Review [How to Write a Git Commit Message](https://chris.beams.io/posts/git-commit/).
-* Complete Reading Journal 10.
-* Make at least one additional commit per person. If you are pair programming, both commits may come from the same account.
-  * In general, you should make *at least one commit* per day that you're working on the project. See the readings for more guidance. Thinking about what makes for a good commit *message* can guide you towards the amount of change that makes for a good *commit*.
+## Read
+ * Think Python Chapter Appendix B (up to and including section B.2).  Section B after B.2 is optional. [B2](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2022.html)
 
-## By 10:30am Monday
 
-* [Mid-project check-in](/assignments/mini-project-4-interactive-visualization.html#mid-project-check-in)
+## Do
+ * Complete Reading Journal 13. (Note: There is no 12, numbering tracks with class day assigned)
+ * Continue to work on MP4
diff --git a/_assignments/assignment-14.md b/_assignments/assignment-14.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 36e1ccec..00000000
--- a/_assignments/assignment-14.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
----
-title: Assignment 14
-due: 2017-11-02 10:50:00 -04:00
-spreadsheet_url: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1HtPkvLfhCo9cfIQAKojzhBqLgJMWCkaqQx73rdoPrTU/edit?usp=sharing
----
-
-## Create a GitHub Repo
-
-Create a GitHub repo for your project.
-
-Add your team members to the repo.
-
-Place these files in the repo:
-
-* A [`.gitignore` file]({% link pages/recipes.md %}#gitignore-ignoring-files). This file should contain at least the line `*.pyc`.
-* A project proposal.
-
-## Create a Trello Board
-
-Create a [Trello board](https://trello.com). Add your team mates and the professor and NINJAs:
-
-{% for person in site.data.team %}
-* {{ person.first_name }}
-{% endfor %}
-
-In class on Thursday we will finish setting this up.
-
-## Register your team
-
-Add your team, a link to your repo, and a link to your Trello board, to the [final project spreadsheet]({{ page.spreadsheet_url }}).
-
-## Project Proposal
-
-Create a [Final Project Project]({% link _assignments/final-project.md %}#project-proposal) document.
diff --git a/_assignments/assignment-15.md b/_assignments/assignment-15.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 33100396..00000000
--- a/_assignments/assignment-15.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
----
-title: Assignment 15
-due: 2017-11-27 09:00:00 -04:00
----
-
-* Read _Think Python_ [Appendix B](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2022.html) (through B.2)
-* Read ["The Surgical Team"]({% link files/readings/The_Surgical_Team.pdf %}), Fred Brooks, _The Mythical Man-Month_, Addison-Wesley (August 12, 1995).
-* Complete Reading Journal 11.
-
-## Due this Thursday 17 November
-
-* [Final Project presentation]({% link _assignments/final-project.md %}#project-presentation)
diff --git a/_assignments/assignment-16.md b/_assignments/assignment-16.md
deleted file mode 100644
index a1577ab7..00000000
--- a/_assignments/assignment-16.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
----
-title: Assignment 16
-due: 2017-11-30 09:00:00 -05:00
----
-
-* Read ["Technical Debt"](https://martinfowler.com/bliki/TechnicalDebt.html), Martin Fowler.
-* Read ["TechnicalDebtQuadrant"](https://martinfowler.com/bliki/TechnicalDebtQuadrant.html), Martin Fowler.
-* Read _Thing Python_ [Chapter 19 "The Goodies"](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2020.html).
-* Review _Think Python_ [Section 14.5 Catching Exceptions](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2015.html#sec169).
-* Here are three different explanations of exceptions. Read as many or as few as useful to understand the concept. You can also review the [SoftDes class notes]({% link _notebooks/exceptions.md %}).
-  * [Python Tutorial 8.2-8.5](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/errors.html#exceptions). (You may also be interested in: 8.6-8.7.)
-  * [Python Exception Handling - Try, Except and Finally](https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/exception-handling), Python by Programiz
-  * [Python Custom Exceptions](https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/user-defined-exception), Python by Programiz
-* Complete Reading Journal 12.
-
-## By the end of class on Thursday
-* Complete the [Final Event survey](https://goo.gl/forms/IGfqZvK7RFw8Oj0K2).
diff --git a/_assignments/assignment-17.md b/_assignments/assignment-17.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 23505b2b..00000000
--- a/_assignments/assignment-17.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
----
-title: Assignment 17
-due: 2017-12-04 10:50:00 -05:00
----
-
-* Read PurpleBooth's ["README Template"](https://gist.github.com/PurpleBooth/109311bb0361f32d87a2)
-* Read the ["18F Open Source Guide: Making READMEs Readable"](https://open-source-guide.18f.gov/making-readmes-readable/)
-* Read GitHub's ["Starting an Open Source Project: Writing a README"](https://opensource.guide/starting-a-project/#writing-a-readme)
-
-## Due 5pm
-
-* [Final Project: Website]({% link _assignments/final-project.md %}#project-website)
diff --git a/_assignments/assignment-2.md b/_assignments/assignment-2.md
index e67e5974..d3c0346e 100644
--- a/_assignments/assignment-2.md
+++ b/_assignments/assignment-2.md
@@ -1,29 +1,13 @@
 ---
 title: Assignment 2
-due: 2017-09-11 09:00:00 -04:00
+due: 2018-01-30 13:30:00 -04:00
 ---
 
-## Required
 
-Due 9 am Monday 11 Sep.
+## Read
+* Think Python [chapter 6.1-6.4](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2007.html)
+* Think Python [chapter 7.1-7.4](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2008.html)
 
-* Read *Think Python* [Chapter 6.1-6.4](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2007.html) and [Chapter 7.1-7.4](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2008.html).
-* Complete *Reading Journal 2*. Follow the instructions on the [Reading Journal]({% link pages/reading-journal.md %}) page.
-* Complete the 2.2 Handout ([PDF]({% link files/handouts/day2/day2-activity2.pdf %}); [HTML]({% link files/handouts/day2/day2-activity2.html %})). Bring this to class on Monday. **Note:** The version distributed in class, and available on the web until 7:40pm Thursday, had the following issues. These are fixed in the version in the link.
-  * *Q1 Testing* wrote `"True"` and `"False"` but the code uses `"Yes"` and `"No"`
-  * *Q3 Whitebox Testing* was missing the problem text.
-* [Download and install](http://flight-manual.atom.io/getting-started/sections/installing-atom/) the [Atom text editor](https://atom.io) onto your computer.
-* Follow the [Atom Basics](http://flight-manual.atom.io/getting-started/sections/atom-basics/) instructions to create a text file and save it.
-* Follow the [Atom Packages](http://flight-manual.atom.io/using-atom/sections/atom-packages/) instructions to find and install the following packages: `python-tools`, `trailing-spaces`, `Hydrogen`.
-
-## Coming Up
-
-[For Thursday 14 Sep]
-
-* Read [Growing a Language](https://www.cs.virginia.edu/~evans/cs655/readings/steele.pdf), Guy Steele (no relation), pp. 1-4.
-  * This lecture is also available [as a video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ahvzDzKdB0).
-* *Reading Journal 3* will be released on Monday.
-
-## Optional (fun) Reading
-
-* [In The Beginning Was the Command Line](http://ace.gearnine.com/temp/command.pdf), Neal Stephenson (author of *Snow Crash* and *Cryptonomicon*)
+## Do
+* Complete Reading Journal 2. Follow [these instructions]({{site.baseurl}}{% link pages/reading-journal.md %}) to pull the new assignment from upstream and submit it.
+* Reach out to course staff if you haven't completed setting up your environment.
diff --git a/_assignments/assignment-3.md b/_assignments/assignment-3.md
index f40ccda9..a259a24b 100644
--- a/_assignments/assignment-3.md
+++ b/_assignments/assignment-3.md
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 ---
 title: Assignment 3
-due: 2017-09-14 09:00:00 -04:00
+due: 2018-02-02 13:30:00 -04:00
 ---
 
-* Read *Think Python* [Chapter 8](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2009.html) and [Chapter 10.1-10.6](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2011.html).
-* Complete *Reading Journal 3*.
-* Read [Growing a Language](https://www.cs.virginia.edu/~evans/cs655/readings/steele.pdf), Guy Steele (no relation), pp. 1-4.
-  * This lecture is also available [as a video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ahvzDzKdB0).
-* Start working on Mini Project 1 Gene Finder.
 
-Optional:
-* [In The Beginning Was the Command Line](http://ace.gearnine.com/temp/command.pdf)
+## Read
+* Think Python [chapter 8](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2009.html)
+* Think Python [chapter 10.1-10.6](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2011.html)
+* [Holding a Program in One's Head](http://paulgraham.com/head.html), Paul Graham. _Note: This 2007 piece has useful insights about programming but refers to the programmer throughout as "he" - please mentally replace with "they" or your favorite gender-nonspecific pronoun._
+
+## Do
+* Complete Reading Journal 3.
+* Complete [Mini-project 1, part 1](/assignments/mini-project-1-gene-finder.html#week-1)
diff --git a/_assignments/assignment-4.md b/_assignments/assignment-4.md
index cafa0ed6..b7ee2557 100644
--- a/_assignments/assignment-4.md
+++ b/_assignments/assignment-4.md
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 ---
 title: Assignment 4
-due: 2017-09-18 09:00:00 -04:00
+due: 2018-02-06 09:00:00 -04:00
 ---
 
-* Finish *Think Python* [Chapter 10](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2011.html).
-* Complete *Reading Journal 4* (released Thursday evening).
-* Complete Mini Project 1 Gene Finder. Check this off with a NINJA before class on Monday.
 
-*Due 8 pm, Tue 19 Sep*
+## Read
+* Finish Think Python [chapter 10](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2011.html)
+* [Linux at Olin](/files/notes/linux.pdf) by Allen Downey, through 2.10. The first chapter should be largely review from our Day 1 exercises.
 
-* Complete *Reading Journal 3*, if you didn't already.
+## Do
+* Complete Reading Journal 4.
diff --git a/_assignments/assignment-5.md b/_assignments/assignment-5.md
index 35b07af0..68082dc1 100644
--- a/_assignments/assignment-5.md
+++ b/_assignments/assignment-5.md
@@ -1,29 +1,22 @@
 ---
 title: Assignment 5
-due: 2017-09-21 09:00:00 -04:00
+due: 2018-02-09 09:00:00 -04:00
 ---
 
-* Read *Think Python* [Chapter 4](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2005.html).
-* Complete *Reading Journal 5*.
 
-## Reading journal instructions
+## Read
+* Think Python [chapter 4](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2005.html)
 
-1\. The reading journal refers to `rj5.py`; it means `shapes.py`.
+## Do
+* Submit Mini Project 1 by pushing your work to your repository.
+* Complete Reading Journal 5.
 
-2\. Commit your Python files, that end in `.py`, as well as the notebook. Use the following recipe.
+In order to submit RJ5, you need to commit your work in `shapes.py` as well:
 
-```bash
+```python
 $ cd ReadingJournal
-$ git add reading-journal-*.ipynb
-$ git add *.py
+$ git add reading-journal-05.ipynb
+$ git add shapes.py
 $ git commit -m "Completed reading journal 5"
 $ git push origin master
 ```
-
-(In the recipe above, the command `git add *.py` has been added to the instructions from the [Reading Journal page]({% link pages/reading-journal.md %}).)
-
-## Reading Journal 3 (extended deadline)
-
-*Due 8 pm, Tue 19 Sep*
-
-* Complete *Reading Journal 3*, if you didn't already.
diff --git a/_assignments/assignment-6.md b/_assignments/assignment-6.md
index d49eb485..f0b99c8e 100644
--- a/_assignments/assignment-6.md
+++ b/_assignments/assignment-6.md
@@ -1,25 +1,14 @@
 ---
 title: Assignment 6
-due: 2017-09-25 10:50:00 -04:00
+due: 2018-02-13 09:00:00 -04:00
 ---
 
-* Read *Think Python* [Chapter 5.8-5.14](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2006.html)
-* Study the diagnostic code below:
 
-You should understand why the following script prints what it does by Monday.
-Study it with Python Tutor, a classmate, or a NINJA.
+## Read
+* Think Python [Chapter 5.8-5.13](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2006.html)
+* Think Python [Chapter 6.5-6.10](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2007.html)
+* [Three Questions About Each Bug You Find](http://www.multicians.org/thvv/threeq.html)
 
-```python
-def fn1(a):
-    print("inside fn1, a =", a)
+## Do
+* Complete Reading Journal 6.
 
-def fn2(a):
-    print("inside fn2, a =", a)
-    fn1("from fn2")
-
-a = "global"
-print("at the top level, before the function calls, a =", a)
-fn1("from top-level call to fn1")
-fn2("from top-level call to fn2")
-print("at the top level, after the function calls, a =", a)
-```
diff --git a/_assignments/assignment-7.md b/_assignments/assignment-7.md
index 8ff38495..59dcec77 100644
--- a/_assignments/assignment-7.md
+++ b/_assignments/assignment-7.md
@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
 ---
 title: Assignment 7
-due: 2017-09-28 09:00:00 -04:00
+due: 2018-02-16 09:00:00 -04:00
 ---
 
-* Review *Think Python*, [Chapter 5.8-5.14](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2006.html)
-* Read *Think Python*, [Chapter 6.5-6.11](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2007.html).
-* Reading:
-  * [Three Questions About Each Bug You Find](http://www.multicians.org/thvv/threeq.html), Tom Van Vleck. Estimated reading time: 6 minutes.
-  * [5 Whys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_Whys), _Wikipedia_. Read the overview and Example section. Estimated reading time: 2.5 minutes.
-  * [An Introduction to 5-why](http://www.bulsuk.com/2009/03/5-why-finding-root-causes.html), Karn G. Bulsuk. Estimated reading time: 5 minutes.
-  * [Iteration and Design](/notes/iteration-and-design.html) notes.
-* Complete *Reading Journal 6* [sic].
+## Read
+ * Think Python [Chapter 11.1-11.5](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/html/thinkpython012.html)
+ * Think Python [Chapter 12.1-12.7](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2013.html)
+ * [5 Whys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_Whys), Introduction and Examples
+ * [An Introduction to 5-why](http://www.bulsuk.com/2009/03/5-why-finding-root-causes.html)
+
+## Do
+ * Complete Reading Journal 7.
+ * (Optional) [Submit your computational art](mini-project-2-computational-art.html#optional-in-class-gallery-show) for the gallery show by Friday morning
+
diff --git a/_assignments/assignment-8.md b/_assignments/assignment-8.md
index 1552f01a..114d0184 100644
--- a/_assignments/assignment-8.md
+++ b/_assignments/assignment-8.md
@@ -1,7 +1,14 @@
 ---
 title: Assignment 8
-due: 2017-10-02 09:00:00 -04:00
+due: 2018-02-23 09:00:00 -04:00
 ---
 
-* Read *Think Python*, [Chapters 11.1-4](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/html/thinkpython012.html), [12.1-5](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2013.html)
-* Complete *Reading Journal 7* [sic].
+## Read
+ * Think Python Chapters [13](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/html/thinkpython014.html), [15](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/html/thinkpython016.html), [16](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/html/thinkpython017.html), [17](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/html/thinkpython018.html)
+
+This week’s reading is longer than usual as we dive into Classes. Be sure to budget time for active reading and use NINJA hours throughout the week.
+
+## Do
+ * Complete Reading Journal 8.
+ * Complete first project toolbox exercise and submit check-in survey
+
diff --git a/_assignments/assignment-9.md b/_assignments/assignment-9.md
index 3d746b91..f9f5bab4 100644
--- a/_assignments/assignment-9.md
+++ b/_assignments/assignment-9.md
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 ---
 title: Assignment 9
-due: 2017-10-05 09:00:00 -04:00
+due: 2018-02-27 09:00:00 -04:00
 ---
 
-* Review *Think Python*, [Chapters 11.1-4](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/html/thinkpython012.html), [12.1-5](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2013.html)
-* Read _Think Python_, [Chapter 13](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2014.html), [15](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2016.html)
-* Complete *Reading Journal 8*.
+## Read
+ * Review Think Python Chapters [15](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/html/thinkpython016.html), [16](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/html/thinkpython017.html), [17](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/html/thinkpython018.html)
+
+
+## Do
+ * Complete Reading Journal 9.
+
diff --git a/_assignments/final-project.md b/_assignments/final-project.md
index 495612a3..6818019b 100644
--- a/_assignments/final-project.md
+++ b/_assignments/final-project.md
@@ -1,44 +1,48 @@
 ---
 title: Final Project
-date: 2017-05-04 9:16:00 -04:00
+date: 2018-03-16 0:00:00 -04:00
 description: |
   From now until the end of the semester you will be working with a team
   of students on a group software project. The project will culminate during the Final
-  Event period for this class,  with EXPO style demo / poster session.
-announce: 2017-10-26 10:30:00 -04:00
-due: 2017-12-13 09:30:00 -05:00
-proposal_survey_url: https://goo.gl/forms/DhHgS73QmsIOejOC3
-spreadsheet_url: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1HtPkvLfhCo9cfIQAKojzhBqLgJMWCkaqQx73rdoPrTU/edit?usp=sharing
+  Event period for this class,  with an EXPO style demo / poster session.
+announce: 2018-03-16 13:30:00 -04:00
+due: 2018-05-08 12:00:00 -05:00
+proposal_survey_url: https://about:blank
+spreadsheet_url: https://about:blank
 parts:
+- name: Team Registration Survey
+  due: 2018-03-29 13:30:00 -04:00
+  tag: team-registration-survey
 - name: Project Proposal
-  due: 2017-11-02 10:50:00 -04:00
+  due: 2018-03-29 13:30:00 -04:00
   tag: project-proposal
 - name: AR Preparation Document
-  due: 2017-11-06 09:00:00 -05:00
+  due: 2018-04-03 13:30:00 -04:00
   tag: architectural-review
 - name: AR Reflection Document
-  due: 2017-11-09 09:00:00 -05:00
+  due: 2018-04-10 13:30:00 -04:00
   tag: architectural-review
 - name: Project Presentation
-  due: 2017-11-16 10:50:00 -05:00
+  due: 2018-05-08 12:00:00 -04:00
   tag: project-presentation
-- name: Project Website
-  due: 2017-12-04 17:00:00 -05:00
-  tag: project-website
+- name: Project Website MVP
+  due: 2018-04-24 23:59:00 -04:00
+  tag: project-website-mvp
 - name: Project Website, feedback addressed
-  due: 2017-12-07 17:00:00 -05:00
-  tag: project-website
+  due: 2018-05-01 13:30:00 -04:00
+  tag: project-website-final
 - name: Final Deliverables
-  due: 2017-12-13 09:30:00 -05:00
+  due: 2018-05-08 12:00:00 -04:00
   tag: demo-session-poster
 type: index
-proposal_part: 0
-arch_review_part: 1
-presentation_part: 3
-website_part: 4
-website_revision: 5
-expo_part: 6
-final_deliverables_part: 6
+team_registration_survey_part: 0
+proposal_part: 1
+arch_review_part: 2
+presentation_part: 4
+website_part: 5
+website_revision: 6
+expo_part: 7
+final_deliverables_part: 7
 ---
 
 {% include toc %}
@@ -47,20 +51,20 @@ final_deliverables_part: 6
 
 From now until the end of the semester you will be working with a team of
 students on a group software project. The project will culminate during the
-Final Event period for this class,  with EXPO style demo / poster session.
+Final Event period for this class, with an EXPO style demo / video / poster session.
 
 ## Project Topic
 
 ### Requirements
 
-* As this class is called "Software Design", your project should have a substantial software design component (interfacing with mechanical or electrical systems is great, but the software should be the major component).
+* As this class is called "Software Design", your project should have a substantial software design component (interfacing with mechanical or electrical systems is considered on a case by case basis, but the software should be the major component).
 * Most of the your final project should be written in Python. It is okay if some amount is written in another language, but the bulk of the project should be implemented in Python. Part of the reason for this requirement is to facilitate peer design reviews.
 
 ### Suggestions for Project Topics
 
-* Since the theme of this course is "computation as applied to interesting problems in science, engineering, and beyond" you may want to use this project as an opportunity to explore how computation can be applied to a discipline / problem you care deeply about. Choosing an interdisciplinary project may also allow your software design project to overlap with work you are doing in other courses (we are fine with this, but we would have to check with the other instructors to make sure this is okay). If you choose to be interdisciplinary, perhaps we can recruit an appropriate faculty angel adviser for your project.
-* If you want to have some experience doing a project "for" a client, talk to faculty and staff on campus. Talk to parents and relatives with real jobs. Perhaps, they have a need that you can help with.
-* Make a positive difference in the world. See broken things and fix them.
+* Because the theme of this course is "computation as applied to interesting problems in science, engineering, and beyond" you may want to use this project as an opportunity to explore how computation can be applied to a discipline / problem you care deeply about. Choosing an interdisciplinary project may also allow your software design project to overlap with work you are doing in other courses (we are fine with this, but we would have to check with the other instructors to make sure this is okay). If you choose to be interdisciplinary, perhaps we can recruit an appropriate faculty angel adviser for your project.
+* If you want to have some experience doing a project "for" a client, talk to faculty and staff on campus. Talk to parents and relatives with real jobs. Perhaps, they have a need that your team can help with.
+* Make a positive difference in the world. See broken things and try to fix them.
 * A good project is one that meets your learning goals. For instance, if it is really important to you to learn how to create a program with a GUI, you should make sure that your project topic aligns with this learning goal.
 * A good project is one that has a realistic and well-defined minimum deliverable as well as many opportunities for going beyond the minimum deliverable (depending on the pace and enthusiasm of the team).
 
@@ -68,23 +72,32 @@ Final Event period for this class,  with EXPO style demo / poster session.
 
 ### Requirements
 
-* You are required to work on a team of 4-5 students. A limited number of 3-student teams may be permitted, upon instructor approval.
+* You are required to work on a team of 2-4 students. Instructors will help facilitate teaming (and approve final teams)
 
 ### Team Formation Advice
 
-* Try to **work with people because you share a common interest** rather than simply working with your friends (we will do a structured activity to help with this aspect of team formation).
-* **Work with people that want to devote similar amounts of time to the project.** For instance, if you want to devote your life to making the best most awesomest SoftDes project EVAR, you should probably work with other people that share your ambition!
+* Try to **work with people because you share a common interest** rather than simply working with your friends (we will offer guidance during the final project kick-off).
+* **Work with people that want to devote similar amounts of time to the project.** For instance, if you want to devote your life to making the best most awesomest SoftDes project ever, you should probably work with other people who share that desire!
 * **Work with people that envision a similar style of work on the project.** For instance, if you really want to pair-program the entire project, but your teammates prefer to divvy up the work and work independently, that is probably not a good situation.
 
+Refer back to the answers you provided during the reflection and teaming surveys and share your thoughts with potential teammates.
+
 ## Project Activities / Deliverables
 
+### Team Registration Survey
+_Due {{ page.parts[page.team_registration_survey_part].due | date: site.part_due_date_format }}_
+
+Once you know who is on your team, you should create a GitHub repository for your final project.  Note: that there is no GitHub classroom assignment to accept and there is no base repository to fork (instead you will be [creating your repository from scratch](https://help.github.com/articles/create-a-repo/)).  Whoever creates the repository should add the other team members as collaborators.  You will be using this repository to turn in all of the project deliverables listed below.
+
+Once your team's GitHub repository is set, you are ready to fill out the [team registration survey](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdlqZgPCi8dIfyREs8MTb4cWpo3o3hmpFoGvhEmmxJhkwL27w/viewform).  We will need you to fill out this survey in order to know where to look for your other project deliverables, so please complete it as soon as you can.
+
 ### Project Proposal
 
 _Due {{ page.parts[page.proposal_part].due | date: site.part_due_date_format }}_
 
 **The project proposal is worth 10% of the project grade ([rubric]({% link _assignments/final-project/project-proposal-rubric.md %})).**
 
-Create a document that answers the following questions. More detailed answers give us an ability to give you better feedback to start the project (or revise your proposal).
+Create a document on your team's final project repo that answers the following questions. More detailed answers give us an ability to give you better feedback to start the project (or revise your proposal).
 
 1. **The Big Idea:** What is the main idea of your project? What topics will you explore and what will you generate? What is your **minimum viable product**? What is a **stretch goal**?
 2. **Learning Goals:** What are your individual learning goals for this project?
@@ -94,34 +107,28 @@ Create a document that answers the following questions. More detailed answers gi
 6. **Risks:** What do you view as the biggest risks to the success of this project?
 7. **Additional Course Content:** What are some topics that we might cover in class that you think would be especially helpful for your project?
 
-The teaching team will either approve you to post your proposal to your project's GitHub repo and begin working or ask you to make revisions to your document.
+The teaching team will either approve your page, or provide suggestions and request revisions.
 
 ### Architectural Review
 
 _Date: {{ page.parts[page.arch_review_part].due | date: '%A, %B %-d' }}_
 
-**The Architectural review is worth 15% of the project grade ([rubric]({% link _assignments/final-project/architectural-review.md %})).**
+**The Architectural review(s) is worth 15% of the project grade ([rubric]({% link _assignments/final-project/architectural-review.md %})).**
 
-We will be holding an architectural review
-{% if false %} which will entail groups of three or four teams taking turns presenting {% else %} for teams to present {% endif %} their plans for
-their project.
-This review is intended to very interactive, and will focus on soliciting useful/actionable feedback rather than being a one-way brain dump.
+Each team will complete one (or more) architectural reviews, which will entail teams presenting plans for their project to other teams, NINJAs, and instructors.
+This review is intended to be interactive, and will focus on soliciting useful/actionable feedback rather than being a one-way brain dump.
 In addition to the in-person component of this activity, there will be a
 framing/agenda setting document due before the review and a
 reflection/synthesis document due after.
 
 See the [Architectural Review]({% link _assignments/final-project/architectural-review.md %}) page for full details about the assignment.
 
-### Project Presentation
+### Project Presentation (removed)
 
-{% assign part = page.parts[page.presentation_part] %}
-_Date: {{ part.due | date: '%A, %B %-d' }}_
 
-**The Project Presentation is worth 10% of the project grade** **(see [project presentation rubric]({% link _assignments/final-project/project-presentation-rubric.md %}))**
+**The Project Presentation has been removed as a part of the Spring 2018 Final Project** **(see [project presentation rubric and guidelines]({% link _assignments/final-project/project-presentation-rubric.md %}))**
 
-On {{ page.parts[page.presentation_part].due | date: '%A, %B %-d' }} your team will present the progress with the project to the class.
-This is intended to be a formal / polished presentation. The focus of this activity will be around successful and professional communication.
-There will be limited time for feedback in class, but you can communicate your feedback using the online form.
+The addition of the visual / video representation of the project replaced the requirement for a project presentation this semester.
 
 ### Project Website
 
@@ -130,7 +137,7 @@ _Due: {{ part.due | date: '%-I:%M %p %A, %B %-d' }}._
 
 _Final revision, that incorporates instructor feedback, due {{ page.parts[page.website_revision].due | date: '%-I:%M %p %A, %B %-d' }}._
 
-**The final website is worth 15% of the project grade**
+**The final website is worth 25% of the project grade**
 
 Your project website is the lasting record of what you have accomplished over
 the course of this project, and hopefully a valuable contribution to your
@@ -184,7 +191,7 @@ like. You can continue to use [GitHub pages](https://pages.github.com/),
 possibly along with [Jekyll](http://jekyllrb.com/docs/github-pages/), or you
 can switch to an easier option like [Google Sites](https://sites.google.com/).
 If you'd like to make a GitHub site with multiple pages using Markdown,
-Patrick and Franton have written a [helpful
+former SoftDes NINJAs Patrick and Franton have written a [helpful
 guide](http://phuston.github.io/patrickandfrantonarethebestninjas/howto).
 
 Whatever implementation option you choose, you **must** include a link to your
@@ -194,12 +201,12 @@ will still be around in the future!
 
 **Submission mechanics**: Your project's GitHub repo page should link to your web site. This means either the README, or the Website that is optionally displayed in the upper right corner of your GitHub repo page, should contain this link.
 
-### Demo Session Poster
+### Demo Session Poster and Video
 
 {% assign part = page.parts[page.expo_part] %}
 _Printed before {{ part.due | date: '%-H:%M %p' }} on {{ part.due | date: '%A, %B %-d' }}_
 
-**The poster is worth 10% of the project grade.**
+**The poster and video are worth 10% of the project grade.**
 
 Each team will create a poster to accompany the final demonstration session.
 Your poster will contain similar information to your website, but reformatted
@@ -222,7 +229,14 @@ Examples and guides:
 * <https://nau.edu/undergraduate-research/poster-presentation-tips/>
 * <http://justinlmatthews.com/posterhelp/posterguide/>
 
-**Submission mechanics**: (1) Your project README or project web site must link to your poster file. (2) Your poster must also be printed in time for the {{ part.due | date: '%b %-d' }} final event.
+**demo video**
+
+Your website will have a video of your team demoing your project and giving a 1-minute or less pitch about it. Include the project's goal, what the software does, how to use it, why your team made it, and what you would do if you had more time.
+
+The teaching team will offer suggestions and give feedback on draft videos related to production quality and content.
+
+
+**Submission mechanics**: (1) Your project README or project web site must link to your poster file and video. (2) Your poster must also be printed in time for the {{ part.due | date: '%b %-d' }} final event.
 
 ### Code submission
 
@@ -256,11 +270,26 @@ about this, just ask.
 ### Final Demo / Presentation Session
 
 {% assign part = page.parts[page.expo_part] %}
-_Date: {% if part.due %}{{ part.due | date: '%A, %b %-d, %-H:%M %p' }}–{{ part.due | date: '%-H:%M %p' }}{% else %}TBD{% endif %}_
+_Date: {% if part.due %}{{ part.due | date: '%A, %b %-d, %-H:%M %p' }}{% else %}TBD{% endif %}_
 
-During the Final Event, {% if site.sections > 1 %} both sections of {% endif %}
-SoftDes will meet in {{ site.room_number }}
+During the Final Event, {% if site.sections > 1 %} all studios of {% endif %}
+SoftDes will meet in {{ site.final_room_number }}
 for an EXPO style poster/demo session of your final projects. This session is
 for everyone to share what they've created, and will not be evaluated. We will
 be inviting other members of the Olin community to check out your fantastic
 work.
+
+
+* 12:00
+  * all students arrive in AC326 and AC328.
+  * we will watch a playlist of <2 minute videos created by each SoftDes team while we set up demo stations.
+  * each team will be given a place on a whiteboard to hang the project poster and a table to set up a demo.
+  * the teaching team will thank the students and have closing remarks.
+  * we jam into one studio and take a class photo.
+* 12:30
+  * guests arrive.
+  * at least one team member will remain at demo stations while other team members enjoy the open house.
+  * light snacks are available.
+* 2:30
+  * teams begin to clean up when guests leave.
+  * time is available to complete course evaluations.
diff --git a/_assignments/final-project/architectural-review.md b/_assignments/final-project/architectural-review.md
index 572b5930..d25dbbbf 100644
--- a/_assignments/final-project/architectural-review.md
+++ b/_assignments/final-project/architectural-review.md
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ parent: final-project
 ## Overview
 
 During the course of the final project, your team will complete an Architectural
-Peer Review. This review will focus on high-level design decisions, and will give your team
+Peer Review. This review will focus on high-level design decisions, and will give your team an
 opportunity to present ideas of how the architecture of the code will be.
 
 **What it is**
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ opportunity to present ideas of how the architecture of the code will be.
 * Highly polished final presentation of your work (that comes later)
 * One-way presentation
 
-For more tips and guidelines, check out the [information on SCOPE Technical
+For more tips and guidelines, check out one version of the [information on SCOPE Technical
 Reviews]({% link files/final-project/Technical_Review_Deliverable_and_Rubric.pdf %})
-given to students at the beginning of the year.
+given to SCOPE students in recent years.
 
 ## Before the Architectural Review
 
@@ -38,14 +38,12 @@ and make sure you structure your review to elicit the information that you are
 looking for. Your technical review should **always** start with a discussion
 of what you hope to get out of it.
 
-There are many potential structures you can use for a review, and you should
-feel free to choose whichever structure makes the most sense for your team and
-where you are in the project. Some examples:
+There are many potential structures you can use for a review, and the structure you choose should be appropriate to where we are in our project cycle. Below is a list of examples, some of which are appropriate for an early stage architectural review and some of which are more appropriate for late stage architectural reviews:
 
-* **Collaborative ideation**: get some post-its and Sharpies and do an ideation activity with the other teams (note: if you need supplies for your technical review, it is your responsibility to let us know in advance so that we can help you get what you need.)
-* **Technical discussion**: bring some particularly difficult technical problem to the technical review (_e.g._ choosing the right algorithm to solve some problem). Discuss potential solutions and pros and cons. Ask the other teams which solution sounds best and if there are other potential solutions that you should consider.
-* **Prototype feedback**: have the other teams use a prototype of your software (make sure to bring a few laptops with the software ready to go) and give you feedback on your interface and features.
-* **Software architecture discussion**: discuss some aspect of your software architecture (_e.g._ how you are structuring the various classes that make up your program). Present a particularly difficult aspect of your software architecture, and ask the other teams if they have any advice/feedback.
+* **Risk identification and mitigation** (appropriate for early stage): early in the project we did an activity where you had to identify the biggest outstanding questions / risks / unknowns that you had regarding your final project.  Doing this early in your project cycle is invaluable for helping you to appropriately scope your project, determine your system architecture, and assign tasks to individual team members.  A very efficient use of an early stage architectural review is to pose these questions / risks to your audience to make sure that you have both identified the right ones and to make sure that you collect as many good ideas for how to address these questions as possible.  As stated in class, for the first AR, we want everyone to structure their review towards getting input in this area.
+* **Software architecture discussion** (appropriate for early stage): discuss some aspect of your software architecture (_e.g._ how you are structuring the various classes that make up your program). Present a particularly difficult aspect of your software architecture, and ask the other teams if they have any advice/feedback.
+* **Technical discussion** (appropriate for later stage): bring some particularly difficult technical problem to the technical review (_e.g._ choosing the right algorithm to solve some problem). Discuss potential solutions and pros and cons. Ask the other teams which solution sounds best and if there are other potential solutions that you should consider.
+* **Prototype feedback** (appropriate for later stage): have the other teams use a prototype of your software (make sure to bring a few laptops with the software ready to go) and give you feedback on your interface and features.
 * Combination of the above, or something else entirely
 
 Your Preparation and Framing document should have (at least) the following
@@ -54,25 +52,20 @@ sections:
 1. **Background and context** What information about your project does the audience need to participate fully in the technical review? You should share enough to make sure your audience understands the questions you are asking, but without going into unnecessary detail.
 2. **Key questions** What do you want to learn from the review? What are the most important decisions your team is currently contemplating? Where might an outside perspective be most helpful? As you select key questions to ask during the review, bear in mind both the time limitations and background of your audience.
 3. **Agenda for technical review session** Be specific about how you plan to use your allotted time. What strategies will you use to communicate with your audience?
+4. **Feedback form** Create a Google form that folks in the review will use to provide you with feedback or answers to various questions you pose to your audience.  Since, at least for the first review, the time you have to present will be very short you should expect most of the feedback you get to come from this form rather than thoughts expressed orally during your session.  Please [submit a link to your Google form](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdDb4Q3wtGMyax6DCJGRD3zbzuo9uQNjGTNSEKS-97H9nIy_Q/viewform) using this other Google form!  (you must have this submitted no less than 2 hours before class so we have time to post a link on the course website).
 
 It is often useful to provide some background material to your audience before
-the review so they're not coming into the discussion "cold". You may assign
-the peer teams in your group a reasonable amount of "homework" (~10-20 minutes
+the review so they're not coming into the discussion "cold". You may (optionally) assign
+the peer teams in your group a reasonable amount of "homework" (~5-10 minutes
 of reading) by emailing them at least 24 hours before your technical review.
 
 The Preparation and Framing document must be posted as
 [Markdown](https://help.github.com/articles/getting-started-with-writing-and-formatting-on-github/) to your team GitHub repository before the review takes
-place. You should also post any additional materials (e.g. slides, handouts)
-that you use during the technical review.
+place. You should also post any additional materials (e.g. slides, handouts, Google form) that you use during the technical review.
 
 ## Day of the Architectural Review
 
-Teams are organized into groups of three or four (see groupings below). These
-groups will stay together for both technical reviews, and the other teams in
-your group may be a valuable resource for sharing information as you work on
-the project.
-
-The day of the review will be divided into 25-minute blocks, with teams taking
+Teams are organized into groups and announced at the start of class. The day of the review will be divided into time blocks, within which teams take
 turns as presenting team and audience. Both roles are equally important and
 you are expected to contribute fully to each.
 
diff --git a/_assignments/final-project/project-presentation-rubric.md b/_assignments/final-project/project-presentation-rubric.md
index 67c1a4b3..b1246695 100644
--- a/_assignments/final-project/project-presentation-rubric.md
+++ b/_assignments/final-project/project-presentation-rubric.md
@@ -1,32 +1,26 @@
 ---
 title: Project Presentation Rubric
 parent: final-project
-survey_url: https://goo.gl/forms/DVvmWqpIUdCUV86F2
+survey_url: https://about:blank
+presentation_folder: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1KEipFo5f_aNXpjbbkZE6Wkj3WPCaen28?usp=sharing
 ---
 
 ## Presentation Guidelines
 
-Project presentations are very different than the technical reviews. Technical
+Project presentations are very different than the architectural reviews. Architectural
 reviews are about communicating specific design or code issues so that the
 audience would have enough information to help you with these decisions.
-Project presentations will largely be a one-way street. You will be crafting
+The project presentations are a one-way street. You will be crafting
 your presentation to tell the audience about the current state of your project
 in a smooth, engaging, and professional manner. Here are some bullet points to
 keep in mind:
 
-{% if site.large_class %}
-* You will have ~7 minutes to present and ~1.5 minutes to answer a quick question or two per presentation.
-{% else %}
-* You will have 7-10 minutes to present, followed by questions.
-{% endif %}
-{% if site.large_class %}
-* Everyone will be presenting from one laptop (one set up in AC326, and one set up in AC328) the same laptop. You should upload your slides to the [shared Google Drive folder]({{ site.data.course.urls.final_project_shared_folder }}) beforehand. Acceptable formats are PowerPoint, PDF, and Google presentation.
+* You will have ~5 minutes to present (there will be no time for questions).
+* Everyone will be presenting from one laptop. You should upload your slides to the [shared Google Drive folder]({{ page.presentation_folder }}) beforehand. Acceptable formats are PowerPoint, PDF, and Google presentation.
 * As a consequence of the previous point, no live demos! As an alternative, we suggest using a screen capture program (such as [this](http://www.maartenbaert.be/simplescreenrecorder/) one) to highlight what your software can do so far. You should then upload your screen capture to YouTube so that it can be shown during your presentation.
-{% endif %}
-* Not everyone knows {% unless site.large_class %} everything {% endunless %} about your project! Your presentation should provide motivation and context for your project.
-* If you are using algorithms, libraries, or technologies that were not explicitly taught as part of the class, make sure to properly explain them. Given the duration of the presentation, you might have to gloss over some details (this is okay!). Be strategic about how deeply you explain various aspects of your system.
-* A brief overview of your code architecture is always welcome. Just don't get too bogged down into unimportant details.
-* Include some information about what you plan to do by the Software Design Expo.
+* Not everyone knows everything about your project! Your presentation should provide motivation and context for your project.
+* If you are using algorithms, libraries, or technologies that were not explicitly taught as part of the class, make sure to properly explain them. Given the duration of the presentation, you will have to gloss over many of the details (this is okay!). Be strategic about how you explain various aspects of your system.
+* A brief overview of your code architecture is potentially useful, but keep in mind that you will be able to provide more details on what you did when people come to visit your poster / demo station later in the final event period.
 * Be professional.
 * Be energetic and excited. This is your time to get the class excited about your project.
 
@@ -39,13 +33,14 @@ a Google form (link to be posted).
 {%- endif %}
 So, make sure to have your laptop charged and ready to go.
 
-{% if site.large_class %}
 
 ## Schedule
 
-[Found here]({{ site.data.course.urls.final_project_schedule }})
+Project presentations will take place during the first half of the final event period (12:00pm on May 8th).
 
-{% endif %}
+## Presentation Rehearsal
+
+Before the final event you are required to do a rehearsal of your presentation.  The NINJAs will be posting times when they are available to listen to your presentation and provide you with feedback.
 
 ## Rubric
 
@@ -67,7 +62,7 @@ Communicate the status of your project including:
 
 * what you have done so far (possibly including screenshots or a video demo)
 * current work
-* future work /reach goals
+* future work /reach goals (if you were to do this after the semester)
 
 **Professionalism** (25%)
 
diff --git a/_assignments/mini-project-1-gene-finder.md b/_assignments/mini-project-1-gene-finder.md
index 6b87594e..dda38481 100644
--- a/_assignments/mini-project-1-gene-finder.md
+++ b/_assignments/mini-project-1-gene-finder.md
@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ description: >
   a DNA sequence and outputs snippets of DNA that are likely to be protein-coding
   genes. You will then use your program to find genes in a sequence of DNA from the
   bacterium Salmonella Enterica.
-due: 2017-09-25 10:50:00 -04:00
+due: 2018-02-09 13:30:00 -04:00
 parts:
 - name: Week 1
   tag: week-1
-  due: 2017-09-18 10:50:00 -04:00
+  due: 2018-02-02 13:30:00 -04:00
 - name: Week 2
   tag: week-2
-  due: 2017-09-25 10:50:00 -04:00
+  due: 2018-02-09 13:30:00 -04:00
 ---
 
 {% include toc %}
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ The podcast discusses a number of topics, but the first segment of the podcast
 is about Typhoid Mary (although, you really should listen to the whole thing;
 you will not be disappointed).
 
-![]({% link images/assignments/gene-finder/mary-nyamerican.jpg %})
+![]({{ site.baseurl }}{% link images/assignments/gene-finder/mary-nyamerican.jpg %})
 
 Image source: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_Mary>
 
@@ -133,35 +133,23 @@ you will be using, check out this MIT OpenCourseWare video.
 
 ## Getting Set
 
-The first step to getting started on this assignment is to fork the
-[{{site.github.owner_name}}/GeneFinder](https://github.com//{{site.github.owner_name}}/GeneFinder) repository.
-The steps to do this are the same as the ones you went through to create your
+The first step to getting started on this assignment is get a copy of the starter files on your computer.
+The process is the same as the one you went through to create your
 reading journal. For your reference, here are the steps again:
 
-1. Open up a new browser window, and navigate to <https://github.com>
-2. If you are not already logged in, login to your GitHub account by clicking the "sign in" button at the top left of the page
-3. Copy and paste the following URL into the URL bar of the window that you used to login to GitHub [https://github.com//{{site.github.owner_name}}/GeneFinder](https://github.com//{{site.github.owner_name}}/GeneFinder)
-4. Fork the `GeneFinder` repository by clicking on the "Fork" button in the upper right of the window. If prompted for where you should fork the repository, select `@yourgithubusername`.
-5. You should now be at the page that shows your fork of the SoftDes repository. Copy the URL in the box labeled "HTTPS Clone URL".
-6. Open up a terminal and execute the following commands (note: these commands will clone your `GeneFinder` repository in your home directory, please modify the first line to cd to a different directory if you'd rather clone somewhere else).
-
-Linux and macOS:
+1. Click on the invitation link at <{{ site.data.github.genefinder_invite }}>
+2. Click the green button “Accept this assignment”.
+3. Follow the remaining instructions until you get to your repository page. It will looks something like <https://github.com/{{ site.data.github.organization }}/GeneFinder-myname>, except with your GitHub user id instead of `myname`.
+4. Clone the repository to your computer by typing the following into your terminal program. Replace `myname` with your GitHub user id.
+(note: these commands will clone your GeneFinder repository in your home directory, please modify the first line to cd to a different directory if you’d rather clone somewhere else).
 
 ```bash
 $ cd ~
-$ git clone https://github.com/yourgithubusernamehere/GeneFinder.git # the https URL will be the URL copied in step 5)
+$ git clone https://github.com/{{ site.data.github.organization }}/GeneFinder-myname.git GeneFinder
 $ cd GeneFinder
 $ ls *
 ```
 
-Windows:
-
-```
-$ git clone https://github.com/yourgithubusernamehere/GeneFinder.git # the https URL will be the URL copied in step 5)
-$ cd GeneFinder
-$ dir
-```
-
 The last command will show you all of the files in the `GeneFinder` repository.
 The next section explains the purpose of each of these files.
 
@@ -194,7 +182,7 @@ start).
 Now that you have a good sense of the functions you will be filling out, take
 a look at this function diagram.
 
-![]({% link images/assignments/gene-finder/FunctionDiagram.png %})
+![]({{ site.baseurl }}{% link images/assignments/gene-finder/FunctionDiagram.png %})
 
 This diagram shows all of the functions in the program, and uses a directed
 arrow to indicate that the function on the "from" side of the arrow calls the
@@ -330,13 +318,13 @@ how come?
 
 ### Turning in Week 1 Assignment
 
-You will not be turning in your code for this assignment. However, you are required to check in with a NINJA before the class when the week 1 assignment is due. This check in can either be done in person or via a Slack message. If you are very confident with the material, the online version is probably fine (send a link to your pushed code). If you are having difficulty, an in-person check in is certainly the way to go. The check in is not designed to be big and scary; it is primarily an opportunity for you to get help from your NINJA. All that being said, the check ins will not be productive if you haven't done the necessary preparation before the check in. We hope that adding a bit of a formal assessment component to the check in will help ensure that people put in the appropriate time. The check in grading rubric will be as follows:
+You be turning in your week 1 assignment by pushing your code to Github (this will use the same process you are using for turning in the reading journals).  If you are struggling with the mini-project, we strongly advise you to meet with one of the NINJAs (either for some guidance, or just to look over your program). This week 1 work will be graded using the following rubric:
 
-* The check in never happens, or the assignment has not been started before the check in occurs: 0%
-* Only a minimal attempt has been made to complete the check in materials: 50% (note that minimal results does not imply minimal attempt. It is okay that you are struggling as long as you are trying).
-* All code is written and works or a sincere effort has been made to complete the check in materials: 100%
+* No work has been turned in: 0%
+* Only a minimal attempt has been made to complete the first part of the mini-project: 50%
+* All code is written and works, or a sincere effort has been made to complete the work: 100%
 
-The check in will be worth 20% of the final grade for this assignment.
+The intermediate checkpoint will be worth 20% of the final grade for this assignment.
 
 ## Week 2
 
@@ -355,7 +343,7 @@ A unit test (make sure you have read the [Unit Testing Instructions](#unit-testi
 'ATGCTACATTCGCAT'
 ```
 
-* `longest_ORF_noncoding`: this function takes as input a DNA sequence and an integer indicating how many random trials should be performed. For each random trial, the DNA sequence should be shuffled and the longest ORF should be computed. The output of the function should be **the length** of the longest ORF that was found across all random trials (that is the output of `longest_ORF_noncoding` is an integer). In order to test this code you may find it useful to use the provided Salmonella DNA sequence (see part 4). For example, if you find a longest ORF of 700, 600, and 300 on your three random trials, this function should output 700.
+* `longest_ORF_noncoding`: this function takes as input a DNA sequence and an integer indicating how many random trials should be performed. For each random trial, the DNA sequence should be shuffled and the longest ORF should be computed. The output of the function should be **the length** of the longest ORF that was found across all random trials (that is the output of `longest_ORF_noncoding` is an integer). In order to test this code you may find it useful to use the provided Salmonella DNA sequence. For example, if you find a longest ORF of 700, 600, and 300 on your three random trials, this function should output 700.
 
 Note 1: In order to randomly shuffle a string you should use the provided `shuffle_string` function.
 If you wanted to implement this function yourself, you could take the following approach:
@@ -427,21 +415,7 @@ state-of-the art one, you can try out one called Glimmer
 
 ### Turning in Week 2 Assignment
 
-Submitting your assignment is a two step process:
-
-1. Complete the work and push it to your GitHub repository
-2. Do at least one of:
-  * Submit a pull request to the upstream {{ site.github.owner_name }} repository that you originally forked from
-  * Visit a NINJA in person to check off week 2 of your assignment
-
-Pull requests are typically used to contribute code to someone else's project
-in the open source world. They let you send changes you've made, which the
-original author can then choose to pull in and accept. We actually like our
-assignment without solutions thank you very much, so we won't be accepting
-your pull requests. Instead, we use them as:
-
-1. Your way to tell us when you're done and we should look at your assignment, and
-2. A mechanism for us to provide written feedback on your code
+In order to turn in your assignment make sure that your work is pushed to your GitHub repository.
 
 For the main assignment, all your code will be in `gene_finder.py`. If you
 choose to do the **Going Beyond** portion, it is up to you how you structure
@@ -558,7 +532,7 @@ For example, generate a picture that shows where the genes are in the DNA strand
 * [Kivy](https://kivy.org/#home) for interactive user interfaces.
 * [pygame](http://www.pygame.org/news) for writing games, especially platformer games. We'll be using pygame for the third mini-project.
 
-![](/images/assignments/gene-finder/genes.png)
+![]({{ site.baseurl }}/images/assignments/gene-finder/genes.png)
 
 You can also explore:
 * Draw a histogram that compares the lengths of the genes found to the lengths of the noncoding ORFs from the shuffled sequences.
diff --git a/_assignments/mini-project-2-computational-art.md b/_assignments/mini-project-2-computational-art.md
index 78a07cc4..83e64db9 100644
--- a/_assignments/mini-project-2-computational-art.md
+++ b/_assignments/mini-project-2-computational-art.md
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ title: 'Mini Project 2: Computational Art'
 description: >
   In this assignment you will be exploring one particular means of using
   computers to generate images.
-announce: 2017-09-14 10:50:00 -04:00
-due: 2017-10-02 09:00:00 -04:00
-gallery_due: 2017-10-02 10:00:00 -04:00
+announce: 2018-02-08 13:30:00 -05:00
+due: 2018-02-16 13:30:00 -05:00
+gallery_due: 2018-02-16 11:30:00 -05:00
 ---
 
 {% include toc %}
@@ -137,17 +137,12 @@ at Harvey Mudd:
 
 ## Part 0: Install and test Python Imaging Library
 
-In order to get started on the assignment, you should fork the [base
-repository](https://github.com/{{site.github.owner_name}}/ComputationalArt) for the
-computational art mini-project. Once you've forked the repository, clone the
-repository on your computer. If you clone the repository in your home
-directory, the starter code will be in `ComputationalArt/recursive_art.py`. In
-addition to fetching the starter code, you should also install the [Pillow
-fork](https://pillow.readthedocs.org/) of the Python Imaging Library
-("PIL"). To do so, execute the following command at the Linux terminal or Windows command prompt:
+In order to get started on the assignment, you should accept the assignment in Github classroom by clicking on this link [https://classroom.github.com/a/nEURCP6l](https://classroom.github.com/a/nEURCP6l). Once you've accepted the assignment, clone the
+repository on your computer. For example, if you clone the repository the folder `ComputationalArt` in your home directory, the starter code will be in `~/ComputationalArt/recursive_art.py`. In addition to fetching the starter code, you should also install the [Pillow fork](https://pillow.readthedocs.org/) of the Python Imaging Library
+("PIL"). To do so, execute the following command at the Linux terminal:
 
 ```bash
-$ pip install Pillow
+$ conda install Pillow
 ```
 
 The starter code includes a function called `test_image` that uses PIL to
@@ -155,14 +150,13 @@ generate an image where each pixel has a random color value. When you run the
 starter code, you should see several unit test failures from functions you
 will implement later, and it should save an image file named `noise.png` in
 your run directory. You can view `noise.png` using the built-in tool
-`image_viewer`.
+Image Viewer (`eog` on the command line).
 
 [![Random pixel noise]({% link images/assignments/computational-art/noise.png %}){:width="320px" height="320px"}]({% link images/assignments/computational-art/noise.png %})
 
 While this looks pretty cool (and it might be fun to convince your gullible
 friends it is a Magic Eye picture), I wouldn't call it _art_. In the rest of
-the assignment, you will combine randomness with structure to produce more
-compelling images.
+the assignment, you will combine randomness with structure to produce more compelling images.
 
 Once you've verified that PIL is working correctly, comment out the line that
 calls `test_image` and un-comment the line that calls `generate_art`. If you
@@ -424,11 +418,7 @@ green_channel_pixel_for_x_y = green(x, y)
 
 Instead of building random functions of two variables (x, y) build random
 function of three variables (x, y, t) where t represents the frame number in a
-movie rescaled to the interval [-1, +1]. The easiest way to create these movies
-is to output a series of image files (one for each frame of the movie) and
-then use a command line tool such as **avconv** to encode them into a movie
-(note: on older version of Ubuntu, such as 12.04, you should use `ffmpeg`
-instead).
+movie rescaled to the interval [-1, +1]. The easiest way to create these movies is to output a series of image files (one for each frame of the movie) and then use a command line tool such as **avconv** to encode them into a movie.
 
 For instance, if you created images `frame001.png`, `frame002.png`, ...,
 `frame100.png` you could encode these images into a movie using the following
@@ -442,18 +432,6 @@ Use `frame%03d.png` if your files are named _e.g._ `frame001.png`, `frame002.png
 `frame003.png`. Use `frame%d.png` if your files are named _e.g._ `frame%03d.png`,
 `frame2.png`, `frame3.png`.
 
-**macOS**: Install **avconv** by installing [home brew](https://brew.sh),
-and then running `brew install libav` in the terminal.
-
-**Windows**: **avconv** doesn't appear to be available for Windows. However, there are several other options:
-  * GIFs! Take a look at [the Pillow documentation for GIFs](http://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/3.4.x/handbook/image-file-formats.html#gif), and see if you can figure out
-  how to put together a movie. *Hint: you'll want to look at optional arguments
-  like `save_all` and `append_images`.*
-  * Download and install [ImageMagick](https://www.imagemagick.org/script/index.php), and use the `convert` command
-    (instead of `avconv`) to create a movie from a set of images:
-    `convert -loop 0 *.png mymovie.mov`
-  * Install matplotlib, and follow [these instructions]( https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4092927/generating-movie-from-python-without-saving-individual-frames-to-files)
-
 If you want to do something cleaner, you should investigate some libraries for
 actually creating the movie within Python itself - e.g., `moviepy` (removing the need for saving
 the frames individually and running **avconv**). You can also use the [Python
@@ -538,9 +516,7 @@ choose to do the going beyond portion, it is up to you how you structure your
 code for that portion). You should also push at least two images generated by
 your program using the file names `example1.png` and `example2.png` (if
 you don't want to use PNG, feel free to use a different standard image
-format). **The final step in submitting your mini-project is to issue a pull
-request from your `ComputationalArt` repo to the `{{site.github.owner_name}}/ComputationalArt`
-repo.**
+format).
 
 ### Optional in-class Gallery Show
 
@@ -568,5 +544,4 @@ A much better and more extensive list of guidance around producing an artist's
 statement can be found
 [here](http://www.saic.edu/media/saic/pdfs/lifesaic/careerco-opcenter/workingartistsseries/Handout_WorkingArtist_WritingYourArtistStatement.pdf).
 
-In order to make it into the exhibition you should have your content there no later than
-{{ page.gallery_due | date: site.part_due_date_format }} the day that the assignment is due.
+In order to make it into the exhibition you should have your content there no later than the morning of the day the assignment is due: {{ page.gallery_due | date: site.part_due_date_format }}.
diff --git a/_assignments/mini-project-3-text-mining.md b/_assignments/mini-project-3-text-mining.md
index 1ba35697..ebf73b1f 100644
--- a/_assignments/mini-project-3-text-mining.md
+++ b/_assignments/mini-project-3-text-mining.md
@@ -3,17 +3,10 @@ title: 'Mini Project 3: Text Mining and Analysis'
 description: >
     In this assignment you will learn how to use computational techniques
     to analyze text.
-class_slides: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1FWuoFpGsim8ZzEpKw18JgoXoE2NGGEgXACIkuUi2dgU/edit?usp=sharing
+class_slides: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1dRYZskFKM5zbMYOoCEtzrDjY9pzSfe0omhXNN9dbbDE/edit?usp=sharing
 previous_examples: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1fybuwS68fdgCHrhOMcpbDzZOfDhzUJsEiOQ_24pUQHI/edit?usp=sharing
-announce: 2017-09-28 10:50:00 -04:00
-due: 2017-10-17 10:50:00 -04:00
-parts:
-- name: Teaming
-  tag: turning-in-your-assignment
-  due: 2017-10-12 10:50:00 -04:00
-- name: Revision
-  due: 2017-10-19 22:00:00 -04:00
-  tag: revision
+announce: 2018-02-15 13:30:00 -05:00
+due: 2018-03-02 13:30:00 -05:00
 ---
 
 {% include toc %}
@@ -22,7 +15,7 @@ parts:
 
 In this assignment you will learn how to use computational techniques to
 analyze text. Specifically, you will access text from the web and social media
-(such as Twitter and Facebook), run some sort of computational analysis on it,
+(such as Twitter), run some sort of computational analysis on it,
 and create some sort of deliverable (either some interesting results from a
 text analysis, a visualization of some kind, or perhaps a computer program
 that manipulates language in some interesting way).
@@ -36,10 +29,7 @@ that manipulates language in some interesting way).
 
 ## How to proceed
 
-In order to get started on the assignment, you should fork the [base
-repository](https://github.com/{{site.github.owner_name}}/TextMining) for the text mining and
-analysis mini-project. Once you've forked the repository, clone the repository
-on your computer.
+In order to get started on the assignment, you should accept the assignment in Github classroom by clicking [this link](https://classroom.github.com/a/JBenA3gq).  Once you've accepted the assignment, clone the repository on your computer.
 
 You should read this document in a somewhat non-linear/spiral fashion:
 
@@ -50,7 +40,7 @@ You should read this document in a somewhat non-linear/spiral fashion:
 
 ## A Note on Time Management
 
-This project is divided into *three parts*, but they are all do on *the same day*.
+This project is divided into *three parts*, but they are all due on *the same day*.
 
 You are of course encouraged to start early and work often. Beyond that, we
 have some advice that may not be intuitive:
@@ -66,7 +56,7 @@ guide your implementation work.
 
 The goal for Part 1 is for you to get some text from the Internet with the aim
 of doing something interesting with it down the line. As you approach the
-assignment, I recommend that you get a feel for the types of text that you can
+assignment, we recommend that you get a feel for the types of text that you can
 grab, below. However, before spending too much time going down a
 particular path on the text acquisition component, you should look ahead to
 Part 2 to understand some of the things you can do with text you are
@@ -76,16 +66,11 @@ text with an appropriate technique for language analysis (see Part 2).
 ### Preliminaries
 
 You are not required to use any particular Python package to complete this
-assignment. However, I recommend the [Requests](http://docs.python-requests.org/en/master/)
+assignment. However, we recommend the [Requests](http://docs.python-requests.org/en/master/)
 package to retrieve HTML pages from the web, and the [NLTK](http://www.nltk.org) package
-to analyze text, and the [Vader sentiment analysis package](https://github.com/cjhutto/vaderSentiment)
-for sentiment analysis:
+to analyze text, and the Vader sentiment analysis algorithm (included with NLTK).
 
-```bash
-$ pip install nltk requests vaderSentiment
-```
-
-To make sure that Requests is installed correctly, try these commands in
+To make sure that Requests is working properly, try these commands in
 Python:
 
     >>> import requests
@@ -97,6 +82,10 @@ page.
 If you'd like to learn more about what is going on behind the scenes,
 check out the [Web APIs Project Toolbox](https://toolboxes.olin.build/geocoding-and-web-apis/) toolbox.
 
+### A Note About API Keys
+
+For some of these data sources you will be generating some sort of secret authentication key.  The tempting thing to do is to insert this secret right into your code, and then check it into GitHub.  The problem with this is that in cases where your repository is public, someone might actually find your API key and use it themselves.  While we are not requiring you to follow best practices in this assignment with your API keys (after all your repository is private), if you want to start practicing good habits, we have [a notebook that walks you through ways to handle private keys with version controlled code](/notes/storing-api-keys).
+
 ### Data Source: Project Gutenberg
 
 [Project Gutenberg](http://www.gutenberg.org/) is a website that has 42,000
@@ -109,12 +98,12 @@ computational processing to process in Python.
 
 In order to download a book from Project Gutenberg you should first use their
 search engine to find a link to a book that you are interested in analyzing.
-For instance, if I decide that I want to analyze _Oliver Twist_ I would click
+For instance, if you decide that you want to analyze _Oliver Twist_ you would click
 on this [link](http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/730) from the Gutenberg search
-engine. Next, I would copy the link from the portion of the page that says
+engine. Next, you would copy the link from the portion of the page that says
 "Plain Text UTF-8". It turns out that the link to the text of _Oliver Twist_
 is `http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/730.txt.utf-8`. To download the text
-inside Python, I would use the following code:
+inside Python, you would use the following code:
 
 ```python
 import requests
@@ -138,7 +127,7 @@ if you want to get around the download restriction.
 
 ### Data Source: Wikipedia
 
-I recommend the [`wikipedia` package](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/wikipedia/):
+We recommend the [`wikipedia` package](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/wikipedia/):
 
     $ pip install wikipedia
 
@@ -176,8 +165,8 @@ the documentation follow:
 
 Create a Twitter application [here](https://apps.twitter.com/app/new).
 
-Use your GitHub repository URL as the Website. For example, I would use
-`https://github.com/osteele/TextMining`. Leave the Callback URL blank.
+Use can use your GitHub profile as the website if you wish. It doesn't actually matter all that much what you put here.  For example,
+`https://github.com/yourusernamehere`. Leave the Callback URL blank.
 
 Copy the Consumer Key (API Key) and Consumer Secret (API Secret).
 You will need these below.
@@ -185,7 +174,7 @@ Click on "manage keys and access tokens" to see the Consumer Secret.
 On that page, click "Generate Access Token", and copy the
 Access Token and Access Token Secret too.
 
-I recommend the [python-twitter](https://github.com/bear/python-twitter) package.
+We recommend the [python-twitter](https://github.com/bear/python-twitter) package.
 The documentation is [here](https://github.com/bear/python-twitter/wiki).
 
     $ pip install python-twitter
@@ -244,10 +233,6 @@ Much data on the web is in the form of HTML, which is a mixture of human-languag
 and HTML markup such as `<div>` and `<p>`. You can use the Beautiful Soup package to extract
 the text from an HTML page.
 
-```bash
-$ pip install beautifulsoup4
-```
-
 ```python
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 import requests
@@ -265,6 +250,31 @@ re.sub(r'<.+?>', '', str(html.find('p')))
 
 [This is not a robust way to do this. A robust way involves using a recursive function.]
 
+### Additional Possible Data Sources
+
+In addition to the sources described above, which have been tested, we have some additional suggestions that are more in the exploratory stage.  If you have success using these sources, please share it with us!
+
+#### Google Search
+
+```bash
+$ pip install google
+```
+Then to perform a search, you can use the following.
+
+```python
+import googlesearch
+
+for result in googlesearch.search(query='Computer Science'):
+    print(result)
+```
+
+This is a method of accessing Google search results based on the idea of webscraping.  In this approach, you are basically downloading the human readable HTML page from Google, and then attempting to extract a structured description of the page.  If you want to use Google's API (which will give you structured results directly), you can use Google's [official Python package](https://developers.google.com/api-client-library/python/).  Unfortunately, using the official package is much more involved than using the library above.
+
+#### Additional Corpora
+
+There's a fantastic list of text corpora available on [this](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_text_corpora) Wikipedia page.  Some of the corpora are American English, some are British English, and some are specialized to a particular topic (e.g., US laws).
+
+
 ### Pickling Data
 
 For several of these data sources you might find that the API calls take a
@@ -303,10 +313,7 @@ Toolbox](https://toolboxes.olin.build/pickling/) assignment.
 
 ### Characterizing by Word Frequencies
 
-One way to begin to process your text is to take each unit of text (for
-instance a book from Project Gutenberg, or perhaps a collection of Facebook
-posts by one of your friends) and summarize it by counting the number of times
-a particular word appears in the text. A natural way to approach this in
+One way to begin to process your text is to take each unit of text (for instance a book from Project Gutenberg, or perhaps some Tweets regarding a topic of interest) and summarize it by counting the number of times a particular word appears in the text. A natural way to approach this in
 Python would be to use a dictionary where the keys are words that appear and
 the values are frequencies of words in the text (if you want to do something
 fancier look into using [TF-IDF features](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tf%E2%80%93idf)).
@@ -320,10 +327,10 @@ in other texts? For some other ideas see [Chapter 13 of Think Python](http://gre
 
 #### Doing Linguistic Post-processing
 
-Vader
+Vader (note: before doing this you'll need to download the NLTK corpora by running the command  `$ python -m nltk.downloader all`)
 
 ```python
-from vaderSentiment.vaderSentiment import SentimentIntensityAnalyzer
+from nltk.sentiment.vader import SentimentIntensityAnalyzer
 analyzer = SentimentIntensityAnalyzer()
 analyzer.polarity_scores('Software Design is my favorite class!')
 ```
@@ -340,9 +347,7 @@ You can also do sentiment analysis within NLTK by training
 a Bayesian classifier ([code](http://www.nltk.org/howto/sentiment.html)).
 
 If you perform some linguistic post processing, you may be able to say
-something interesting about the text you harvested from the web. For instance,
-which of your friends on Facebook is the most negative? Which is the most
-subjective? If you listen to a particular Twitter hashtag on a political
+something interesting about the text you harvested from the web.  For example, if you listen to a particular Twitter hashtag on a political
 topic, can you gauge the mood of the country by looking at the sentiment of
 each tweet that comes by in the stream? There are tons of cool options here!
 
@@ -363,7 +368,7 @@ particular element of the vector is the count of how frequently the
 corresponding word appears in a specific document (if this is a bit vague and
 you want to try this approach, ask an instructor).
 
-I tried this on some Project Gutenberg texts from two authors: Charles Dickens
+We tried this on some Project Gutenberg texts from two authors: Charles Dickens
 and Charles Darwin. The table below shows the pair-wise similarities between
 the Charles Dickens texts (note that 1 is perfect similarity):
 
@@ -374,8 +379,7 @@ the Charles Dickens texts (note that 1 is perfect similarity):
  [0.97905034 0.95030073 0.98230284 1.]]
 ```
 
-The pairwise similarities between Dickens and Darwin (I just used one Darwin
-text) are:
+The pairwise similarities between Dickens and Darwin (we just used one Darwin text) are:
 
 ```python
 [[0.78340575]
@@ -407,8 +411,7 @@ If you can generate pairwise similarities (say using the technique above), you
 can Metric Multi-dimensional Scaling
 ([MDS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidimensional_scaling)) to visualize
 the texts in a two dimensional space. This can help identify clusters of
-similar texts (for instance, which of your friends on Facebook are most
-similar to each other). Here is a particularly inspiring example by Matthew
+similar texts. Here is a particularly inspiring example by Matthew
 Jockers (check out the University of Nebraska's [press
 release](http://newsroom.unl.edu/releases/2012/08/28/By+text-mining+the+classics,+UNL+professor+unearths+new+literary+insights) on the
 paper).
@@ -416,7 +419,7 @@ paper).
 ![](http://newsroom.unl.edu/releases/downloadables/photo/20120828macro-american.jpg)
 
 In order to apply MDS to your data, you can use the machine learning toolkit
-`scikit-learn`. (To install it, consult the [machine learning toolbox)](https://toolboxes.olin.build/machine-learning).
+`scikit-learn`.  `scikit-learn` should have been installed by default when you installed Anaconda.  However, if you get an error trying to import the `sklearn` module, let us know.  As a side note we also have a [project toolbox on machine learning](https://toolboxes.olin.build/machine-learning/).
 
 Here is some code that uses the similarity matrix defined in the previous
 section to create a 2-dimensional embedding of the four Charles Dickens and 1
@@ -461,12 +464,17 @@ labeled 4 is the work by Charles Darwin.
 You can use [Markov](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_chain) analysis to
 learn a generative model of the text that you collect from the web and use it
 to generate new texts. You can even use it to create mashups of multiple
-texts. Two possibilities in this space would be to imitate Facebook posts by
-each of your friends, or to create literary mashups automatically. [Think
+texts. One possibility in this space would be to create literary mashups automatically. [Think
 Python chapter 13](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2014.html) section 8
 called "Markov Analysis" has some detail on how to do this. Again, let the
 teaching team know if you go this route and we can provide more guidance.
 
+### Text Classification
+
+Using machine learning libraries like scikit-learn (which we talked about earlier in this writeup) you can create models that are able to automatically textual objects (e.g., words, paragraphs, sentences) into particular categories.  These categories could be anything: positive versus negative product reviews, abusive versus non abusive language, etc.
+
+We have put together [a notebook](/notes/Frankenstein and Dracula Text Analysis) that uses this approach to determine whether a sentence, taken completely out of context, comes from Mary Shelley's Frankenstein or Bram Stoker's Dracula.  By examining the way that the machine learning algorithm solves the task, we can learn a little bit about the underlying narrative structure of each work.
+
 ## Part 3: Project Write-up and Reflection
 
 Please prepare a short (suggested lengths given below) document with the
@@ -503,12 +511,9 @@ you succeed?
 
 ## Turning in your assignment
 
-{% assign part = page.parts[0] %}
-_Due: {{ part.due | date: site.part_due_date_format }}_
-
 * Your code should submitted as either (a) Python file (or files) that can be executed by running *e.g.* `python text_mining.py`, or (b) a Jupyter notebook.
 * If you submit a Python file:
-* The project README must describe how to install any required packages (e.g. `pip install vaderSentiment`) and how to run it (e.g. `python text_mining.py`)
+* The project README must describe how to install any required packages and how to run it (e.g. `python text_mining.py`)
 * If you submit a Jupyter notebook:
 * You must test that it behaves correctly when you execute "Run All" from the "Cell" menu.
 * You must *also* submit a Python text file.
@@ -525,17 +530,15 @@ Make sure to include a link to the Project Write-up/Reflection in the `README.md
 
 2\. Push your code to GitHub
 
-3\. Create a pull request to the upstream repository
-
 ## Project Presentations
 
-If you’d like to share what you discovered/created as part of your text mining project, please add ~1-2 slides to the [class presentation]({{ page.class_slides }}).
+If you’d like to share what you discovered/created as part of your text mining project, you can add it to a [class-wide Google slides presentation]({{ page.class_slides }}).
 
 Professionalism is important in public presentations, so please use the “would I be happy for my parents to read this in the newspaper” test when uploading content. Humor is great; abusive language or disparaging groups of people is firmly not acceptable.
 
-Here's some examples from last semester: [SoftDes Spring 2017 spring 2017 MP3 examples]({{ page.previous_examples }})
+Here's some examples from a previous semester: [SoftDes Spring 2017 spring 2017 MP3 examples]({{ page.previous_examples }})
 
-## Revision
+<!-- ## Revision
 
 {% assign part = page.parts[1] %}
 _Due: {{ part.due | date: site.part_due_date_format }}_
@@ -555,4 +558,4 @@ This could take many forms, but examples include:
 
 * Re-writing the project to use an object-oriented style.
 * Finding and improving performance bottlenecks.
-* Adding functionality that you didn't get to the first time.
+* Adding functionality that you didn't get to the first time. -->
diff --git a/_assignments/mini-project-4-interactive-visualization.md b/_assignments/mini-project-4-interactive-visualization.md
index df9841b5..f9097ac8 100644
--- a/_assignments/mini-project-4-interactive-visualization.md
+++ b/_assignments/mini-project-4-interactive-visualization.md
@@ -4,21 +4,21 @@ description: >
   The big idea of this project will be to move from static programs (ones
   that are run, do some computations, and spit out a result) to interactive programs
   (ones that allow the user to perform actions that change the state of the program).
-announce: 2017-10-12 09:00:00 -04:00
-due: 2017-10-30 10:50:00 -04:00
-teaming_spreadsheet: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1pykAoJBFgz-e2yGLKbuBznSJ0mt0LGpgUFRxckxxcQg/edit?usp=sharing
+announce: 2018-03-01 13:30:00 -05:00
+due: 2018-03-16 13:00:00 -05:00
+mp4-idea-form: https://goo.gl/forms/kf0pxplMfDeGlhHM2
 parts:
-- name: Teaming
+- name: Getting Started
   tag: getting-started
-  due: 2017-10-13 20:00:00 -04:00
+  due: 2018-03-02 13:30:00 -05:00
 - name: Project Proposal
-  due: 2017-10-16 10:50:00 -04:00
+  due: 2018-03-06 13:30:00 -05:00
   tag: project-proposal
 - name: Mid-Project Check-in
-  due: 2017-10-23 10:30:00 -04:00
+  due: 2018-03-09 13:30:00 -05:00
   tag: mid-project-check-in
 - name: Project Write-up and Reflection
-  due: 2017-10-30 10:50:00 -04:00
+  due: 2018-03-16 13:30:00 -05:00
   tag: project-write-up-and-reflection
 ---
 
@@ -45,9 +45,9 @@ write some very powerful software. Here are some ideas:
 
 ### Deltas from Previous Projects
 
-1. You will be working with a partner on this project (a single team of 3 will be permitted if a section has an odd number of students).
-2. This project is more open-ended than previous projects. In the last mini-project you could choose the data and analysis tool that you wanted to explore. Here, not only do you have these choices, but you can also choose to make a very different thing (e.g. a video game versus an interactive data visualization).
-3. You have more time to work on this project (2 weeks, versus 1 week for the last project).
+1. You will be working with a partner on this project (assigned to you at MP4 kick-off).
+2. This project is more open-ended than previous projects. In the last mini-project, you could choose the data and analysis tool that you wanted to explore. Here, not only do you have these choices, but you can also choose to make a very different thing (e.g. a video game versus an interactive data visualization).
+3. You will submit to gihub.com, which can be seen by anyone on the Web, instead of the private github classroom site for this class. We explain the reason for this change during kick-off.
 
 ### Computational Skills Emphasized
 
@@ -63,23 +63,22 @@ write some very powerful software. Here are some ideas:
 
 Teaming Logistics:
 
-* You must work in a team of exactly two students (if we end up with an odd number of total students, we may have one team of three).
-* Only one of you should fork the base repo for this assignment. The one that forks the repo should then add the other team member as a collaborator on GitHub for that repo.
+* Only one of you should fork the base repo for this assignment. The one who forks the repo should then add the other team member as a collaborator on GitHub for that repo.
 
 Teaming Guidance:
 
-* Do not default to working with your friend. Think hard about what you want out of the project and how you'll work to get it, then explore whether your best buddy as a partner makes the most sense.
-* Make sure you and your potential partner are on the same page in terms of project topic.
-* You should partner with someone that has roughly the same commitment level to the project. For instance, someone that is excited to clear most of their schedule to complete the most amazing SoftDes project ever should not partner with someone that is just looking to do the minimum.
-* You should be mindful of differences in level of programming experience when selecting your partner. Teams that are very closely matched in terms of programming experience should be no problem. Teams that are not closely matched on this axis can also be quite effective. However, if you and your partner are not closely matched, you will want to make sure that you are both vigilant about avoiding some common pitfalls that occur with this type of team. The two most common pitfalls are: the person with more experience gets frustrated with the other team member and does all the work, and the person with more experience writes all the code while the person with less experiences watches them.
+* Make sure that you and your potential partner are on the same page in terms of project topic.
+* Revisit preferred working styles with your assigned partner.
+* Discuss your expected commitment level to this project.
+* We attempted to match students according to preferences provided via teaming surveys, but we may end up with partners who have different levels of programming experience. If you and your partner are not closely matched in terms of experience and comfort with programming in Python, you will want to make sure that you are both vigilant about avoiding some common pitfalls that occur with this type of team. The two most common pitfalls are: the person with more experience gets frustrated with the other team member and does all the work, and the person with more experience writes all the code while the person with less experiences watches them.
 
 ## Recommended Libraries
 
 You are welcome to use whatever library you'd like for this project, however,
 there is a lot of benefit to sticking to the ones that we recommend. The best
-reason for doing so are to ensure that we, the teaching team, can provide you
-with as good support as possible as you use the library to complete the
-project. If you pick a nonstandard library that none of us have used before,
+reason for doing so is to ensure that we, the teaching team, can provide you
+with as much support as possible as you use the library to complete the
+project. If you pick a non-standard library that none of us have used before,
 we will have a tough time helping you if you run into problems (although we
 will certainly try!).
 
@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@ If you want to use an input modality other than keyboard and mouse, you may
 find the computer vision library OpenCV useful. The idea here would be to
 capture images from a camera (probably the webcam on your laptop) and use
 those to control some aspect of your program. To get started check out the
-SoftDes [project toolbox exercise on OpenCV](https://toolboxes.olin.build/image-processing).
+SoftDes Image processing toolbox.
 Next, read through the [OpenCV Python
 tutorials](https://opencv-python-tutroals.readthedocs.io/en/latest/py_tutorials/py_tutorials.html)
 and [API reference](http://docs.opencv.org/2.4.9/modules/refman.html)).
@@ -134,7 +133,7 @@ and coding the functionality yourself. Here are some pros and cons:
 
 * **Pro:** using a library is faster and can let you do things in a short time that would be infeasible if you coded it yourself.
 * **Pro:** you can mashup different libraries to do amazing things.
-* **Con:** if you are shaky on your basic understand of Python you may not learn the basics if you are relying too heavily on others libraries.
+* **Con:** if you are shaky on your basic understand of Python, you may not learn the basics if you are relying too heavily on others libraries.
 * **Con:** if you get too far down the path of using a library and it doesn't do something important that you need, you are in a tough spot.
 
 It's up to you how heavily you want to utilize others libraries. All we ask is
@@ -154,13 +153,13 @@ sources:
 4. A [very comprehensive](https://github.com/caesar0301/awesome-public-datasets) listing of sources for open data.
 5. IBM's [Big Data for Social Good Challenge](http://ibmhadoop.challengepost.com/details/data)
 6. Make your own dataset using text mining (you should know how to do this from the last project).
-7. ??? (the possibilities are endless, e-mail us if you find an awesome trove of data that you think the class should know about post it to Piazza).
+7. ??? (the possibilities are endless, e-mail us if you find an awesome trove of data that you think the class should know about post it to Slack).
 
-Once you have the data you'll want to think about how you might using
+Once you have the data you'll want to think about how you might use
 visualization and user input to explore the data. To get your creative juices
-flowing here are some cool examples of data visualization:
+flowing, here are some cool examples of data visualization:
 
-We will show a bunch of these examples below, but check out [the full
+Check out [the full
 listing](http://www.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2013/12/30/year-in-interactive-storytelling/#dataviz) from the New York Times Year in Interactive
 Storytelling. This link is for 2013, but other years are available.
 
@@ -222,15 +221,14 @@ and Pixel.
 <iframe title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/karPYs22ACc?rel=0&amp;wmode=opaque" frameborder="0" allowFullScreen="true" width="480" height="270"></iframe>
 
 Pogo Joe ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogo_Joe)).
-A Q*Bert “derivative”; written by someone you know.
+A Q*Bert “derivative”; written by Oliver Steele, who some of you may know from Olin.
 
 <iframe title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/XpNBGqwPXuo?rel=0&amp;wmode=opaque" frameborder="0" allowFullScreen="true" width="480" height="270"></iframe>
 
 #### Interactive Art
 
-There is a big universe out there. The pulsating music visualizer from the
-last assignment was one example. Hooking up simple color tracking using OpenCV
-to sound synthesis is also a nice one (*e.g.* a musical instrument
+There is a big universe out there. Hooking up simple color tracking using OpenCV
+to sound synthesis is a nice one (*e.g.* a musical instrument
 controlled by movements). Check out the [Wikipedia
 page](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_art) for more ideas.
 
@@ -246,7 +244,7 @@ scaffolding the use of a very powerful object-oriented design pattern called
 Here is a diagram (from Wikipedia) that shows the various components of Model-
 View-Controller and how they interact:
 
-![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MVC-Process.svg/1000px-MVC-Process.svg.png)
+![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MVC-Process.svg/1000px-MVC-Process.svg.png){:width="250px"}
 
 To make things concrete, let's think about how we might implement a Pac-Man
 clone. Here are the classes and the functions that you might use to implement
@@ -275,21 +273,12 @@ but we hope it will be helpful at least as a jumping off point.
 {% assign part = page.parts[0] %}
 _Due: {{ part.due | date: site.part_due_date_format }}_
 
-You must find a teammate and decide on a project topic. You are required to
-have your teammate selected (and hopefully a rough idea of what you will do
+You and your partner must decide upon a project topic. You are required to have a a rough idea of what you will do
 for the project) by {{ part.due | date: '%-I:%M %P on %a %b %-d' }}.
-Use [this Google spreadsheet]({{ page.teaming_spreadsheet }}) to indicate who you are
-working with. There is also a section where you can look for a teammate if you
-don't have one already.
+Use [this Google form to let us know your initial ideas]({{ page.mp4-idea-form }}) to indicate your initial ideas.
 
-Feel free to try out a partner-picking process that we have used in class before (and are likely to again, if needed). Gather people, pens, and post-it notes. Have everyone sit down and write down (on post-its) their name and ideas for project topics (a classic arcade game, something that uses video input, a computer-controlled bad-guy that evolves and gets harder to beat... etc). Take the post-its to a wall. Have people explain their ideas. Cluster together ideas that sound like they're similar or can be combined.
-Choose a partner who described something similar to what you want to do *or* someone who excited you by their description.
-
-As part of filling out this spreadsheet, and starting the project, you should
-fork and clone the [base repo](https://github.com/{{ site.github.owner_name }}/InteractiveProgramming) for this project.
-Remember, that you will want to have only one of your teammates fork the repo,
-and then the other member should be added as a collaborator on GitHub for that
-repo. Be sure to add a link to your repo to the shared Google spreadsheet.
+One of you needs to fork and clone the [base repo](https://github.com/{{ site.github.owner_name }}/InteractiveProgramming) for this project, then add the other member as a collaborator on GitHub for that
+forked repo.
 
 There are three deliverables for this project:
 
@@ -298,12 +287,11 @@ There are three deliverables for this project:
 {% assign part = page.parts[1] %}
 _Due: {{ part.due | date: site.part_due_date_format }}_
 
-You can begin working on a project proposal as soon as you select your partner.
 Part of the {{ part.due | date: site.date_format }} class will be dedicated to approving project proposals.
 We encourage you to speak with NINJAs before this date during office hours (or an impromptu session arranged via Slack).
-By classtime on {{ part.due | date: site.date_format }}, you should be able to provide a link to a proposal document (*e.g.*, a Google doc) that describes the main idea of your project.
+By classtime on {{ part.due | date: site.date_format }}, your MP4 repo should have a proposal document (preferably in markdown, but a PDF can suffice) that describes the main idea of your project.
 Please come to class with a printout of your project proposal.
-The instructors will review the proposals.
+The instructors will review the proposals during studio time and discuss with each team.
 
 Your proposal document should address:
 
@@ -323,6 +311,10 @@ purely to allow us to help shape your project in useful directions - and potenti
 {% assign part = page.parts[2] %}
 _Due: {{ part.due | date: site.part_due_date_format }}_
 
+update 3/8/2018: For this semester's SoftDes, the largest we have offered, we are tweaking the MP4 check-in process from what was originally posted below. We are doing first-pass check-ins via the github repos that student pairs are using to work on and submit MP4. NINJAs will be on-hand during the Friday 3/9 class period to ensure that each partner on each project has pushed something (.py files, design docs, image or sound assets, UML drawings etc) to the appropriate github repo. NINJAs and instructors will be looking at these repos to determine whether an in-person check in will be requested (to be held before the 3/13 class period ends). In cases where the repo is considered to demonstrate sufficient project progress, no in-person check-in will be requested and each partner will receive 100% credit for the check-in. In-person check-ins will be governed by the guidelines below.
+
+original text of this post:
+
 We are requiring a mid-project check-in for this project. You must meet with a
 NINJA by end-of-the-day {{ part.due | date: site.part_due_date_format }}.
 The grading for this check-in will be 0% if you miss it or blow it off, 50% if
@@ -424,27 +416,3 @@ If you want to generate truly beautiful documentation, check out
 [Sphinx](http://sphinx-doc.org/) (the tool used to generate the [Python
 documentation](https://docs.python.org/3/)).
 This is certainly not required, but you may want to use it in the future (think: final project)
-
-{% if false %}
-### Revision
-
-{% assign part = page.parts[4] %}
-_Due: {{ part.due | date: site.part_due_date_format }}_
-
-Reflection and revision is an important part of the iterative feedback
-process. In this part, you will revise and re-submit your project.
-
-The basis for the revision comes from several places:
-
-1. Feedback that you received from the NINJAs via Slack and / or GitHub pull requests.
-2. You know much more Python now than when we started.
-3. There may be extensions or alternate directions you wanted to pursue but didn't have time.
-
-In addition to correcting any errors in the original submission, you can
-use the opportunity to make some technical improvement.
-This could take many forms, but examples include:
-
-* Re-writing the project to use an object-oriented style.
-* Finding and improving performance bottlenecks.
-* Adding functionality that you didn't get to the first time.
-{% endif %}
diff --git a/_assignments/mini-project-5-feedback-and-revision.md b/_assignments/mini-project-5-feedback-and-revision.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 34cbb6c1..00000000
--- a/_assignments/mini-project-5-feedback-and-revision.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
----
-title: 'Mini Project 5: Feedback and Revision'
-date: 2017-04-11 10:00:00 -04:00
-description: 'Reflection and revision is an important part of the iterative feedback
-  process. In this mini project, you will select one of your first four mini projects
-  to revise/extend and resubmit.'
-due: 2017-12-10 9:00:00 -05:00
-survey_url: https://goo.gl/forms/NaFs9SKwSgbpDnQ32
----
-
-## Introduction
-
-Reflection and revision is an important part of the iterative feedback
-process. In this mini project, you will select one of your first four mini
-projects to revise/extend and resubmit.
-
-The basis for the revision comes from several places:
-
-1. For each of the mini projects (and toolboxes) in this class, you received detailed feedback comments from the NINJAs via email and / or GitHub pull requests.
-2. You (hopefully) know much more Python now than when we started
-3. There may be extensions or alternate directions you wanted to pursue but didn't have time
-
-In addition to correcting any errors in the original submission, you should
-make some technical improvement. This could take many forms, but examples
-include:
-
-* Re-writing an older mini project using an object-oriented style.
-* Finding and improving performance bottlenecks. {% comment %}using [algorithm analysis\]
-({% link _days/day-17.md %}) and/or [code profiling]({% link _days/day-19.md %}){% endcomment %}
-* Pursuing one of the "Going Beyond" options.
-* Taking a toolbox to the next level.
-* Something else awesome.
-
-{% if false %}
-This exercise should not take as long as the other mini projects, and it is
-[worth about half as much]({% link pages/policies.md %}).
-{% else %}
-This exercise should not take as long as the other mini projects. It is worth a bonus of half as much as the other mini projects.
-{% endif %}
-
-## How to proceed
-
-### Choose what to work on
-
-Select which mini project you would like to revise. You may individually
-revise MP4. If you and your partner want to work together on MP4, you must
-each make a significant contribution. Send us a proposal (see below) if you
-choose this option.
-
-In most cases, doing a "going beyond" on a toolbox you submitted can satisfy this assignment.
-If you would like to do a toolbox that you did not do as part of your 5 required toolboxes,
-send a note to the teaching team to explain why doing a new toolbox will serve you the best for MP5.
-
-_[Optional]_ If you'd like some feedback on your proposed technical
-improvement or help coming up with one, send a short (1-2 sentences is OK)
-proposal to the instructor via Slack.
-
-### Branch out
-
-In this mini-project, we'll model a git workflow (one of many possible) in
-which there is one stable release branch and all new development happens in
-the master branch, just like we've been doing so far.
-
-Create a new branch called `release` in your repository. You can do this
-[directly on GitHub](https://help.github.com/articles/creating-and-deleting-branches-within-your-repository/),
-or on the [command line](https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Branching-Basic-Branching-and-Merging). This release
-branch will point to your original mini project submission, and you will make
-all the new revisions in the `master` branch.
-
-### Get it done
-
-Complete your revision and improvement and push your work to GitHub.
-
-### Turn it in
-
-Create a pull request from your master branch to your release branch. Submit
-your work by [filling out this form]({{ page.survey_url }}) with the
-URL of your pull request.
diff --git a/_assignments/toolboxes.md b/_assignments/toolboxes.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 099c99ca..00000000
--- a/_assignments/toolboxes.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
----
-title: Project Toolboxes
-permalink: toolboxes
-due: 2017-11-27 09:00:00 -04:00
-parts:
-- name: Three Toolboxes
-  tag: three-toolboxes
-  due: 2017-11-02 09:00:00 -04:00
-- name: Five Toolboxes
-  tag: five-toolboxes
-  due: 2017-11-27 09:00:00 -04:00
----
-
-Software Design and Python are wide worlds, and we'll only explore part of them in class this semester.
-The goal of the [Project Toolbox](https://toolboxes.olin.build) exercises is to
-gain practice with a variety of interesting topics we won't talk about in
-class.
-By completing them, you will develop a suite of skills that will allow
-you to do great things on the final project and beyond.
-
-The exercises are modeled after the way many practicing software developers
-teach themselves as lifelong learners. In each, you'll:
-
-  1. Read about a topic
-  2. Try an example
-  3. Extend it in ways that are interesting to you
-
-The basic part of each exercise is intended to be relatively quick, taking an
-hour or so. (If you find yourself taking significantly longer, be sure to ask
-for help.) There are also lots of opportunities to take things further – many
-of the topics are active research areas, and you could easily work on some of
-them for a lifetime!
-
-### Tips for success
-
-* **Don't suffer in silence.** Many of these exercises require installing new packages, which can sometimes come with hiccups. If you're struggling with something, let us know about it on Piazza so we can fix it for you and everyone else.
-* **Start early**. The project toolbox can be a great source of inspiration for your final project – but only if you try them in time.
-* **Have fun** and follow your own learning goals.
-
-## Three Toolboxes
-
-**Due {{ page.parts[0].due | date: site.part_due_date_format }}**
-
-The first three toolboxes are due {{ page.parts[0].due | date: site.part_due_date_format }}.
-
-## Five Toolboxes
-
-**Due {{ page.parts[1].due | date: site.part_due_date_format }}**
-
-The final two toolboxes (for a total of five) are due {{ page.parts[0].due | date: site.part_due_date_format }}.
-
-If you get through the Project Toolbox exercises and you have a great idea for
-a new one you'd like to create, get in touch with the teaching team!
diff --git a/_config.yml b/_config.yml
index 3c7db2ec..33d4790b 100644
--- a/_config.yml
+++ b/_config.yml
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
-title: Software Design | Fall 2017
+title: Software Design | Spring 2018
 short_title: Software Design
 description: An introduction to software design.
 timezone: America/New_York
-calendar_url: "https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vRJGhlctkwfwPHcEQ9H_sIML5rezTEDtDIgsTZyq4dlARZmKvGP-NTWJqu9zN1huDfpKMJQvAcYwmCq/pubhtml?gid=0&amp;single=true&amp;widget=true&amp;headers=false"
+calendar_url: "https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vStsUF4I-z-UiqDIxUz1vc5ucGPjHkZHKpojMURmEk70KojwJhaaMP8lbu0HCjiVVKC3CBgr53Lpi3N/pubhtml?gid=0&amp;single=true&amp;widget=true&amp;headers=false"
+future: true
 
-sections: 1
-room_number: AC128
+sections: 3
+room_number: AC304, AC326, AC328
+final_room_number: AC326, AC328
 
 yandex_key: 0270fddbef1d3809
 
@@ -27,6 +29,10 @@ collections:
     layout: default
     output: true
     permalink: /notes/:path
+  toolboxes:
+    layout: default
+    output: true
+    permalink: /toolboxes/:path
 
 defaults:
   - scope:
diff --git a/_data/course.yml b/_data/course.yml
index 3cdf4ff6..d6d8782f 100644
--- a/_data/course.yml
+++ b/_data/course.yml
@@ -1 +1 @@
-mp2_gallery_public_drive_path: Public/+Courses/SoftDesFa17
+mp2_gallery_public_drive_path: Public/+Courses/SoftDesSp18
diff --git a/_data/github.yml b/_data/github.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..554d7cd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_data/github.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+organization: sd18spring
+reading_journal_invite: https://classroom.github.com/a/wVVupiFP
+genefinder_invite: https://classroom.github.com/a/i6rW0liB
+TB_AI_invite: https://classroom.github.com/a/PQExy2_D
+TB_AlgorithmicMusic_invite: https://classroom.github.com/a/lKl5tUz-
+TB_ComputerVision_invite: https://classroom.github.com/a/Vf9vxEVv
+TB_EvolutionaryAlgorithms_invite: https://classroom.github.com/a/VT0O9z1V
+TB_Flask_invite: https://classroom.github.com/a/vUCgTp_H
+TB_Geocoding_invite: https://classroom.github.com/a/UKomD-0o
+TB_ImageSteganography_invite: https://classroom.github.com/a/YbnlGDyN
+TB_MachineLearning_invite: https://classroom.github.com/a/IbIG_r9y
+TB_Pickling_invite: https://classroom.github.com/a/SsV459Fm
+TB_WordFrequency_invite: https://classroom.github.com/a/kmVu1VaR
+TB_survey: https://goo.gl/forms/scadXM2cd59XeMGs2
diff --git a/_data/sidebar.yml b/_data/sidebar.yml
index 2baa1572..e05e0925 100644
--- a/_data/sidebar.yml
+++ b/_data/sidebar.yml
@@ -1,36 +1,38 @@
+- title: Course Materials
+  children:
+  - title: Class Notes and Activities
+    url: /notes
+  - title: Project Toolboxes
+    url: /toolboxes/
+  - title: Reading Journal
+    url: /reading-journal/
+  - title: Library Reserves
+    url: https://olin.tind.io/record/1588272
+
+- title: Course Pages
+  children:
+  - title: Calendar
+    url: /calendar/
+  - title: Course Policies
+    url: /policies/
+
 - title: Resources
   children:
+  - title: Setup Your Environment
+    url: /activities/setup
   - title: Resources
     url: /resources/
   - title: Recipes
     url: /resources/recipes/
   - title: Think Python
     url: http://greenteapress.com/wp/think-python-2e/
-  - title: Python 3.5 Documentation
-    url: https://docs.python.org/3.5/
-  - title: Python 3.5 Standard Library
-    url: https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/index.html
+  - title: Python 3.6 Documentation
+    url: https://docs.python.org/3.6/
+  - title: Python 3.6 Standard Library
+    url: https://docs.python.org/3.6/library/index.html
   - title: Python Tutor
     url: http://www.pythontutor.com
   - title: Git Help
     url: /resources/#git
 
-- title: Course Materials
-  children:
-  - title: Reading Journal
-    url: /reading-journal/
-  - title: Lecture Notes
-    url: /notes
-  - title: Handouts and Activities
-    url: /handouts/
-  - title: Library Reserves
-    url: https://olin.tind.io/record/1512034?ln=en
 
-- title: Course Pages
-  children:
-  - title: Calendar
-    url: /calendar/
-  - title: Course Description
-    url: /description/
-  - title: Course Policies
-    url: /policies/
diff --git a/_data/team.yml b/_data/team.yml
index 7f3bb9cb..68894217 100644
--- a/_data/team.yml
+++ b/_data/team.yml
@@ -1,21 +1,9 @@
-- first_name: Duncan
-  office_hours: Sunday, 6-8pm
-  office_location: Library
-- first_name: Emily
-  office_hours: Saturday, 4-6pm
-  office_location: Library
-- first_name: Hannah
-  office_hours: Tuesdays 7-9 pm
-  office_location: Library
-- first_name: Matt
-  office_hours: TBD because SCOPE
-  office_location: Library
-- first_name: Seungin
-  office_hours: Sunday, 4-6pm
-  office_location: Library
-- first_name: Tony
-  office_hours: Wednesday TBD
-  office_location:
-- first_name: Oliver
-  office_hours: Drop in or by appointment
-  office_location: MH 365, or Slack to find me
+- first_name: Paul
+  office_hours: by appointment
+  office_location: AC112
+- first_name: Amon
+  office_hours: by appointment
+  office_location: AC312
+- first_name: Ben
+  office_hours: by appointment
+  office_location: MH329
diff --git a/_includes/assignment b/_includes/assignment
index 4c86f9d2..ff8169b8 100644
--- a/_includes/assignment
+++ b/_includes/assignment
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 {% if assignment.parts %}
-  <dt><a href="{{ assignment.url }}">{{ assignment.title }}</a> – due
+  <dt><a href="{{ site.baseurl }}{{ assignment.url }}">{{ assignment.title }}</a> – due
     {% for part in assignment.parts %}
-      <a href="{{ assignment.url }}#{{ part.tag }}"><b>{{ part.due | date: site.due_date_format }}</b></a>
+      <a href="{{ site.baseurl }}{{ assignment.url }}#{{ part.tag }}"><b>{{ part.due | date: site.due_date_format }}</b></a>
       {% if forloop.rindex > 1 %}; {% endif %}
       {% if forloop.rindex == 2 %}and{% endif %}
     {% endfor %}
   </dt>
   <dd>{{ assignment.description }}<ul>
   {% for part in assignment.parts %}
-    <li><a href="{{ assignment.url }}#{{ part.tag }}">{{ part.name }} – due <b>{{ part.due | date: site.due_datetime_format }}</b></a></li>
+    <li><a href="{{ site.baseurl }}{{ assignment.url }}#{{ part.tag }}">{{ part.name }} – due <b>{{ part.due | date: site.due_datetime_format }}</b></a></li>
   {% endfor %}
   </ul></dd>
 {% elsif assignment.due %}
-  <dt><a href="{{ assignment.url }}">{{ assignment.title }} – due {{ assignment.due | date: site.due_datetime_format }}</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="{{ site.baseurl }}{{ assignment.url }}">{{ assignment.title }} – due {{ assignment.due | date: site.due_datetime_format }}</a></dt>
   <dd>{{ assignment.description }}</dd>
 {% endif %}
diff --git a/_layouts/default.html b/_layouts/default.html
index 67596828..e9b52447 100644
--- a/_layouts/default.html
+++ b/_layouts/default.html
@@ -16,15 +16,15 @@
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://unpkg.com/bulmaswatch/litera/bulmaswatch.min.css">
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css">
     {% include mathjax %}
-    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/syntax.css">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/site.css">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ site.baseurl }}/assets/css/syntax.css">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ site.baseurl }}/assets/css/site.css">
   </head>
 
   <body class="{{ page.path | split: '.' | first | slugify }}">
 
     <nav class="navbar">
       <div class="navbar-brand">
-        <a class="navbar-item is-size-1" href="/">
+        <a class="navbar-item is-size-1" href="{{ site.baseurl }}/">
           {% if page.title %}
             <span class="is-hidden-touch">{{ site.short_title | default: site.title }} &middot;&nbsp;</span>{{ page.title }}
           {% else %}
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
             {% assign title = page.title | default: title | replace: '.html', '' %}
           {% endif %}
           <li class="{{ is_active_class }}">
-            <a href="{{ url }}">
+            <a href="{{ site.baseurl }}{{ url }}">
               {{ title }}
             </a>
           </li>
@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@
               {% if assignment.parent %}{% continue %}{% endif %}
               {% if assignment.announce > site.time %}{% continue %}{% endif %}
               {% if assignment.due < site.time %}{% continue %}{% endif %}
-              <li><a href="{{ assignment.url }}">{{ assignment.title }}</a></li>
+              <li><a href="{{ site.baseurl }}{{ assignment.url }}">{{ assignment.title }}</a></li>
             {% endfor %}
-            <li class="menu-list"><a href="{% link pages/assignments.html %}">Past and future…</a></li>
+            <li class="menu-list"><a href="{{ site.baseurl }}{% link pages/assignments.html %}">Past and future…</a></li>
           </ul>
 
           {% for section in site.data.sidebar %}
@@ -79,7 +79,11 @@
                   <li>found = {{ p.path }}, {{ p.url }}</li>
                   <li>keys = {% for k in p %}{{k[0]}}.{% endfor %}</li>
                 {% endif %}
-                <li><a href="{{ p.url }}">{{ p.title }}</a></li>
+                {% if p.url contains 'http' %}
+                  <li><a href="{{ p.url }}">{{ p.title }}</a></li>
+                {% else %}
+                  <li><a href="{{ site.baseurl }}{{ p.url }}">{{ p.title }}</a></li>
+                {% endif %}
               {% endfor %}
             </ul>
           {% endfor %}
diff --git a/_notebooks/.keep b/_notebooks/.keep
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/_notebooks/Day 4 Reading Journal Notes.md b/_notebooks/Day 4 Reading Journal Notes.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7517ef83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_notebooks/Day 4 Reading Journal Notes.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,773 @@
+---
+date: 2018-02-06T13:11:49-05:00
+source: notebooks/Day 4 Reading Journal Notes.ipynb
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+
+### Day 4 Reading Journal Notes
+
+### Exercise 4  
+Write a function called `middle` that takes a list and returns a new list that contains all but the first and last elements. So `middle([1,2,3,4])` should return `[2,3]`.
+
+#### The most common answer
+
+
+```python
+def middle(s):
+    return s[1:len(s)-1]
+
+middle([1,2,3,4,])
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+
+
+
+    [2, 3]
+
+
+
+
+#### A more cumbersome method, but works?
+
+
+```python
+def middle(lst):
+    new = []
+    for x in range(0, len(lst)):
+        new.append(lst[x])
+    new.remove(new[0])
+    new.remove(new[-1])
+    return new
+print(middle([1,2,3,4]))
+print(middle([1,5,3,4]))
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    [2, 3]
+    [5, 3]
+
+
+
+#### Careful about return types: `[[2, 3]] != [2,3]`
+
+
+```python
+def middle (random_list):
+    new_list = []
+    for element in random_list:
+        new_list = [random_list[1:-1]]
+    return new_list
+
+middle([1,2,3,4])
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+
+
+
+    [[2, 3]]
+
+
+
+
+### Improving readability
+
+Variable names and a docstring.
+
+
+```python
+def middle(first_list):
+    """
+    Takes a list and returns all but the first and the last elements.
+    """
+    last_index = len(first_list) - 1
+    new_list = first_list[1:last_index] #this all could be one line but I like readability
+    return new_list
+
+my_list = [1,2,3,4]
+print(middle(my_list))
+print(my_list)
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    [2, 3]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4]
+
+
+
+#### Is this one correct?
+
+How can we write a unit test?
+
+
+```python
+def middle(Input):
+    """
+    Given a list, return a new list that contains all but the first and last elements.
+    
+    >>> L = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    >>> print(L)
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    >>> print(middle(L))
+    [2, 3, 4]
+    >>> print(L)
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    """
+    if len(Input)>1:
+
+        List = Input
+        del List[0]
+        del List[-1]
+    
+        return List
+    else:
+        
+        return "List is too short."
+
+import doctest
+doctest.run_docstring_examples(middle, globals(), verbose=False)
+
+#middle(['a', 'b'])
+#middle(['a'])
+```
+
+Quick fix: make a copy of the input list using a slice:  `List = Input[:]`
+
+#### Using the copy module
+
+Slices are another way to go, but this will work.
+
+
+```python
+original_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+import copy
+def middle(original_list):
+    copied_list = []
+    copied_list = copy.copy(original_list)
+    del copied_list[0]
+    del copied_list[-1]
+    
+    print(original_list)
+    print(copied_list)
+    return copied_list
+    
+middle(original_list)
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    [2, 3, 4]
+
+
+
+
+
+    [2, 3, 4]
+
+
+
+
+#### Another correct solution, this one using pop
+
+
+```python
+def middle(l):
+    new_list = l[:]
+    new_list.pop(0)
+    new_list.pop(len(new_list)-1)
+    print(l)
+    return new_list
+
+middle([1,2,'ads',2,35,6,63])
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    [1, 2, 'ads', 2, 35, 6, 63]
+
+
+
+
+
+    [2, 'ads', 2, 35, 6]
+
+
+
+
+#### Careful with Variable Names
+
+
+```python
+def middle(list):
+    new_list = list[1:len(list)-1]
+    return new_list
+print(middle([9,2,7,1,4]))
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    [2, 7, 1]
+
+
+
+#### Another way to make a copy of a List???
+
+
+```python
+def middle(L):
+    res = list(L)
+    res.pop(0)
+    res.pop(-1)
+    return res
+
+print(middle([1,2,3,4]))
+print(middle([2,"hello",5,'Hi']))
+```
+
+### Exercise 5  
+Write a function called `chop` that takes a list, modifies it by removing the first and last elements, and returns `None`.
+
+What is the difference between `middle` and `chop`? Sketch out the program state or take a look at each in Python Tutor.
+
+#### This looks okay, but we haven't really tested it yet
+
+How can we see whether or not this is correct?
+
+
+```python
+def chop(lst):
+    lst = lst[1:len(lst)-1]
+L = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+chop(L)
+print(L)
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    [1, 2, 3, 4]
+
+
+
+To better understand what is happening here we will draw some state diagrams and stack diagrams.
+
+#### This seems better, is it correct?
+
+
+```python
+def chop(list):
+    list.remove(list[0])
+    list.remove(list[-1])
+    return None
+middle([1,2,3,4])
+```
+
+#### How about this one?
+
+We have a minor quibble over variable names.
+
+
+```python
+def chop(list_numbers):
+    del list_numbers[0]
+    del list_numbers[-1]
+    print(list_numbers)
+    
+chop([1,2,3,4])
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    [2, 3]
+
+
+
+#### del can also handle list slices
+
+
+```python
+X = [3,6,3,8,0,2,5]
+def chop(List):
+    del List[:1]
+    del List[-1:]
+    
+print(chop(X))
+print(X)
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    None
+    [6, 3, 8, 0, 2]
+
+
+
+### Exercise 7  
+Two words are anagrams if you can rearrange the letters from one to spell the other. Write a function called `is_anagram` that takes two strings and returns `True` if they are anagrams.
+
+#### Let's decide if each of these is correct
+
+Minor issue with doctest here.  Let's run it with verbose = True
+
+
+```python
+def is_anagram(string_one, string_two):
+    """
+    Takes input two strings and returns True is they are anagrams
+    
+    >>> is_anagram("car", "arc")
+    True
+    >>> is_anagram("blah", "nope")
+    False
+    """
+    if len(string_one) == len(string_two):  # words are the same length
+        for letter in string_one:
+            if letter in string_two:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+import doctest
+doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_anagram, globals(), verbose=False)
+```
+
+Passes tests, but we don't have enough coverage. For example, what if we add:
+
+```
+    >>> is_anagram("cat", "cap")
+    False
+    >>> is_anagram("ab", "aaaab")
+    False
+```
+
+
+```python
+def is_anagram(o,t):
+    """
+    >>> is_anagram("ab", "aaaab")
+    False
+    """
+    if o.strip(t) == '':
+        return True
+    else:
+        return False
+
+is_anagram('banana','popcorn')
+is_anagram('banana','nabana')
+
+import doctest
+doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_anagram, globals(), verbose=True)
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    Finding tests in NoName
+    Trying:
+        is_anagram("ab", "aaaab")
+    Expecting:
+        False
+    **********************************************************************
+    File "__main__", line 3, in NoName
+    Failed example:
+        is_anagram("ab", "aaaab")
+    Expected:
+        False
+    Got:
+        True
+
+
+
+
+```python
+def is_anagram(string1, string2):
+    """
+    This function will use the split and sort command to check to see whether one string contains all the letters of the other string.
+    
+    >>> is_anagram('z', 'z')
+    True
+    >>> is_anagram('c', 'b')
+    False
+    >>> is_anagram('earth','heart')
+    True
+    >>> is_anagram('chicken','butt')
+    False
+    """
+    
+    string1_list = list(string1)
+    string1_list.sort()
+    string2_list = list(string2)
+    string2_list.sort()
+    
+    for i in range(len(string1_list)):
+        if not string1_list[i] == string2_list[i]:
+            return False
+    return True    
+
+
+
+doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_anagram, globals(),verbose=True)  
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    Finding tests in NoName
+    Trying:
+        is_anagram('z', 'z')
+    Expecting:
+        True
+    ok
+    Trying:
+        is_anagram('c', 'b')
+    Expecting:
+        False
+    ok
+    Trying:
+        is_anagram('earth','heart')
+    Expecting:
+        True
+    ok
+    Trying:
+        is_anagram('chicken','butt')
+    Expecting:
+        False
+    ok
+
+
+
+
+```python
+def anagrams(first, second):
+    """
+    >>> anagrams("ab", "aaaab")
+    False
+    """
+
+    if len(first) == len(second):
+        for i in range(0,len(second)):
+            if first[i] in second:
+                continue
+            else:
+                return False
+    else:
+        return False 
+    return True
+
+doctest.run_docstring_examples(anagrams, globals(),verbose=True)  
+#anagrams('apple', 'paple')
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    Finding tests in NoName
+    Trying:
+        anagrams("ab", "aaaab")
+    Expecting:
+        False
+    ok
+
+
+
+
+```python
+def is_anagram(string1, string2):
+    if len(string1) != len(string2):
+        return False
+    for letter in string1:
+        if letter not in string2:
+            return False
+    for letter in string2:
+        if letter not in string1:
+            return False
+    return True
+
+print(is_anagram('dog', 'god'))
+print(is_anagram('dog', 'cat'))
+print(is_anagram('dogg', 'doog')) #lolnope
+```
+
+
+```python
+def is_anagram (x, y): 
+    list_a = []   #Converting from a string to a list
+    list_b = []   #For both x and y. 
+    
+    for i in x:
+        list_a.append(i) #Putting the elements of the string x into list a.
+    
+    for i in y:
+        list_b.append(i) #Putting the elements of the string y into list b.
+        
+    #This part was checked with a print statement.
+ 
+    list_a.sort() #Modifies the list itself, does not return a value. 
+    list_b.sort() #But for both, this function arranges the letters so that if it were an anagram they would be in the same order, which is from least to greatest in terms of their place in the alphabet.
+    
+    if list_a == list_b: #Rhis if statement compares the resulting lists from list sort. If they are the same, they contain the same letters, which would mean the words are anagrams. 
+        ret`urn True 
+    else:
+        return False
+    
+is_anagram ('love','vole')
+```
+
+
+```python
+def is_anagram (x,y):
+    x = list(x)
+    y = list(y)
+    x.sort()
+    y.sort()
+    if x == y:
+        return True
+
+
+is_anagram('bat', 'tab')
+```
+
+
+```python
+def anagrams(String1, String2):
+    """
+    Given two string inputs, checks to see if they are anagrams.
+    >>>anagrams('tab', 'bat')
+    True
+    >>>anagrams('lad', 'bad')
+    False
+    """
+    for letter in String1:
+        if letter in String2:
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+        
+anagrams('tab', 'bad')
+import doctest
+doctest.run_docstring_examples(chop, globals())
+```
+
+
+```python
+def is_anagram(s1, s2):
+    s1 = s1.lower()
+    s2 = s2.lower()
+    s1 = s1.replace(" ", "")
+    s2 = s2.replace(" ", "")
+
+    l2 = list(s2)
+    for letter in s1:
+        if letter in l2:
+            l2.remove(letter)
+        else:
+            return False
+    if len(l2) == 0:
+        return True
+    else:
+        return False
+
+is_anagram('iceman    ', 'cinema')
+```
+
+#### Based on these answers, what is a good comprehensive list of unit tests?
+
+### Exercise 8  
+The (so-called) Birthday Paradox:
+1. Write a function called `has_duplicates` that takes a list and returns `True` if there is any element that appears more than once. It should not modify the original list.
+2. If there are 23 students in your class, what are the chances that two of you have the same birthday? You can estimate this probability by generating random samples of 23 birthdays and checking for matches. Hint: you can generate random birthdays with the randint function in the [random module](https://docs.python.org/2/library/random.html).
+
+You can read about this problem at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_paradox, and you can download Allen's solution from http://thinkpython.com/code/birthday.py.
+
+Most of the interesting differences here were in the has_duplicates function.  Let's start there, and then look at a few people's complete code.
+
+
+```python
+def has_duplicates(lst):
+    newlist = []
+    for e in lst:
+        if e in newlist:
+            return True
+        else:
+            newlist.append(e)
+    return False
+```
+
+
+```python
+def has_duplicates(g):
+    number = 0
+    for birthday in g:   #run through every birthday
+        for others in g:    #run throguh the other birthdays
+            if birthday == others:   #how many bdays does it match?
+                number += 1
+        #print number
+    if number > len(g):     #if the number is greater than 23
+        return True         #then there was at least one duplicate
+    else:
+        return False
+```
+
+
+```python
+def has_duplicates(input_list):
+    check = []
+    for i in input_list:
+        if i not in check:
+            check.append(i)
+    if len(check) < len(input_list):
+        return True
+    else:
+        return False
+```
+
+
+```python
+def has_duplicates(list_things):
+    list_things.sort()
+    flag = False
+    for index in range(1, len(list_things)):
+        flag = flag or list_things[index] == list_things[index-1]
+    return flag
+            
+has_duplicates([0,1,2,4, 3, 3, 3])
+```
+
+Careful with variable scope.
+
+
+```python
+def has_duplicates(random_list):
+    birthdays_sorted = sorted(birthdays)
+    for i in range(1,len(random_list)):
+        if random_list[i-1] == random_list[i]:
+            return True
+    return False
+```
+
+
+```python
+def has_duplicates(my_list):
+    """
+    Checks for duplicates in a list
+    """
+    for i in range(len(my_list)):
+        if my_list[i] in my_list[i + 1:]:
+            return True
+    return False
+```
+
+
+```python
+def has_duplicates(birthdays):
+    """
+    >>> has_duplicates([1,2,3,3,4])
+    True
+    >>> has_duplicates(["one","two","banana"])
+    False
+    """
+    for i in range(0,len(birthdays)):
+        for j in range(0,i):
+            if birthdays[i] == birthdays[j]:
+                return True
+    return False
+```
+
+What do we think about the line `items = l[:]`
+
+
+```python
+import random
+
+def has_duplicates(l):
+    """
+    Tests if a list contains duplicate values. Returns True if so.
+    
+    >>> has_duplicates([1,2,3,4,5])
+    False
+    >>> has_duplicates([1,2,3,4,2])
+    True
+    
+    """
+    items = l[:]
+    items.sort()
+    i = 1
+    while i < len(items):
+        if items[i] == items[i-1]:
+            return True
+        i += 1
+    return False
+
+def generate_birthdays(length):
+    """
+    Generates a list of random integers between 1 and 365.
+    """
+    result = []
+    for i in range(length):
+        result.append(random.randint(1, 365))
+    return result
+
+def probability_of_duplicates(n):
+    """
+    Empirically estimates the chance that a group of n people will
+    contain at least one pair with the same birthday.
+    """
+    count = 0
+    for i in range(1000):
+        birthdays = generate_birthdays(n)
+        if has_duplicates(birthdays):
+            count += 1
+    return count/1000.
+
+print(probability_of_duplicates(23))
+
+import doctest
+doctest.testmod()
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    0.511
+
+
+
+
+
+    TestResults(failed=0, attempted=2)
+
+
+
+
+
+```python
+import random
+
+def has_duplicates(t):
+    element_tracker = []
+    for item in t:
+        if item in element_tracker:
+            return True
+        element_tracker.append(item)
+    return False
+
+i = 0
+j = 0
+birthdays = []
+duplicates = []
+
+while i < 100:
+    while j < 23:
+        birthdays.append(random.randint(0,365)) #birthday represented as one of 365 days
+        j += 1
+    
+    duplicates.append(has_duplicates(birthdays))
+    birthdays = []
+    i += 1
+    j = 0
+
+print(duplicates.count(True)) #Should be ~50
+```
diff --git a/_notebooks/Frankenstein and Dracula Text Analysis.md b/_notebooks/Frankenstein and Dracula Text Analysis.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a34223f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_notebooks/Frankenstein and Dracula Text Analysis.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+---
+date: 2018-02-16T10:47:20-05:00
+source: notebooks/Frankenstein and Dracula Text Analysis.ipynb
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+
+# An Analysis of Sentence Structure in Bram Stoker's "Dracula" and Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein"
+
+## Main Idea
+
+The purpose of this notebook is to analyze the sentences in Bram Stoker's "Dracula" and Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein."  I'm going to take a machine learning approach where I attempt to build a model that uses individual words in a particular sentence taken from one of the two works, and then attempts to predict which of the two works it came from.  While there is nothing inherently useful (at least in this case) about being able to predict which work a sentence came from, by examining the way the model solves the problem we can learn a little bit about each of the two works.
+
+## Downloading Text and Sentence Tokenizing
+
+I used Project Gutenberg to download the full text of each of the works (see the main MP3 page for details).  After loading each work as a string, I used NTLK's sentence tokenizer to chop up each string into sentences (you could do a rough approximation of this by splitting your string on periods, but the NLTK tokenizer is more advanced, e.g., it doesn't get fooled by abbreviations like Ms. or Mr.).
+
+
+```python
+import nltk
+
+f = open('dracula.txt')
+dracula_text = ''.join(f.readlines())
+f.close()
+
+f = open('frankenstein.txt')
+frankenstein_text = ''.join(f.readlines())
+f.close()
+
+dracula_sentences = nltk.sent_tokenize(dracula_text)
+frankenstein_sentences = nltk.sent_tokenize(frankenstein_text)
+print("There are %d sentences in Dracula"% len(dracula_sentences))
+print("There are %d sentences in Frankenstein"% len(frankenstein_sentences))
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    There are 8569 sentences in Dracula
+    There are 3199 sentences in Frankenstein
+
+
+
+## Vectorize the Data
+
+In order to create a model to automatically categorize sentences as being from Dracula or Frankenstein, we first need to vectorize our data.  The process of vectorization will take the data strings that represent each sentence and convert them into a vector of numbers.  The reason that we are doing this is that there are many more examples of machine learning models that can handle numerical data than string data, so we are converting our data from a less usable to a more usable format.
+
+The particular method we are going to be using to vectorize our data is called [tf-idf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tf%E2%80%93idf).  A full explanation of this is beyond the scope of this notebook, but the basic idea is to convert each sentence into a vector where each element of the resulting vector indicates how prominently a particular word factors in that sentence.  In these two texts it turns out there are 12,712 unique words.  Therefore, each sentence is represented as a 12,712 dimensional vector.  However, Since most words don't occur at all in a particular sentence, most of these entries are 0.
+
+To really understand these vectors, you should the Wikipedia article or talk to a member of the teaching team.
+
+
+```python
+from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer
+
+vectorizer = TfidfVectorizer()
+vectorizer.fit(dracula_sentences + frankenstein_sentences)
+
+X_dracula = vectorizer.transform(dracula_sentences)
+X_frankenstein = vectorizer.transform(frankenstein_sentences)
+
+print("The vectorized Dracula data has %d rows and %d columns" %X_dracula.shape)
+print("The vectorized Frankenstein data has %d rows and %d columns" %X_frankenstein.shape)
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    The vectorized Dracula data has 8569 rows and 12712 columns
+    The vectorized Frankenstein data has 3199 rows and 12712 columns
+
+
+
+## Splitting the Data into Training and Testing Sets
+
+Before we can do machine learning, we need to do a few things.  The first thing is that we have to tell the machine learning algorithm what task we want it to solve.  We do this by giving it a bunch of vectors and corresponding labels.  The vectors in this case will be the vectorized sentences (i.e. converted into tf-idf features), and the labels will correspond to a 1 if the sentence came from Dracula and a 0 if it came from Frankenstein (which text gets a 1 versus a 0 is arbitrary).
+
+Once we have created the appropriate dataset format, we will randomly split our data into a training and test set.  We will use the training set to construct our model (recall that the model's job will be to predict whether a sentence is from Dracula or Frankenstein) and we will use the testing set to evaluate how well the model learned on the training set actually works on new data.  We don't want to just test the model on the training set, because that would give us an overinflated sence of how well the model is doing.
+
+
+```python
+import numpy as np
+from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
+from scipy import sparse
+
+X = sparse.vstack((X_dracula, X_frankenstein))
+y = np.hstack((np.ones(X_dracula.shape[0]), np.zeros(X_frankenstein.shape[0])))
+
+X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.33, random_state=42)
+
+print("The training set has %d rows and %d colums" % X_train.shape)
+print("The testing set has %d rows and %d columns" % X_test.shape)
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    The training set has 7884 rows and 12712 colums
+    The testing set has 3884 rows and 12712 columns
+
+
+
+## Training our Model
+
+For the actual machine learning algorithm we are going to use a technique called [multiple logistic regression](http://www.biostathandbook.com/multiplelogistic.html) (you'll also see this called "multivariate logistic regression", or occasionally just "logistic regression").  The basic idea is that our model will fit a set of weights over each entry of the input vectors (remember, each entry in the vector corresponds to a particular word).  Each weight will tell us to what degree a particular word is associated with either Frankenstein or Dracula.  If the weight is very positive, this means that the corresponding word is associated with the novel Dracula.  If the weight is very negative, this means that the corresponding word is associated with the novel Frankenstein.  As a side note, the only reason taht positive corresponds to Dracula and negative corresponds to Frankenstein is that when we setup the task we arbitrarily assigned a "1" to sentences from Dracula and a "0" to sentences from Frankenstein.
+
+One we fit the model, we will test how well it does on predicting sentences from the test set.  As a baseline, I am printing out the accuracy we would get if we always predicted "Dracula" for every sentence (since there are more sentences of this type).
+
+
+```python
+from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
+from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score
+
+model = LogisticRegression()
+model.fit(X_train, y_train)
+
+print("The model achieves an accuracy of %f" %accuracy_score(model.predict(X_test), y_test))
+print("Always predicting Dracula gives an accuracy of %f" % accuracy_score(np.ones(y_test.shape), y_test))
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    The model achieves an accuracy of 0.881050
+    Always predicting Dracula gives an accuracy of 0.737899
+
+
+
+## Interpreting the Model
+
+As I said at the top of this notebook, there isn't really much utility to accurately classifying sentences as being from Dracula or Frankenstein (as a side note, this would be useful for author attribution in cases where authorship is not firmly established, e.g., [The Federalist Papers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers)).
+
+In this next cell, we are going to grab the model weights corresponding to the words most highly associated with Frankenstein and those most highly associated with Dracula.
+
+
+```python
+# sort the weights (highly negative is associated with Frankenstein
+# and highly positive is associated with Dracula)
+sorted_weights = np.argsort(model.coef_)
+
+print("Top 50 words associated with Frankenstein")
+for ind in sorted_weights[0,:50]:
+    print(vectorizer.get_feature_names()[ind])
+print()
+print("Top 50 words associated with Dracula")
+for ind in reversed(sorted_weights[0,-49:]):
+    print(vectorizer.get_feature_names()[ind])
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    Top 50 words associated with Frankenstein
+    my
+    elizabeth
+    of
+    miserable
+    clerval
+    father
+    justine
+    towards
+    feelings
+    but
+    wretch
+    thus
+    which
+    by
+    cottage
+    ice
+    felix
+    countenance
+    human
+    victor
+    misery
+    beheld
+    wretched
+    upon
+    these
+    although
+    often
+    frankenstein
+    return
+    peace
+    fiend
+    yet
+    lake
+    months
+    tale
+    should
+    mountains
+    entered
+    while
+    murderer
+    every
+    this
+    spent
+    cousin
+    appeared
+    creature
+    family
+    and
+    also
+    innocence
+    
+    Top 50 words associated with Dracula
+    there
+    we
+    all
+    lucy
+    count
+    mina
+    out
+    back
+    so
+    it
+    is
+    know
+    though
+    van
+    helsing
+    come
+    up
+    see
+    he
+    way
+    professor
+    went
+    arthur
+    tell
+    get
+    too
+    harker
+    diary
+    things
+    go
+    think
+    jonathan
+    over
+    must
+    got
+    down
+    seemed
+    came
+    window
+    quite
+    help
+    off
+    coming
+    door
+    here
+    husband
+    face
+    sort
+    look
+
+
+
+## Interpreting the Results
+
+This is section is a work in progress.  These should as hypotheses about the texts that were generated by the analysis above.  More work is needed to verify them.
+
+## Why is "my" the number one word for Frankenstein
+
+According to Sparknotes the narrator of Frankenstein is:
+
+>The primary narrator is Robert Walton, who, in his letters, quotes Victor Frankenstein’s first-person narrative at length; Victor, in turn, quotes the monster’s first-person narrative; in addition, the lesser characters Elizabeth Lavenza and Alphonse Frankenstein narrate parts of the story through their letters to Victor.
+
+According to Sparknotes the narrator of Dracula is:
+> Dracula is told primarily through a collection of journal entries, letters, and telegrams written or recorded by its main characters: Jonathan Harker, Mina Murray, Dr. John Seward, Lucy Westenra, and Dr. Van Helsing.
+
+This difference in narrators could explain why the word "my" is much more associated with Frankenstein than Dracula.
+
+
+## Explanation of Names and Associations to Frankenstein or Dracula
+
+Some of the top 50 words for each work seem to correspond to names of the characters.  Here are a few of the characters that are prominent in each story.
+
+### Frankenstein
+
+* Elizabeth Lavenza
+* Victor Frankenstein
+
+### Dracula
+
+* Jonathan Harker
+* Mina Murray
+* Dr. John Seward
+* Lucy Westenra
+* Dr. Van Helsing.
+
+## Why is "there" the number one word for Dracula
+
+I'm not totally sure on this one, but I think it has to do with both a stylistic difference between the two writers as well as the structure of the narrative.  According to [Sparknotes](http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/dracula/facts/) the narrative in Dracula is mostly in the past tense.
+
+> Though some of the entries record the thoughts and observations of the characters in the present tense, most incidents in the novel are recounted in the past tense.
+
+In Frankenstein, the quotes from Victor Frankenstein's personal narrative are often in the present tense.
+
+Another way to examine this is that the phrase "there was" occurs 19 times in Frankenstein and 119 times in Dracula (to be fair, Frankenstein is half as long as Dracula).  If we just look at the word "there" it occurs 109 times and 599 times in Frankenstein and Dracula respectively.
diff --git a/_notebooks/Geometry and Inheritance Solutions.md b/_notebooks/Geometry and Inheritance Solutions.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e100a314
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_notebooks/Geometry and Inheritance Solutions.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+---
+date: 2018-03-05T23:47:27-05:00
+source: notebooks/Geometry and Inheritance Solutions.ipynb
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+
+# Inheritance Example: 2D Geometry (Solutions)
+
+The classes below represent simple 2D shapes.
+
+1.  Simplify the code using inheritance.  You can either cut-and-paste the code  and modify it in the cell below, or modify the original code.
+
+
+```python
+from math import sqrt
+
+class Polygon(object):
+    """ Represents a polygon in 2D """
+    def __init__(self, vertices):
+        """ Initialize a polygon from a list of vertices, where each
+            vertex is represented as an (x, y) tuple.
+            
+            vertices: the vertices of the polygone (note: vertices
+                      are assumed to be in counterclockwise order) """
+        self.vertices = vertices
+    
+    def get_area(self):
+        """
+        >>> Polygon([(0, 0), (200, 0), (200, 300), (0, 300)]).get_area()
+        60000.0
+        """
+        # Using formula from http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PolygonArea.html
+        area = 0.0
+        for i, v_i in enumerate(self.vertices):
+            v_i_plus_1 = self.vertices[(i+1) % len(self.vertices)]
+            area += 0.5*(v_i[0]*v_i_plus_1[1] - v_i[1]*v_i_plus_1[0])
+        return area
+
+    def get_side_lengths(self):
+        """ Returns a list of all the side lengths in the Polygon
+        
+        >>> Polygon([(0, 0), (200, 0), (200, 300), (0, 300)]).get_side_lengths()
+        [200.0, 300.0, 200.0, 300.0]
+        """
+        side_lengths = []
+        for i, v_i in enumerate(self.vertices):
+            v_i_plus_1 = self.vertices[(i+1) % len(self.vertices)]
+            # calculate side_length using the Pythagorean theorem
+            side_length = sqrt((v_i[0] - v_i_plus_1[0])**2 + (v_i[1] - v_i_plus_1[1])**2)
+            side_lengths.append(side_length)
+        return side_lengths
+    
+class Rectangle(Polygon):
+    """ Represents a rectangle in 2D
+    
+        >>> Rectangle(3, 5, 100, 20).get_area()
+        2000.0
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, x1, y1, width, height):
+        """ Initialize a rectangle from the upper left corner vertex and
+            its width and height.
+            
+            x1: x-coordinate of the upper left corner of the rectangle
+            y1: y-coordinate of the upper left corner of the rectangle
+            width: width of the rectangle
+            height: height of the rectangle
+        """
+        super().__init__([(x1, y1), (x1 + width, y1), (x1 + width, y1 + height), (x1, y1 + height)])
+
+class Triangle(Polygon):
+    """ Represents a triangle in 2D
+
+        >>> Triangle(0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 0.0, 0.0, 5.0).get_area()
+        25.0
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3):
+        """ Initialize a triangle from its three vertices.  The vertices
+            are assumed to be in counterclockwise order.
+            
+            x1: x-coordinate of the first vertex of the triangle
+            y1: y-coordinate of the first vertex of the triangle
+            x2: x-coordinate of the second vertex of the triangle
+            y2: y-coordinate of the second vertex of the triangle
+            x3: x-coordinate of the third vertex of the triangle
+            y3: y-coordinate of the third vertex of the triangle
+        """
+        super().__init__([(x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3)])
+
+class Square(Rectangle):
+    """ Represents a square in 2D
+
+        >>> Square(1.0, 3.0, 50.0).get_area()
+        2500.0
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, x1, y1, side_length):
+        """ Initialize a square from the upper left corner vertex and
+            its side length.
+            
+            x1: x-coordinate of the upper left corner of the rectangle
+            y1: y-coordinate of the upper left corner of the rectangle
+            side_length: side length of the square
+        """
+        super().__init__(x1, y1, side_length, side_length)
+
+
+import doctest
+doctest.testmod()
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+
+
+
+    TestResults(failed=0, attempted=5)
+
+
+
+
+<ol start="2">
+<li>Create a right triangle class (make sure to use inheritance!)</li>
+<li>Add a function called `get_hypotenuse_length` to your right triangle class.</li>
+</ol>
+
+
+```python
+class RightTriangle(Triangle):
+    """
+    Represents a right triangle in 2D
+    
+    Note: the __init__ method takes three vertices (just like for the normal Triangle class),
+          however, in this class we check to make sure the vertices actually represent
+          a right triangle.
+
+    >>> RightTriangle(0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 4).get_hypotenuse_length()
+    5.0
+    """
+    def __init__(self, x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3):
+        super().__init__(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3)
+        l = self.get_side_lengths()
+
+        # make sure it's a right triangle by seeing if the Pythagorean theorem is satisfied
+        if (l[0]**2 != l[1]**2 + l[2]**2 and
+            l[1]**2 != l[0]**2 + l[2]**2 and
+            l[2]**2 != l[0]**2 + l[1]**2):
+            raise ValueError('The specified triangle is not a right triangle')
+    
+    def get_hypotenuse_length(self):
+        return max(self.get_side_lengths())
+
+doctest.testmod()
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+
+
+
+    TestResults(failed=0, attempted=6)
+
+
+
diff --git a/_notebooks/Geometry and Inheritance.md b/_notebooks/Geometry and Inheritance.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aa3fc800
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_notebooks/Geometry and Inheritance.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+---
+date: 2018-03-05T23:47:27-05:00
+source: notebooks/Geometry and Inheritance.ipynb
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+
+# Inheritance Example: 2D Geometry
+
+The classes below represent simple 2D shapes.  Currently the only supported functionality is `get_area`, but more could be added.
+
+
+```python
+class Rectangle(object):
+    """ Represents a rectangle in 2D """
+
+    def __init__(self, x1, y1, width, height):
+        """ Initialize a rectangle from the upper left corner vertex and
+            its width and height.
+            
+            x1: x-coordinate of the upper left corner of the rectangle
+            y1: y-coordinate of the upper left corner of the rectangle
+            width: width of the rectangle
+            height: height of the rectangle
+        """
+        self.x1 = x1
+        self.y1 = y1
+        self.width = width
+        self.height = height
+    
+    def get_area(self):
+        """
+        >>> Rectangle(1.0, 3.0, 100.0, 50.0).get_area()
+        5000.0
+        """
+        return self.width*self.height
+
+class Triangle(object):
+    """ Represents a triangle in 2D """
+
+    def __init__(self, x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3):
+        """ Initialize a triangle from its three vertices.  The vertices
+            are assumed to be in counterclockwise order.
+            
+            x1: x-coordinate of the first vertex of the triangle
+            y1: y-coordinate of the first vertex of the triangle
+            x2: x-coordinate of the second vertex of the triangle
+            y2: y-coordinate of the second vertex of the triangle
+            x3: x-coordinate of the third vertex of the triangle
+            y3: y-coordinate of the third vertex of the triangle
+        """
+        self.x1 = x1
+        self.y1 = y1
+        self.x2 = x2
+        self.y2 = y2
+        self.x3 = x3
+        self.y3 = y3
+    
+    def get_area(self):
+        """
+        >>> Triangle(0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 0.0, 0.0, 5.0).get_area()
+        25.0
+        """
+        # using formula from http://mathworld.wolfram.com/TriangleArea.html
+        return 0.5*(-self.x2*self.y1 +
+                    self.x3*self.y1 +
+                    self.x1*self.y2 -
+                    self.x3*self.y2 -
+                    self.x1*self.y3 +
+                    self.x2*self.y3)
+
+class Square(object):
+    """ Represents a square in 2D """
+
+    def __init__(self, x1, y1, side_length):
+        """ Initialize a square from the upper left corner vertex and
+            its side length.
+            
+            x1: x-coordinate of the upper left corner of the rectangle
+            y1: y-coordinate of the upper left corner of the rectangle
+            side_length: side length of the square
+        """
+        self.x1 = x1
+        self.y1 = y1
+        self.side_length = side_length
+    
+    def get_area(self):
+        """
+        >>> Square(1.0, 3.0, 50.0).get_area()
+        2500.0
+        """
+        return self.side_length**2
+
+class Polygon(object):
+    """ Represents a polygon in 2D """
+    def __init__(self, vertices):
+        """ Initialize a polygon from a list of vertices, where each
+            vertex is represented as an (x, y) tuple.
+            
+            vertices: the vertices of the polygone (note: vertices
+                      are assumed to be in counterclockwise order """
+        self.vertices = vertices
+    
+    def get_area(self):
+        """
+        >>> Polygon([(0, 0), (200, 0), (200, 300), (0, 300)]).get_area()
+        60000.0
+        """
+        # Using formula from http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PolygonArea.html
+        area = 0.0
+        for i, v_i in enumerate(self.vertices):
+            v_i_plus_1 = self.vertices[(i+1) % len(self.vertices)]
+            area += 0.5*(v_i[0]*v_i_plus_1[1] - v_i[1]*v_i_plus_1[0])
+        return area
+
+import doctest
+doctest.testmod()
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+
+
+
+    TestResults(failed=0, attempted=4)
+
+
+
+
+1.  Simplify the code above using inheritance.  You can either cut-and-paste the code  and modify it in the cell below, or modify the original code.
+
+Hint 1: you will want to modify the `__init__` methods to invoke the `__init__` methods of the super class.  To do so, you can use the following code in your `__init__` method.
+
+```python
+# argument1 and argument2 would be passed to the super class __init__ method
+super().__init__(argument1, argument2)   
+```
+
+Hint 2: think about the `get_area` function for each of the classes, can they be simplified using inheritance?
+
+<ol start="2">
+<li>Create a right triangle class (make sure to use inheritance!)</li>
+</ol>
+
+<ol start="3">
+<li>Add a function called `get_hypotenuse_length` to your right triangle class.</li>
+</ol>
diff --git a/_notebooks/Inheritance Counters and PMFs.md b/_notebooks/Inheritance Counters and PMFs.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8715617d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_notebooks/Inheritance Counters and PMFs.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+---
+date: 2018-03-09T11:35:58-05:00
+source: notebooks/Inheritance Counters and PMFs.ipynb
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+
+# Inheritance
+
+This notebook demonstrates the use of inheritance to extend Python's `Counter` class to implement Multisets, PMFs, and suites of Bayesian hypotheses.
+
+
+```python
+from __future__ import print_function, division
+
+from collections import Counter
+import numpy as np
+```
+
+### Counter
+
+A `Counter` is a map from values to their frequencies.  If you initialize a `Counter` with a string, you get a map from each letter to the number of times it appears.  If two words are anagrams, they yield equal Counters, so you can use Counters to test anagrams.
+
+
+```python
+def is_anagram(word1, word2):
+    """Checks whether the words are anagrams.
+
+    word1: string
+    word2: string
+
+    returns: boolean
+    """
+    return Counter(word1) == Counter(word2)
+```
+
+
+```python
+is_anagram('tachymetric', 'mccarthyite')
+```
+
+
+```python
+is_anagram('banana', 'peach')
+```
+
+**Exercise:** The `Counter` class inherits from `dict` so all methods and functions that work with a dictionary will also work with a `Counter`.
+
+Read [the documentation of Counter](https://docs.python.org/3/library/collections.html#collections.Counter), then use a `Counter` to find the three most common letters in the word "pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis".
+
+
+```python
+# Solution goes here
+```
+
+### Multisets
+
+A `Counter` is a natural representation of a multiset, which is a set where the elements can appear more than once.
+You could use multisets for a game like Scrabble to see if a given set of tiles can be used to spell a given word.
+
+**Exercise:** Write a definition for a class called `Multiset` that inherits from `Counter` and defines an additional method called `is_subset`, which should take `self` and `other` as parameters, where `other` is another `Multiset`.
+
+It should check whether `self` is a subset of `other`; for multisets, that means that every element of `self` appears in `other` with at least the same frequency.  For example, `aa` is a subset of `aaab`, but `aabb` is not.
+
+
+```python
+# Solution goes here
+```
+
+The following function uses `Multiset.is_subset` to check whether a particular word can be spelled using a particular set of tiles.
+
+
+```python
+def can_spell(word, tiles):
+    """Checks whether a set of tiles can spell a word.
+
+    word: string
+    tiles: string
+
+    returns: boolean
+    """
+    return Multiset(word).is_subset(Multiset(tiles))
+```
+
+
+```python
+can_spell('SYZYGY', 'AGSYYYZ')
+```
+
+
+```python
+can_spell('omelette', 'breaking a few eggs')
+```
+
+**Optional Exercise:**  If you change the name of `is_subset` to `__le__`, you can use the `<=` operator to test whether one `Multiset` is a subset of another.
+
+### Probability Mass Functions
+
+You can also extend `Counter` to represent a probability mass function (PMF).  A PMF is a map from possible outcomes to their probabilities.  The probabilities in a PMF are "normalized" if they add up to 1 (and they are all non-negative).
+
+The following `PMF` class inherits from `Counter` and adds the following methods:
+
+* `normalize` computes the total of the frequencies and divides through, yielding probabilities that add to 1.
+
+* `__add__` enumerates all pairs of outcomes and returns a new Pmf that represents the distribution of the sum.
+
+* `render` returns the outcomes and probabilities in a form ready for plotting.
+
+
+```python
+class Pmf(Counter):
+    """A Counter with probabilities."""
+
+    def normalize(self):
+        """Normalizes the PMF so the probabilities add to 1."""
+        total = sum(self.values())
+        for key in self:
+            self[key] /= total
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        """Adds two distributions.
+
+        The result is the distribution of sums of outcomes from the
+        two distributions.
+        
+        Note that this method is only correct if the selections from
+        the two distributions are independent; that is, if the outcome
+        of the first selection does not affect the probabilities of
+        the outcomes for the second selection.
+
+        other: Pmf
+
+        returns: new Pmf
+        """
+        pmf = Pmf()
+        for key1, prob1 in self.items():
+            for key2, prob2 in other.items():
+                pmf[key1 + key2] += prob1 * prob2
+        return pmf
+
+    def render(self):
+        """Returns outcomes and their probabilities, suitable for plotting."""
+        return zip(*sorted(self.items()))
+```
+
+As an example, we can make a Pmf object that represents a 6-sided die.
+
+
+```python
+d6 = Pmf([1,2,3,4,5,6])
+d6.normalize()
+d6.name = 'one die'
+print(d6)
+```
+
+Using the add operator, we can compute the distribution for the sum of two dice.
+
+
+```python
+d6_twice = d6 + d6
+d6_twice.name = 'two dice'
+
+for key, prob in d6_twice.items():
+    print(key, prob)
+```
+
+Using `sum` or `np.sum`, we can compute the distribution for the sum of three dice.
+
+
+```python
+# if we use the built-in sum we have to provide a Pmf additive identity
+pmf_ident = Pmf([0])
+d6_thrice = sum([d6]*3, pmf_ident)
+```
+
+
+```python
+# with np.sum, we don't need an identity
+d6_thrice = np.sum([d6]*3)
+d6_thrice.name = 'three dice'
+```
+
+And then plot the results (using Pmf.render)
+
+
+```python
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+%matplotlib inline
+```
+
+
+```python
+for die in [d6, d6_twice, d6_thrice]:
+    xs, ys = die.render()
+    plt.plot(xs, ys, label=die.name, linewidth=3, alpha=0.5)
+    
+plt.xlabel('Total')
+plt.ylabel('Probability')
+plt.legend()
+plt.show()
+```
+
+**Exercise:** Suppose you are fighting an orc who will die if he suffers 9 or more hit points of damage.  You attack successfully with [short sword](https://roll20.net/compendium/dnd5e/Shortsword#content) and [dagger](https://roll20.net/compendium/dnd5e/Dagger#content), so you can roll a d6 and a d4 for total damage.  What is the probability that you kill the orc?
+
+
+```python
+# Solution goes here
+```
+
+
+```python
+# Solution goes here
+```
+
+### Bayesian statistics
+
+A `Suite` is a `Pmf` that represents a set of hypotheses and their probabilities; it provides `bayesian_update`, which updates the probability of the hypotheses based on new data.
+
+`Suite` is an abstract parent class; child classes should provide a `likelihood` method that evaluates the likelihood of the data under a given hypothesis.  `update_bayesian` loops through the hypotheses, evaluates the likelihood of the data under each hypothesis, and updates the probabilities accordingly.  Then it re-normalizes the PMF.
+
+
+```python
+class Suite(Pmf):
+    """Map from hypothesis to probability."""
+
+    def bayesian_update(self, data):
+        """Performs a Bayesian update.
+        
+        Note: called bayesian_update to avoid overriding dict.update
+
+        data: result of a die roll
+        """
+        for hypo in self:
+            like = self.likelihood(data, hypo)
+            self[hypo] *= like
+
+        self.normalize()
+        
+    def print_probs(self):
+        for hypo in sorted(self):
+            print(hypo, self[hypo])
+```
+
+As an example, I'll use `Suite` to solve the "Dice Problem," from Chapter 3 of <i>Think Bayes</i>.
+
+"Suppose I have a box of dice that contains a 4-sided die, a 6-sided die, an 8-sided die, a 12-sided die, and a 20-sided die. If you have ever played Dungeons & Dragons, you know what I am talking about.  Suppose I select a die from the box at random, roll it, and get a 6. What is the probability that I rolled each die?"
+
+
+I'll start by defining `DiceSuite`, which inherits `bayesian_update` from Suite and provides `likelihood`.
+
+`data` is the observed die roll, 6 in the example.
+
+`hypo` is the hypothetical number of sides on the die.
+
+If `data > hypo`, that means the outcome exceeds the number of sides on the die; that's impossible, so it has probability 0.
+
+Otherwise, the probability of any outcome is `1/hypo`, where `hypo` is the number of sides on the die.
+
+
+```python
+class DiceSuite(Suite):
+    
+    def likelihood(self, data, hypo):
+        """Computes the likelihood of the data under the hypothesis.
+
+        data: result of a die roll
+        hypo: integer number of sides on the die
+        """
+        if data > hypo:
+            return 0
+        else:
+            return 1/hypo
+```
+
+Now we can make a `DiceSuite` object that represents the possible number of sides on the die. By default, all dice have the same prior probability.
+
+Then I update the distribution with the given outcome and print the results:
+
+
+```python
+dice_suite = DiceSuite([4, 6, 8, 12, 20])
+dice_suite.normalize()
+
+dice_suite.print_probs()
+```
+
+
+```python
+dice_suite.bayesian_update(6)
+
+dice_suite.print_probs()
+```
+
+As expected, the 4-sided die has been eliminated; it now has 0 probability.  The 6-sided die is the most likely, but the 8-sided die is still quite possible.
+
+Now suppose I roll the die again and get an 8.  We can update the Suite again with the new data.
+
+
+```python
+dice_suite.bayesian_update(8)
+
+dice_suite.print_probs()
+```
+
+Now the 6-sided die has been eliminated, the 8-sided die is most likely, and there is less than a 10% chance that I am rolling a 20-sided die.
+
+
+**Exercise:** Draw a UML class diagram that shows the relationships among all classes in this notebook, plus `Counter` and `dict`.
+
+**Exercise:** Suppose you know that up to 100 sequentially-numbered raffle tickets have been sold, and you think it is equally likely that the number sold is anywhere from 1 to 100.  You find a randomly discarded ticket that is number 37.  What is the probability that it is the winning ticket?
+
+Hint: Define a class named `TicketSuite` that inherits from `Suite` and provides an appropriate `likelihood` function.  It should also define a method that computes the average probability of winning, weighted by the probability of each outcome.
+
+Note: This exercise is pretty challenging if you are not familiar with Bayesian statistics.  But if it intrigues you, consider taking Computational Bayesian Statistics.
+
+
+```python
+# Solution goes here
+```
+
+
+```python
+# Solution goes here
+```
+
+
+```python
+# Solution goes here
+```
diff --git a/_notebooks/Mini Project 1, Week 1 Debrief.md b/_notebooks/Mini Project 1, Week 1 Debrief.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..595ae106
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_notebooks/Mini Project 1, Week 1 Debrief.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+---
+date: 2018-02-06T13:12:54-05:00
+source: notebooks/Mini Project 1, Week 1 Debrief.ipynb
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+
+#  Debrief on Mini Project 1, Week 1
+
+This notebook goes over some of the most common areas for improvement that we saw on the first half of the mini project.  Lots of folks had correct code, but we have some suggestions for making the code more succinct / clear / efficient.
+
+##  When to use `for` versus `while` loops
+
+Lots of folks are switching over to using the `for` loop instead of the `while` loop.  Both can be used to write correct code, however, the `for` loop's more structured nature generally makes it clearer.  For instance
+```
+for i in range(len(dna)):
+    # some code
+```
+is more readable and less error prone than
+```
+i = 0
+while i < len(dna):
+    # some code
+    i += 1
+```
+
+One instance where a lot of people used `while` loops in a way that was preferable to using `for` loops is in the `find_all_ORFs_oneframe`.  In that function you have to change the index you are iterating over based on the length of the last ORF you found.  Why would this be hard to do with a `for` loop?
+
+## Iteration Tricks
+
+We're already going to be learning some more iteration tricks today in class, however, two such tricks that came up repeatedly in the context of this assignment had to do with iterating through a collection in reverse order and striding through a collection in multiples of 3 (e.g., to read each codon).
+
+### Iterating in reverse
+
+Here are two approaches to iterating backwards through a string.
+```
+for i in range(len(dna)-1, -1, -1):
+    # do something with dna[i]
+```
+
+The next one uses the handy `reversed` function, which reverses a collection.
+```
+for i in reversed(range(len(dna))):
+    # do something with dna[i]
+```
+
+Why might the second approach be better?
+
+### Using Slices
+
+We saw a lot of cases where slices would have made the code much more readable.  For example,
+
+```
+for i in range(0, len(dna), len(dna)-2):
+    if dna[i] == 'A' and dna[i+1] == 'T' and dna[i+2] == 'G':
+        # found the start codon
+```
+
+A much more succinct way to do this is
+```
+for i in range(0, len(dna), len(dna)-2):
+    if dna[i:i+3] == 'ATG':
+        # found the start codon
+```
+
+### Make use of stride lengths
+
+The issue of how to deal with looping through codons is a tricky one.  For one thing, you have to be sure that you are in frame when searching for stop or start codons.  This resulted in code like the following:
+
+```
+for i in range(len(dna)):
+    if i % 3 == 0 and dna[i:i+3] == 'TAG':
+        # found an in frame stop codon
+```
+
+By using the `range` function's built-in stride length parameter, you can avoid the unecessary check that `i` is a multiple of 3.
+
+```
+for i in range(0, len(dna), 3):
+    if dna[i:i+3] == 'TAG':
+        # found an in frame stop codon
+```
+
+## Careful with variables
+
+There were quite instances of suboptimal practices with variables.
+
+### Choosing good variable names
+
+Some common pitfalls that we saw.
+1.  Using the variable `i` in a way other than as an index being iterated over.
+2.  Choosing one letter variable names that weren't semantically meaningful (e.g., `a = dna[1:]` instead of `shifted_dna = dna[1:]`).
+3.  Using Hungarian notation by calling variables things like `list_1`, `list_2`, etc.
+4.  Choosing variable names that conflict with built-in Python functions or types.
+
+### Unnecessarily defining temporary variables
+
+Lots of people defined temporary variables that were unnecessary.  A very common one that we saw was the following.
+
+```
+length = len(dna)
+```
+While this seems good at first blush, you have to ask yourself what the tradeoffs are for doing this.  On the positive side, you may think that this is more efficient computationally, however, that's not likely to be the case.  On the downside you have taken something that all Python programmers understand (that `len(dna)` is the number of elements in `dna`) and made it more difficult to understand (e.g., whenever you see `length` in the code, you will have to think through what length it is referring to).
+
+## Careful with Commenting
+
+While we gave you docstrings for all of the functions you had to implement, there were many cases where people could have used more inline commenting.  Of course there are many functions that are self-documenting (meaning that they are so clear that they wouldn't need comments explaining their structure).  However, there were some where the logical flow of the program was very hard to follow and no comments were given to help the reader.
+
+## A note about computational efficiency and `get_reverse_complement`
+
+There were quite a few approaches to getting the reverse complement of a DNA sequence.  The following approaches are both correct, but one is more computationally efficient than the other.  We will show some results of timing each of these approaches.
+
+
+```python
+import doctest
+
+def get_complement(nucleotide):
+    if nucleotide == 'A':
+        return 'T'
+    if nucleotide == 'T':
+        return 'A'
+    if nucleotide == 'G':
+        return 'C'
+    if nucleotide == 'C':
+        return 'G'
+
+def reverse_complement_method_1(dna):
+    """ Computes the reverse complementary sequence of DNA for the specfied DNA
+        sequence
+            dna: a DNA sequence represented as a string
+            returns: the reverse complementary DNA sequence represented as a string
+        >>> reverse_complement_method_1("ATGCCCGCTTT")
+        'AAAGCGGGCAT'
+        >>> reverse_complement_method_1("CCGCGTTCA")
+        'TGAACGCGG'
+    """
+    reverse_complement = ''
+    for n in dna:
+        reverse_complement = get_complement(n) + reverse_complement
+    return reverse_complement
+
+def reverse_complement_method_2(dna):
+    """ Computes the reverse complementary sequence of DNA for the specfied DNA
+        sequence
+            dna: a DNA sequence represented as a string
+            returns: the reverse complementary DNA sequence represented as a string
+        >>> reverse_complement_method_2("ATGCCCGCTTT")
+        'AAAGCGGGCAT'
+        >>> reverse_complement_method_2("CCGCGTTCA")
+        'TGAACGCGG'
+    """
+    reverse_complement = []
+    for n in reversed(dna):
+        reverse_complement.append(get_complement(n))
+    return ''.join(reverse_complement)
+
+import doctest
+doctest.testmod()
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+
+
+
+    TestResults(failed=0, attempted=4)
+
+
+
+
+We can now benchmark these against both short and long sequences of DNA.
+
+
+```python
+from random import choice
+
+random_short_dna = [choice(['A','T','G','C']) for _ in range(100)]
+%timeit reverse_complement_method_1(random_short_dna)
+%timeit reverse_complement_method_2(random_short_dna)
+
+random_long_dna = [choice(['A','T','G','C']) for _ in range(200000)]
+%timeit reverse_complement_method_1(random_long_dna)
+%timeit reverse_complement_method_2(random_long_dna)
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    25.1 µs ± 1.31 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10000 loops each)
+    25.1 µs ± 908 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10000 loops each)
+    1.37 s ± 52.9 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)
+    48.8 ms ± 1.29 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)
+
+
diff --git a/_notebooks/ThinkPython Ch3 Ex5 PartA Sample Solutions.md b/_notebooks/ThinkPython Ch3 Ex5 PartA Sample Solutions.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d4c142b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_notebooks/ThinkPython Ch3 Ex5 PartA Sample Solutions.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,833 @@
+---
+date: 2018-01-25T16:37:43-05:00
+source: notebooks/ThinkPython Ch3 Ex5 PartA Sample Solutions.ipynb
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+
+## Chapter 3
+
+### Exercise 5
+
+This exercise can be done using only the statements and other features we have learned so far.
+
+(a) Write a function that draws a grid like the following:
+```
++ - - - - + - - - - +
+|         |         |
+|         |         |
+|         |         |
+|         |         |
++ - - - - + - - - - +
+|         |         |
+|         |         |
+|         |         |
+|         |         |
++ - - - - + - - - - +
+```
+To print more than one value on a line, you can print a comma-separated sequence of values:
+
+```
+print('+', '-')
+```
+
+By default, `print` advances to the next line, but you can override that behavior and put a space at the end, like this:
+
+```
+print('+', end=' ')
+print('-')
+```
+
+The output of these statements is '+ -'.  The output from the next print statement would begin on the next line.
+
+
+```python
+def grid():
+    print('+','-','-','-','-','+','-','-','-','-','+')
+    print('|', ' '*7,'|', ' '*7,'|')
+    print('|', ' '*7,'|', ' '*7,'|')
+    print('|', ' '*7,'|', ' '*7,'|')
+    print('|', ' '*7,'|', ' '*7,'|')
+    print('+','-','-','-','-','+','-','-','-','-','+')
+    print('|', ' '*7,'|', ' '*7,'|')
+    print('|', ' '*7,'|', ' '*7,'|')
+    print('|', ' '*7,'|', ' '*7,'|')
+    print('|', ' '*7,'|', ' '*7,'|')
+    print('+','-','-','-','-','+','-','-','-','-','+')
+grid()
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+
+
+
+
+```python
+def print_4(a):
+    print(a)
+    print(a)
+    print(a)
+    print(a)
+def window_grid():
+    rail='+'+' -'*4+' + '+'- '*4+'+'
+    stile='|'+' '*9+'|'+' '*9+'|'
+    print(rail)
+    print_4(stile)
+    print(rail)
+    print_4(stile)
+    print(rail)
+
+window_grid()
+
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+
+
+
+
+```python
+def pIntersec():
+    # prints an intersection point
+    print('+',end=' ')
+    
+def pHLine():
+    # prints a horizontal line segment
+    print('- - - -', end=' ')
+    
+def newLine():
+    print()
+    
+def pVerLine():
+    # prints a vertical line
+    print('|', end=' ')
+    
+def pEmptySpace():
+    # creates the inner empty space
+    print('       ', end=' ')
+    
+def gridRow(f,g):
+    # prints one row of the grid
+    f()
+    g()
+    f()
+    g()
+    f()
+    newLine()
+    
+def insideCell():
+    gridRow(pVerLine,pEmptySpace)
+    gridRow(pVerLine,pEmptySpace)
+    gridRow(pVerLine,pEmptySpace)
+    gridRow(pVerLine,pEmptySpace)
+
+def printGrid():
+    gridRow(pIntersec,pHLine)
+    insideCell()
+    gridRow(pIntersec,pHLine)
+    insideCell()
+    gridRow(pIntersec,pHLine)
+    
+printGrid()
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    + - - - - + - - - - + 
+    |         |         | 
+    |         |         | 
+    |         |         | 
+    |         |         | 
+    + - - - - + - - - - + 
+    |         |         | 
+    |         |         | 
+    |         |         | 
+    |         |         | 
+    + - - - - + - - - - + 
+
+
+
+
+```python
+def line():
+  return '+ '+'- '*4
+    
+def space():
+  return '|'+' '*9
+
+def full_line():
+  return line()*2+'+\n'
+
+def full_space():
+  return space()*2+'|\n'
+
+def grid():
+  print((full_line()+full_space()*4)*2+full_line())
+
+  
+grid()
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    
+
+
+
+
+```python
+def gridtwo():
+    print('+ - - - - + - - - - +')
+    print('|         |         |')
+    print('|         |         |')
+    print('|         |         |')
+    print('|         |         |')
+    print('+ - - - - + - - - - +')
+    print('|         |         |')
+    print('|         |         |')
+    print('|         |         |')
+    print('|         |         |')
+    print('+ - - - - + - - - - +')
+ 
+gridtwo() 
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+
+
+
+
+```python
+def print_plus():
+    print('+', end=' ')
+def print_minus():
+    print('-', end=' ')
+def print_pipe():
+    print('|', end=' ')
+def print_space():
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    
+def print_horz():
+    print_plus()
+    print_minus()
+    print_minus()
+    print_minus()
+    print_minus()
+    print_plus()
+    print_minus()
+    print_minus()
+    print_minus()
+    print_minus()
+    print_plus()
+    print()
+    
+def print_vert():
+    print_pipe()
+    print_space()
+    print_space()
+    print_space()
+    print_space()
+    print_pipe()
+    print_space()
+    print_space()
+    print_space()
+    print_space()
+    print_pipe()
+    print()
+
+def print_rect():
+    print_horz()
+    print_vert()
+    print_vert()
+    print_vert()
+    print_vert()
+    print_horz()
+    print_vert()
+    print_vert()
+    print_vert()
+    print_vert()
+    print_horz()
+    
+print_rect()
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    + - - - - + - - - - + 
+    |         |         | 
+    |         |         | 
+    |         |         | 
+    |         |         | 
+    + - - - - + - - - - + 
+    |         |         | 
+    |         |         | 
+    |         |         | 
+    |         |         | 
+    + - - - - + - - - - + 
+
+
+
+
+```python
+def drawGrid():
+    line1 = '+ ' + '- '*4 + '+ ' + '- '*4 + '+'
+    line2 = '|' + ' '*9 + '|'+ ' '*9 + '|'
+    print(line1)
+    print(line2)
+    print(line2)
+    print(line2)
+    print(line2)
+    print(line1)
+    print(line2)
+    print(line2)
+    print(line2)
+    print(line2)
+    print(line1)
+    
+drawGrid()
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+
+
+
+
+```python
+single_divider = '+ ' + '- ' * 4
+single_body = '| ' + '  ' * 4
+print(single_divider * 2 + '+')
+print(single_body * 2 + '|')
+print(single_body * 2 + '|')
+print(single_body * 2 + '|')
+print(single_body * 2 + '|')
+print(single_divider * 2 + '+')
+print(single_body * 2 + '|')
+print(single_body * 2 + '|')
+print(single_body * 2 + '|')
+print(single_body * 2 + '|')
+print(single_divider * 2 + '+')
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+
+
+
+
+```python
+def grid():
+    print('+','- '*4,'+','- '*4,'+')
+    print('|', ' '*8,'|', ' '*8, '|')
+    print('|', ' '*8,'|', ' '*8, '|')
+    print('|', ' '*8,'|', ' '*8, '|')
+    print('|', ' '*8,'|', ' '*8, '|')
+    print('+','- '*4,'+','- '*4,'+')
+    print('|', ' '*8,'|', ' '*8, '|')
+    print('|', ' '*8,'|', ' '*8, '|')
+    print('|', ' '*8,'|', ' '*8, '|')
+    print('|', ' '*8,'|', ' '*8, '|')
+    print('+','- '*4,'+','- '*4,'+')
+    
+grid()
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    + - - - -  + - - - -  +
+    |          |          |
+    |          |          |
+    |          |          |
+    |          |          |
+    + - - - -  + - - - -  +
+    |          |          |
+    |          |          |
+    |          |          |
+    |          |          |
+    + - - - -  + - - - -  +
+
+
+
+
+```python
+def drawThisParticularGrid():
+    lineType1 = 2*('+' + (4*' -') + ' ') + '+\n'
+    lineType2 = 2*('|'+9*' ')+'|\n'
+    drawing = 2*(lineType1 + 4*lineType2) + lineType1
+    print(drawing)
+
+drawThisParticularGrid()
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    
+
+
+
+
+```python
+#without loops I guess
+def line():
+    print('+', ("- " * 4),end=' ')
+
+def space():
+    print('|', (" " * 8), end=' ')
+
+def linerow():
+    line()
+    line()
+    print('+')
+
+def spacerow():
+    space()
+    space()
+    print('|')
+
+def printrow():
+    linerow()
+    spacerow()
+    spacerow()
+    spacerow()
+    spacerow()
+
+def printgrid():
+    printrow()
+    printrow()
+    linerow()
+
+
+
+printgrid()
+
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    + - - - -  + - - - -  +
+    |          |          |
+    |          |          |
+    |          |          |
+    |          |          |
+    + - - - -  + - - - -  +
+    |          |          |
+    |          |          |
+    |          |          |
+    |          |          |
+    + - - - -  + - - - -  +
+
+
+
+
+```python
+s1 = '+ - - - - + - - - - +'
+s2 = '|         |         |'
+print(s1)
+print(s2)
+print(s2)
+print(s2)
+print(s2)
+print(s1)
+print(s2)
+print(s2)
+print(s2)
+print(s2)
+print(s1)
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+
+
+
+
+```python
+def grid1():
+    p = '+' #plus
+    m = '-' #minus
+    l = '|' #line
+    s = ' ' #space
+    
+    hori = (p+s+m+s+m+s+m+s+m+s)*2 + p
+    sp = (l + s*9)*2 +l
+    
+    print(hori)
+    print(sp)
+    print(sp)
+    print(sp)
+    print(sp)
+    print(hori)
+    print(sp)
+    print(sp)
+    print(sp)
+    print(sp)
+    print(hori)
+    return
+#I'm sure theres a more efficient way to do this. 
+#If I have time I'll get back to it.
+
+grid1()
+    
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+
+
+
+
+```python
+def printyfunc():
+    print('+', end=' ')
+    print('-', end=' ')
+    print('-', end=' ')
+    print('-', end=' ') 
+    print('-', end=' ')
+    print('+', end=' ')
+    print('-', end=' ')
+    print('-', end=' ')
+    print('-', end=' ')
+    print('-', end=' ')
+    print('+')
+    print('|', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print('|', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print('|')
+    print('|', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print('|', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print('|')
+    print('|', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print('|', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print('|')
+    print('|', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print('|', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print('|')
+    print('+', end=' ')
+    print('-', end=' ')
+    print('-', end=' ')
+    print('-', end=' ')
+    print('-', end=' ') 
+    print('+', end=' ')
+    print('-', end=' ')
+    print('-', end=' ')
+    print('-', end=' ')
+    print('-', end=' ')
+    print('+')
+    print('|', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print('|', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print('|')
+    print('|', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print('|', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print('|')
+    print('|', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print('|', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print('|')
+    print('|', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print('|', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print(' ', end=' ')
+    print('|')
+    print('+', end=' ')
+    print('-', end=' ')
+    print('-', end=' ')
+    print('-', end=' ') 
+    print('-', end=' ')
+    print('+', end=' ') 
+    print('-', end=' ')
+    print('-', end=' ') 
+    print('-', end=' ')
+    print('-', end=' ')
+    print('+') 
+printyfunc()
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+
+
+
+
+```python
+def horiz():
+    print('+ - - - - + - - - - +')
+def vert():
+    print('|         |         |')
+def box():
+    horiz()
+    vert()
+    vert()
+    vert()
+    vert()
+    horiz()
+    vert()
+    vert()
+    vert()
+    vert()
+    horiz()
+    
+box()
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+
+
+
+
+```python
+def grid_function():
+   print('+ - - - - + - - - - +')
+   print('|'+' '*9+'|'+' '*9+'|')
+   print('|'+' '*9+'|'+' '*9+'|')
+   print('|'+' '*9+'|'+' '*9+'|')
+   print('|'+' '*9+'|'+' '*9+'|')
+   print('+ - - - - + - - - - +')
+   print('|'+' '*9+'|'+' '*9+'|')
+   print('|'+' '*9+'|'+' '*9+'|')
+   print('|'+' '*9+'|'+' '*9+'|')
+   print('|'+' '*9+'|'+' '*9+'|')
+   print('+ - - - - + - - - - +')
+grid_function()
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+
+
+
+
+```python
+def draw_window():
+    draw_plus();
+    draw_lines();
+    draw_lines();
+    draw_lines();
+    draw_lines();
+    draw_plus();
+    draw_lines();
+    draw_lines();
+    draw_lines();
+    draw_lines();
+    draw_plus();
+    
+def draw_lines():
+    print('|' + ' '*9 + '|' + ' '*9 + '|')
+    
+def draw_plus():
+    print('+ ' + '- '*4 + '+ ' + '- '*4 + '+')
+    
+draw_window();
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - +
+
+
diff --git a/_notebooks/advent-of-code.md b/_notebooks/advent-of-code.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 90246041..00000000
--- a/_notebooks/advent-of-code.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,170 +0,0 @@
----
-date: 2017-12-04T17:06:26-05:00
-source: notebooks/advent-of-code.ipynb
----
-
-{% include toc %}
-
-
-# Advent of Code sampler
-
-Here are some solutions to [Advent of Code Day 4 part 1](http://adventofcode.com/2017/day/4):
-
-> A new system policy has been put in place that requires all accounts to use a passphrase instead of simply a password. A passphrase consists of a series of words (lowercase letters) separated by spaces.
->
-> To ensure security, a valid passphrase must contain no duplicate words.
->
-> For example:
->
-> aa bb cc dd ee is valid.<br/>
-> aa bb cc dd aa is not valid - the word aa appears more than once.<br/>
-> aa bb cc dd aaa is valid - aa and aaa count as different words.
-
-## Solutions from Class
-
-These use different data structs (`list`, `set`, `dict`) to keep track of what's been seen before.
-
-
-```python
-def valid(passphrase):
-    seen = dict()
-    for w in passphrase.split():
-        if w in seen:
-            return False
-        seen[w] = True
-    return True
-
-def valid(passphrase):
-    seen = set()
-    for w in passphrase.split():
-        if w in seen:
-            return False
-        seen.add(w)
-    return True
-
-def valid(passphrase):
-    seen = []  # or seen = list(), for greater similarity with the above
-    for w in passphrase.split():
-        if w in seen:
-            return False
-        seen.append(w)
-    return True
-
-def valid(passphrase):
-    words = passphrase.split()
-    return len(words) == len(set(words))
-
-print(valid('aa bb cc dd ee'), True)
-print(valid('aa bb cc dd aa'), False)
-print(valid('aa bb cc dd aaa'), True)
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    True True
-    False False
-    True True
-
-
-
-## Other Approaches
-
-The following approaches aren't used in class. They count the number of occurrences.
-
-This is better if you think you might need to know the counts later; otherwise, it's extra work.
-
-
-```python
-def valid(passphrase):
-    counts = dict()
-    for w in passphrase.split():
-        if w in counts:
-            counts[w] += 1
-        else:
-            counts[w] = 1
-    for n in counts.values():
-        if n > 1:
-            return False
-    return True
-
-def valid(passphrase):
-    counts = dict()
-    for w in passphrase.split():
-        counts[w] = counts.get(w, 0) + 1
-    return not any(n > 1 for n in counts.values())
-
-print(valid('aa bb cc dd ee'), True)
-print(valid('aa bb cc dd aa'), False)
-print(valid('aa bb cc dd aaa'), True)
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    True True
-    False False
-    True True
-
-
-
-The last definition can be simplified by [defaultdict](https://docs.python.org/3/library/collections.html).
-
-
-```python
-from collections import defaultdict
-
-def valid(passphrase):
-    counts = defaultdict(lambda: 0)
-    for w in passphrase.split():
-        counts[w] += 1
-    return all(n == 1 for n in counts.values())
-
-print(valid('aa bb cc dd ee'), True)
-print(valid('aa bb cc dd aa'), False)
-print(valid('aa bb cc dd aaa'), True)
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    True True
-    False False
-    True True
-
-
-
-The [defaultdict](https://docs.python.org/3/library/collections.html) class simplifies it further.
-
-
-```python
-from collections import Counter
-
-def valid(passphrase):
-    counts = Counter()
-    for w in passphrase.split():
-        counts.update([w])
-    return not any(n > 1 for n in counts.values())
-
-def valid(passphrase):
-    counts = Counter()
-    counts.update(passphrase.split())
-    return all(n == 1 for n in counts.values())
-
-def valid(passphrase):
-    counts = Counter(passphrase.split())
-    return all(n == 1 for n in counts.values())
-
-def valid(passphrase):
-    counts = set(Counter(passphrase.split()).values())
-    return counts == {} or counts == {1}
-
-print(valid('aa bb cc dd ee'), True)
-print(valid('aa bb cc dd aa'), False)
-print(valid('aa bb cc dd aaa'), True)
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    True True
-    False False
-    True True
-
-
diff --git a/_notebooks/assertions.md b/_notebooks/assertions.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0b76959e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_notebooks/assertions.md
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+---
+date: 2018-04-10T12:30:00-05:00
+source: notebooks/assertions.ipynb
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+
+# Assertions
+
+
+```python
+def apply_penalty(assignment, penalty):
+    grade = float(assignment['score'] * (1.0 - penalty))
+    assert 0 <= grade <= assignment['score']
+    return grade
+```
+
+This should guarantee that the grade is never lower than zero
+and that the penalty did not generate a higher score.
+
+This example should work fine to produce a penalized grade.
+
+```python
+# an example of a final project with a perfect score
+>>> final = {'assignment': 'final project', 'score': 100}
+
+# late by one day for a 10% penalty
+>>> apply_penalty(final, 0.10)
+90.0
+```
+That runs as expected.
+
+But how about an 11 day late penalty for %110 percent off?
+
+```python
+# late by eleven days for a 110% penalty
+>>> apply_penalty(final, 1.10)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<input>", line 12, in <module>
+    apply_penalty(final, 1.10)
+  File "<input>", line 5, in apply_penalty
+    assert 0 <= grade <= assignment['score']
+AssertionError
+
+# late by two days but a negative penalty input of -20%
+>>> apply_penalty(final, -0.20)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<input>", line 12, in <module>
+    apply_penalty(final, -0.20)
+  File "<input>", line 5, in apply_penalty
+    assert 0 <= grade <= assignment['score']
+AssertionError
+```
+
+The issues above fail as expected.
+
+This example won't work for a different reason
+
+```Python
+def apply_penalty(assignment, penalty):
+    grade = float(assignment['score'] * (1.0 - penalty))
+    assert(0 <= grade <= assignment['score'], 'invalid grade')
+    return grade
+```
+
+The parentheses give the assert statement a tuple.
+It will not behave as expected.
diff --git a/_notebooks/caching-and-decorators.md b/_notebooks/caching-and-decorators.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 89133c8f..00000000
--- a/_notebooks/caching-and-decorators.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1047 +0,0 @@
----
-date: 2017-11-13T17:59:30-05:00
-source: notebooks/caching-and-decorators.ipynb
----
-
-{% include toc %}
-
-
-# Caching and Decorators
-
-## Instrumentation
-
-Consider the lowly Fibonacci function:
-
-
-```python
-def fib(n):
-    if n <= 2:
-        return 1
-    else:
-        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)
-
-fib(10)
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-
-
-
-    55
-
-
-
-
-This function is a straightforward translation of
-
-$$F(n)=\left\{
-                \begin{array}{ll}
-                  1&n <= 2\\
-                  F_{n-2} + F_{n-1}&n>2
-                \end{array}
-              \right.$$
-
-`fib` is a *recursive* function. A single *external* call to `fib` can result in lots of *recursive* calls, where it calls itself.
-
-Let's **instrument** `fib`, to report how many calls result from a single external call:
-
-
-```python
-count = 0
-
-def fib(n):
-    global count
-    count += 1
-    if n <= 2:
-        return 1
-    else:
-        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)
-
-print("fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times".format(10, fib(10), count))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    fib(10) = 55; fib was called 109 times
-
-
-
-The number of calls increases (exponentially) as a function of the argument:
-
-
-```python
-count = 0
-
-def fib(n):
-    global count
-    count += 1
-    if n <= 2:
-        return 1
-    else:
-        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)
-
-for i in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, 30]:
-    count = 0
-    print("fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times".format(i, fib(i), count))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    fib(1) = 1; fib was called 1 times
-    fib(2) = 1; fib was called 1 times
-    fib(3) = 2; fib was called 3 times
-    fib(4) = 3; fib was called 5 times
-    fib(5) = 5; fib was called 9 times
-    fib(10) = 55; fib was called 109 times
-    fib(20) = 6765; fib was called 13,529 times
-    fib(30) = 832040; fib was called 1,664,079 times
-
-
-
-The fact that it calls itself so many times has a direct affect on performance:
-
-
-```python
-%timeit fib(10)
-%timeit fib(20)
-%timeit fib(30)
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    10000 loops, best of 3: 25.9 µs per loop
-    100 loops, best of 3: 3.22 ms per loop
-    1 loop, best of 3: 414 ms per loop
-
-
-
-Note the microseconds (µs) and milliseconds (ms) per loop. 500 ms is half a second, so it's getting pretty slow.
-
-Let's instrument the function to print each time it's called. This way we that we can see more about what's going on.
-
-
-```python
-def fib(n):
-    print("Calling fib({})".format(n))
-    if n <= 2:
-        return 1
-    else:
-        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)
-
-fib(6)
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    Calling fib(6)
-    Calling fib(4)
-    Calling fib(2)
-    Calling fib(3)
-    Calling fib(1)
-    Calling fib(2)
-    Calling fib(5)
-    Calling fib(3)
-    Calling fib(1)
-    Calling fib(2)
-    Calling fib(4)
-    Calling fib(2)
-    Calling fib(3)
-    Calling fib(1)
-    Calling fib(2)
-
-
-
-
-
-    8
-
-
-
-
-This output shows that `fib` is called multiple times with the same arguments. For example, `fib(4)` is called a couple times. `fib(3)` is being called three times. `fib(2)` is called *five* times.
-
-The modified instrumentation below report how many times `fib` is applied to each argument value. (This is also a chance to learn about [defaultdict](https://docs.python.org/3/library/collections.html#collections.defaultdict).)
-
-
-```python
-from collections import defaultdict
-counts = defaultdict(lambda: 0)
-
-def fib(n):
-    counts[n] += 1
-    if n <= 2:
-        return 1
-    else:
-        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)
-
-fib(6)
-
-for n, count in sorted(counts.items()):
-    print("fib({}) was called {} times".format(n, count))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    fib(1) was called 3 times
-    fib(2) was called 5 times
-    fib(3) was called 3 times
-    fib(4) was called 2 times
-    fib(5) was called 1 times
-    fib(6) was called 1 times
-
-
-
-### A Digression
-
-You might notice an interesting pattern in the sequence of call counts, above. Reading from the bottom (`fib(6)`), and skipping `fib(1)`, the number of times `fib` is called with each argument value from $6$ down to $2$ is $1, 1, 2, 3, 5$.
-
-Let's see if this holds up:
-
-
-```python
-counts = defaultdict(lambda: 0)
-fib(12)
-for n, count in sorted(counts.items()):
-    print("fib({}) was called {} times".format(n, count))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    fib(1) was called 55 times
-    fib(2) was called 89 times
-    fib(3) was called 55 times
-    fib(4) was called 34 times
-    fib(5) was called 21 times
-    fib(6) was called 13 times
-    fib(7) was called 8 times
-    fib(8) was called 5 times
-    fib(9) was called 3 times
-    fib(10) was called 2 times
-    fib(11) was called 1 times
-    fib(12) was called 1 times
-
-
-
-Note the sequence: `fib` applied to $12, 11, 10, \ldots, 4, 3, 2$ is $1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89$. What does this sequence remind you of? Harder: why does it happen?
-
-## Caching
-
-Instead of *instrumenting* the code, to simply record how many times the function was called, we can modify it to *cache* the computation, and use this cached value.
-
-This is the same technique that we used to cache web requests, in the Text Mining project. There it avoided repeated *network requests*. Here it saves repeated *computation*. This reduces the function's **computational complexity**.
-
-
-```python
-fib_cache = {}
-count = 0
-
-def fib(n):
-    global count
-    if n in fib_cache:
-        return fib_cache[n]
-    count += 1
-    if n <= 2:
-        return 1
-    else:
-        result = fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)
-        fib_cache[n] = result
-        return result
-
-print("fib({}) = {}; fib was computed {} times".format(10, fib(10), count))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    fib(10) = 55; fib was computed 11 times
-
-
-
-Compare this to the uncached `fib`, where `fib(10)` resulted in *109* calls to `fib`.
-
-Savings are (exponentially) greater for greater values of $n$.
-
-Let's re-run the timings. We'll time a wrapper for the cached `fib`, that resets `fib`'s cache each time.
-
-
-```python
-def rfib(n):
-    global fib_cache
-    fib_cache = {}
-    return fib(n)
-
-%timeit rfib(10)
-%timeit rfib(20)
-%timeit rfib(30)
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    100000 loops, best of 3: 5.04 µs per loop
-    100000 loops, best of 3: 10.8 µs per loop
-    100000 loops, best of 3: 17.6 µs per loop
-
-
-
-For reference, the un-cached timings looked like this:
-
-    10000 loops, best of 3: 25.9 µs per loop
-    100 loops, best of 3: 3.22 ms per loop
-    1 loop, best of 3: 414 ms per loop
-
-## Separating concerns
-
-The code above takes a step *forwards* in terms of performance, but *backwards* in legibility. Half of it is concerned with doing the math, and half of it is concerned with caching. It violated **separation of concerns**.
-
-Let's separate the first instrumented `fib`, that counts how often it's been called, into two functions. The *inner* function, `fib_`, does the computation. The *outer* function, `fib`, *wraps* `fib_`. It adds the instrumentation.
-
-(The underscore in `fib_` is used in Python the same way a prime $'$ is used in math. `fib_` corresponds to $\textrm{fib}'$ or $F'$.)
-
-
-```python
-count = 0
-
-def fib_(n):
-    if n <= 2:
-        return 1
-    else:
-        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)
-
-def fib(n):
-    global count
-    count += 1
-    return fib_(n)
-
-print("fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times".format(10, fib(10), count))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    fib(10) = 55; fib was called 109 times
-
-
-
-We can change the outer function to add different instrumentation. We don't need to touch the inner function.
-
-
-```python
-from collections import defaultdict
-counts = defaultdict(lambda: 0)
-
-def fib(n):
-    global count
-    counts[n] += 1
-    return fib_(n)
-
-fib(10)
-for n, count in sorted(counts.items()):
-    print("fib({}) was called {} times".format(n, count))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    fib(1) was called 21 times
-    fib(2) was called 34 times
-    fib(3) was called 21 times
-    fib(4) was called 13 times
-    fib(5) was called 8 times
-    fib(6) was called 5 times
-    fib(7) was called 3 times
-    fib(8) was called 2 times
-    fib(9) was called 1 times
-    fib(10) was called 1 times
-
-
-
-Now let's define a different outer function, that adds caching. (We'll also keep some instrumentation, so we can see that the cache is working.) It can use the same inner function.
-
-
-```python
-count = 0
-fib_cache = {}
-
-def fib(n):
-    if n in fib_cache:
-        return fib_cache[n]
-    global count
-    count += 1
-    result = fib_(n)
-    fib_cache[n] = result
-    return result
-
-print("fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times".format(10, fib(10), count))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    fib(10) = 55; fib was called 10 times
-
-
-
-## Higher-Order Programming
-
-The various out functions above – all named `fib` – didn't need to know anything about `fib_` specifically. The *name* `fib_` was included in their definitions, but they otherwise could have wrapped any other (unary) function instead.
-
-Let's extract `fib_` from the function definition, and instead supply it as a *parameter*:
-
-
-```python
-count = 0
-
-def fib_(n):
-    if n <= 2:
-        return 1
-    else:
-        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)
-
-def counting(fn):
-    def wrapper(n):
-        global count
-        count += 1
-        return fn(n)
-    return wrapper
-
-fib = counting(fib_)
-
-print("fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times".format(10, fib(10), count))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    fib(10) = 55; fib was called 109 times
-
-
-
-Above, `def fib_` defined `fib`, `counting(fib)` used that value, and `fib = …` (on the same line) defined `fib`.
-
-We don't need the value of `fib_` after we've used it as an argument to `counting`. We can therefore `def fib` instead of `def fib_`:
-
-
-```python
-count = 0
-
-def fib(n):
-    if n <= 2:
-        return 1
-    else:
-        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)
-
-def counting(fn):
-    def wrapper(n):
-        global count
-        count += 1
-        return fn(n)
-    return wrapper
-
-fib = counting(fib)
-
-print("fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times".format(10, fib(10), count))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    fib(10) = 55; fib was called 109 times
-
-
-
-This relieves us from have to come up separate names for `fib_` and `fib`.
-
-It also eliminates the inelegance where `fib_` had to know to call `fib` (that hasn't been defined yet).
-
-Previously, in order to recognize that `fib_` was actually recursive, we needed to know that `fib_` was going to be wrapped up and that the wrapped function would be called `fib`.
-
-Now, you can read the functionality of `fib` straight from its definition. As a bonus, if we comment out the `fib = counting(fib)` line, `fib` still works – it just isn't instrumented.
-
-We can wrap a function multiple times. `fib` below has been wrapped by a function (`counting`) that adds counting instrumentation ,and then wrapped in a function (`cached`) that adds caching. The final value of `fib` is a function that both records how many times it's been called, *and* is cached.
-
-
-```python
-count = 0
-
-def cached(fn):
-    cache = {}
-    def wrapper(n):
-        if n in cache:
-            return cache[n]
-        result = fn(n)
-        cache[n] = result
-        return result
-    return wrapper
-
-def counting(fn):
-    def wrapper(n):
-        global count
-        count += 1
-        return fn(n)
-    return wrapper
-
-def fib(n):
-    if n <= 2:
-        return 1
-    else:
-        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)
-
-fib = counting(fib)
-fib = cached(fib)
-
-print("fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times".format(10, fib(10), count))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    fib(10) = 55; fib was called 10 times
-
-
-
-Let's write one more wrapping function, for even more instrumentation:
-
-
-```python
-count = 0
-
-def cached(fn):
-    cache = {}
-    def wrapper(n):
-        if n in cache:
-            return cache[n]
-        result = fn(n)
-        cache[n] = result
-        return result
-    return wrapper
-
-def counting(fn):
-    def wrapper(n):
-        global count
-        count += 1
-        return fn(n)
-    return wrapper
-
-def traced(fn):
-    def wrapper(n):
-        print('called {}({})'.format(fn.__name__, n))
-        return fn(n)
-    return wrapper
-
-def fib(n):
-    if n <= 2:
-        return 1
-    else:
-        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)
-
-fib = traced(fib)
-fib = counting(fib)
-fib = cached(fib)
-
-print("fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times".format(10, fib(10), count))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    called fib(10)
-    called fib(8)
-    called fib(6)
-    called fib(4)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(3)
-    called fib(1)
-    called fib(5)
-    called fib(7)
-    called fib(9)
-    fib(10) = 55; fib was called 10 times
-
-
-
-Order matters! Above, the tracing wrapper is inside the wrapped the caching wrapper. Below, the tracing happens *outside* the cache.
-
-
-```python
-def fib(n):
-    if n <= 2:
-        return 1
-    else:
-        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)
-
-fib = cached(fib)
-fib = counting(fib)
-fib = traced(fib)
-
-count = 0
-print("fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times".format(10, fib(10), count))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    called wrapper(10)
-    called wrapper(8)
-    called wrapper(6)
-    called wrapper(4)
-    called wrapper(2)
-    called wrapper(3)
-    called wrapper(1)
-    called wrapper(2)
-    called wrapper(5)
-    called wrapper(3)
-    called wrapper(4)
-    called wrapper(7)
-    called wrapper(5)
-    called wrapper(6)
-    called wrapper(9)
-    called wrapper(7)
-    called wrapper(8)
-    fib(10) = 55; fib was called 17 times
-
-
-
-The functions that do the wrapping can be applied to any (unary) function. Here, we'll apply it to a version of the exponentiation function that's been modified to take a single argumen: a tuple of $(\textrm{base}, \textrm{exp})$: `pow((b, e))` $= b^e$.
-
-(The forthcoming Appendix will show how to modify these wrappers for use on functions that take different numbers of arguments.)
-
-
-```python
-def pow(base_and_exp):
-    base, exp = base_and_exp
-    if exp == 0:
-        return 1
-    if exp == 1:
-        return base
-    half = exp // 2
-    return pow((base, half)) * pow((base, exp - half))
-
-pow = traced(pow)
-pow = cached(pow)
-print('exp({}, {}) = {}'.format(2, 15, pow((2, 15))))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    called pow((2, 15))
-    called pow((2, 7))
-    called pow((2, 3))
-    called pow((2, 1))
-    called pow((2, 2))
-    called pow((2, 4))
-    called pow((2, 8))
-    exp(2, 15) = 32768
-
-
-
-### Terminology
-
-A function that takes a function as an argument and returns a function as a value, is called a [**higher-order function**, **functor**, or **functional**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-order_function).
-
-Programming with higher-order functions is [**higher-order programming**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-order_programming).
-
-"Functor" and "functional" are also used in math, for meanings that aren't that different. For example, the (indefinite) integral $\int$ takes an function $x \rightarrow x^2 dx$ as an argument and returns another function $x \rightarrow 3/2 x^3$ as a value: $\int x^2 dx = 3/2 x^3$.
-
-## Decorator Syntax
-
-`fib = counting(fib)` *after* `fib` has been defined, is equivalent to `@counting` written immediately *before* the function definition.
-
-This is the [Python decorator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics#Decorators) construct.
-
-
-```python
-count = 0
-
-def counting(fn):
-    def wrapper(n):
-        global count
-        count += 1
-        return fn(n)
-    return wrapper
-
-@counting
-def fib(n):
-    if n <= 2:
-        return 1
-    else:
-        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)
-
-print("fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times".format(10, fib(10), count))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    fib(10) = 55; fib was called 109 times
-
-
-
-
-```python
-count = 0
-
-def cached(fn):
-    cache = {}
-    def wrapper(n):
-        if n in cache:
-            return cache[n]
-        result = fn(n)
-        cache[n] = result
-        return result
-    return wrapper
-
-def counting(fn):
-    def wrapper(n):
-        global count
-        count += 1
-        return fn(n)
-    return wrapper
-
-@cached
-@counting
-def fib(n):
-    if n <= 2:
-        return 1
-    else:
-        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)
-
-print("fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times".format(10, fib(10), count))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    fib(10) = 55; fib was called 10 times
-
-
-
-
-```python
-count = 0
-
-def cached(fn):
-    cache = {}
-    def wrapper(n):
-        if n in cache:
-            return cache[n]
-        result = fn(n)
-        cache[n] = result
-        return result
-    return wrapper
-
-def counting(fn):
-    def wrapper(n):
-        global count
-        count += 1
-        return fn(n)
-    return wrapper
-
-def traced(fn):
-    def wrapper(n):
-        print('called {}({})'.format(fn.__name__, n))
-        return fn(n)
-    return wrapper
-
-@cached
-@counting
-@traced
-def fib(n):
-    if n <= 2:
-        return 1
-    else:
-        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)
-
-print("fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times".format(10, fib(10), count))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    called fib(10)
-    called fib(8)
-    called fib(6)
-    called fib(4)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(3)
-    called fib(1)
-    called fib(5)
-    called fib(7)
-    called fib(9)
-    fib(10) = 55; fib was called 10 times
-
-
-
-## Additional Reading
-
-Glossary:
-
-* [Python decorators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics#Decorators)
-* [Separation of concerns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_concerns)
-* [Functional programming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming)
-* [Higher-order function](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-order_function)
-* [Higher-order programming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-order_programming)
-
-Tutorials:
-
-* [Primer on Python decorators](https://realpython.com/blog/python/primer-on-python-decorators/), _Real Python_.
-* [A guide to Python's function decorators](https://www.thecodeship.com/patterns/guide-to-python-function-decorators/), _The Code Ship_, Ayman Farhat.
-* [Decorators](http://python-3-patterns-idioms-test.readthedocs.io/en/latest/PythonDecorators.html), _Python 3 Patterns, Recipes and Idioms_.
-
-## Appendix: Variadic Decorators
-
-The following higher-order functions apply to functions that take any number of arguments.
-
-
-```python
-count = 0
-
-def cached(fn):
-    cache = {}
-    def wrapper(*args):
-        if n in cache:
-            return cache[args]
-        result = fn(*args)
-        cache[args] = result
-        return result
-    return wrapper
-
-def counting(fn):
-    def wrapper(*args):
-        global count
-        count += 1
-        return fn(*args)
-    return wrapper
-
-def traced(fn):
-    def wrapper(*args):
-        print('called {}({})'.format(fn.__name__, ', '.join(map(str, args))))
-        return fn(*args)
-    return wrapper
-```
-
-They can be used on `fib`, which has a single parameter:
-
-
-```python
-def fib(n):
-    if n <= 2:
-        return 1
-    else:
-        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)
-
-fib = traced(fib)
-fib = counting(fib)
-fib = cached(fib)
-
-print("fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times".format(10, fib(10), count))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    called fib(10)
-    called fib(8)
-    called fib(6)
-    called fib(4)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(3)
-    called fib(1)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(5)
-    called fib(3)
-    called fib(1)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(4)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(3)
-    called fib(1)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(7)
-    called fib(5)
-    called fib(3)
-    called fib(1)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(4)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(3)
-    called fib(1)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(6)
-    called fib(4)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(3)
-    called fib(1)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(5)
-    called fib(3)
-    called fib(1)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(4)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(3)
-    called fib(1)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(9)
-    called fib(7)
-    called fib(5)
-    called fib(3)
-    called fib(1)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(4)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(3)
-    called fib(1)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(6)
-    called fib(4)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(3)
-    called fib(1)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(5)
-    called fib(3)
-    called fib(1)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(4)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(3)
-    called fib(1)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(8)
-    called fib(6)
-    called fib(4)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(3)
-    called fib(1)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(5)
-    called fib(3)
-    called fib(1)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(4)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(3)
-    called fib(1)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(7)
-    called fib(5)
-    called fib(3)
-    called fib(1)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(4)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(3)
-    called fib(1)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(6)
-    called fib(4)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(3)
-    called fib(1)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(5)
-    called fib(3)
-    called fib(1)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(4)
-    called fib(2)
-    called fib(3)
-    called fib(1)
-    called fib(2)
-    fib(10) = 55; fib was called 218 times
-
-
-
-But unlike the original higher-order functions, they can also be used with a more natural definition of `pow`, that has *two* parameters:
-
-
-```python
-def pow(base, exp):
-    if exp == 0:
-        return 1
-    if exp == 1:
-        return base
-    half = exp // 2
-    return pow(base, half) * pow(base, exp - half)
-
-pow = traced(pow)
-pow = counting(pow)
-pow = cached(pow)
-
-print('exp({}, {}) = {}'.format(2, 15, pow(2, 15)))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    called pow(2, 15)
-    called pow(2, 7)
-    called pow(2, 3)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 2)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 4)
-    called pow(2, 2)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 2)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 8)
-    called pow(2, 4)
-    called pow(2, 2)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 2)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 4)
-    called pow(2, 2)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 2)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    exp(2, 15) = 32768
-
-
-
-And like the original higher-order functions, these new functionals can also be used as decorators:
-
-
-```python
-@cached
-@counting
-@traced
-def pow(base, exp):
-    if exp == 0:
-        return 1
-    if exp == 1:
-        return base
-    half = exp // 2
-    return pow(base, half) * pow(base, exp - half)
-
-print('exp({}, {}) = {}'.format(2, 15, pow(2, 15)))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    called pow(2, 15)
-    called pow(2, 7)
-    called pow(2, 3)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 2)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 4)
-    called pow(2, 2)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 2)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 8)
-    called pow(2, 4)
-    called pow(2, 2)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 2)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 4)
-    called pow(2, 2)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 2)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    called pow(2, 1)
-    exp(2, 15) = 32768
-
-
diff --git a/_notebooks/caching.md b/_notebooks/caching.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 39d1e201..00000000
--- a/_notebooks/caching.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,375 +0,0 @@
----
-date: 2017-10-02T15:08:22-04:00
-source: notebooks/caching.ipynb
----
-
-{% include toc %}
-
-
-# Caching web requests
-
-## HTTP requests (without caching)
-First import the [requests package](http://docs.python-requests.org/en/master/).
-
-
-```python
-import requests
-```
-
-## A diversion – one for the bugbook
-
-The following typo (`sofdes` for `softdes`, for a domain that doesn't exist) produced some error about address or nodeinfo the first time I ran it, and never terminated (Jupyter labels it with `In [*]`, where the `*` means "curently executing") each subsequent time. I'm adding both of those to my bug dictionary: "if you see this symptom, it might be because you did a `request.get` on a domain name that doesn't exist".
-
-
-```python
-requests.get('https://sofdes.olin.build')
-```
-
-## Back to the working request
-
-Fixed the URL (below). I'm only showing the first 500 characters of the response text.
-
-
-```python
-requests.get('https://softdes.olin.build').text[:500]
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-
-
-
-    '<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n  <head>\n    <meta charset="UTF-8">\n    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">\n\n    <title>\n      \n         &middot; Software Design | Fall 2017\n      \n    </title>\n\n    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://unpkg.com/bulmaswatch/litera/bulmaswatch.min.css">\n    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css">\n    <script type="text/x-mathjax-config">\n  MathJax.Hub.Config({\n    TeX: {\n  '
-
-
-
-
-## Create cache and analyze functions
-
-Let's turn that expression into an `analyze_page` function, that takes the URL as a parameter.
-
-
-```python
-def analyze_page(url):
-    return requests.get(url).text
-
-analyze_page('https://softdes.olin.build')[:500]
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-
-
-
-    '<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n  <head>\n    <meta charset="UTF-8">\n    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">\n\n    <title>\n      \n         &middot; Software Design | Fall 2017\n      \n    </title>\n\n    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://unpkg.com/bulmaswatch/litera/bulmaswatch.min.css">\n    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css">\n    <script type="text/x-mathjax-config">\n  MathJax.Hub.Config({\n    TeX: {\n  '
-
-
-
-
-…and actually do some analysis. (Here, just compute the length of the text.)
-
-
-```python
-def analyze_page(url):
-    return len(requests.get(url).text)
-
-analyze_page('https://softdes.olin.build')
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-
-
-
-    8552
-
-
-
-
-Introduce a temporary variable, and use it to factor the `requests.get(url).text` expression out from last line.
-
-
-```python
-def analyze_page(url):
-    text = requests.get(url).text
-    return len(text)
-
-analyze_page('https://softdes.olin.build')
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-
-
-
-    8552
-
-
-
-
-Introduce a new function, and use it to factor the code that talks to the web out from the code that analyzes the responses.
-
-The function is *called* `cached_get` in anticipation of where we're going with it, but it doesn't yet do caching. The following code has the same *functionality* as the preceding code, it's just *organized* in a way that sets us up to to make the next change.
-
-
-```python
-def cached_get(url):
-    return requests.get(url).text
-
-def analyze_page(url):
-    text = cached_get(url)
-    return len(text)
-
-analyze_page('https://softdes.olin.build')
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-
-
-
-    8552
-
-
-
-
-## Implement the cache
-
-Now we can get to work on actually adding the cache.
-
-The strategy is: create a dictionary whose keys are the function parameter value, and whose values are the function return values. For example, `cached_get` wraps a call to `requests.get(url).text` – it works with a dictionary whose keys are URLs, and whose values are the text responses to querying those URLs.
-
-
-```python
-def cached_get(url):
-    cached_urls = {}
-    if url in cached_urls:
-        print('cache hit')
-        return cached_urls[url]
-    else:
-        print('cache miss')
-        text = requests.get(url).text
-        cached_urls[url] = text
-        return text
-
-def analyze_page(url):
-    text = cached_get(url)
-    return len(text)
-
-analyze_page('https://softdes.olin.build')
-analyze_page('https://softdes.olin.build')
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    cache miss
-    cache miss
-
-
-
-
-
-    8552
-
-
-
-
-The returned value indicates that `cached_get` returns the correct value. The `print` statements reveal that the caching code didn't work. Each call to `cached_get` results in a cache miss (and therefore a fresh call to `requests.get`).
-
-The issue is that `cached_urls` is local variable to `cached_get`. Each call to `cached_get` creates a new local frame with a new entry `cached_get`, and creates a new, empty dictionary to assign to that variable.
-
-We fix this by making `cached_urls` a global variable:
-
-
-```python
-cached_urls = {}
-
-def cached_get(url):
-    if url in cached_urls:
-        print('cache hit')
-        return cached_urls[url]
-    else:
-        print('cache miss')
-        text = requests.get(url).text
-        cached_urls[url] = text
-        return text
-
-def analyze_page(url):
-    text = cached_get(url)
-    return len(text)
-
-analyze_page('https://softdes.olin.build')
-analyze_page('https://softdes.olin.build')
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    cache miss
-    cache hit
-
-
-
-
-
-    8552
-
-
-
-
-## A caveat about Jupyter
-
-The above is sufficient for a Python *script*.
-
-In Jupyter, each time I run the cell above, the first call to `analyze_page` is going to result in a cache miss. This is because running the cell assigns `cached_urls` from a new empty dict `{}`.
-
-If I'm iterating with `analyze_page` – modifying the function definition, running the cell again, and repeating – the caching doesn't buy me anything.
-
-Fix this by putting the definition of `cached_urls` in one cell, and the code you're iterating on in another cell that you can run separately. In class, I put `cached_urls` in a cell by itself, the idea being initialize the global variables in their own cell. Below, I've put `cached_urls` and `cached_get` in a cell together (that's separate from `analyze_page`, the idea being to put the caching layer in its own cell that's separate from the code that uses it.
-
-
-```python
-cached_urls = {}
-
-def cached_get(url):
-    if url in cached_urls:
-        print('cache hit')
-        return cached_urls[url]
-    else:
-        print('cache miss')
-        text = requests.get(url).text
-        cached_urls[url] = text
-        return text
-```
-
-
-```python
-def analyze_page(url):
-    text = cached_get(url)
-    return len(text)
-
-analyze_page('https://softdes.olin.build')
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    cache hit
-
-
-
-
-
-    8552
-
-
-
-
-## `cached_get` final touches
-
-Here's another implementation of `cached_get`.
-
-
-```python
-cached_urls = {}
-
-def cached_get(url):
-    if url not in cached_urls:
-        print('cache miss')
-        text = requests.get(url).text
-        cached_urls[url] = text
-    return cached_urls[url]
-```
-
-Finally, whichever version of `cached_get` I ended up with, I'd remove the `print` statements once I had it working.
-
-
-```python
-cached_urls = {}
-
-def cached_get(url):
-    if url not in cached_urls:
-        text = requests.get(url).text
-        cached_urls[url] = text
-    return cached_urls[url]
-```
-
-## More analysis
-
-This beefed-up `analyze_page` counts the number of (lowercase) `e`s. It gets to use the same cache.
-
-
-```python
-def analyze_page(url):
-    text = cached_get(url)
-    n = 0
-    for c in text:
-        if c == 'e':
-            n += 1
-    return n
-#     return len(text)
-
-analyze_page('https://softdes.olin.build')
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    cache hit
-
-
-
-
-
-    329
-
-
-
-
-Note that I left the original `return len(text)` line in, commented-out, as a reference to look at and easily revert to while I'm working on the lines that replace it. Once it's working, I would delete the commented-out lines.
-
-In class, I modified `analyze_page` to return a table (dictionary) listing how many upper case, and how many lower case, `e`s are in the text. Here, I'm writing a new function that does this. `analyze_page` (above) and `count_some_vowels` (below) can share the same cache – once either function is called for a given URL, applying the other function to the same URL can use the value from the cache, instead of hitting the web again.
-
-
-```python
-def analyze_page(url):
-    text = cached_get(url)
-    d = {'e': 0, 'E': 0}
-    for c in text:
-        if c in 'eE':
-            d[c] += 1
-    return d
-
-analyze_page('https://softdes.olin.build')
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-
-
-
-    {'E': 4, 'e': 329}
-
-
-
-
-## Caching and Pickle
-
-This concludes the material that was covered in class. This caches the value while the current Python session is running.
-
-To save the cache *between* sessions, you will need to save it to disk. The structure of your code would look something like:
-
-
-```python
-import os
-import pickle
-
-cache_file_name = 'cache.pickle'
-cached_urls = {}
-if os.path.exists(cache_file_name):
-    # use pickle.load to load the cache from disk
-
-def cached_get(url):
-    if url not in cached_urls:
-        text = requests.get(url).text
-        cached_urls[url] = text
-        # use pickle.dump to save the cache to disk
-    return cached_urls[url]
-```
diff --git a/_notebooks/complexity-and-halting-teaser.md b/_notebooks/complexity-and-halting-teaser.md
deleted file mode 100644
index e20bc993..00000000
--- a/_notebooks/complexity-and-halting-teaser.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
----
-date: 2017-11-27T15:53:48-05:00
-source: notebooks/complexity-and-halting-teaser.ipynb
----
-
-{% include toc %}
-
-
-# Order of Growth
-
-
-```python
-def f1(n):
-    """Return the sum of 0..(n-1)."""
-    s = 0
-    for i in range(n):
-        s += i
-    return s
-
-%timeit f1(10)
-%timeit f1(100)
-%timeit f1(1000)
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    1000000 loops, best of 3: 853 ns per loop
-    100000 loops, best of 3: 5.28 µs per loop
-    10000 loops, best of 3: 56.2 µs per loop
-
-
-
-
-```python
-def f2(n):
-    """Return the sum of 0..(n-1)."""
-    return n * (n + 1) / 2
-
-%timeit f2(10)
-%timeit f2(100)
-%timeit f2(1000)
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    The slowest run took 8.10 times longer than the fastest. This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.
-    10000000 loops, best of 3: 161 ns per loop
-    The slowest run took 6.92 times longer than the fastest. This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.
-    10000000 loops, best of 3: 182 ns per loop
-    The slowest run took 6.06 times longer than the fastest. This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.
-    10000000 loops, best of 3: 191 ns per loop
-
-
-
-
-```python
-def f3(n):
-    """A shorter implementation of a program with many longer and less intentional implementations."""
-    while True:
-        pass
-```
-
-
-```python
-def f4(fname):
-    """Count the newlines in the file. (This may be one less than the number of lines.)"""
-    source = open(fname).read()
-    s = 0
-    for c in source:
-        if c == '\n':
-            s += 1
-    return s
-```
-
-
-```python
-def f5(fname):
-    """
-    Return true if and only if fname is a Python source file that halts when run.
-    
-    This could more mnemonically be named 'halts'.
-    
-    >>> halts('f1.py') # f1.py is a file that defines f1 above, and calls `f1(100)`
-    True
-    >>> halts('f2.py') # f2.py is a file that defines f2 above, and calls `f2(100)`
-    True
-    >>> halts('f3.py') # f3.py is a file that defines f2 above, and calls `f3(100)`
-    False
-    >>> halts('f4.py') # f3.py is a file that defines f2 above, and calls `f4('f4.py')`
-    True
-    """
-    source = open(fname).read()
-    # TODO replace following line by code that sets `halts` to True
-    # if and only if source is a python program that halts when run.
-    halts = False
-    return halts
-```
-
-
-```python
-def f6(fname):
-    """
-    This could more mnemonically be named 'doesnt_halt'.
-
-    >>> halts('f1.py') # f1.py is a file that defines f1 above, and calls `f1(100)`
-    False
-    >>> halts('f2.py') # f2.py is a file that defines f2 above, and calls `f2(100)`
-    False
-    >>> halts('f3.py') # f3.py is a file that defines f2 above, and calls `f3(100)`
-    True
-    >>> halts('f4.py') # f3.py is a file that defines f2 above, and calls `f4('f4.py')`
-    False
-    >>> halts('f6.py') # f6.py is a file that defines this function f6, and calls `f6('f6.py')`
-    ???
-    """
-    return not f6(fname)
-```
diff --git a/_notebooks/day6_reading_journal_responses.md b/_notebooks/day6_reading_journal_responses.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..38a4af18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_notebooks/day6_reading_journal_responses.md
@@ -0,0 +1,497 @@
+---
+date: 2018-02-13T12:12:54-05:00
+source: notebooks/day6_reading_journal_responses.ipynb
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+
+### Exercise 6  
+
+A palindrome is a word that is spelled the same backward and forward, like “noon” and “redivider”. Recursively, a word is a palindrome if the first and last letters are the same and the middle is a palindrome.
+
+You can use the `first`, `last`, and `middle` helper functions defined in Think Python, or do the string slices inside your function directly. Be sure to think about your base cases.
+    
+Write a function called `is_palindrome` that takes a string argument and returns `True` if it is a palindrome and `False` otherwise. Remember that you can use the built-in function `len` to check the length of a string.
+
+Write some unit tests for your function (optionally using doctest) to show that it works as intended.
+
+
+```python
+def first(word):
+    return word[0]
+def last(word):
+    return word[-1]
+def middle(word):
+    return word[1:-1]
+```
+
+
+```python
+# Palindrome Solution 1
+
+def is_palindrome(word):
+    if first(word)==last(word):
+        if len(word)<=2:
+            return True
+        else:
+            return is_palindrome (middle(word)) 
+    else:
+        return False
+```
+
+
+```python
+# Palindrome Solution 2
+
+def is_palindrome(x):
+    if len(x) >= 3: 
+        if x[0] == x[-1]:
+            return is_palindrome(x[1:-1])
+        else:
+            return False
+    elif x[0] == x[-1]:
+        return True
+    else:
+        return False        
+```
+
+
+```python
+# Palindrome Solution 3
+
+def is_palindrome (x):
+    """
+>>> is_palindrome("cart")
+False
+>>> is_palindrome("bobob")
+True
+>>> is_palindrome("kayak")
+True
+    """
+    for i in range(len(x)):
+        if x == x[::-1]:
+            return True
+    return False
+```
+
+
+```python
+# Palindrome Solution 4
+
+def is_pallindrome(string):
+    string = string.lower()
+    if len(string)>1:
+        if string[0] == string[len(string)-1]:
+            string = string[1:len(string)-1]
+            return True
+        if string[0] != string[len(string)-1]:
+            return False
+    return is_pallindrome(string)
+```
+
+
+```python
+# Palindrome Solution 5
+
+def is_palindrome(s):
+    """
+    >>> is_palindrome("Go hand a salami Im a lasagna hog") # even palindrome
+    True
+    >>> is_palindrome("Ah Satan sees Natasha")
+    True
+    >>> is_palindrome("No melons no lemon") # odd palindrome
+    True
+    >>> is_palindrome("Now I see bees I lost") # not a palindrome
+    False
+    """
+    s = s.strip().lower()
+    if len(s) <= 1:
+        return True
+    if s[0] == s[len(s)-1]:
+        return is_palindrome(s[1::len(s)-1])
+    else:
+        return False
+```
+
+
+```python
+# Palindrome Solution 6
+
+def is_palindrome(word):
+    flag = True
+    if len(word) == 1:
+        return True
+    if len(word) < 3: #when len == 2
+        return first(word) == last(word)
+    return (first(word) == last(word) and is_palindrome(middle(word)))
+```
+
+
+```python
+# Palindrome Solution 7
+
+def is_palindrome(WoRd):
+    """ Returns True/False for if input is a palindrome.
+    >>> is_palindrome('word')
+    False
+    >>> is_palindrome('racecar')
+    True
+    >>> is_palindrome('Racecar')
+    True
+    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')
+    True
+    >>> is_palindrome('l')
+    True
+    """
+    word = WoRd.lower()
+    if len(word) < 3:
+        if first(word) == last(word):
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+    if len(word) >= 3:
+        if first(word) == last(word):
+            return is_palindrome(middle(word))
+        else:
+            return False
+```
+
+
+```python
+# Palindrome Solution 8
+
+def palindrome(word):
+    """
+    Recursively looks through a string and determines if it is a palindrome.
+    
+    >>> palindrome('racecar')
+    True
+    
+    >>> palindrome('abba')
+    True
+    
+    >>> palindrome('palindrome')
+    False
+    
+    """
+    if len(word) < 2:
+        return True
+    elif word[0] == word[-1]:
+        return palindrome(word[1:-1])
+    return False
+```
+
+
+```python
+# Palindrome Solution 9
+
+def is_palindrome(word):
+    '''
+>>> is_palindrome("redivider")
+True
+>>> is_palindrome("bob")
+True
+>>> is_palindrome("ttta")
+False
+>>> is_palindrome("aaaaaaa")
+True
+
+'''
+    mid = middle(word)
+    if first(word) == last(word):    
+        if mid[:] == mid[::-1]:
+            return True
+    return False
+```
+
+
+```python
+# Palindrome Solution 10
+
+def is_palindrome(word):
+    word_list = list(word)
+    length = len(word_list)
+    if length <= 2:
+        return False
+    elif length > 2:
+        for letters in word_list:
+            if word_list[0] == word_list[-1]:
+                del(word_list[0])
+                del(word_list[-1])
+    if len(word_list)== 0:
+        return True
+    else:
+        return False
+```
+
+
+```python
+# Palindrome Solution 11
+
+def is_palindrome(word):
+    forward = word
+    backward = word[::-1]
+    if forward == backward:
+        return True
+    return False
+```
+
+
+```python
+# Palindrome Solution 12
+
+def palindrome(a):
+    """
+    Returns Boolean assignment True or False to determine if word is palindrome.
+    
+    >>> palindrome('DogGOD')
+    True
+    >>> palindrome('RACE car')
+    True
+    >>> palindrome('allen')
+    False
+    >>> palindrome('PAul ruvOLo')
+    False
+    >>> palindrome('stanley YELnats')
+    True
+    """
+    a = a.lower() #converts all characters in a to lowercase
+    a = a.rstrip() #strips all spaces from a
+    if len(a) <= 1:
+        return True
+    elif first(a) != last(a):
+        return False
+    return palindrome(middle(a))
+
+#what do you know, it works
+#fun with palindromes
+palindrome('Borrow or Rob') #a moral dilemma
+palindrome('Murder for a jar of red rum') #creepiest childhood game
+palindrome('Yo Banana Boy') #it's Gabe
+palindrome('satan oscillate my metallic sonatas') #that's unfortunate
+palindrome('SolO GIGOLOS') #I am having altogether to much fun with this
+palindrome('dammit Im mad')#lol not really but I bet whoever's reading this is
+```
+
+{: class="nb-output"}
+
+
+
+
+    True
+
+
+
+
+### Exercise 6.4  
+
+A number $a$ is a power of $b$ if it is divisible by $b$ and $a/b$ is a power of $b$. Write a function called `is_power` that takes parameters `a` and `b` and returns `True` if `a` is a power of `b`. Note: you will have to think about the base case.
+
+
+```python
+# is_power solution 1
+
+def is_power(a, b):
+     if a < b: 
+        return False
+     if a == b: 
+        return True
+     else:
+        return is_power(a / b, b)
+```
+
+
+```python
+# is_power solution 2
+
+def is_power(a,b):
+    if a == b:
+        return True
+    elif a > b:
+        if a%b == 0:
+            return is_power(a//b,b)
+        else:
+            return False
+    else:
+        return False
+```
+
+
+```python
+# is_power solution 3
+
+def is_power(a,b):
+    if a>b:
+        if a%b == 0:
+            return True
+        if a%b != 0:
+            return False
+    return is_power(a/b,b)
+```
+
+
+```python
+# is_power solution 4
+
+def is_power(a,b):
+    if a is b:
+        return True
+    elif a%b == 0:
+        return is_power(a//b,b)
+    else:
+        return False
+```
+
+
+```python
+# is_power solution 5
+
+def is_power(a,b):
+    """
+    >>> is_power(4,2)
+    True
+    >>> is_power(3,2)
+    False
+    """
+    if a == 1:
+        return True
+    return a%b == 0 and is_power(a/b, b)
+```
+
+
+```python
+# is_power solution 6
+
+def is_power(a,b):
+    """returns whether a is a power of b.
+    doctests test for a is zeroeth power, a is first power, a is nth power, and a is not power.
+    >>> is_power(1, 70)
+    True
+    >>> is_power(5, 5)
+    True
+    >>> is_power(128, 2)
+    True
+    >>> is_power(132, 2)
+    False
+    """
+    if a == 1:
+        return True
+    elif a % b == 0:
+        return is_power(a//b,b)
+    else:
+        return False
+```
+
+
+```python
+# is_power solution 7
+
+def is_power(a,b):
+    """ Returns True/False for if a is a power of b.
+    >>> is_power(3,2)
+    True
+    >>> is_power(1,5)
+    True
+    >>> is_power(6,6)
+    True
+    >>> is_power(2,0)
+    False
+    >>> is_power(6,1)
+    False
+    >>> is_power(6,3)
+    False
+    """
+    if a == 0 or b == 0:
+        return False
+    elif b == 1:
+        if a == 1:
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+    
+    if a==1 or (a/b)==1:
+        result = True
+    elif a % b == 0 and a!=0:
+        result = is_power((a//b),b)
+    else:
+        result = False
+  
+    return result
+```
+
+
+```python
+# is_power solution 8
+
+def is_power(a, b):
+    """
+    Returns if A is a power of b. 
+    
+    >>> power(10, 2)
+    False
+    
+    >>> power(32, 2)
+    True
+    
+    """
+    if not (a % b == 0):
+        return False
+    if a//b == 1:
+        return True
+    else:
+        return power(a//b, b)
+```
+
+
+```python
+# is_power solution 9
+
+def is_power(a,b):
+    if a == b:
+        return True
+    test1 = a%b
+    a = a//b
+    if test1 == 0 and is_power(a,b):
+        return True
+    else:
+        return False
+```
+
+
+```python
+# is_power solution 10
+
+def is_power(a, b):
+    if a % b == 0:
+        if (a//b) % b == 0:
+            return True
+    return False
+```
+
+
+```python
+# is_power solution 11
+
+def is_power(a, b):
+    if a%b != 0:
+        return False
+    else:
+        return True
+    c = a//b
+    return is_power(c, b)
+```
+
+
+```python
+# is_power solution 12
+
+def is_power(a,b):
+    if a%b == 0:
+        if a == b:
+            return True
+        a = a//b
+        return is_power(a,b)
+    else:
+        return False
+```
diff --git a/_notebooks/empirical_analysis_of_algorithms.md b/_notebooks/empirical_analysis_of_algorithms.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1c155849
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_notebooks/empirical_analysis_of_algorithms.md
@@ -0,0 +1,474 @@
+---
+date: 2018-04-06T12:18:57-04:00
+source: notebooks/empirical_analysis_of_algorithms.ipynb
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+
+# Analysis of Algorithms
+
+
+Copyright 2017 Allen Downey, [MIT License](http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
+
+
+```python
+from __future__ import print_function, division
+
+%matplotlib inline
+
+import os
+import string
+import warnings
+warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')
+
+import numpy as np
+
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+```
+
+### Empirical order of growth
+
+Sometimes we can figure out what order of growth a function belongs to by running it with a range of problem sizes and measuring the run time.
+
+To measure runtimes, we'll use `etime`, which uses `os.times` to compute the total time used by a process, including "user time" and "system time".  User time is time spent running your code; system time is time spent running operating system code on your behalf.
+
+
+```python
+def etime():
+    """Measures user and system time this process has used.
+
+    Returns the sum of user and system time."""
+    user, sys, chuser, chsys, real = os.times()
+    return user+sys
+```
+
+`time_func` takes a function object and a problem size, `n`, runs the function, and returns the elapsed time.
+
+
+```python
+def time_func(func, n):
+    """Run a function and return the elapsed time.
+    
+    func: function
+    n: problem size
+    
+    returns: user+sys time in seconds
+    """
+    start = etime()
+    func(n)
+    end = etime()
+    elapsed = end - start
+    return elapsed
+```
+
+Here's an example: a function that makes a list with the given length using `append`.
+
+
+```python
+def append_list(n):
+    t = []
+    for i in range(n):
+        t.append(i)
+    return t
+
+time_func(append_list, 1000000)
+```
+
+`run_timing_test` takes a function, runs it with a range of problem sizes, and returns two lists: problem sizes and times.
+
+
+```python
+def run_timing_test(func, max_time=100):
+    """Tests the given function with a range of values for n.
+    
+    func: function object
+
+    returns: list of ns and a list of run times.
+    """
+    ns = []
+    ts = []
+    for i in range(10, 28):
+        n = 2**i
+        t = time_func(func, n)
+        print(n, t)
+        if t > 0:
+            ns.append(n)
+            ts.append(t)
+        if t > max_time:
+            break
+
+    return ns, ts
+```
+
+Here's an example with `append_list`
+
+
+```python
+ns, ts = run_timing_test(append_list)
+```
+
+`fit` takes the lists of ns and ts and fits it with a curve of the form `a * n**exp`, where `exp` is a given exponent and `a` is chosen so that the line goes through a particular point in the sequence, usually the last. 
+
+
+```python
+def fit(ns, ts, exp=1.0, index=-1):
+    """Fits a curve with the given exponent.
+    
+    ns: sequence of problem sizes
+    ts: sequence of times
+    exp: exponent of the fitted curve
+    index: index of the element the fitted line should go through
+    
+    returns: sequence of fitted times
+
+    
+    """
+    # Use the element with the given index as a reference point, 
+    # and scale all other points accordingly.
+    nref = ns[index]
+    tref = ts[index]
+
+    tfit = []
+    for n in ns:
+        ratio = n / nref
+        t = ratio**exp * tref
+        tfit.append(t)
+
+    return tfit
+```
+
+`plot_timing_test` plots the results.
+
+
+```python
+def plot_timing_test(ns, ts, label='', color='blue', exp=1.0, scale='log'):
+    """Plots data and a fitted curve.
+
+    ns: sequence of n (problem size)
+    ts: sequence of t (run time)
+    label: string label for the data curve
+    color: string color for the data curve
+    exp: exponent (slope) for the fitted curve
+    """
+    tfit = fit(ns, ts, exp)
+    plt.plot(ns, tfit, color='0.7', linewidth=2, linestyle='dashed')
+    plt.plot(ns, ts, 's-', label=label, color=color, alpha=0.5, linewidth=3)
+    plt.xlabel('Problem size (n)')
+    plt.ylabel('Runtime (seconds)')
+    plt.xscale(scale)
+    plt.yscale(scale)
+    plt.legend()
+```
+
+Here are the results from `append_list`.  When we plot `ts` versus `ns` on a log-log scale, we should get a straight line.  If the order of growth is linear, the slope of the line should be 1. 
+
+
+```python
+plot_timing_test(ns, ts, 'append_list', exp=1)
+```
+
+For small values of `n`, the runtime is so short that we're probably not getting an accurate measurement of just the operation we're interested in.  But as `n` increases, runtime seems to converge to a line with slope 1.  
+
+That suggests that performing append `n` times is linear, which suggests that a single append is constant time.  
+
+### list.pop
+
+Now let's try that with `pop`, and specifically with `pop(0)`, which pops from the left side of the list.
+
+
+```python
+def pop_left_list(n):
+    t= []
+    for i in range(n):
+        t.append(i)
+    for _ in range(n):
+        t.pop(0)
+    return t
+
+ns, ts = run_timing_test(pop_left_list)
+plot_timing_test(ns, ts, 'pop_left_list', exp=1)
+```
+
+That doesn't look very good.  The runtimes increase more steeply than the line with slope 1.  Let's try slope 2.
+
+
+```python
+plot_timing_test(ns, ts, 'pop_left_list', exp=2)
+```
+
+The last few points converge on the line with slope 2, which suggests that `pop(0)` is quadratic.
+
+**Exercise:**  What happens if you pop from the end of the list?  Write a function called `pop_right_list` that pops the last element instead of the first.  Use `run_timing_test` to characterize its performance.  Then use `plot_timing_test` with a few different values of `exp` to find the slope that best matches the data.  What conclusion can you draw about the order of growth for popping an element from the end of a list?
+
+
+```python
+# Solution
+
+
+```
+
+### Sorting
+
+We expect sorting to be `n log n`.  On a log-log scale, that doesn't look like a straight line, so there's no simple test whether it's really `n log n`.  Nevertheless, we can plot results for sorting lists with different lengths, and see what it looks like.
+
+
+```python
+def sort_list(n):
+    t = np.random.random(n)
+    t.sort()
+    return t
+
+ns, ts = run_timing_test(sort_list)
+plot_timing_test(ns, ts, 'sort_list', exp=1)
+```
+
+It sure looks like sorting is linear, so that's surprising.  But remember that `log n` changes much more slowly than `n`.  Over a wide range of values, `n log n` can be hard to distinguish from an algorithm with linear growth.  As `n` gets bigger, we would expect this curve to be steeper than slope 1.  But often, for practical problem sizes, `n log n` is as good as linear.
+
+### Bisection search
+
+We expect bisection search to be `log n`, which is so fast it is hard to measure the way we've been doing it.
+
+To make it work, I create the sorted list ahead of time and use the parameter `hi` to specify which part of the list to search.  Also, I have to run each search 100,000 times so it takes long enough to measure. 
+
+
+```python
+t = np.random.random(16777216)
+t.sort()
+
+from bisect import bisect
+
+def search_sorted_list(n):
+    for i in range(100000):
+        index = bisect(t, 0.1, hi=n) 
+    return index
+
+ns, ts = run_timing_test(search_sorted_list, max_time=0.2)
+plot_timing_test(ns, ts, 'search_sorted_list', exp=1)
+```
+
+It looks like the runtime increases slowly as `n` increases, but it's definitely not linear.  To see if it's constant time, we can compare it to the line with slope 0.
+
+
+```python
+plot_timing_test(ns, ts, 'search_sorted_list', exp=0)
+```
+
+Nope, looks like it's not constant time, either.  We can't really conclude that it's `log n` based on this curve alone, but the results are certainly consistent with that theory.
+
+### Dictionary methods
+
+**Exercise:** Write methods called `add_dict` and `lookup_dict`, based on `append_list` and `pop_left_list`.  What is the order of growth for adding and looking up elements in a dictionary?
+
+
+```python
+# Solution
+
+
+```
+
+### Implementing a hash table
+
+The reason Python dictionaries can add and look up elements in constant time is that they are based on hash tables.  In this section, we'll implement a hash table in Python.  Remember that this example is for educational purposes only.  There is no practical reason to write a hash table like this in Python.
+
+We'll start with a simple linear map, which is a list of key-value pairs.
+
+
+```python
+class LinearMap(object):
+    """A simple implementation of a map using a list of tuples
+    where each tuple is a key-value pair."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.items = []
+
+    def add(self, k, v):
+        """Adds a new item that maps from key (k) to value (v).
+        Assumes that they keys are unique."""
+        self.items.append((k, v))
+
+    def get(self, k):
+        """Looks up the key (k) and returns the corresponding value,
+        or raises KeyError if the key is not found."""
+        for key, val in self.items:
+            if key == k:
+                return val
+        raise KeyError
+```
+
+First let's make sure it works:
+
+
+```python
+def test_map(m):
+    s = string.ascii_lowercase
+
+    for k, v in enumerate(s):
+        m.add(k, v)
+
+    for k in range(len(s)):
+        print(k, m.get(k))
+```
+
+
+```python
+m = LinearMap()
+test_map(m)
+```
+
+Now let's see how long it takes to add `n` elements.
+
+
+```python
+def add_linear_map(n):
+    d = LinearMap()
+    for i in range(n):
+        d.add(i, 1)
+    return d
+
+ns, ts = run_timing_test(add_linear_map)
+plot_timing_test(ns, ts, 'add_linear_map', exp=1)
+```
+
+Adding `n` elements is linear, so each add is constant time.  How about lookup?
+
+
+```python
+def lookup_linear_map(n):
+    d = LinearMap()
+    for i in range(n):
+        d.add(i, 1)
+    total = 0
+    for i in range(n):
+        total += d.get(i)
+    return d
+
+ns, ts = run_timing_test(lookup_linear_map)
+plot_timing_test(ns, ts, 'lookup_linear_map', exp=2)
+```
+
+Looking up `n` elements is $O(n^2)$ (notice that `exp=2`).  So each lookup is linear.
+
+Let's see what happens if we break the list of key-value pairs into 100 lists.
+
+
+```python
+class BetterMap(object):
+    """A faster implementation of a map using a list of LinearMaps
+    and the built-in function hash() to determine which LinearMap
+    to put each key into."""
+
+    def __init__(self, n=100):
+        """Appends (n) LinearMaps onto (self)."""
+        self.maps = []
+        for i in range(n):
+            self.maps.append(LinearMap())
+
+    def find_map(self, k):
+        """Finds the right LinearMap for key (k)."""
+        index = hash(k) % len(self.maps)
+        return self.maps[index]
+
+    def add(self, k, v):
+        """Adds a new item to the appropriate LinearMap for key (k)."""
+        m = self.find_map(k)
+        m.add(k, v)
+
+    def get(self, k):
+        """Finds the right LinearMap for key (k) and looks up (k) in it."""
+        m = self.find_map(k)
+        return m.get(k)
+
+```
+
+
+```python
+m = BetterMap()
+test_map(m)
+```
+
+The run time is better (we get to a larger value of `n` before we run out of time). 
+
+
+```python
+def lookup_better_map(n):
+    d = BetterMap()
+    for i in range(n):
+        d.add(i, 1)
+    total = 0
+    for i in range(n):
+        total += d.get(i)
+    return d
+
+ns, ts = run_timing_test(lookup_better_map)
+plot_timing_test(ns, ts, 'lookup_better_map', exp=1)
+```
+
+The order of growth is hard to characterize.  It looks steeper than the line with slope 1.  Let's try slope 2.
+
+
+```python
+plot_timing_test(ns, ts, 'lookup_better_map', exp=2)
+```
+
+It might be converging to the line with slope 2, but it's hard to say anything conclusive without running larger problem sizes.
+
+**Exercise:** Go back and run `run_timing_test` with a larger value of `max_time` and see if the run time converges to the line with slope 2.  Just be careful not to make `max_time` to big.
+
+Now we're ready for a complete implementation of a hash map.
+
+
+```python
+class HashMap(object):
+    """An implementation of a hashtable using a BetterMap
+    that grows so that the number of items never exceeds the number
+    of LinearMaps.
+
+    The amortized cost of add should be O(1) provided that the
+    implementation of sum in resize is linear."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        """Starts with 2 LinearMaps and 0 items."""
+        self.maps = BetterMap(2)
+        self.num = 0
+
+    def get(self, k):
+        """Looks up the key (k) and returns the corresponding value,
+        or raises KeyError if the key is not found."""
+        return self.maps.get(k)
+
+    def add(self, k, v):
+        """Resize the map if necessary and adds the new item."""
+        if self.num == len(self.maps.maps):
+            self.resize()
+
+        self.maps.add(k, v)
+        self.num += 1
+
+    def resize(self):
+        """Makes a new map, twice as big, and rehashes the items."""
+        new_map = BetterMap(self.num * 2)
+
+        for m in self.maps.maps:
+            for k, v in m.items:
+                new_map.add(k, v)
+
+        self.maps = new_map
+```
+
+
+```python
+m = HashMap()
+test_map(m)
+```
+
+**Exercise:** Write a function called `lookup_hash_map`, based on `lookup_better_map`, and characterize its run time.
+
+
+```python
+# Solution
+
+
+```
+
+If things have gone according to plan, the results should converge to a line with slope 1.  Which means that `n` lookups is linear, which means that each lookup is constant time.  Which is pretty much magic.
diff --git a/_notebooks/exceptions.md b/_notebooks/exceptions.md
index 14f29aec..23d6333e 100644
--- a/_notebooks/exceptions.md
+++ b/_notebooks/exceptions.md
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 ---
-date: 2017-11-27T16:14:33-05:00
+date: 2018-04-10T12:30:00-05:00
 source: notebooks/exceptions.ipynb
 ---
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ complement_seq('CAXT')
 
     <ipython-input-46-cef160c3921b> in <module>()
     ----> 1 complement_seq('CAXT')
-    
+
 
     <ipython-input-45-1a6d8e3928b2> in complement_seq(dna_seq)
           3     for b in dna_seq[::-1]:
@@ -157,15 +157,15 @@ complement('X')
 
     <ipython-input-47-6c045add2467> in <module>()
          10     raise Exception('invalid nucleobase')
-         11 
+         11
     ---> 12 complement('X')
-    
+
 
     <ipython-input-47-6c045add2467> in complement(c)
           8     if c == 'G':
           9         return 'C'
     ---> 10     raise Exception('invalid nucleobase')
-         11 
+         11
          12 complement('X')
 
 
@@ -196,9 +196,9 @@ complement_seq('CAXT')
 
     <ipython-input-49-2d23b82ff07b> in <module>()
           6     return result
-          7 
+          7
     ----> 8 complement_seq('CAXT')
-    
+
 
     <ipython-input-49-2d23b82ff07b> in complement_seq(dna_seq)
           2     result = ''
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ complement_seq('CAXT')
           8     if c == 'G':
           9         return 'C'
     ---> 10     raise Exception('invalid nucleobase')
-         11 
+         11
          12 complement('X')
 
 
@@ -247,15 +247,15 @@ pay_me_a_complement()
 
     <ipython-input-50-0f7ab1192a67> in <module>()
           3     print('complement is', complement_seq(seq))
-          4 
+          4
     ----> 5 pay_me_a_complement()
-    
+
 
     <ipython-input-50-0f7ab1192a67> in pay_me_a_complement()
           1 def pay_me_a_complement():
           2     seq = input()
     ----> 3     print('complement is', complement_seq(seq))
-          4 
+          4
           5 pay_me_a_complement()
 
 
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ pay_me_a_complement()
           8     if c == 'G':
           9         return 'C'
     ---> 10     raise Exception('invalid nucleobase')
-         11 
+         11
          12 complement('X')
 
 
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ pay_me_a_complement()
 
 ## User-Defined Exception Class
 
-The previous implementation indiscrimately turns all program errors into an "Invalid DNA sequence" message.
+The previous implementation indiscriminately turns all program errors into an "Invalid DNA sequence" message.
 
 It's equivalent to the following function. `except Exception` means catch any exception that is an instance of the class `Exception` – but this is all exceptions.
 
@@ -360,5 +360,3 @@ pay_me_a_complement()
 
     CAXT
     Invalid DNA sequence: CAXT
-
-
diff --git a/_notebooks/genefinder-going-beyond.md b/_notebooks/genefinder-going-beyond.md
deleted file mode 100644
index c5775bfb..00000000
--- a/_notebooks/genefinder-going-beyond.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,195 +0,0 @@
----
-date: 2017-09-30T10:39:35-04:00
-source: notebooks/genefinder-going-beyond.ipynb
----
-
-{% include toc %}
-
-
-# GeneFinder solutions – Going Beyond
-
-This notebook contains solutions for *some* of the Going Beyond extension to the GeneFinder project. It is a supplement to [GeneFinder solutions](/notes/genefinder-solutions.md).
-
-## Metagenomics
-
-
-```python
-from load import load_nitrogenase_seq, load_metagenome
-
-def find_longest_common_substring_length(s1, s2):
-    """Return the length of the longest common substring of `s1` and `s2`.
-
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> find_longest_common_substring_length('abc', 'xaz')
-    1
-    >>> find_longest_common_substring_length('abc', 'xabz')
-    2
-    >>> find_longest_common_substring_length('abc', 'xabcz')
-    3
-    >>> find_longest_common_substring_length('abc', 'xyabcz')
-    3
-    >>> find_longest_common_substring_length('abc', 'abcz')
-    3
-    >>> find_longest_common_substring_length('abc', 'xyabc')
-    3
-    >>> find_longest_common_substring_length('abc', 'xyz')
-    0
-    """
-
-    longest_len = 0
-    for i1 in range(len(s1)):
-        for i2 in range(len(s2)):
-            offset = 0
-            while i1 + offset < len(s1) and i2 + offset < len(s2) and s1[i1 + offset] == s2[i2 + offset]:
-                offset += 1
-            longest_len = max(longest_len, offset)
-    return longest_len
-
-def find_snippet_with_greatest_overlap(target_sequence, snippets):
-    """Return the name of the snippet whose sequence has the greatest overlap with target_sequence.
-
-    Arguments
-    ---------
-    snippets : list
-        A list of tuples of (snippet_name, sequence).
-    target_sequence : str
-        The nucleotide sequence
-
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> snippets = [('1', 'AG'), ('2', 'AGAGAG'), ('3', 'ATAGA')]
-    >>> find_snippet_with_greatest_overlap('TAG', snippets)
-    '3'
-    >>> find_snippet_with_greatest_overlap('AGAG', snippets)
-    '2'
-    """
-    snippet_name, _ = max(snippets, key=lambda snippet: find_longest_common_substring_length(snippet[1], target_sequence))
-    return snippet_name
-
-
-def main():
-    nitrogenase = load_nitrogenase_seq()
-    metagenome = load_metagenome()
-    print find_snippet_with_greatest_overlap(nitrogenase, metagenome)
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    import sys
-    if len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1] == 'test':
-        import doctest
-        doctest.testmod()
-    else:
-        main()
-```
-
-## Multiprocessing
-
-This section includes variant implementations of `longest_ORF_noncoding`. From top to bottom, they increase in concision, and make increasing use of list comprehensions.
-
-
-```python
-from multiprocessing import Pool
-
-def longest_ORF_noncoding(dna, num_trials):
-    """Compute the maximum length of the longest ORF over num_trials shuffles of the specified sequence.
-    
-    Arguments
-    ---------
-    dna : string
-        A DNA sequence.
-    num_trials : int
-        The number of random shuffles.
-    
-    Returns
-    -------
-    int
-        The maximum length longest ORF
-    
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> random.seed(1)
-    >>> longest_ORF_noncoding("ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA", 100)
-    19
-    """
-    p = Pool()
-    shuffles = []
-    for _ in range(num_trials):
-        shuffles.append(shuffle_string(dna))
-    orfs = p.map(longest_ORF, shuffles)
-    n = 0
-    for orf in orfs:
-        if len(orf) > n:
-            n = len(orf)
-    return n
-```
-
-
-```python
-from multiprocessing import Pool
-
-def longest_ORF_noncoding(dna, num_trials):
-    """
-    >>> random.seed(1)
-    >>> longest_ORF_noncoding("ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA", 100)
-    19
-    """
-    p = Pool()
-    shuffles = []
-    for _ in range(num_trials):
-        shuffles.append(shuffle_string(dna))
-    n = 0
-    for orf in p.map(longest_ORF, shuffles):
-        if orf:
-            n = max(n, len(orf))
-    return n
-```
-
-
-```python
-from multiprocessing import Pool
-
-def longest_ORF_noncoding(dna, num_trials):
-    """
-    >>> random.seed(1)
-    >>> longest_ORF_noncoding("ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA", 100)
-    19
-    """
-    p = Pool()
-    shuffles = [shuffles.append(shuffle_string(dna)) for _ in range(num_trials)]
-    lengths = [orf
-               for orf in p.map(longest_ORF, shuffles)
-               if orf]
-    return max(lengths, default=0)
-```
-
-
-```python
-from multiprocessing import Pool
-
-def longest_ORF_noncoding(dna, num_trials):
-    """Compute the maximum length of the longest ORF over num_trials shuffles of the specified sequence.
-    
-    Arguments
-    ---------
-    dna : string
-        A DNA sequence.
-    num_trials : int
-        The number of random shuffles.
-    
-    Returns
-    -------
-    int
-        The maximum length longest ORF
-    
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> random.seed(1)
-    >>> longest_ORF_noncoding("ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA", 100)
-    19
-    """
-    p = Pool()
-    return max(len(orf)
-               for orf in p.map(longest_ORF, (shuffle_string(dna) for _ in range(num_trials)))
-               if orf)
-```
diff --git a/_notebooks/genefinder-solutions.md b/_notebooks/genefinder-solutions.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 1eb6f538..00000000
--- a/_notebooks/genefinder-solutions.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1173 +0,0 @@
----
-date: 2017-09-29T20:49:07-04:00
-source: notebooks/genefinder-solutions.ipynb
----
-
-{% include toc %}
-
-
-# GeneFinder solutions
-
-Topics discussed:
-
-* Adding minimal test cases
-* Coding convention for fruitful functions that can return `None`
-* Docstring style conventions (*not* used in the code that was given you)
-* Doctesting functions that return `None`
-* Global variables – when to use, how to name
-* Naming conventions for placeholder variables
-* Validating parameter values
-* Upcoming material:
-  * Dictionaries
-  * Exceptions
-* Advanced and optional topics:
-  * List comprehensions
-  * Regular expressions
-  * Using `random.seed` to test functions that call `random`
- 
- Also see [GeneFinder – going beyond](/notes/genefinder-going-beyond.md).
-
-## `get_complement`
-
-This section discusses some implementations of `get_complement`, that use a variety of different techniques.
-
-I've also corrected the *wording* of the docstring, which said "complementary nucleotide nucleotide"; and the *style* – it's been modified to conform to the [numpy docstring style guide](http://sphinxcontrib-napoleon.readthedocs.io/en/latest/example_numpy.html). You weren't expected to do that, but it was bugging me.
-
-
-```python
-import doctest
-
-def get_complement(nucleotide):
-    """Return the complementary nucleotide
-    
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    nucleotide : string
-        A nucleotide (A, C, G, or T) represented as a string.
-    
-    Returns
-    -------
-    string
-        The complementary nucleotide.
-
-    Examples
-    -------
-    >>> get_complement('A')
-    'T'
-    >>> get_complement('C')
-    'G'
-    >>> get_complement('T')
-    'A'
-    >>> get_complement('G')
-    'C'
-    """
-    if nucleotide == 'A':
-        return 'T'
-    elif nucleotide == 'T':
-        return 'A'
-    elif nucleotide == 'C':
-        return 'G'
-    elif nucleotide == 'G':
-        return 'C'
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(get_complement, globals())
-```
-
-Since each branch of the `if` executes a `return` statement, `elif` could be replaced by `if`. This is neither better nor worse than the preceding implementation.
-
-\[In the following function definitions, parts of the docstring have been omitted.\]
-
-
-```python
-import doctest
-
-def get_complement(nucleotide):
-    """
-    >>> get_complement('A')
-    'T'
-    >>> get_complement('C')
-    'G'
-    >>> get_complement('T')
-    'A'
-    >>> get_complement('G')
-    'C'
-    """
-    if nucleotide == 'A':
-        return 'T'
-    if nucleotide == 'T':
-        return 'A'
-    if nucleotide == 'C':
-        return 'G'
-    if nucleotide == 'G':
-        return 'C'
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(get_complement, globals())
-```
-
-### Exceptions
-
-What does `get_complement` do when passed an invalid value, say `X`? The specification doesn't say.
-
-The above implementations return `None`.
-
-This satisfies the specification, and the doctests pass.
-
-However, a bug in code that *calls* `get_complement` won't produce a visible error until some distance from the point where `get_complement` is called. (I'll discuss this more in class on Monday.)
-
-Here's a technique for detecting the problem within `get_complement`, and stopping immediately with a stack trace. We'll use a trick: `invalid_nucleotide` isn't defined, and it's an error to call an undefined function.
-
-
-```python
-import doctest
-
-def get_complement(nucleotide):
-    if nucleotide == 'A':
-        return 'T'
-    if nucleotide == 'T':
-        return 'A'
-    if nucleotide == 'C':
-        return 'G'
-    if nucleotide == 'G':
-        return 'C'
-    invalid_nucleotide()
-
-get_complement('X')
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-
-    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-    NameError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
-
-    <ipython-input-29-b7752a309d67> in <module>()
-         12     invalid_nucleotide()
-         13 
-    ---> 14 get_complement('X')
-    
-
-    <ipython-input-29-b7752a309d67> in get_complement(nucleotide)
-         10     if nucleotide == 'G':
-         11         return 'C'
-    ---> 12     invalid_nucleotide()
-         13 
-         14 get_complement('X')
-
-
-    NameError: name 'invalid_nucleotide' is not defined
-
-
-
-Soon you'll read about [exceptions](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/errors.html#raising-exceptions). These allow you to say what you mean instead of using a trick. Note the final `Exception` line in the output from the following code:
-
-
-```python
-import doctest
-
-def get_complement(nucleotide):
-    if nucleotide == 'A':
-        return 'T'
-    if nucleotide == 'T':
-        return 'A'
-    if nucleotide == 'C':
-        return 'G'
-    if nucleotide == 'G':
-        return 'C'
-    raise Exception('Invalid nucleotide: {}'.format(nucleotide))
-
-get_complement('X')
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-
-    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-    Exception                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
-
-    <ipython-input-28-044bac9e6f3f> in <module>()
-         12     raise Exception('Invalid nucleotide: {}'.format(nucleotide))
-         13 
-    ---> 14 get_complement('X')
-    
-
-    <ipython-input-28-044bac9e6f3f> in get_complement(nucleotide)
-         10     if nucleotide == 'G':
-         11         return 'C'
-    ---> 12     raise Exception('Invalid nucleotide: {}'.format(nucleotide))
-         13 
-         14 get_complement('X')
-
-
-    Exception: Invalid nucleotide: X
-
-
-
-If you really want to show off your Python expertise, read up on Python's [built-in exception types](https://docs.python.org/3.4/library/exceptions.html#concrete-exceptions). You'll discover a more specific exception than `Exception`, that's perfect for this purpose:
-
-
-```python
-import doctest
-
-def get_complement(nucleotide):
-    if nucleotide == 'A':
-        return 'T'
-    if nucleotide == 'T':
-        return 'A'
-    if nucleotide == 'C':
-        return 'G'
-    if nucleotide == 'G':
-        return 'C'
-    raise ValueError('Invalid nucleotide: {}'.format(nucleotide))
-
-get_complement('X')
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-
-    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-    ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
-
-    <ipython-input-27-0126a11762bc> in <module>()
-         23 
-         24 doctest.run_docstring_examples(get_complement, globals())
-    ---> 25 get_complement('X')
-    
-
-    <ipython-input-27-0126a11762bc> in get_complement(nucleotide)
-         20     if nucleotide == 'G':
-         21         return 'C'
-    ---> 22     raise ValueError('Invalid nucleotide: {}'.format(nucleotide))
-         23 
-         24 doctest.run_docstring_examples(get_complement, globals())
-
-
-    ValueError: Invalid nucleotide: X
-
-
-
-### `get_complement` – other approaches
-
-The implementation techniques above used "data-shaped code". One of the pieces of data in this case is the list of nucleotides (`A`, `C`, `T`, and `G`). (The other is the nucleotide we're taking the complement of.) The function contains an `if` or `elif` statement for each nucleotide. If you were to add another nucleotide, you'd have to add aother `if` statement.
-
-The following approaches put the list of nucleotides into values instead of `if` statements.
-
-
-```python
-def get_complement(nucleotide):
-    """
-    >>> get_complement('A')
-    'T'
-    >>> get_complement('C')
-    'G'
-    """
-    nucleotides = 'ATCG'
-    complements = 'TAGC'
-    i = nucleotides.index(nucleotide)
-    return complements[i]
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(get_complement, globals())
-```
-
-
-```python
-def get_complement(nucleotide):
-    """
-    >>> get_complement('A')
-    'T'
-    >>> get_complement('C')
-    'G'
-    """
-    nucleotides = 'ACGT'
-    i = nucleotides.index(nucleotide)
-    return nucleotides[3 - i]
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(get_complement, globals())
-```
-
-
-```python
-def get_complement(nucleotide):
-    """
-    >>> get_complement('A')
-    'T'
-    >>> get_complement('C')
-    'G'
-    """
-    complements = {'A': 'T', 'T': 'A', 'C': 'G', 'G': 'C'}
-    return complements[nucleotide]
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(get_complement, globals())
-```
-
-### Global variables
-
-`complements` is used as a **constant**. It's set to the same value each time we run the function, and is never modified.
-
-We might therefore use a **global variable** (at **top level** or **module scope**), instead of a **local variable**, to hold this value. See the implementation below.
-
-Note that I've renamed the variable from `complement` to `nucleotide_complements`. This follows the principle that the further the distance between a variable's **definition** and it's **use**, the more descriptive the name should be. It also keeps us from using up a good short variable name such as `complement`, and having to remember not to use it as a function parameter name or local variable.
-
-Note that Python global variables, [by convention](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/#global-variable-names), are written in [snakecase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_case) (*e.g.* `complement_table`). Other programming languages write global constant as `ComplementTable` or `COMPLEMENT_TABLE`.
-
-
-```python
-nucleotide_complements = {'A': 'T', 'T': 'A', 'C': 'G', 'G': 'C'}
-
-def get_complement(nucleotide):
-    """
-    >>> get_complement('A')
-    'T'
-    >>> get_complement('C')
-    'G'
-    """
-    return nucleotide_complements[nucleotide]
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(get_complement, globals())
-```
-
-## `get_reverse_complement`
-
-This first implementation reverses the sequence (`dna[::-1]`), and then takes the complement of each nucleotide from that reversed sequence:
-
-
-```python
-def get_reverse_complement(dna):
-    """Compute the reverse complementary sequence of DNA for the specified DNA sequence.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    dna : string
-        A DNA sequence.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    string
-        The reverse complementary DNA sequence.
-    
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> get_reverse_complement("ATGCCCGCTTT")
-    'AAAGCGGGCAT'
-    >>> get_reverse_complement("CCGCGTTCA")
-    'TGAACGCGG'
-    """
-    reversed_complement = ''
-    for nucleotide in dna[::-1]:
-        reversed_complement += get_complement(nucleotide)
-    return reversed_complement
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(get_reverse_complement, globals())
-```
-
-We could also turn this around: find the nucleotide complements *first*, and then reverse *that*:
-
-
-```python
-def get_reverse_complement(dna):
-    """
-    >>> get_reverse_complement("ATGCCCGCTTT")
-    'AAAGCGGGCAT'
-    >>> get_reverse_complement("CCGCGTTCA")
-    'TGAACGCGG'
-    """
-    complement = ''
-    for nucleotide in dna:
-        complement += get_complement(nucleotide)
-    return complement[::-1]
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(get_reverse_complement, globals())
-```
-
-### `get_reverse_complement` – list comprehension solution
-
-
-```python
-def get_reverse_complement(dna):
-    """
-    >>> get_reverse_complement("ATGCCCGCTTT")
-    'AAAGCGGGCAT'
-    >>> get_reverse_complement("CCGCGTTCA")
-    'TGAACGCGG'
-    """
-    return ''.join([get_complement(nucleotide) for nucleotide in dna[::-1]])
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(get_reverse_complement, globals())
-```
-
-Since the list is only constructed in order to pass it as argument to `join`, we can instead use a [generator expression](https://nedbatchelder.com/blog/201605/generator_comprehensions.html).
-
-
-```python
-def coding_strand_to_AA(dna):
-    """
-    >>> coding_strand_to_AA("ATGCGA")
-    'MR'
-    >>> coding_strand_to_AA("ATGCCCGCTTT")
-    'MPA'
-    """
-    return ''.join(aa_table[dna[i:i + 3]] for i in range(0, len(dna), 3))
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(coding_strand_to_AA, globals())
-```
-
-## `rest_of_ORF`
-
-I've added some examples, that test smaller sequences, to the starter code for `rest_of_ORF`. If there's a bug that shows up with these simpler tests, it will be easier to spot and debug, then looking at the original test.
-
-
-```python
-def rest_of_ORF(dna):
-    """Return the open reading frame that starts at the start of the DNA sequence.
-    
-    The open return frame is the prefix up to but not including the first in-frame stop codon.
-    If there is no in frame stop codon, returns the whole string.
-    
-    Arguments
-    ---------
-    dna : string
-        A DNA sequence that begins with a start codon.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    string
-        The open reading frame.
-    
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> rest_of_ORF("ATG")
-    'ATG'
-    >>> rest_of_ORF("ATGCCC")
-    'ATGCCC'
-    >>> rest_of_ORF("ATGTGAA")
-    'ATG'
-    >>> rest_of_ORF("ATGAGATAGG")
-    'ATGAGA'
-    """
-    for i in range(0, len(dna), 3):
-        if dna[i:i+3] in ["TAA", "TAG", "TGA"]:
-            return dna[0:i]
-    return dna
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(rest_of_ORF, globals())
-```
-
-### Regular Expression solution
-
-The following technique use a [**regular expression**](https://docs.python.org/3/howto/regex.html) to match a repeated (`+?`) count of three-character (`...`) groups (`(...)`), followed by one of (`|`) `TAA`, `TAG`, or `TGA`.
-
-
-```python
-import re
-
-def rest_of_ORF(dna):
-    """
-    >>> rest_of_ORF("ATGTGAA")
-    'ATG'
-    >>> rest_of_ORF("ATGAGATAGG")
-    'ATGAGA'
-    """
-    m = re.match(r'((...)+?)(TAA|TAG|TGA)', dna)
-    if m:
-        return m.group(1)
-    return dna
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(rest_of_ORF, globals())
-```
-
-## `find_all_ORFs_oneframe`
-
-This first approach doesn't work:
-
-
-```python
-def find_all_ORFs_oneframe(dna):
-    """Find all non-nested open reading frames in the given DNA sequence.
-    
-    This function only finds ORFs that are in the default frame of the sequence
-    (i.e. they start on indices that are multiples of 3).
-    By non-nested we mean that if an ORF occurs entirely within
-    another ORF, it should not be included in the returned list of ORFs.
-    
-    Arguments
-    ---------
-    dna : string
-        A DNA sequence.
-        
-    Returns
-    -------
-    list[string]
-        Non-nested ORFs.
-    
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe("ATG")
-    ['ATG']
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe("CATGCC")
-    []
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe("ATGCCCTAGATGTTTTAG")
-    ['ATGCCC', 'ATGTTT']
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe("ATGATGCCCTAG")
-    ['ATGATGCCC']
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe("ATGCATGAATGTAGATAGATGTGCCC")
-    ['ATGCATGAATGTAGA', 'ATGTGCCC']
-    """
-    orfs = []
-    for i in range(0, len(dna), 3):
-        if dna[i:i+3] == 'ATG':
-            orf = rest_of_ORF(dna[i:])
-            orfs.append(orf)
-            i += len(orf)
-    return orfs
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(find_all_ORFs_oneframe, globals())
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    **********************************************************************
-    File "__main__", line 27, in NoName
-    Failed example:
-        find_all_ORFs_oneframe("ATGATGCCCTAG")
-    Expected:
-        ['ATGATGCCC']
-    Got:
-        ['ATGATGCCC', 'ATGCCC']
-
-
-
-This implementation includes the nested ORFs in its result. This is because when it finds an ORF, it's not actually skipping to its end before looking for the next start codon. The line `i += len(orf)` changes the value of `i`, but the next time through the loop body, `for i in range` resets `i` to the next value from `range`, so the `i += len(orf)` line doesn't actually have a lasting effect.
-
-We can't use a `for in range` loop, because sometimes we need to step the index forwards by three (when we *don't* find a start tag), and sometimes skip forwards by the length of the ORF (when we *do* find a start tag). “Unpack” the `for i in range` to `i = 0; while i < len` to get more access to `i`:
-
-
-```python
-def find_all_ORFs_oneframe(dna):
-    """Find all non-nested open reading frames in the given DNA sequence.
-    
-    This function only finds ORFs that are in the default frame of the sequence
-    (i.e. they start on indices that are multiples of 3).
-    By non-nested we mean that if an ORF occurs entirely within
-    another ORF, it should not be included in the returned list of ORFs.
-    
-    Arguments
-    ---------
-    dna : string
-        A DNA sequence.
-        
-    Returns
-    -------
-    list[string]
-        Non-nested ORFs.
-    
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe("ATG")
-    ['ATG']
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe("CATGCC")
-    []
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe("ATGCCCTAGATGTTTTAG")
-    ['ATGCCC', 'ATGTTT']
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe("ATGATGCCCTAG")
-    ['ATGATGCCC']
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe("ATGCATGAATGTAGATAGATGTGCCC")
-    ['ATGCATGAATGTAGA', 'ATGTGCCC']
-    """
-    orfs = []
-    i = 0
-    while i < len(dna):
-        if dna[i:i+3] == 'ATG':
-            orf = rest_of_ORF(dna[i:])
-            orfs.append(orf)
-            i += len(orf)
-        else:
-            i += 3
-    return orfs
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(find_all_ORFs_oneframe, globals())
-```
-
-### Another approach
-
-Did I say we can't use `for i in range`? We *can*, if we keep track of whether we're inside an ORF (in which case we want to *turn off* looking for start codons). The following code uses a boolean variable to keep track of whether we're inside an ORF, and another variable to count how many nucleotides of the ORF are left, so that we can tell when we've exited it.
-
-
-```python
-def find_all_ORFs_oneframe(dna):
-    """
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe("ATG")
-    ['ATG']
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe("CATGCC")
-    []
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe("ATGCCCTAGATGTTTTAG")
-    ['ATGCCC', 'ATGTTT']
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe("ATGATGCCCTAG")
-    ['ATGATGCCC']
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe("ATGCATGAATGTAGATAGATGTGCCC")
-    ['ATGCATGAATGTAGA', 'ATGTGCCC']
-    """
-    orfs = []
-    inside_orf = False
-    remaining_orf_len = None
-    for i in range(0, len(dna), 3):
-        if inside_orf:
-            remaining_orf_len -= 3
-            if remaining_orf_len == 0:
-                inside_orf = False
-        elif dna[i:i+3] == 'ATG':
-            orf = rest_of_ORF(dna[i:])
-            orfs.append(orf)
-            inside_orf = True
-            remaining_orf_len = len(orf) - 3
-    return orfs
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(find_all_ORFs_oneframe, globals())
-```
-
-Instead of maintaining *two* variables – `inside_orf` to remember if we're inside an ORF, and `remaining_orf_len` to track how much of the ORF is left – we can use just `remaining_orf_len` to serve both purposes. If this is greater than zero, we're in an ORF. If it's value 0, we're not.
-
-On the one hand, it's simpler to track this through a single variable instead of two. Then we don't have to think so hard to prove that the variables won't get out of sync with each other. On the other, using the variable for two purposes is trickier.
-
-
-```python
-def find_all_ORFs_oneframe(dna):
-    """
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe("ATG")
-    ['ATG']
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe("CATGCC")
-    []
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe("ATGCCCTAGATGTTTTAG")
-    ['ATGCCC', 'ATGTTT']
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe("ATGATGCCCTAG")
-    ['ATGATGCCC']
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe("ATGCATGAATGTAGATAGATGTGCCC")
-    ['ATGCATGAATGTAGA', 'ATGTGCCC']
-    """
-    orfs = []
-    remaining_orf_len = 0
-    for i in range(0, len(dna), 3):
-        if remaining_orf_len > 0:
-            remaining_orf_len -= 3
-        elif dna[i:i+3] == 'ATG':
-            orf = rest_of_ORF(dna[i:])
-            orfs.append(orf)
-            inside_orf = True
-            remaining_orf_len = len(orf) - 3
-    return orfs
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(find_all_ORFs_oneframe, globals())
-```
-
-We can further simplify the code by defining `remaining_orf_len >= 0` to mean we're in an ORF, and `remaining_orf_len < 0` to mean we're not. This lets us *always* decrement `remaining_orf_len`.
-
-
-```python
-def find_all_ORFs_oneframe(dna):
-    """
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe("ATG")
-    ['ATG']
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe("CATGCC")
-    []
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe("ATGCCCTAGATGTTTTAG")
-    ['ATGCCC', 'ATGTTT']
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe("ATGATGCCCTAG")
-    ['ATGATGCCC']
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe("ATGCATGAATGTAGATAGATGTGCCC")
-    ['ATGCATGAATGTAGA', 'ATGTGCCC']
-    """
-    orfs = []
-    remaining_orf_len = 0
-    for i in range(0, len(dna), 3):
-        if remaining_orf_len <= 0 and dna[i:i+3] == 'ATG':
-            orf = rest_of_ORF(dna[i:])
-            orfs.append(orf)
-            inside_orf = True
-            remaining_orf_len = len(orf)
-        remaining_orf_len -= 3
-    return orfs
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(find_all_ORFs_oneframe, globals())
-```
-
-## `find_all_ORFs`
-
-
-```python
-def find_all_ORFs(dna):
-    """Find all non-nested open reading frames in the given DNA sequence in all 3 possible frames.
-    
-    Non-nested means the same thing here that it does in find_all_ORFs_oneframe.
-
-    Arguments
-    ---------
-    dna : string
-        A DNA sequence.
-    
-    Returns
-    -------
-    string
-        A list of non-nested ORFs.
-
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> find_all_ORFs("ATGCATGAATGTAG")
-    ['ATGCATGAATGTAG', 'ATGAATGTAG', 'ATG']
-    """
-    orfs = []
-    for i in range(3):
-        orfs.extend(find_all_ORFs_oneframe(dna[i:]))
-    return orfs
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(find_all_ORFs, globals())
-```
-
-### `find_all_ORFs` – list comprehension solution
-
-
-```python
-def find_all_ORFs(dna):
-    """Find all non-nested open reading frames in the given DNA sequence in all 3 possible frames.
-    
-    Non-nested means the same thing here that it does in find_all_ORFs_oneframe.
-
-    Arguments
-    ---------
-    dna : string
-        A DNA sequence.
-    
-    Returns
-    -------
-    string
-        A list of non-nested ORFs.
-
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> find_all_ORFs("ATGCATGAATGTAG")
-    ['ATGCATGAATGTAG', 'ATGAATGTAG', 'ATG']
-    """
-    return [orf
-            for i in range(3)
-            for orf in find_all_ORFs_oneframe(dna[i:])]
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(find_all_ORFs, globals())
-```
-
-## `find_all_ORFs_both_strands`
-
-Here's a variety of different approaches. This is a matter of taste.
-
-
-```python
-def find_all_ORFs_both_strands(dna):
-    """Find all non-nested open reading frames in the given DNA sequence on both strands.
-    
-    Arguments
-    ---------
-    dna : string
-        A DNA sequence.
-    
-    Returns
-    -------
-    string
-        A list of non-nested ORFs.
-        
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_both_strands("ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA")
-    ['ATGCGAATG', 'ATGCTACATTCGCAT']
-    """
-    other_strand = get_reverse_complement(dna)
-    orfs = []
-    orfs.extend(find_all_ORFs(dna))
-    orfs.extend(find_all_ORFs(other_strand))
-    return orfs
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(find_all_ORFs_both_strands, globals())
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    **********************************************************************
-    File "__main__", line 16, in NoName
-    Failed example:
-        find_all_ORFs_both_strands("ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA")
-    Expected:
-        ['ATGCGAATG', 'ATGCTACATTCGCAT']
-    Got:
-        ['ATGCGAATG', 'ATG', 'ATGCTACATTCGCAT']
-
-
-
-
-```python
-def find_all_ORFs_both_strands(dna):
-    """
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_both_strands("ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA")
-    ['ATGCGAATG', 'ATGCTACATTCGCAT']
-    """
-    orfs = []
-    orfs.extend(find_all_ORFs(dna))
-    orfs.extend(find_all_ORFs(get_reverse_complement(dna)))
-    return orfs
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(find_all_ORFs_both_strands, globals())
-```
-
-
-```python
-def find_all_ORFs_both_strands(dna):
-    """
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_both_strands("ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA")
-    ['ATGCGAATG', 'ATGCTACATTCGCAT']
-    """
-    orfs = find_all_ORFs(dna)
-    orfs.extend(find_all_ORFs(get_reverse_complement(dna)))
-    return orfs
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(find_all_ORFs_both_strands, globals())
-```
-
-
-```python
-def find_all_ORFs_both_strands(dna):
-    """
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_both_strands("ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA")
-    ['ATGCGAATG', 'ATGCTACATTCGCAT']
-    """
-    return find_all_ORFs(dna) + find_all_ORFs(get_reverse_complement(dna))
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(find_all_ORFs_both_strands, globals())
-```
-
-
-```python
-def find_all_ORFs_both_strands(dna):
-    """
-    >>> find_all_ORFs_both_strands("ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA")
-    ['ATGCGAATG', 'ATGCTACATTCGCAT']
-    """
-    orfs = []
-    for strand in [dna, get_reverse_complement(dna)]:
-        orfs += find_all_ORFs(strand)
-    return orfs
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(find_all_ORFs_both_strands, globals())
-```
-
-## `longest_ORF`
-
-I've added two different examples to test that the function returns `None` when there's no ORF. (Normally you'd add one or the other.) This is to illustrate why you might want to use `print` when writing the doctest for a function that is expected to return `None`. Evaluating a function that returns `None` in the Python prompt (and therefore within a doctest example) doesn't print anything. This can be confusing to read.
-
-
-```python
-def longest_ORF(dna):
-    """Find the longest ORF on both strands of the specified sequence.
-    
-    Arguments
-    ---------
-    dna : string
-        A DNA sequence.
-    
-    Returns
-    -------
-    string
-        The longest ORF
-    
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> print(longest_ORF("CCC"))
-    None
-    >>> longest_ORF("CCC")
-    >>> longest_ORF("ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA")
-    'ATGCTACATTCGCAT'
-    """
-    best = None
-    best_len = 0
-    for orf in find_all_ORFs_both_strands(dna):
-        if len(orf) > best_len:
-            best = orf
-            best_len = len(orf)
-    return best
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(longest_ORF, globals())
-```
-
-`len(string)` isn't very expensive, so we can also do this with one variable (`best`) instead of keeping two variables (`best` and `best_len`) in sync:
-
-
-```python
-def longest_ORF(dna):
-    """
-    >>> print(longest_ORF("CCC"))
-    None
-    >>> longest_ORF("ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA")
-    'ATGCTACATTCGCAT'
-    """
-    best = None
-    for orf in find_all_ORFs_both_strands(dna):
-        if not best or len(orf) > len(best):
-            best = orf
-    return best
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(longest_ORF, globals())
-```
-
-The following two implementations are more expensive, but less code. It's more expensive because sorting is more work than keep track of the longer, and because `sorted` makes a list.
-
-
-```python
-def longest_ORF(dna):
-    """
-    >>> print(longest_ORF("CCC"))
-    None
-    >>> longest_ORF("ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA")
-    'ATGCTACATTCGCAT'
-    """
-    orfs = find_all_ORFs_both_strands(dna)
-    if orfs:
-        return sorted(orfs, key=len)[-1]
-    return None
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(longest_ORF, globals())
-```
-
-
-```python
-def longest_ORF(dna):
-    """
-    >>> print(longest_ORF("CCC"))
-    None
-    >>> longest_ORF("ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA")
-    'ATGCTACATTCGCAT'
-    """
-    orfs = find_all_ORFs_both_strands(dna)
-    if orfs:
-        return sorted(orfs, key=len, reverse=True)[0]
-    return None
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(longest_ORF, globals())
-```
-
-The final line `return None` isn't necessary. A function that don't execute a `return` statement *implicitly* returns `None` anyway.
-
-It is, however, standard practice to add an *explicit* return to a fruitful function, that returns `None` when called with some arguments and other values when called with other arguments. This makes it easier to tell by scanning the implementation whether a function is fruitful or fruitless.
-
-Use the `max` function to regain the efficiency of the initial approaches.
-
-
-```python
-def longest_ORF(dna):
-    """
-    >>> print(longest_ORF("CCC"))
-    None
-    >>> longest_ORF("ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA")
-    'ATGCTACATTCGCAT'
-    """
-    orfs = find_all_ORFs_both_strands(dna)
-    if orfs:
-        return max(orfs, key=len)
-    else:
-        return None
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(longest_ORF, globals())
-```
-
-## `longest_ORF_noncoding`
-
-Use `random.seed` to test functions that use random numbers. This resets the “random” number sequence (which isn't really random), so that it produces the same values in the same order each time.
-
-The variable named `_` (single underscore) is a **placeholder variable**, for a "don't care" value. It's used when the language syntax requires that we use a variable name, but we never read the value of the variable.
-
-
-```python
-import random
-
-def shuffle_string(s):
-    return ''.join(random.sample(s, len(s)))
-
-def longest_ORF_noncoding(dna, num_trials):
-    """Compute the maximum length of the longest ORF over num_trials shuffles of the specified sequence.
-    
-    Arguments
-    ---------
-    dna : string
-        A DNA sequence.
-    num_trials : int
-        The number of random shuffles.
-    
-    Returns
-    -------
-    int
-        The maximum length longest ORF
-    
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> random.seed(1)
-    >>> longest_ORF_noncoding("ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA", 100)
-    19
-    """
-    max_len = 0
-    for _ in range(num_trials):
-        orf = longest_ORF(shuffle_string(dna))
-        if orf:
-            max_len = max(max_len, len(orf))
-    return max_len
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(longest_ORF_noncoding, globals())
-```
-
-
-```python
-def longest_ORF_noncoding(dna, num_trials):
-    """
-    >>> random.seed(1)
-    >>> longest_ORF_noncoding("ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA", 100)
-    19
-    """
-    lens = []
-    for _ in range(num_trials):
-        orf = longest_ORF(shuffle_string(dna))
-        if orf:
-            lens.append(len(orf))
-    return max(lens)
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(longest_ORF_noncoding, globals())
-```
-
-
-```python
-### `longest_ORF_noncoding` using a list comprehension
-```
-
-
-```python
-def longest_ORF_noncoding(dna, num_trials):
-    """
-    >>> random.seed(1)
-    >>> longest_ORF_noncoding("ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA", 100)
-    19
-    """
-    return max(len(longest_ORF(shuffle_string(dna)) or '') for _ in xrange(num_trials))
-```
-
-## `coding_strand_to_AA`
-
-
-```python
-def coding_strand_to_AA(dna):
-    """Compute the protein encoded by a DNA sequence.
-    
-    This function does not check for start and stop codons.
-    (It assumes that the DNA sequence represents a protein coding region).
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    dna : string
-        A DNA sequence.
-    
-    Returns
-    -------
-    string
-        The sequence of amino acids encoded by the input DNA fragment.
-        
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> coding_strand_to_AA("ATGCGA")
-    'MR'
-    >>> coding_strand_to_AA("ATGCCCGCTTT")
-    'MPA'
-    """
-    aas = ''
-    for i in range(0, len(dna), 3):
-        codon = dna[i:i+3]
-        aas += aa_table[codon]
-    return aas
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(coding_strand_to_AA, globals())
-```
-
-### `coding_strand_to_AA` – list comprehension solution
-
-
-```python
-def coding_strand_to_AA(dna):
-    """
-    >>> coding_strand_to_AA("ATGCGA")
-    'MR'
-    >>> coding_strand_to_AA("ATGCCCGCTTT")
-    'MPA'
-    """
-    return ''.join([aa_table[dna[i:i + 3]] for i in range(0, len(dna), 3)])
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(coding_strand_to_AA, globals())
-```
-
-Since the list is only constructed in order to pass it as argument to `join`, we can instead use a [generator expression](https://nedbatchelder.com/blog/201605/generator_comprehensions.html).
-
-
-```python
-def coding_strand_to_AA(dna):
-    """
-    >>> coding_strand_to_AA("ATGCGA")
-    'MR'
-    >>> coding_strand_to_AA("ATGCCCGCTTT")
-    'MPA'
-    """
-    return ''.join(aa_table[dna[i:i + 3]] for i in range(0, len(dna), 3))
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(coding_strand_to_AA, globals())
-```
-
-## `gene_finder`
-
-
-```python
-def gene_finder(dna):
-    """Return the amino acid sequences that are likely coded by the specified DNA sequence.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    dna : string
-        A DNA sequence.
-    
-    Returns
-    -------
-    list[string]
-        A list of all amino acid sequences coded by the DNA sequence.
-
-
-    Examples:
-    >>> random.seed(1)
-    >>> gene_finder("ATGTCATTGCGTGTGAGACAGATTGATCGTCGCGAATGGCTATTGGCGCAAACCGCGACAGAATGCCAGCGCCATGGCCGGGAA" \
-                    "GCGACGCTGGAATATCCGACGCGACAGGGAATGTGGGTTCGGTTGAGCGATGCAGAAAAACGGTGGTCGGCCTGGATTAAACCT" \
-                    "GGGGACTGGCTTGAGCATGTCTCTCCCGCTCTGGCTGGGGCGGCGGTTTCTGCTGGCGCTGAGCACCTGGTCGTTCCCTGGCTT")
-    ['MSLRVRQIDRREWLLAQTATECQRHGREATLEYPTRQGMWVRLSDAEKRWSAWIKPGDWLEHVSPALAGAAVSAGAEHLVVPWL']
-    """
-    threshold = longest_ORF_noncoding(dna, 1500)
-    aas = []
-    for orf in find_all_ORFs_both_strands(dna):
-        if len(orf) > threshold:
-            aas.append(coding_strand_to_AA(orf))
-    return aas
-```
-
-### `gene_finder` – list comprehension solution
-
-
-```python
-def gene_finder(dna):
-    """
-    >>> random.seed(1)
-    >>> gene_finder("ATGTCATTGCGTGTGAGACAGATTGATCGTCGCGAATGGCTATTGGCGCAAACCGCGACAGAATGCCAGCGCCATGGCCGGGAA" \
-                    "GCGACGCTGGAATATCCGACGCGACAGGGAATGTGGGTTCGGTTGAGCGATGCAGAAAAACGGTGGTCGGCCTGGATTAAACCT" \
-                    "GGGGACTGGCTTGAGCATGTCTCTCCCGCTCTGGCTGGGGCGGCGGTTTCTGCTGGCGCTGAGCACCTGGTCGTTCCCTGGCTT")
-    ['MSLRVRQIDRREWLLAQTATECQRHGREATLEYPTRQGMWVRLSDAEKRWSAWIKPGDWLEHVSPALAGAAVSAGAEHLVVPWL']
-    """
-    threshold = longest_ORF_noncoding(dna, 1500)
-    return [coding_strand_to_AA(orf)
-            for orf in find_all_ORFs_both_strands(dna)
-            if len(orf) > threshold]
-```
diff --git a/_notebooks/is-triangle.md b/_notebooks/is-triangle.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 22f98e81..00000000
--- a/_notebooks/is-triangle.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,424 +0,0 @@
----
-date: 2017-09-14T15:40:07-04:00
-source: notebooks/is-triangle.ipynb
----
-
-{% include toc %}
-
-
-# Day 4 Notes
-
-## `has_triangle`, the hard way
-
-We're asked to write a function that returns True iff either of two triplets is a triangle.
-
-`is_triangle` does something close to what we want. We'll use it for reference.
-
-
-```python
-def is_triangle(a, b, c):
-    if a > b + c:
-        return False
-    if b > a + c:
-        return False
-    if c > a + b:
-        return False
-    return True
-```
-
-Now incorporate two copies of `is_triangle` into our new function:
-
-
-```python
-import doctest
-
-def has_triangles_1(a, b, c, d):
-    """Return true iff either of (a, b, c) and (b, c, d) is a triangle.
-    >>> has_triangles(3, 4, 5, 6)
-    True
-    >>> has_triangles(10, 4, 5, 6)
-    """
-    # first copy of is_triangle; tests a, b, c
-    if a > b + c:
-        return False
-    if b > a + c:
-        return False
-    if c > a + b:
-        return False
-    # second copy of is_triangle; tests b, c, d
-    if b > c + d:
-        return False
-    if c > b + d:
-        return False
-    if d > b + c:
-        return False
-    return True
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(has_triangles_1, globals())
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    **********************************************************************
-    File "__main__", line 5, in NoName
-    Failed example:
-        has_triangles(3, 4, 5, 6)
-    Expected:
-        True
-    Got nothing
-    **********************************************************************
-    File "__main__", line 7, in NoName
-    Failed example:
-        has_triangles(10, 4, 5, 6)
-    Expected nothing
-    Got:
-        False
-
-
-
-Oops! The implementation above returns True if *both* (a, b, c), (b, c, d) are triangles,
-instead of if *either* of these is a triangle.
-
-You might be able to see in the code that it returns False if *either* triplet is *not* a triangle.
-
-Returning False iff either of two things is False, is the same as returning True iff both those things are True. [[De Morgan's Laws](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Morgan's_laws)].
-
-This is difficult to fix starting from the implementation of `is_triangle` above, because it returns out of the whole function as soon as it detects a triangle violation.
-
-We'll modify `is_triangle` to remember its result into a variable instead of returning right away. This will be easier to work with.
-
-
-```python
-def is_triangle_2(a, b, c):
-    result = True
-    if a > b + c:
-        return result
-    if b > a + c:
-        return result
-    if c > a + b:
-        return result
-    return result
-```
-
-
-```python
-def has_triangles_2(a, b, c, d):
-    """Return true iff either of (a, b, c) and (b, c, d) is a triangle.
-    >>> has_triangles(3, 4, 5, 6)
-    True
-    >>> has_triangles(10, 4, 5, 6)
-    False
-    """
-    # first copy of the new is_triangle
-    tri1 = True
-    if a > b + c:
-        tri1 = False
-    if b > a + c:
-        tri1 = False
-    if c > a + b:
-        tri1 = False
-    # second copy
-    tri2 = True
-    if b > c + d:
-        return tri2
-    if c > b + d:
-        return tri2
-    if d > b + c:
-        return tri2
-    return tri1 and tri2
-```
-
-`has_triangles_2` is functionally identical to `has_triangles_1`. It doesn't fix the bug. It is, however, easier to work with.
-
-In particular, now we can change the final `and` to `or`.
-
-
-```python
-def has_triangles_2(a, b, c, d):
-    """Return true iff either of (a, b, c) and (b, c, d) is a triangle.
-    >>> has_triangles(3, 4, 5, 6)
-    True
-    >>> has_triangles(10, 4, 5, 6)
-    False
-    """
-    # first copy of the new is_triangle
-    tri1 = True
-    if a > b + c:
-        tri1 = False
-    if b > a + c:
-        tri1 = False
-    if c > a + b:
-        tri1 = False
-    # second copy
-    tri2 = True
-    if b > c + d:
-        tri2 = False
-    if c > b + d:
-        tri2 = False
-    if d > b + c:
-        tri2 = False
-    # now combine them
-    return tri1 and tri2
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(has_triangles_2, globals())
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    **********************************************************************
-    File "__main__", line 3, in NoName
-    Failed example:
-        has_triangles(3, 4, 5, 6)
-    Expected:
-        True
-    Got nothing
-
-
-
-`has_triangles_2` fixes the problem for the computer, but not for the human. It's still difficult to read. It's therefore difficult to match up the implementation against the specification; and it's difficult to test. (There's a lot of different paths the code could take, and it's effortful to construct test cases for them all.)
-
-Instead of using the original `is_triangle` to copy from, we can simply call it.
-
-
-```python
-def has_triangles_3(a, b, c, d):
-    tri1 = is_triangle_1(a, b, c)
-    tri2 = is_triangle_1(b, c, d)
-    return tri1 and tri2
-```
-
-Or eliminate the temporary variables:
-
-
-```python
-def has_triangles_4(a, b, c, d):
-    return is_triangle(a, b, c) and is_triangle(b, c, d)
-```
-
-
-```python
-## Lists and `for`
-```
-
-
-```python
-def contains_triangle(triplets):
-    """Returns true if any of triplets is the sides of a triangle.
-    
-    Triplets is a list of triples. Each triple is a list of three numbers.
-    Example:
-    >>> contains_triangle([[10, 2, 3]])
-    False
-    >>> contains_triangle([[10, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
-    True
-    """
-    for triplet in triplets:
-        a = triplet[0]
-        b = triplet[1]
-        c = triplet[2]
-        if is_triangle(a, b, c):
-            return True
-    return False
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(contains_triangle, globals())
-```
-
-## Code Golfing `is_triangle`
-
-
-```python
-# as presented
-def is_triangle(a, b, c):
-    if a > b + c:
-        return False
-    if b > a + c:
-        return False
-    if c > a + b:
-        return False
-    return True
-
-# ->
-
-def is_triangle(a, b, c):
-    return not (a > b + c) and not (b > a + c) and not (c > a + b)
-
-# ->
-
-def is_triangle(a, b, c):
-    return a <= b + c and b <= a + c and c <= a + b
-
-is_triangle(3, 4, 5)
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-
-
-
-    True
-
-
-
-
-
-```python
-def has_triangle(a, b, c, d):
-    """Return true if either or both (a, b, c) or (b, c, d) is a triangle."""
-    # Return true if (a, b, c) and (b, c, d) are both triangle.
-    tri1 = is_triangle(a, b, c)
-    tri2 = is_triangle(b, c, d)
-    return tri1 or tri2
-
-# has_triangle(3, 4, 5, 6)
-
-has_triangle(10, 4, 5, 6)
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-
-
-
-    True
-
-
-
-
-
-```python
-def contains_triangle(triples):
-    """Return true if any of the triples is a triangle."""
-    for a, b, c in triples:
-        if is_triangle(a, b, c):
-            return True
-    return False
-
-contains_triangle([[1, 1, 3], [3, 4, 5]])
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-
-
-
-    True
-
-
-
-
-
-```python
-# Code-Golfing contains_triangle
-```
-
-
-```python
-def contains_triangle(triplets):
-    for triplet in triplets:
-        a, b, c = triplet[0]
-        if is_triangle(a, b, c):
-            return True
-    return False
-```
-
-
-```python
-def contains_triangle(triplets):
-    for triplet in triplets:
-        if is_triangle(triplet[0], triplet[1], triplet[2]):
-            return True
-    return False
-```
-
-### Code-Golfing using advanced techniques
-
-Using a "starred expression", to unpack the elements in a list (triplets) into individual values that are successive arguments to `is_triangle`.
-
-[In other languages you may see this called "spread", "splat", "argument unpacking", or "variadic arguments".]
-
-
-```python
-def contains_triangle(triplets):
-    for triplet in triplets:
-        if is_triangle(*triplet):
-            return True
-    return False
-```
-
-Using the `any` function, and a [generator comprehension](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0289/):
-
-
-```python
-def contains_triangle(triplets):
-    return any(is_triangle(a, b, c) for a, b, c in triplets)
-```
-
-Starred expression together with a generator comprehension:
-
-
-```python
-def contains_triangle(triplets):
-    return any(is_triangle(*triplet) for triplet in triplets)
-```
-
-Now let's code-golf `is_triangle`. (Conceptually) unpacking this is left as an exercise for the reader.
-
-I've changed the signature of `is_triangle` to take a triple instead of three separate sides. You could use the original signature by starting each of these with:
-
-    def  is_triangle(a, b, c):
-        sides = [a, b, c]
-        …
-
-
-```python
-def is_triangle(a, b, c):
-    """Return true iff either of (a, b, c) and (b, c, d) is a triangle.
-    >>> is_triangle(3, 4, 5)
-    True
-    >>> is_triangle(10, 4, 5)
-    False
-    """
-    sides = [a, b, c]
-    # The following overwrites the original parameter values of a, b, c.
-    # We are very far from readable code at this point anyway…
-    for i, a in enumerate(sides):
-        b, c = sides[:i] + sides[i + 1:]
-        if a > b + c:
-            return False
-    return True
-    
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_triangle, globals())
-```
-
-
-```python
-def is_triangle(a, b, c):
-    """Return true iff either of (a, b, c) and (b, c, d) is a triangle.
-    >>> is_triangle(3, 4, 5)
-    True
-    >>> is_triangle(10, 4, 5)
-    False
-    """
-    sides = [a, b, c]
-    return all(a <= b + c
-               for i, a in enumerate(sides)
-               for b, c in [sides[:i] + sides[i + 1:]])
-    
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_triangle, globals())
-```
-
-
-```python
-import itertools
-
-def is_triangle(a, b, c):
-    """Return true iff either of (a, b, c) and (b, c, d) is a triangle.
-    >>> is_triangle(3, 4, 5)
-    True
-    >>> is_triangle(10, 4, 5)
-    False
-    """
-    return all(a <= b + c for a, b, c in itertools.permutations([a, b, c]))
-    
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_triangle, globals())
-```
diff --git a/_notebooks/iteration-and-design.md b/_notebooks/iteration-and-design.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 0534a2b9..00000000
--- a/_notebooks/iteration-and-design.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,286 +0,0 @@
----
-date: 2017-09-24T13:11:14-04:00
-source: notebooks/iteration-and-design.ipynb
----
-
-{% include toc %}
-
-
-# Iteration and Design
-
-> An exploration of Python iteration constructs, in the context of software design.
->
-> This page covers the same programming language constructs as [Iteration Basics](iteration-basics), but adds principles for choosing between them, and relates them to concepts of software engineering.
->
-> Standard terms from software engineering are written in **bold**.
-
-## I. Data-Shaped Code
-
-Let's print all the characters of a string, one per line:
-
-
-```python
-text = "飛ぶ火鳥"
-
-print(text[0])
-print(text[1])
-print(text[2])
-print(text[3])
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    飛
-    ぶ
-    火
-    鳥
-
-
-
-### Changes to the Data
-
-This code runs fine on this exact data (and on any other four-character string, such as "fire" or "burn"), but it's *fragile* – a slight change to the data will break it.
-
-\[Terminology: Fragile is the opposite of **robust**. "Robustness" is one of the **non-functional** properties, or **design considerations**, of a design.\]
-
-To see, this let's replace "飛ぶ火鳥" by a longer string:
-
-
-```python
-text = "火鳥が飛んでいる"
-
-print(text[0])
-print(text[1])
-print(text[2])
-print(text[3])
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    火
-    鳥
-    が
-    飛
-
-
-
-Oops, what happened? Now we are only seeing the first four characters of the text.
-
-That word *four* in the previous sentence is a hint. That's how many characters the first string had. We changed the *data*, but not the *code*, but our design requires that the code be kept in sync with the data (the number of lines of code must match the number of characters in the string).
-
-This (almost) fixes it:
-
-
-```python
-text = "火鳥が飛んでいる"
-
-print(text[0])
-print(text[1])
-print(text[2])
-print(text[3])
-print(text[4])
-print(text[5])
-print(text[5])
-print(text[7])
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    火
-    鳥
-    が
-    飛
-    ん
-    で
-    で
-    る
-
-
-
-Now we've printed eight characters, one for each character of the string.
-
-The code above still isn't correct, though. Can you spot the mistake?
-
-You can find it either (1) by inspecting the code, or (2) by comparing the *input* (the data – in this case, the value of `text`) to the *output*.
-
-It's easy to *make* this kind of mistake – I copied the code, and forgot to change a `5` to a `6`. It's difficult to *spot* it.
-
-\[Terminology: it's easy to **inject** this category of **defect**. It's expensive to **detect** it.\]
-
-### Changes to the Specification
-
-The original specification was:
-
-> Print all the characters of a string, one per line.
-
-The customer has changed this to:
-
-> Print all the characters of a string, one per line. Parenthesize each character.
->
-> For example, if the string is "飛ぶ火鳥", the program should print `(飛)` on the first line, `(ぶ)` on the second line, and so on.
-
-\[Aside: You'll noticed that I've supplemented the specification with an example. This is good technique for verifying that the author and reader of the specification understand it the same way. It can also reveal potential defects in the specification – if the specification and the examples don't agree, at least one of them is wrong. Specification examples are like [doctest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctest), for specifications – and can be used as fodder for the actual code tests.\]
-
-Here's the code from the first cell, again:
-
-
-```python
-text = "飛ぶ火鳥"
-
-print(text[0])
-print(text[1])
-print(text[2])
-print(text[3])
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    飛
-    ぶ
-    火
-    鳥
-
-
-
-And here I've modified the code to match the modified specification:
-
-
-```python
-text = "飛ぶ火鳥"
-
-print('(' + text[0] + ')')
-print('(' + text[1] + ')')
-print('(' + text[2] + ')')
-print('(' + text[3] + ')')
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    (飛)
-    (ぶ)
-    (火)
-    (鳥)
-
-
-
-So – this *works* (it meets the **functional requirements**), but it's not *robust*, as we've seen above.
-
-Also, making a small change to the specification (adding the statement "parenthesize each character") required making a large change to the code (editing every line).
-
-Another small change to the specification (adding "there should be a space between the parentheses and the characters, *e.g.* `( 飛 )`") would require editing every line of the code again.
-
-\[Terminology: the code has low **extensibility**.\]
-
-## II. Specification-Shaped Code
-
-The advantage of the `for` statement, from [Iteration Basics](iteration-basics), is that it shapes the *lines* of code to the specification, and the *behavior* of the code to the data. (The versions above shaped the *lines* of code to the data.)
-
-### First difference: The lines of code do *not* line up against the data
-
-The behavior of the code comes from the data, but the lines of code themselves do not line up against the lines of data.
-
-This means the same lines of code can re-shape themselves to different data:
-
-
-```python
-text = "飛ぶ火鳥"
-
-# Print all the characters of a string, one per line.
-for c in text:
-    print(c)
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    飛
-    ぶ
-    火
-    鳥
-
-
-
-
-```python
-text = "火鳥が飛んでいる"
-
-# Print all the characters of a string, one per line.
-for c in text:
-    print(c)
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    火
-    鳥
-    が
-    飛
-    ん
-    で
-    い
-    る
-
-
-
-### Second difference: the implementation *does* match the specification
-
-The lines of code correspond closely to the specification:
-
->Print all the characters of a string, one per line.
-
-"Print" in the specification corresponds to `print` in the code. "all the characters of the string" corresponds to `for c in text` in the code. It's not a *mechanical* translation, but it is relatively easy to check the code against the specification.
-
-
-```python
-text = "飛ぶ火鳥"
-
-# Print all the characters of a string, one per line.
-for c in text:
-    print(c)
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    飛
-    ぶ
-    火
-    鳥
-
-
-
-This also means that a simple (local) change to the specification requires only a local change to the implementation.
-
-
-```python
-text = "飛ぶ火鳥"
-
-# Print all the characters of a string, one per line.
-for c in text:
-    print('(' + c + ')')
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    (飛)
-    (ぶ)
-    (火)
-    (鳥)
-
-
-
-## Appendix: Trade-Offs
-
-The implementation that uses `for` is more **general** and more **abstract** than the implementation that uses a different line to write each character.
-
-It's more *general* because it works on a wider variety of inputs, without change.
-
-It's more *abstract* because the relationship between the data, the implementation, and the output is *less direct*. (That's what we give up by making the relationship between specification and the implementation *more* direct.) In the original implementation, a single line of code operated on a single piece of the input (a character) to produce a single piece of output (a line containing that character). In the final implementation, a single line operates on all the pieces of the input, behaving differently (printing a different character) on each piece. 
-
-Generality and abstraction aren't all sunshine and roses. ("Engineering is the navigation of trade-offs.")
-
-1. The relation between the *lines of code* and the *output* is more abstract. Which line in the original program (at the top of this page, without the `for` statement) was responsible for printing just the second character of the string? Which line in the final code program is?
-
-2. It's more difficult to make exceptions. Consider the following specification. How would you change the original program to do this? How would you change the final program?
-
-> Print all the characters of a string, one per line. Parenthesize each character except the second.
->
-> For example, if the string is "飛ぶ火鳥", the program should print (飛) on the first line, ぶ on the second line, `(火)` on the third line, and so on.
diff --git a/_notebooks/iteration-basics.md b/_notebooks/iteration-basics.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 1d7bdae5..00000000
--- a/_notebooks/iteration-basics.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,327 +0,0 @@
----
-date: 2017-09-24T13:11:14-04:00
-source: notebooks/iteration-basics.ipynb
----
-
-{% include toc %}
-
-
-# Iteration Basics
-
-> From copy/paste to `for`
-
-## Replacing Repeated Code by `for`
-
-The following code prints all the characters of a string, one per line:
-
-
-```python
-text = "飛ぶ火鳥"
-
-print(text[0])
-print(text[1])
-print(text[2])
-print(text[3])
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    飛
-    ぶ
-    火
-    鳥
-
-
-
-Now let's replace "飛ぶ火鳥" by a longer string:
-
-
-```python
-text = "火鳥が飛んでいる"
-
-print(text[0])
-print(text[1])
-print(text[2])
-print(text[3])
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    火
-    鳥
-    が
-    飛
-
-
-
-This didn't quite work. It only printed the first four characters.
-
-We added characters to the data, so we need to add lines to the code:
-
-
-```python
-text = "火鳥が飛んでいる"
-
-print(text[0])
-print(text[1])
-print(text[2])
-print(text[3])
-print(text[4])
-print(text[5])
-print(text[6])
-print(text[7])
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    火
-    鳥
-    が
-    飛
-    ん
-    で
-    い
-    る
-
-
-
-This is inconvenient. Each time we change the data, we have to change the code.
-
-A `for` loop lets you write code that works with different lengths of data. Note that the code in the following two cells is the same. When it's run, it "re-shapes" itself to the data.
-
-
-```python
-text = "飛ぶ火鳥"
-
-for c in text:
-    print(c)
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    飛
-    ぶ
-    火
-    鳥
-
-
-
-
-```python
-text = "火鳥が飛んでいる"
-
-for c in text:
-    print(c)
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    火
-    鳥
-    が
-    飛
-    ん
-    で
-    い
-    る
-
-
-
-## An Equivalence
-
-`for c in text` is the same as doing this:
-
-
-```python
-text = "飛ぶ火鳥"
-
-c = text[0]
-print(c)
-c = text[1]
-print(c)
-c = text[2]
-print(c)
-c = text[3]
-print(c)
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    飛
-    ぶ
-    火
-    鳥
-
-
-
-except that with the `for` loop, Python figures out, while the program is running, how many times to repeat the
-
-```python
-c = text[…]
-print(c)
-```
-
-block based on the length of `text`.
-
-## From `while` to `for`
-
-The following three programs are functionally equivalent.
-
-See "Iteration Example" for an explanation of `range`, and discussion of the advantages of `for` over `while`.
-
-
-```python
-text = "飛ぶ火鳥"
-
-i = 0
-while i < len(text):
-    c = text[i]
-    print(c)
-    i = i + 1
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    飛
-    ぶ
-    火
-    鳥
-
-
-
-Replacing `while` by `for`:
-
-
-```python
-text = "飛ぶ火鳥"
-
-for i in range(len(text)):
-    c = text[i]
-    print(c)
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    飛
-    ぶ
-    火
-    鳥
-
-
-
-Iterating directly over the characters, instead of over the indices:
-
-
-```python
-text = "飛ぶ火鳥"
-
-for c in text:
-    print(c)
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    飛
-    ぶ
-    火
-    鳥
-
-
-
-## Using `enumerate` to read both the index and the item
-
-The following programs are all functionally equivalent.
-
-See "Iteration Example" for an explanation of `enumerate`.
-
-
-```python
-text = "飛ぶ火鳥"
-
-i = 0
-while i < len(text):
-    c = text[i]
-    print(i, c)
-    i = i + 1
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    0 飛
-    1 ぶ
-    2 火
-    3 鳥
-
-
-
-
-```python
-text = "飛ぶ火鳥"
-
-for i in range(len(text)):
-    c = text[i]
-    print(i, c)
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    0 飛
-    1 ぶ
-    2 火
-    3 鳥
-
-
-
-
-```python
-text = "飛ぶ火鳥"
-
-for i_c in enumerate(text):
-    i = i_c[0]
-    c = i_c[1]
-    print(i, c)
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    0 飛
-    1 ぶ
-    2 火
-    3 鳥
-
-
-
-
-```python
-text = "飛ぶ火鳥"
-
-for i_c in enumerate(text):
-    i, c = i_c
-    print(i, c)
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    0 飛
-    1 ぶ
-    2 火
-    3 鳥
-
-
-
-
-```python
-text = "飛ぶ火鳥"
-
-for i, c in enumerate(text):
-    print(i, c)
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    0 飛
-    1 ぶ
-    2 火
-    3 鳥
-
-
diff --git a/_notebooks/iteration-example.md b/_notebooks/iteration-example.md
deleted file mode 100644
index f58790bb..00000000
--- a/_notebooks/iteration-example.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,685 +0,0 @@
----
-date: 2017-09-23T16:25:00-04:00
-source: notebooks/iteration-example.ipynb
----
-
-{% include toc %}
-
-
-# Iteration Example
-
-> **Detailed design ~ Control flow ~ `while` and `for` ~ `range` ~ Relating design to implementation ~ Nested loops ~ Functions – an alternative ~ `enumerate`**
-
-Let's write a script that computes the number of letters in the words in a list. For example, if the list has the words "fabulous", "flying", and "phoenix", the number of letters is 8 + 6 + 7 = 21.
-
-Here's a **detailed design** (or **low-level design**) that is intended to satisfy this specification:
-
-1. For each word in the list:
-  1. Count its letters
-  2. Add that count to a running total
-2. Return the total
-
-Let's implement this design using `while` and `break`:
-
-
-```python
-words = ["fabulous", "flying", "phoenix"]
-
-letter_count = 0
-i = 0
-while True:
-    w = words[i]
-    letter_count = letter_count + len(w)
-    i = i + 1
-    if i >= len(words):
-        break
-print("these words total", letter_count, "letters")
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    these words total 21 letters
-
-
-
-Note how many *places* and *ways* the variable `i` is used. I've labelled these with comments below.
-
-
-```python
-words = ["fabulous", "flying", "phoenix"]
-
-letter_count = 0
-i = 0                    # <- initialize
-while True:
-    w = words[i]         # <- index
-    letter_count = letter_count + len(w)
-    i = i + 1            # <- increment
-    if i >= len(words):  # <- test
-        break
-print("these words total", letter_count, "letters")
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    these words total 21 letters
-
-
-
-Also note the **control flow** – which parts of the code decide how many times the loop is executed; equivalently in this case, for each line of code, what happens next.
-
-
-```python
-words = ["fabulous", "flying", "phoenix"]
-
-letter_count = 0
-i = 0
-while True:              # <- loop for ever – but not really, because:
-    w = words[i]
-    letter_count = letter_count + len(w)
-    i = i + 1
-    if i >= len(words):
-        break            # <- terminate the loop
-print("these words total", letter_count, "letters")
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    these words total 21 letters
-
-
-
-This implementation distributes a single idea ("for each word in the list") from the design, across a number of different places in the implementation. It makes it difficult to match the implementation to the specification, and see if they describe the same process.
-
-"For each word" is split into pieces, and woven into different parts of the script.
-
-It's also hard to read off where the `while` loop terminates. It looks from the `while` line like it goes on forever; you have to read to the end of its body to find the `break`, hidden inside of an `if`.
-
-We can reduce the number of different places that the implementation of "For each word" pops up, and also making the control flow more readable, by moving the termination condition into the `while` test:
-
-
-```python
-words = ["fabulous", "flying", "phoenix"]
-
-letter_count = 0
-i = 0                  # <- initialize
-while i < len(words):  # <- test and terminate
-    w = words[i]       # <- index
-    letter_count = letter_count + len(w)
-    i = i + 1          # <- increment
-print("these words total", letter_count, "letters")
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    these words total 21 letters
-
-
-
-### `for` and `range`
-
-We can go one step further by replacing `while`, with `for` and `range`.
-
-First, let's review how `range` works.
-
-`range` returns a sequence that acts like `[0, 1, 2, 3]`, except we don't have to know when we write the code how long the list should be.
-
-(The value returned by `range` only acts behaves as a list, it isn't an actual list. This works fine in a `for` loop, but it means that `print` isn't completely helpful for learning about it. We'll work around this by applying the `list` function to the value returned by `range`. This creates the list that the range value behaves like.)
-
-
-```python
-print("len(words) =", len(words))
-print("range(3) =", range(3))
-print("range(3) behaves as", list(range(3)))
-print("range(len(words)) behaves as", list(range(len(words))))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    len(words) = 3
-    range(3) = range(0, 3)
-    range(3) behaves as [0, 1, 2]
-    range(len(words)) behaves as [0, 1, 2]
-
-
-
-`for` introduces a variable (just like `=` does), assigns it the first item in a sequence (just like `i = range(len(words))[0]` would), and runs the body of the loop (just like `while` does). Then it assigns the variable the *next* item in the sequence, and runs the loop again.
-
-```python
-for item in lst:
-  # code
-```
-
-is just the same as:
-
-```python
-i = 0
-while i < len(lst):
-    # code
-    i = i + 1
-```
-
-except that Python takes care of managing `i` for us.
-
-
-```python
-words = ["fabulous", "flying", "phoenix"]
-
-letter_count = 0
-for i in range(len(words)): # <- initialize, increment, test, and terminate
-    w = words[i]            # <- index
-    letter_count = letter_count + len(w)
-print("these words total", letter_count, "letters")
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    these words total 21 letters
-
-
-
-Now "For each word" only pops up in two places: in the `for` line where `i` is *assigned* etc., and in `w = words[i]` where we *use* it.
-
-We can do one better. Instead of using `for` to iterate over the indices – which we only need in order to get the words of the list – we can iterate over the words themselves.
-
-
-```python
-words = ["fabulous", "flying", "phoenix"]
-
-letter_count = 0
-for w in words: # <- initialize, index, increment, test, and terminate
-    letter_count = letter_count + len(w)
-print("these words total", letter_count, "letters")
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    these words total 21 letters
-
-
-
-Compare "For each word" from the *specification*, to `for w in words` from the *implementation*. This is a much closer match.
-
-Something to strive for in your programs is an implementation whose structure matches the specification and the design. Sometimes this involves creating functions that matches words of the specification. (This is where "Growing a Language" comes in.) Sometimes it involves re-thinking the design – is there a clearer way to say the same thing, that lends itself better to coding.
-
-## Nested Loops
-
-The refinement above reduced the number of lines of code, and it reduced the number of "bookkeeping" variables.
-
-Each line of code is a home for bugs to breed. Each place a variable is used, is an opportunity to use the wrong variable – and therefore introduce a bug.
-
-The rest of this section illustrates this.
-
-Consider this new specification:
-
-> Given a list of words, compute the number of vowels in all the words.
-
-This is very similar to the original specification, so we'll start with that.
-
-Return for a moment to our *original* implementation of the letter counter:
-
-
-```python
-words = ["fabulous", "flying", "phoenix"]
-
-letter_count = 0
-i = 0                    # <- initialize
-while True:
-    w = words[i]         # <- index
-    letter_count = letter_count + len(w)
-    i = i + 1            # <- increment
-    if i >= len(words):  # <- test
-        break            # <- terminate
-print("these words total", letter_count, "letters")
-```
-
-Here's code to count the vowels in a single word:
-
-
-```python
-word = "fabulous"
-
-vowel_count = 0
-i = 0
-while i < len(word):
-    c = word[i]
-    if c in 'aeiouy':
-        vowel_count = vowel_count + 1
-    i = i + 1
-print(word, "contains", vowel_count, "vowels")
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    fabulous contains 4 vowels
-
-
-
-We can combine the previous two cells (sum the number of letters in all the word, count the number of vowels in a single word) into a single script:
-
-There's a couple of gotchas:
-
-1. The first script uses `w` for the word. The second script uses `word`. We need to either rename `w` to `word` in the first script, or `word` to `w` in the second script. (We'll do the second.)
-2. The first script uses `i` to index into the list of words. The second script uses `i` to index into the characters within a single word. We need to rename one of these variables. (We'll rename `i` in the second script to `j`.) Be careful to rename *all* the occurrences of `i` in the second script.
-
-The modified vowel-counter looks like this:
-
-
-```python
-w = "fabulous"
-
-vowel_count = 0
-j = 0
-while j < len(w):
-    c = w[j]
-    if c in 'aeiouy':
-        vowel_count = vowel_count + 1
-    j = j + 1
-print(w, "contains", vowel_count, "vowels")
-```
-
-And putting them together:
-
-
-```python
-words = ["fabulous", "flying", "phoenix"]
-
-vowel_count = 0
-i = 0                    # <- outer initialization
-while i < len(words):    # <- outer test
-    w = words[i]         # <- outer index
-    j = 0                  # <- inner initialization
-    while j < len(w):      # <- inner test
-        c = w[j]           # <- inner index
-        if c in 'aeiouy':
-            vowel_count = vowel_count + 1
-        j = j + 1          # <- inner increment
-    i = i + 1            # <- outer increment
-print("these words have", vowel_count, "vowels in all")
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    these words have 9 vowels in all
-
-
-
-In practice, it's very hard to do this reliably. References to `i` are mixed with references to `j`, and it's easy to slip up.
-
-See if you can spot the problem with the following script. This script never terminates.
-
-
-```python
-words = ["fabulous", "flying", "phoenix"]
-
-vowel_count = 0
-i = 0                    # <- outer initialization
-while i < len(words):    # <- outer test
-    w = words[i]         # <- outer index
-    j = 0                  # <- inner initialization
-    while j < len(w):      # <- inner test
-        c = w[j]           # <- inner index
-        if c in 'aeiouy':
-            vowel_count = vowel_count + 1
-        i = i + 1          # <- inner increment OR IS IT?
-    i = i + 1            # <- outer increment
-print("these words have", vowel_count, "vowels in all")
-```
-
-Now let's switch to our final implementation of the letter counter, that used `range`:
-
-
-```python
-words = ["fabulous", "flying", "phoenix"]
-
-letter_count = 0
-for w in words: # <- initialize, index, increment, test, and terminate
-    letter_count = letter_count + len(w)
-print("these words total", letter_count, "letters")
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    these words total 21 letters
-
-
-
-Here's a vowel counter that also uses `range`:
-
-
-```python
-word = "fabulous"
-
-vowel_count = 0
-for c in word:
-    if c in 'aeiouy':
-        vowel_count = vowel_count + 1
-print(word, "contains", vowel_count, "vowels")
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    fabulous contains 4 vowels
-
-
-
-It's much easier to fuse these two cells. We still need to rename `word` in the vowel counter to `w`, but there's no colliding loop counters such as `i` and `j` the last time we tried this.
-
-
-```python
-words = ["fabulous", "flying", "phoenix"]
-
-vowel_count = 0
-for w in words: # <- outer initialize, index, increment, test, and terminate
-    for c in w:
-        if c in 'aeiouy': # <- inner initialize, index, increment, test, and terminate
-            vowel_count = vowel_count + 1
-print("these words have", vowel_count, "vowels in all")
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    these words have 9 vowels in all
-
-
-
-### Another Approach: Functions
-
-You might have noticed there's another way to compose *units of functionality*, such as "do something to each word in list" and "count vowels in a word". That's to compose *functions*.
-
-Returning once again to our original implementations of "sum the lengths of the words" and "count the vowels in a single word", let's turn each of these scripts into a function:
-
-
-```python
-def count_letters_in_word_list(words):
-    count = 0
-    i = 0
-    while True:
-        w = words[i]
-        count = count + len(w)
-        i = i + 1
-        if i >= len(words):
-            break
-    return count
-
-print("these words total", count_letters_in_word_list(["fabulous", "flying", "phoenix"]), "letters")
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    these words total 21 letters
-
-
-
-
-```python
-def count_vowels(word):
-    vowel_count = 0
-    i = 0
-    while i < len(word):
-        c = word[i]
-        if c in 'aeiouy':
-            vowel_count = vowel_count + 1
-        i = i + 1
-    return vowel_count
-
-print(word, "contains", count_vowels("fabulous"), "vowels")
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    fabulous contains 4 vowels
-
-
-
-We combine them by changing `count_letters_in_word_list` to call `count_vowels` instead of `len`. (I've also renamed the function `count_letters_in_word_list` to `count_vowels_in_word_list`.)
-
-
-```python
-def count_vowels_in_word_list(words):  # <- renamed the function
-    count = 0
-    i = 0
-    while True:
-        w = words[i]
-        count = count + len(w)   # <- this is the only other change
-        i = i + 1
-        if i >= len(words):
-            break
-    return count
-
-print("these words have", count_vowels_in_word_list(["fabulous", "flying", "phoenix"]), "vowels in all")
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    these words have 21 vowels in all
-
-
-
-We could change the implementation of `count_vowels` without changing `count_vowels_in_word_list`.
-
-We could also change the implementation of `count_vowels_in_word_list` without changing `count_vowels`.
-
-We can mix and match: any correct implementation `count_vowels` works with any correct implementation of `count_vowels_in_word_list`.
-
-Separating these units of *functionality* into separate *functions* therefore insulates them from each other in a way that fusing them into a single script can't do.
-
-
-```python
-def count_vowels(word):
-    vowel_count = 0
-    for c in word:
-        if c in 'aeiouy':
-            vowel_count = vowel_count + 1
-    return vowel_count
-
-print(word, "contains", count_vowels("fabulous"), "vowels")
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    fabulous contains 4 vowels
-
-
-
-
-```python
-def count_vowels_in_word_list(words):
-    count = 0
-    for w in words:
-        count = count + count_vowels(w)
-    return count
-
-print("these words have", count_vowels_in_word_list(["fabulous", "flying", "phoenix"]), "vowels in all")
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    these words have 9 vowels in all
-
-
-
-## `enumerate` provides the index *and* the item
-
-Let's return to the original brief – count the letters in all the words – and add a requirement:
-
-Print the number of letters in each word, indexed by position.
-
-For example, if the list has "fabulous", "flying", and "phoenix", the script should print:
-
-    word #1 has 8 letters
-    word #2 has 6 letters
-    word #3 has 7 letters
-    these words total 21 letters
-
-Having seen the advantages of `for w in words`, 
-
-
-```python
-words = ["fabulous", "flying", "phoenix"]
-
-letter_count = 0
-for w in words:
-    n = len(w)
-    print("word #{} has {} letters".format(i + 1, n))
-    letter_count = letter_count + n
-print("these words total", letter_count, "letters")
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-
-    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-    NameError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
-
-    <ipython-input-54-7df716470494> in <module>()
-          4 for w in words:
-          5     n = len(w)
-    ----> 6     print("word #", i + 1, "has", n, "letters")
-          7     letter_count = letter_count + n
-          8 print("these words total", letter_count, "letters")
-
-
-    NameError: name 'i' is not defined
-
-
-
-Oops! `for w in words` doesn't give us an index variable, just the item itself. This was an advantage because we didn't have to manage the index variable, but it's a disadvantage if we actually want it.
-
-We could create our own index variable to keep track of where we are within the list:
-
-
-```python
-words = ["fabulous", "flying", "phoenix"]
-
-letter_count = 0
-i = 0
-for w in words:
-    n = len(w)
-    print("word #{} has {} letters".format(i + 1, n))
-    i = i + 1
-    letter_count = letter_count + n
-print("these words total", letter_count, "letters")
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    word #1 has 8 letters
-    word #2 has 6 letters
-    word #3 has 7 letters
-    these words total 21 letters
-
-
-
-But now we're using two different mechanisms to traverse the same list at the same pace: the `for` loop with `w`, and our own `i`. Maybe it's better to iterate over the indices instead of the words:
-
-
-```python
-words = ["fabulous", "flying", "phoenix"]
-
-letter_count = 0
-for i in range(len(words)):
-    w = words[i]
-    n = len(w)
-    print("word #{} has {} letters".format(i + 1, n))
-    letter_count = letter_count + n
-print("these words total", letter_count, "letters")
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    word #1 has 8 letters
-    word #2 has 6 letters
-    word #3 has 7 letters
-    these words total 21 letters
-
-
-
-This is acceptable, but it's galling to have to go back to iterating over indices just to get to the words. And this is a very common requirement.
-
-An alternative is the `enumerate` function, which generates a sequence of pairs: (index, item).
-
-(The value `(0, 'fabulous')` is a *tuple*. It behaves the same as the list `[0, 'fabulous']`, for our purposes.)
-
-
-```python
-print("enumerate(words) =", enumerate(words))
-print("enumerate(words) behaves as", list(enumerate(words)))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    enumerate(words) = <enumerate object at 0x106a9f948>
-    enumerate(words) behaves as [(0, 'fabulous'), (1, 'flying'), (2, 'phoenix')]
-
-
-
-
-```python
-words = ["fabulous", "flying", "phoenix"]
-
-letter_count = 0
-for index_and_word in enumerate(words):
-    i = index_and_word[0]
-    w = index_and_word[1]
-    n = len(w)
-    print("word #{} has {} letters".format(i + 1, n))
-    letter_count = letter_count + n
-print("these words total", letter_count, "letters")
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    word #1 has 8 letters
-    word #2 has 6 letters
-    word #3 has 7 letters
-    these words total 21 letters
-
-
-
-This can be simplified using the shortcut `a, b = pair`, which is equivalent to `a = pair[0]; b = pair[1]` if `pair` is a list or tuple with length 2.
-
-
-```python
-words = ["fabulous", "flying", "phoenix"]
-
-letter_count = 0
-for index_and_word in enumerate(words):
-    i, w = index_and_word
-    n = len(w)
-    print("word #{} has {} letters".format(i + 1, n))
-    letter_count = letter_count + n
-print("these words total", letter_count, "letters")
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    word #1 has 8 letters
-    word #2 has 6 letters
-    word #3 has 7 letters
-    these words total 21 letters
-
-
-
-This can further be simplified by replacing `index_and_word` by `i, w`, instead of assigning them from it later.
-
-
-```python
-words = ["fabulous", "flying", "phoenix"]
-
-letter_count = 0
-for i, w in enumerate(words):
-    n = len(w)
-    print("word #{} has {} letters".format(i + 1, n))
-    letter_count = letter_count + n
-print("these words total", letter_count, "letters")
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    word #1 has 8 letters
-    word #2 has 6 letters
-    word #3 has 7 letters
-    these words total 21 letters
-
-
diff --git a/_notebooks/iteration-patterns.md b/_notebooks/iteration-patterns.md
index 24388c42..10161ead 100644
--- a/_notebooks/iteration-patterns.md
+++ b/_notebooks/iteration-patterns.md
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ source: notebooks/iteration-patterns.ipynb
 
 # Iteration Patterns – map, filter, and reduce
 
-You've learned three *ways* to iterate:
+You've learned three **ways** to iterate:
 
 1. Using a `while` loop:
     ```python
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ You've learned three *ways* to iterate:
         // do something with item
     ```
 
-This page discusses three *uses* for iteration:
+This page discusses three **uses** for iteration:
 
 **Mapping**
 
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ There's two ways to do this:
 1. modify the original list
 2. return a new list.
 
-These correspond to `chop` and `middle` from the first reading journal.
+These correspond to `chop` and `middle` from first reading journal.
 
 ### A map that modifies its argument
 
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ print('added_ten returns', added_ten(lst))  # `add_one` returns a new list
 
 #### `for` and `map`: a connection
 
-In "Iteration Basics", we learned that the `for` statement replaces a number of different statements: that initialize, test, use, and increment the *loop variable*. With `for`, Python handles this for us automatically.
+The `for` statement replaces a number of different statements: that initialize, test, use, and increment the *loop variable*. With `for`, Python handles this for us automatically.
 
 Similarly, the `map` function replaces a number of different statements: that initialize, modify, and return the *accumulator variable*.
 
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ $$\{n + 10 : n \in \{2, 4, 6\}\}$$
 
 These are two different ways of writing: the set of numbers $\{n + 10\}$, for $n$ from $\{2, 4, 6\}$. (This set is equal to $\{12, 14, 16\}$.)
 
-Python provides **set comprehensions**. The following set comprehension is equal to the Python set `{12, 14, 16}`: 
+Python provides **set comprehensions** (we'll learn about Python sets later). The following set comprehension is equal to the Python set `{12, 14, 16}`: 
 
 ```python
 {n + 10 for n in {2, 4, 6}}
@@ -261,6 +261,8 @@ print(added_ten([10, 20, 30, 40]))
 
 We will only work with implementations that create a new list. See [this Stack Overflow question](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10665591/how-to-remove-list-elements-in-a-for-loop-in-python) for a discussion of some of the pitfalls with trying to delete items from a list from inside a `for` loop.
 
+Note: you will need to implement your own `is_even` function that returns `True` or `False`
+
 
 ```python
 def evens(ns):
@@ -314,7 +316,7 @@ Compare:
 
 ```python
 def evens(ns):
-    return [n for n in [2, 4, 6] if is_even(n)]
+    return [n for n in ns if is_even(n)]
 
 evens([1, 2, 3, 4])
 ```
@@ -331,6 +333,8 @@ evens([1, 2, 3, 4])
 
 ## Reduce
 
+The _reduce_ pattern combines the items in a list into a single value.
+
 
 ```python
 def my_sum(ns):
@@ -381,7 +385,7 @@ my_sum([2, 4, 6])
 
 
 
-Instead of writing our implementation of `add`, we can use the [operator module](https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/operator.html) to get a Python *function* that acts like the `+` *operator*.
+Instead of writing our implementation of `add`, we could use the [operator module](https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/operator.html) to get a Python *function* that acts like the `+` *operator*.
 
 
 ```python
diff --git a/_notebooks/palindromes.md b/_notebooks/palindromes.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 6dabcd6c..00000000
--- a/_notebooks/palindromes.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,716 +0,0 @@
----
-date: 2017-09-28T18:11:27-04:00
-source: notebooks/palindromes.ipynb
----
-
-{% include toc %}
-
-
-# Palindrome Notes
-
-## Iterative strategy
-
-
-```python
-import doctest
-
-def is_palindrome(s):
-    """
-    >>> is_palindrome('divide')
-    False
-    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')
-    True
-    """
-    for i in range(len(s)):
-        if s[i] != s[len(s) - 1 - i]:
-            return False
-    return True
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())
-```
-
-Abbreviate `s[len(s) - n]` as `s[-m]`:
-
-
-```python
-import doctest
-
-def is_palindrome(s):
-    """
-    >>> is_palindrome('divide')
-    False
-    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')
-    True
-    """
-    for i in range(len(s)):
-        if s[i] != s[-1 - i]:
-            return False
-    return True
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())
-```
-
-Stop at the middle. (More efficient; same functionality.)
-
-
-```python
-import doctest
-
-def is_palindrome(s):
-    """
-    >>> is_palindrome('divide')
-    False
-    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')
-    True
-    """
-    for i in range(len(s) // 2):
-        if s[i] != s[len(s) -1 - i]:
-            return False
-    return True
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())
-```
-
-It's good to have test cases for special and extreme cases. (In this case, the empty string.)
-
-
-```python
-import doctest
-
-def is_palindrome(s):
-    """
-    >>> is_palindrome('')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('a')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('divide')
-    False
-    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')
-    True
-    """
-    for i in range(len(s) // 2):
-        if s[i] != s[len(s) -1 - i]:
-            return False
-    return True
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())
-```
-
-### Iterative strategy – ignoring case
-
-Add a test case we wished passed, and replace `=` by the function we wish we had (`eq_ignores_case`).
-
-
-```python
-import doctest
-
-def palindrome(s):
-    """Returns true iff s is a palindrome.
-    
-    A palindrome is a string that is the same reversed, ignoring capitalization.
-    
-    >>> is_palindrome('')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('a')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('divide')
-    False
-    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('Bob')
-    True
-    """
-    for i in range(len(s)):
-        if not eq_ignores_case(s[i], s[-1-i]):
-            return False
-    return True
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())
-```
-
-Now write `eq_ignores_case`:
-
-
-```python
-def eq_ignores_case(a, b):
-    """
-    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'a')
-    True
-    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'A')
-    True
-    >>> eq_ignores_case('A', 'a')
-    True
-    >>> eq_ignores_case('A', 'A')
-    True
-    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'b')
-    False
-    """
-    if a == b:
-        return True
-    if a.islower() and b.isupper() and a.upper() == b:
-        return True
-    if b.islower() and a.isupper() and b.upper() == a:
-        return True
-    return False
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(eq_ignores_case, globals())
-```
-
-Can be simplified to:
-
-
-```python
-def eq_ignores_case(a, b):
-    """
-    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'a')
-    True
-    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'A')
-    True
-    >>> eq_ignores_case('A', 'a')
-    True
-    >>> eq_ignores_case('A', 'A')
-    True
-    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'b')
-    False
-    """
-    if a == b:
-        return True
-    if a.upper() == b:
-        return True
-    if b.upper() == a:
-        return True
-    return False
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(eq_ignores_case, globals())
-```
-
-Can be simplified to:
-
-
-```python
-def eq_ignores_case(a, b):
-    """
-    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'a')
-    True
-    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'A')
-    True
-    >>> eq_ignores_case('A', 'a')
-    True
-    >>> eq_ignores_case('A', 'A')
-    True
-    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'b')
-    False
-    """
-    if a == b:
-        return True
-    if a.upper() == b.upper():
-        return True
-    return False
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(eq_ignores_case, globals())
-```
-
-Can be simplified to:
-
-
-```python
-def eq_ignores_case(a, b):
-    """
-    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'a')
-    True
-    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'A')
-    True
-    >>> eq_ignores_case('A', 'a')
-    True
-    >>> eq_ignores_case('A', 'A')
-    True
-    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'b')
-    False
-    """
-    if a.upper() == b.upper():
-        return True
-    return False
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(eq_ignores_case, globals())
-```
-
-Can be simplified to:
-
-
-```python
-def eq_ignores_case(a, b):
-    """
-    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'a')
-    True
-    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'A')
-    True
-    >>> eq_ignores_case('A', 'a')
-    True
-    >>> eq_ignores_case('A', 'A')
-    True
-    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'b')
-    False
-    """
-    return a.upper() == b.upper()
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(eq_ignores_case, globals())
-```
-
-Now the tests pass:
-
-
-```python
-import doctest
-
-def is_palindrome(s):
-    """Returns true iff s is a palindrome.
-    
-    A palindrome is a string that is the same reversed, ignoring capitalization.
-    
-    >>> is_palindrome('')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('a')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('divide')
-    False
-    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('Bob')
-    True
-    """
-    for i in range(len(s)):
-        if not eq_ignores_case(s[i], s[-1-i]):
-            return False
-    return True
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())
-```
-
-### Iterative strategy – ignoring punctuation
-
-First, unpack the `for i` in the previous definition of `is_palindrome`, for more control over its iteration than `for i in range` allows.
-
-We will add test cases for the new functionality (ignoring punctation) that we want to test, but these test cases won't pass.
-
-
-```python
-import doctest
-
-def is_palindrome(s):
-    """Returns true iff s is a palindrome.
-    
-    A palindrome is a string that is the same reversed, ignoring punctuation and capitalization.
-    
-    >>> is_palindrome('')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('a')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('divide')
-    False
-    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('Re-divider')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('Bob')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('A man, a plan, a canal – Panama!')
-    True
-    """
-    i = 0
-    while i < len(s):
-        if not eq_ignores_case(s[i], s[-1-i]):
-            return False
-        i += 1
-    return True
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(palindrome, globals())
-```
-
-Now introduce a distinct variable for iterating from the end of the loop. This still doesn't make the tests pass, but it's one step closer.
-
-
-```python
-import doctest
-
-def is_palindrome(s):
-    """Returns true iff s is a palindrome.
-    
-    A palindrome is a string that is the same reversed, ignoring punctuation and capitalization.
-    
-    >>> is_palindrome('')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('a')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('divide')
-    False
-    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('Re-divider')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('Bob')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('A man, a plan, a canal – Panama!')
-    True
-    """
-    i = 0
-    j = len(s) - 1
-    while i < len(s):
-        if not eq_ignores_case(s[i], s[j]):
-            return False
-        i += 1
-        j -= 1
-    return True
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    **********************************************************************
-    File "__main__", line 16, in NoName
-    Failed example:
-        is_palindrome('Re-divider')
-    Expected:
-        True
-    Got:
-        False
-    **********************************************************************
-    File "__main__", line 20, in NoName
-    Failed example:
-        is_palindrome('A man, a plan, a canal – Panama!')
-    Expected:
-        True
-    Got:
-        False
-
-
-
-Step over punctuation. The following uses a slightly different approach from in class: defining a function `is_punct` instead of using `c in punct` each time.
-
-It also changes the loop test to `i < j` to detect when the left and right indices meet in the middle. This avoids the need for more complicated `while` statements to avoid running the indices off the end of the string while skipping over punctuation.
-
-
-```python
-import doctest
-
-def is_punct(c):
-    return c in ' -–.,!'
-
-def is_palindrome(s):
-    """Returns true iff s is a palindrome.
-    
-    A palindrome is a string that is the same reversed, ignoring punctuation or capitalization.
-    
-    >>> is_palindrome('')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('a')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('divide')
-    False
-    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('Re-divider')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('Bob')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('A man, a plan, a canal – Panama!')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('Doc, note I dissent. A fast never prevents a fatness. I diet on cod.')
-    True
-    """
-    i = 0
-    j = len(s) - 1
-    while i < j:
-        while is_punct(s[i]):
-            i += 1
-        while is_punct(s[j]):
-            j -= 1
-        if not eq_ignores_case(s[i], s[j]):
-            return False
-        i += 1
-        j -= 1
-    return True
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    **********************************************************************
-    File "__main__", line 15, in NoName
-    Failed example:
-        is_palindrome('divide')
-    Exception raised:
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-          File "/Users/osteele/anaconda3/lib/python3.5/doctest.py", line 1321, in __run
-            compileflags, 1), test.globs)
-          File "<doctest NoName[2]>", line 1, in <module>
-            is_palindrome('divide')
-          File "<ipython-input-1-397877bcfdf1>", line 35, in is_palindrome
-            if not eq_ignores_case(s[i], s[j]):
-        NameError: name 'eq_ignores_case' is not defined
-    **********************************************************************
-    File "__main__", line 17, in NoName
-    Failed example:
-        is_palindrome('redivider')
-    Exception raised:
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-          File "/Users/osteele/anaconda3/lib/python3.5/doctest.py", line 1321, in __run
-            compileflags, 1), test.globs)
-          File "<doctest NoName[3]>", line 1, in <module>
-            is_palindrome('redivider')
-          File "<ipython-input-1-397877bcfdf1>", line 35, in is_palindrome
-            if not eq_ignores_case(s[i], s[j]):
-        NameError: name 'eq_ignores_case' is not defined
-    **********************************************************************
-    File "__main__", line 19, in NoName
-    Failed example:
-        is_palindrome('Re-divider')
-    Exception raised:
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-          File "/Users/osteele/anaconda3/lib/python3.5/doctest.py", line 1321, in __run
-            compileflags, 1), test.globs)
-          File "<doctest NoName[4]>", line 1, in <module>
-            is_palindrome('Re-divider')
-          File "<ipython-input-1-397877bcfdf1>", line 35, in is_palindrome
-            if not eq_ignores_case(s[i], s[j]):
-        NameError: name 'eq_ignores_case' is not defined
-    **********************************************************************
-    File "__main__", line 21, in NoName
-    Failed example:
-        is_palindrome('Bob')
-    Exception raised:
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-          File "/Users/osteele/anaconda3/lib/python3.5/doctest.py", line 1321, in __run
-            compileflags, 1), test.globs)
-          File "<doctest NoName[5]>", line 1, in <module>
-            is_palindrome('Bob')
-          File "<ipython-input-1-397877bcfdf1>", line 35, in is_palindrome
-            if not eq_ignores_case(s[i], s[j]):
-        NameError: name 'eq_ignores_case' is not defined
-    **********************************************************************
-    File "__main__", line 23, in NoName
-    Failed example:
-        is_palindrome('A man, a plan, a canal – Panama!')
-    Exception raised:
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-          File "/Users/osteele/anaconda3/lib/python3.5/doctest.py", line 1321, in __run
-            compileflags, 1), test.globs)
-          File "<doctest NoName[6]>", line 1, in <module>
-            is_palindrome('A man, a plan, a canal – Panama!')
-          File "<ipython-input-1-397877bcfdf1>", line 35, in is_palindrome
-            if not eq_ignores_case(s[i], s[j]):
-        NameError: name 'eq_ignores_case' is not defined
-    **********************************************************************
-    File "__main__", line 25, in NoName
-    Failed example:
-        is_palindrome('Doc, note I dissent. A fast never prevents a fatness. I diet on cod.')
-    Exception raised:
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-          File "/Users/osteele/anaconda3/lib/python3.5/doctest.py", line 1321, in __run
-            compileflags, 1), test.globs)
-          File "<doctest NoName[7]>", line 1, in <module>
-            is_palindrome('Doc, note I dissent. A fast never prevents a fatness. I diet on cod.')
-          File "<ipython-input-1-397877bcfdf1>", line 35, in is_palindrome
-            if not eq_ignores_case(s[i], s[j]):
-        NameError: name 'eq_ignores_case' is not defined
-
-
-
-A more robust implementation of `is_punct`:
-
-
-```python
-import string
-
-def is_punct(c):
-    return c not in string.ascii_letters
-```
-
-## Compare to Reversed String
-
-This is a more direct implementation of “A palindrome is a string that is the same reversed”.
-The following three implementations use three different methods to reverse a string.
-
-
-```python
-import doctest
-
-def is_palindrome(s):
-    """
-    >>> is_palindrome('divide')
-    False
-    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')
-    True
-    """
-    r = ''
-    for i in range(len(s)):
-        r += s[-1-i]
-    return s == r
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())
-```
-
-
-```python
-import doctest
-
-def is_palindrome(s):
-    """
-    >>> is_palindrome('divide')
-    False
-    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')
-    True
-    """
-    r = ''.join(reversed(s))
-    return s == r
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())
-```
-
-
-```python
-import doctest
-
-def is_palindrome(s):
-    """
-    >>> is_palindrome('divide')
-    False
-    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')
-    True
-    """
-    r = s[::-1]
-    return s == r
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())
-```
-
-### Ignore case
-
-
-```python
-import doctest
-
-def is_palindrome(s):
-    """
-    >>> palindrome('divide')
-    False
-    >>> palindrome('redivider')
-    True
-    >>> palindrome('Bob')
-    True
-    """
-    r = s[::-1]
-    return s.upper() == r.upper()
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())
-```
-
-### Ignore punctuation
-
-This implementation is slightly different from the version in class.
-
-
-```python
-import doctest
-
-def is_palindrome(s):
-    """
-    >>> is_palindrome('divide')
-    False
-    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('Bob')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('Re-divider')
-    True
-    """
-    # Remove each punctuation character from s, and assign the new value to s.
-    for c in set(s):
-        if is_punct(c):
-            s = s.replace(c, '')
-    r = s[::-1]
-    return s.upper() == r.upper()
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())
-```
-
-## Using Recursion
-
-
-```python
-import doctest
-
-def palindrome(s):
-    """
-    >>> is_palindrome('divide')
-    False
-    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')
-    True
-    """
-    if len(s) == 0:
-        return True
-    if len(s) == 1:
-        return True
-    if s[0] != s[-1]:
-        return False
-    return is_palindrome(s[1:-1])
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())
-```
-
-### Recursion – ignoring case
-
-
-```python
-import doctest
-
-def is_palindrome(s):
-    """
-    >>> is_palindrome('divide')
-    False
-    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('Bob')
-    True
-    """
-    if len(s) == 0:
-        return True
-    if len(s) == 1:
-        return True
-    if s[0].upper() != s[-1].upper():
-        return False
-    return palindrome(s[1:-1])
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())
-```
-
-### Recursion – ignore punctuation
-
-
-```python
-import doctest
-
-def is_palindrome(s):
-    """
-    >>> is_palindrome('divide')
-    False
-    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('Bob')
-    True
-    >>> is_palindrome('Re-divider')
-    True
-    """
-    if len(s) <= 1:
-        return True
-    if is_punct(s[0]):
-        return is_palindrome(s[1:])
-    if is_punct(s[-1]):
-        return is_palindrome(s[:-1])
-    if s[0].upper() != s[-1].upper():
-        return False
-    return is_palindrome(s[1:-1])
-
-doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())
-```
diff --git a/_notebooks/recursion.md b/_notebooks/recursion.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 6eccd237..00000000
--- a/_notebooks/recursion.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,331 +0,0 @@
----
-date: 2017-09-26T14:10:32-04:00
-source: notebooks/recursion.ipynb
----
-
-{% include toc %}
-
-
-# Recursion Notes
-
-## I. Counting Codons
-
-How many codons are there? That, is how many nucleotide sequences have length three – how many ways are there of combining three nucleotides , each independently drawn from the set $\{A, C, T, G\}$. For example, `ATG`, `CAT`, and `GAG` are three-nucleotide codons; `DOG` is not (`D` and `O` are not nucleotides); neither is `CATATG` (it has length 6, not 3).
-
-### Analysis
-
-There are three positions. The nucleotide at each position is selected *independently* of the nucleotides at any other position. There's four ways of choosing the first position, and four ways of choosing the second position, and four ways of choosing the third position, so (handwave) there's $4 \times 4 \times 4 = 64$ ways of filling all three positions.
-
-More generally, there's $4^n$ ways of filling the $n$ positions in a $n$-nucleotide sequence.
-
-(Quick check: is it $4^n$ or $n^4$? Which one works when $n = 1$?)
-
-
-```python
-def C(n):
-    return 4 ** n
-
-print(C(0))
-print(C(1))
-print(C(3))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    1
-    4
-    64
-
-
-
-Let's make this a bit less handwave-y:
-
-There's four possibilities for the first position: `A`, `C`, `T`, `G`.
-
-For each of these first-position possibilities, there's *another* four possibilities for the second position, for a total of $4 \times 4 = 16$. For example, `A` can be extended to `AA`, `AC`, `AT`, and `AG`, giving a total of four 2-nucleotide sequences just starting with `A`.
-
-Each of these 2-nucleotide sequences can be extended in four different ways, for a total of $16 \times 4 = 64$. For example, `AT` extends to `ATA`, `ATC`, `ATG`, and `ATT`.
-
-Generalizing this, there are $4^n$ $n$-nucleotide sequences.
-
-
-```python
-def C(n):
-    a = 1
-    for i in range(n):
-        a = a * 4
-    return a
-    
-print(C(0))
-print(C(1))
-print(C(3))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    1
-    4
-    64
-
-
-
-
-## Analysis, with Induction
-
-Here's another way of analyzing the problem.
-
-If you're already familiar with **induction** from math, this may help you relate recursion to what you already know.
-
-if you're *not* familiar with induction from math, this is not the best introduction.
-
-Let $C_n$ denote the number of $n$-length sequences.
-
-There are four single-nucleotide sequences: the single-nucleotide sequences `A`, `C`, `T`, and `G`. Therefore $C_1 = 4$.
-
-There are $C_2 = 16$ two-nucleotide sequences. There are four possibilities for the first nucleotide; independently, there are four possibiities for the second nucleotide. $4 \times 4 = 16$.
-
-There are $C_3 = 64$ three-nucleotide sequences. A three-nucleotide sequence is a two-nucleotide subsequence followed by a single nucleotide. We already know there's 16 possible choices for the two-nucleotide subsequence. Each of those 16 possibilities can be followed by any of four nucleotides, for a total of $16 \times 4 = 64$.
-
-In general, $C_{n+1} = C_n \times 4$.
-
-We can go back a step, too. There's only one zero-nucleotide sequence: the empty sequence. Therefore, $C_0 = 1$. $C_1 = C_0 \times 4 = 1 C \times 4 = 4$ – the pattern works!
-
-This gives us the following **recurrence** relation:
-
-$$\begin{eqnarray}
-C_0 &=& 0 \\
-C_{n+1} &=& C_n \times 4
-\end{eqnarray}$$
-
-Here's four equivalent ways to implement (math) **recurrence** relationship, using (programming) **recursion**:
-
-
-```python
-def C(n):
-    if n == 0:
-        return 1
-    return C(n - 1) * 4
-    
-print(C(0))
-print(C(1))
-print(C(3))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    1
-    4
-    64
-
-
-
-
-```python
-def C(n):
-    if n == 0:
-        return 1
-    else:
-        return C(n - 1) * 4
-    
-print(C(0))
-print(C(1))
-print(C(3))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    1
-    4
-    64
-
-
-
-
-```python
-def C(n):
-    if n > 0:
-        return C(n - 1) * 4
-    return 1
-    
-print(C(0))
-print(C(1))
-print(C(3))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    1
-    4
-    64
-
-
-
-
-```python
-def C(n):
-    return 1 if n == 0 else C(n - 1) * 4
-    
-print(C(0))
-print(C(1))
-print(C(3))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    1
-    4
-    64
-
-
-
-And here's a couple of common mistakes, and their symptom. See if you can spot the problems in the code.
-
-
-```python
-def C(n):
-    return C(n - 1) * 4
-
-print(C(0))
-print(C(1))
-print(C(3))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-
-    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-    RecursionError                       Traceback (most recent call last)
-
-    <ipython-input-5-936cf6aa9c0d> in <module>()
-          2     return C(n - 1) * 4
-          3 
-    ----> 4 print(C(0))
-          5 print(C(1))
-          6 print(C(3))
-
-
-    <ipython-input-5-936cf6aa9c0d> in C(n)
-          1 def C(n):
-    ----> 2     return C(n - 1) * 4
-          3 
-          4 print(C(0))
-          5 print(C(1))
-
-
-    ... last 1 frames repeated, from the frame below ...
-
-
-    <ipython-input-5-936cf6aa9c0d> in C(n)
-          1 def C(n):
-    ----> 2     return C(n - 1) * 4
-          3 
-          4 print(C(0))
-          5 print(C(1))
-
-
-    RecursionError: maximum recursion depth exceeded
-
-
-
-
-```python
-def C(n):
-    if n > 0:
-        return C(n) * 4
-    return 1
-
-
-print(C(0))
-print(C(1))
-print(C(3))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    1
-
-
-
-    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-    RecursionError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
-
-    <ipython-input-5-779879d3e859> in <module>()
-          6 
-          7 print(C(0))
-    ----> 8 print(C(1))
-          9 print(C(3))
-
-
-    <ipython-input-5-779879d3e859> in C(n)
-          1 def C(n):
-          2     if n > 0:
-    ----> 3         return C(n) * 4
-          4     return 1
-          5 
-
-
-    ... last 1 frames repeated, from the frame below ...
-
-
-    <ipython-input-5-779879d3e859> in C(n)
-          1 def C(n):
-          2     if n > 0:
-    ----> 3         return C(n) * 4
-          4     return 1
-          5 
-
-
-    RecursionError: maximum recursion depth exceeded in comparison
-
-
-
-## II. Binary Tree
-`build_binary_tree` builds a [binary tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_tree) of depth (or height) $n$. You can look at the output to see what is meant by "binary tree", and how it's represented.
-
-
-```python
-def build_binary_tree(n):
-    if n == 0:
-        return 1
-    return [build_binary_tree(n - 1), build_binary_tree(n - 1)]
-
-print(build_binary_tree(0))
-print(build_binary_tree(1))
-print(build_binary_tree(2))
-print(build_binary_tree(3))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    1
-    [1, 1]
-    [[1, 1], [1, 1]]
-    [[[1, 1], [1, 1]], [[1, 1], [1, 1]]]
-
-
-
-Here's a slight variant, that makes *unbalanced* trees, where the left branch is deeper than the right branch.
-
-
-```python
-def build_binary_tree(n):
-    if n == 0:
-        return 1
-    return [build_binary_tree(n - 1), build_binary_tree(max(n - 2, 0))]
-
-print(build_binary_tree(0))
-print(build_binary_tree(1))
-print(build_binary_tree(2))
-print(build_binary_tree(3))
-```
-
-{: class="nb-output"}
-
-    1
-    [1, 1]
-    [[1, 1], 1]
-    [[[1, 1], 1], [1, 1]]
-
-
diff --git a/_notebooks/storing-api-keys_files/storing-api-keys_6_0.png.1 b/_notebooks/storing-api-keys_files/storing-api-keys_6_0.png.1
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diff --git a/_posts/2017-08-31-day-1.md b/_posts/2017-08-31-day-1.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 29d3912a..00000000
--- a/_posts/2017-08-31-day-1.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
----
-categories: ['course themes', 'programming languages']
-typora-root-url: ..
----
-
-{% include toc %}
-
-## Course Themes
-
-Some other course themes, some illustrated (advertently or inadvertently) in class:
-
-* Software design includes the study and manipulation (recording, replay, debugging, improvement) of processes.
-  Some of the ideas and techniques are therefore applicable outside of software.
-
-* Many things you do in your life are processes.
-
-* Some ways to optimize a process:
-  * Do steps at the same time (in parallel)
-  * Switch the order of two steps that don't depend on each other
-
-* A workflow is a process. You can debug and optimize this.
-
-* Make for easier debugging by making one change at a time.
-  (We made two – working in Windows, and using Anaconda.)
-
-* Ask for help. Don't waste too much of your time on being stuck.
-
-## Programming Languages
-
-Some languages some of us in class know include C, C++, C#, Haskell, MATLAB, Java, and Swift.
-
-Learning a programming language is like learning a (non-native) natural language. The first one is difficult. Each new one is easier, with a speed bump if it's not in the same family as the ones you know. (Going from French to Spanish to Italian is easier than going from French to German to Russian to Japanese.)
-
-## Why Python?
-
-* It's at the intersection of teachable and useful.
-* It's useful both within software engineering (popular for tools, system adminstration, web servers, and big data), and as a tool within the sciences.
-
-On the other hand, Python is slower than most of these (although including its libraries makes this comparison harder),
-doesn't run on mobile, doesn't run on resource-constrained devices (such as the Arduino), and doesn't run in the browser.
-
-Deciding which language to use is an example of a tradeoff, given a context and constraints.
-This is an engineering idea.
-
-## Theory and Practice
-
-This course teaches several levels:
-
-* *Tools* such as `git`, GitHub, the **Atom** text editor, the command line.
-* *Concepts* such as variables, functions, recursion, and iteration.
-* *Skills* – how to use the tools against a background of concepts to get stuff done.
-* *Practices* – approaching mastery
-
-The course front-loads *tools*, continues to a bolus of *concepts*, and settles into learning *skills* and *practices*.
-
-![tools-to-practices](/images/notes/day1/tools-to-practices.jpg){: width="500px"}
-
-## Materials
-
-* Our web site is on olin.build.
-* This is built using the same tools you have access to.
-* It will be developed iteratively over the semester, like your projects (after the first one).
-* We will use Slack as a communications channel.
-
-## Experiments
-
-* This course changes because the context (coding and Python technology and community) march on.
-* Previous changes
-* This semester's changes include allowing Windows; and using Anaconda.
-* A good practice (for making code changes, as well as science experiments) is to change one factor at a time. Otherwise it's difficult to attribute symptoms to their causes.
-* We're not doing that because one change a semester doesn't keep up with the world.
diff --git a/_posts/2017-09-07-day-2.md b/_posts/2017-09-07-day-2.md
deleted file mode 100644
index fdd26d4f..00000000
--- a/_posts/2017-09-07-day-2.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
----
-categories: [types, math, domains, git]
----
-
-{% include toc %}
-
-Top answers from reading prompt:
-
-| Already Doing     | Would Like        | Don't Believe In |
-|-------------------|-------------------|------------------|
-| Stretches         | Stretches         | Stretches        |
-| Avoid distraction | Avoid distraction |                  |
-| Work in groups    | Work in groups    |                  |
-
-## Types
-
-- Types are easier understood by example (extension) than definition (intension).
-- Some types are integer, float, string, boolean; we haven't covered list, function.
-- Some definitions of type are: a set of values; a category of values; how a value is stored; what you can do to a value.
-
-## Coding, math, and domains
-
-Programming isn't math, but it starts out very math-y
-
-- Lots of programming is *about* something (a "domain"). All of you know some math, so we can use that as a domain.
-- Lots of other domains include a component that's modeled with math. So learning how to code about math gives you tools for working in those domains.
-- Programming was invented as part of math and split off, so lots of its basics are math-y.
-- If you continue in *computer science* (FOCS, data structures and algorithms), you'll see more math. If you continue in *software engineering*, you'll see more principles that are more similar to other engineering disciplines.
-
-## Git
-
-- [TODO diagram from class]
-- At this point, we're using git to distribute and collect assignments.
-- Later, you'll use git to collaborate with each other.
-- For where we are in the course, you don't need to understand git; you can type in the commands.
-- It's acknowledged that this can be uncomfortable, so we're happy to teach you as much git as you have tolerance for.
-- A repo lives on your laptop or in the cloud.
-- A repo contains a set of files, and a set of commits. They cross-cut each other. [TODO picture from class]
-- The files in a repo on your laptop relate to files that you can see on your disk. You can update one from the other.
-- The repo on your notebook can know which other repos it's related to (where to pull changes from, and where to push them to).
-- Git is complex.
-  - Collaboration, versions, and synchronization are complex
-  - The complexity can either go in a complex tool, or a complex workflow that uses a simper tool.
diff --git a/_posts/2017-09-11-day-3.md b/_posts/2017-09-11-day-3.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 33e4c6f0..00000000
--- a/_posts/2017-09-11-day-3.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
----
-categories: [specification, implementation, audience, testing]
----
-
-{% include toc %}
-
-## Specification and implementation
-
-* The specification is what it does.
-* The implementation is how it does it; in software, this is realized as code.
-* Sometimes the specification is in your head.
-* It can be useful to draw out the specification in order to check the implementation against it, without holding as much in your head.
-* It can also be easier to compare the specification to the requirements, and then the implementation to the specification, than to compare the implementation directly against the requirements.
-* A formal development methodology might include analysis -> requirements -> specification -> implementation. This is a modified [waterfall model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall_model), which is in turn a kind of “Big Design Up Front” (BDUF).
-* Alternatives to BDUF include [exploratory programming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploratory_programming), [Iterative design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterative_design), and [incremental build](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incremental_build_model) In all of these the process of building or using an incomplete implementation leads to new ideas about how to refine it. This ties into the “start small” bullet point from “Holding a Program in One's Head”.
-
-## Who's reading your code?
-
-* The computer (via the Python interpreter) reads your code in order to run or “execute”, or “evaluate” it), in order to produce behavior.
-* Humans read your code in order to debug or extend it.
-* One feedback loop is: coder -> code -> computer -> behavior -> coder (who compares the behavior to specification)
-* Variable names, doc strings, comments are for humans.
-* For a run-once program, writing for humans isn't important.
-* For a long-lived source base, or one with several collaborators, a readable (by humans) code with some bugs can be more useful than an functionally correct but obfuscated program.
-* Naming variables and functions:
-  * Prefer longer names, the longer the distance between where a thing is defined and where it's used.
-  * Where the code translates a domain such as math or physics, and the people working on the code understand this domain, it's common practice to use names from the domain, even if they're short.
-  * Where the code implements a formula or algorithm, it's common practice to comment the source of the formula, and use the same names. In this case the formula is the specification, and using the same names makes it easier to see whether the implementation matches.
-* Programming conventions don't make a difference to the computer, but make it easier for the human reader. For example, `import` statements go at the beginning of a file.
-
-## Testing
-
-* Testing is difficult because (among other reasons) you have to switch from “how can I make it work” to “how can I break it”.
-* There's a convention for recording test examples into a doc string.
-* doctest runs these examples
-* `if __name__ == '__main__'` is an idiom (a kind of figure of speech) – you can use the whole without understanding how it's built from the parts. Cf. “Who let the cat out of the bag?”. (This is a better example than the one I used in class.)
-* There's more about doctest in the reading journal and on the assignment page.
-* The handout suggested creating the test cases without using a computer:
-  * Breaking “coding” or “programming” into different activites can give you variety to switch between. (“My desert stomach isn't full.”)
-  * Switching activities or media can give you a fresh perspective / allow you to slip into a different persona (writer vs. reader; builder vs. breaker)
-* [`hello.py`](https://github.com/sd17fall/softdes.web/blob/master/files/day3/hello.py) is the final version of the code I typed in class
-
-## Recognizing bugs
-
-* Part of becoming proficient involves recognizing symptoms of failure, and associating them with causes.
-* Analogy: recognize 56 as the result of 7 x 8. Now we know how to factor 56: we recognize “I've been here before; how did I get here?”
-* Example: changed the code but the behavior didn't change -> didn't save the file. (See “autosave”, below.)
-* Example: `NameError: name 'doctest' is not defined` -> forgotten `import`
-
-## Atom tricks
-
-* Enable autosave:
-  * Use <kbd>Cmd+,</kbd> to open the Settings
-  * Click on Packages in the sidebar
-  * Find Autosave
-  * Click Settings
-  * Click Enabled
-* [Multiple selection](http://flight-manual.atom.io/using-atom/sections/editing-and-deleting-text/#multiple-cursors-and-selections)
-
-## Genetics
-
-* DNA -> RNA -> nucleotides -> proteins. DNA and RNA are themselves proteins, and the machinery that implements the arrows is made of proteins. This is how DNA can code for organisms that copy themselves and transcribe the DNA.
-* People mentioned:
-  * Gregor Mendel (not "Mendelson") figured out that traits of an organism or inherited in a less linear way than just mixing their quantiities
-  * [Rosalind Franklin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin) lead the work that provided the evidence for the structure of DNA; died too young to collect the Nobel prize.
-  * Watson and Crick used this data to discover the structure of DNA.
-  * Sydney Brenner figured out that nucleotide triples make codons.
-* Genetics is another *domain* – that is built (partly) on strings, instead of numbers.
-* Everything else covered in class is on the assignment page or pages it links to.
-
-## Other
-
-* Now we have four ways to run code: Jupyter, `python` prompt, Python Tutor web site, `python` + filename
-* concept -> syntax -> action, vs. syntax -> action.
diff --git a/_posts/2017-09-14-day-4.md b/_posts/2017-09-14-day-4.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 17cf330c..00000000
--- a/_posts/2017-09-14-day-4.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
----
-categories: ['0-based indexing', slices, 'fencepost error']
----
-
-{% include toc %}
-
-## Code
-
-The code from class, plus some elaborations, is [here]({% link _notebooks/is-triangle.md %}).
-
-## Indices
-
-| 0-based    | 1-based       |
-|------------|---------------|
-| Europe     | North America |
-| Japan      | Russia        |
-| Korea      |               |
-| C/C++      | FORTRAN       |
-| C#         | MATLAB        |
-| Java       | Pascal        |
-| JavaScript |               |
-| LISP       |               |
-| Python     |               |
-| Scheme     |               |
-
-* There's two uses of brackets
-  * *Making* a list `[1, 4, 9]` is the list of three numbers `1`, then `4`, then `9`. The value begins with `[` and ends with `]`.
-  * *Indexing* a list (or string): `s[1]` is the second element of `s`. The `[…]` follows another value.
-  * The use of brackets to *index* a list is called subscripting. Python `s[1]` is equivalent to math $s_1$.
-
-## Slices
-
-* The **slice** `s[0:3]` is the first *three* items of a string (or list), not the first four. (E.g. if `s` is `Facebook`, `s[0:3]` is `Fac`, not `Face`.) It includes `s[0]`,`s[1]`, `s[2]`, but not `s[3]`.
-* In math, the set of indices is a [half-open interval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(mathematics)#Notations_for_intervals): $[0, 3)$
-* Convenient properties of half-open intervals:
-  * The *sum* of two half-open intervals whose ends line up contains only one copy of each element. `s[0:3] + s[3:6] ==  s[0:6]` (`"Fac" + "ebo" == "Facebo"`). More generally, `s[i:j] + s[j:k] == s[i:k]`, for $i <= j <= k$.
-  * The *length* of a slice is simply the difference between the endpoints: `len(s[3:6]) == 6 - 3`.
-  * These properties are also commonly used in computation more generally. For example, in computing it is common for a rectangular region (10, 100) – (20, 200), with corners $(10, 100)$, $(20, 100)$, $(10, 200)$, $(20, 200)$, to be considered to include its edges that are contained in $x = 10$ and $y = 100$, but not $x = 100$ and $y = 200$, so that two abutting rectangles (10, 100) – (20, 200) and (20, 100) – (30, 200) to partition the plane into points in the first rectangle, points in the second rectangle, and points not in either rectangle, without any point being in both.
-
-## Fencepost Error
-
-* It takes 101 meter-long fenceposts to build a 100-meter fence
-  * [Unless it's a rectangle or circle!  (Cf. [Kukelé's Dream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Kekulé#Kekul.C3.A9.27s_dream))]
-* There's two floors, not three, between the first and third floor of a building.
-* Getting this wrong is so common it even has a name: “fencepost error”
-* When bugs have names, this is a clue that you're likely to run into them
-
-## People
-
-* Admiral Grace Hopper, created FORTRAN (the first programming language), taught at Smith College. Video: [How long is a nanosecond](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEpsKnWZrJ8).
-* John McCarthy, created LISP.
-* Guy Steele, invented Scheme (a dialect of LISP, which inspired JavaScript); wrote *Growing a Language*
diff --git a/_posts/2017-09-18-day-5.md b/_posts/2017-09-18-day-5.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 9f235511..00000000
--- a/_posts/2017-09-18-day-5.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
----
-published: false
----
-
-{% comment %}
-
-## GeneFinder review
-
-    - complement; both strands; coding → AA
-
-## GeneFinder part 2
-
-    - how longest_ORF_noncoding works
-    - analogy w/ Python?
-    - going beyond
-
-{% endcomment %}
-
-## An analogy
-
-* The cellular machinery transcribes/translates DNA to RNA to nucelotides to proteins, which comprise the cellular machinery.
-* [PyPy](https://pypy.org) (Python in Python) parses/translates/interprets Python source code
-
-    - this is a flow diagram
-
-## Graph
-
-    - a graph shows objects and relations
-
-## Graphs and Call Graph
-
-    - a call graph represents calling relations between subroutines (functions)
-    - a control flow graph
-    - modularity: thinking, testing, documenting
-    - match description of problem
-    - code comprehension – theme: views of your program. call hierarchy
-    - this is part of general class
-
-## Python and PyPi Ouroboros
-
-## Modularity
-
-## Introduce Computer Graphics
-
-    - two kinds of graphics: vector and raster; GPS and dead reckoning
-    - computing is a flashlight you can shine at: math, text, biology, geometry, graphics, vision
diff --git a/_posts/2017-09-21-day-6.md b/_posts/2017-09-21-day-6.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 3e1fda39..00000000
--- a/_posts/2017-09-21-day-6.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-## Gallery
-
-(To the right ⇒)
-
-![](/images/notes/day6/shapes.gif){: width="300px" class="is-pulled-right"}
-
-The screenshots and animation were generated via [snapshot-turtle-window.py](https://github.com/sd17fall/softdes.web/blob/master/scripts/snapshot-turtle-window.py)
-and [snapshot-turtle-files](https://github.com/sd17fall/softdes.web/blob/master/scripts/snapshot-turtle-files).
-
-## Connections
-
-* _The Missing Piece_, Shel Silverstein.
-* [The Missing Piece (animation)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mT0wKeJQvGk)
-* "A Boy Named Sue", written by Shel Silverstein, performed by Johnnie Cash ([video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WOHPuY88Ry4))
-* The Heider-Simmel animation (1944). [video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wp8ebj_yRI4); [short discussion](http://trbq.org/play/)
-
-## Mirroring the World
-
-* Sometimes you can guess the structure of a program from its behavior.
-  * Is it modular (suggesting functions)
-  * Is something repeated (suggesting iteration)
-  * Is it repeated with changes (suggesting parameters)
-  * This is a form of **reverse engineering**.
-* The behavior of a graphical program is its appearance.
-    * This can make the behavior of a graphical program easier to understand.
-    * "Visualizing" a program – graphically representing the behavior of even a non-graphical program – can make it easier to understand.
-* Pretend something that wasn't generated by a program, was – what would the program look like?
-    * This lets you write a program that simulates or reproduces reality.
-    * It can also realize an artistic conception on computer, for richer modeling or interaction.
-    * Many real-world artifacts are generated by computational processes.
-* ["Problem Solving with Logo"](/files/Byte_1982_Bill_William_Weinreb_Logo.pdf), William Weinreb, _Byte Magazine_, Nov 1982,pp. 118-134.
-
-![](/images/notes/day6/spiral-snowflake.png){: width="500px" }
-
-## Diagnostic Code
-
-(Moved to [assignment 6]({% link _assignments/assignment-6.md %}).)
diff --git a/_posts/2017-09-25-day-7.md b/_posts/2017-09-25-day-7.md
deleted file mode 100644
index e52a16e0..00000000
--- a/_posts/2017-09-25-day-7.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
----
-categories: ['0-based indexing', recipes, turtles, 'raster graphics', recursion, fractals]
----
-
-## When is a Friday not a Friday?
-
-* This Friday 29 Nov is an Olin Monday.
-* Olin Mondays suck for cross-registered students, so I will minimize new material on that day.
-* Olin Mondays suck for course load, so there will be no homework due on that day.
-* This (day-of-the-week) Friday will be studio time for MP2 Computational Art.
-
-## GeneFinder Retrospective
-
-![](https://c2.staticflickr.com/4/3055/2765541278_a18fe5606a_b.jpg){: width="250px" style="float: right"}
-
-* Decomposing functionality into functions lets you "zoom in" – understand, test in bite size chunks
-* Ideally, wrapping functionality into a function ("word", from "Growing a Language"), e.g. `rest_of_ORF`, lets you forget about *how* it works when you move onto the next function, e.g. `find_all_ORFs`, that uses it
-* Ideally, adding doctests to a function lets you forget about how *whether* it works
-* Ideally, this entails that when you find a bug in `find_all_ORFs` you don't have to look inside `rest_of_ORF` for the bug
-* Actually, `rest_of_ORF` might have a bug not exposed by its tests
-  * "Theory and practice are the same, in theory"
-  * At the minimum, fix the bug. But then it might pop up again later, when you fix *another* bug.
-  * Lots of programming is figuring out how not to play whack a mole
-  * Better: add a test after you test the bug. "Push your tests down."
-  * Best: add a test *and then* fix the bug. Then you can *zoom in* on `rest_of_ORF`.
-* This is an example of a commutator – does swapping the order of tasks improve your workflow?
-
-## Cookbooks and Recipes
-
-![](https://www.library.yale.edu/neareast/exhibitions/food/images/C-YBC%204644-recipes.jpg){: width="250px" style="float: right"}
-
-* The oldest cookbook in the world is from the [Yale Library collection](https://www.library.yale.edu/neareast/exhibitions/cuisine.html). It's written in Akkadian, not (as I proposed in class) Sumerian or Babylonian.
-* Our class recipe book is [here]({% link pages/recipes.md %})
-
-## Computational Art Kick-Off
-
-* MP2 Computational Art is due Monday 2 Nov.
-* Computational Art blends two topics: raster graphics, and recursion.
-
-## Turtles
-
-* [Seymour Papert describes the turtle](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDyym_9-E-g), _YouTube_.
-* [The original turtle](http://www.extremenxt.com/walter.htm), W. Grey Walter
-
-## Raster Graphics
-
-* "Raster" is from "grid" or "rake"
-* At each *location* (on the grid), there's a *color* (below)
-* Locations are represented as (typically integer) `[x, y]` or `(x, y)`.
-
-## Color
-
-[![](/images/notes/day7/rgb-color-wheel-lg.jpg){: width="250px" style="float: right" }](http://dawnsbrain.com/the-rgb-color-wheel/)
-
-* Colors in computer graphics are typically represented as color component triplets `(red, green, blue)`
-* Triplets, in turn, are typically represented by Python **tuples**. At this stage of the course, a tuple behaves as a list: `(2, 4, 6)` behaves as `[2, 4, 6]` (although they are not Python `==`).
-* This represents the physical mechanism of a standard computer display.
-* Not coincidentally, it also agrees with the biology of human color perception.
-* Red, green, blue are the **additive** primaries: perceptible colors can be created by adding different amounts of primary colors.
-* Inks use **subtractive** colors. An ink absorbs a specific wavelength (subtracts a particular color) and reflects back the rest. This is why the primary colors used in paint are different (in fact, opposite) from the primary colors used in light.
-* Color component values typically range from 0.0 (no color) to 1.0 (fully on); from 0 to 255; or from 0 to 65535.
-* Discovered after class: [The RGB Color Wheel](http://dawnsbrain.com/the-rgb-color-wheel/), Dawn Pedersen
-
-| &nbsp;    | Computer Graphics | Inks                  |
-|-----------|-------------------|-----------------------|
-| Additive  | Subtractive       |                       |
-| Primaries | red, green, blue  | cyan, magenta, yellow |
-| All on    | white             | black                 |
-| All off   | black             | white                 |
-
-## Recursion
-
-* The [in-class activity]({% link _activities/recursion.md %}) explores recursion in the context of three different domains: math (numbers), text (strings), and graphics.
-* Recursion adds to our list of tools to model or reproduce a process: functions (something happens a few times…), parameters (…differently), iteration (repeated process or structure), recursion (composed of pieces that look like smaller versions of itself)
-* Some problems can be done by analysis (calculation), iteration, or recursion
-  * Analysis is often simpler when it works
-  * Choose the simplest strategy that works
-  * "Simple" is a judgment call
-* [This notebook]({% link _notebooks/recursion.md %}) includes the different implementations of "count number of n-nucleotide sequences". It also contains a function that constructs a [binary tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_tree). This may be useful to refer to as you develop `build_random_function`.
-
-## Outro
-
-* [Fractal charm: Space filling curves](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RU0wScIj36o), Grant Sanderson (3Blue1Brown), _YouTube_.
diff --git a/_posts/2017-09-28-day-8.md b/_posts/2017-09-28-day-8.md
deleted file mode 100644
index f3b7faba..00000000
--- a/_posts/2017-09-28-day-8.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
----
-categories: ['static vs. dynamic', 'call graphs', normalization, unpacking]
----
-
-## Code
-
-[`is_palindrome` implementation strategies]({% link _notebooks/palindromes.md %}).
-
-## Static and dynamic
-
-* A **static** view of a program is derived its written representation – what can you tell without running it.
-* A **dynamic** view of a program is derived from its runtime behavior.
-
-## Call Graphs
-
-* `find_all_ORFs_both_strands` -> `find_all_ORFs` -> `find_all_ORFs_one_frame` is a call graph
-* A *static* call graph has arrows from function definitions to functions that are called within that definition
-  * A recursive call is part of a circle (or "cycle").
-  * Direct recursion is when a function contains a call to itself in its own body.
-  * Indirect recursion is a cycle of functions A calls B calls C calls A.
-* A *dynamic* call graph has arrows between function **invocations**.
-  * A recursive function invokes itself, but with different parameters.
-  * If it invokes itself with the same parameters, this will never stop -- infinite recursion, or stack overflow.
-  * [This assumes *pure* functions. If the function consults a global variable or the state of the world, this could change, causing it to stop.]
-
-## Normalizing
-
-* We replaced a complicated comparison of two values $a$ and $b$ by a simple (Python `==`) comparison of the **normalized** values $a' = \textit{norm}(a)$ and $b' = \textit{norm}(b)$.
-* Normalizing discards information we don't care about.
-  * For example, in case-insensitive comparison, we can normalize two letters or strings by making them both all-uppercase (or all lowercase). This discards differences in case. If you think of a letter as being (letter of the alphabet, case), this squashes them all onto the same "case" axis.
-  * Another example: in the anagram problem, we don't care about order, so a good normalization function discards the order, by moving everything to the same order. A convenient "same order" is alphabetical order, which `sorted` does.
-* Normalizing simplfifies comparison by reducing n*n comparison (`a` to `a`, `a` to `A`, `A` to `a`, `A` to `A`) to one comparison (`A` to `A`).
-
-## Unpacking
-
-* A couple of times we "unpacked" a concise implementation in order to create an extension point. For example, we changed `for i in range` to `i = 0; while i < len` in order to create an extension point.
-* We moved back and forth between modifying without extending, and just extending. For example, we changed `for i in range` to `i = 0; while i < len` in order to create an extension point without using that point, tested, used the extension point in order to implement new functionality, and tested again.
diff --git a/_posts/2017-10-02-day-10.md b/_posts/2017-10-02-day-10.md
deleted file mode 100644
index ede8f483..00000000
--- a/_posts/2017-10-02-day-10.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
----
-categories: ['call graphs', 'data flow', tuples, dicts, caching]
----
-
-## Diagrams
-
-* static call graph
-* dynamic call graph
-* data flow
-
-## Ways to be slow
-
-* Process a large amount of input data (GeneFinder)
-* Generate a large amount of output data (Computational Art)
-* Use a slow resource, e.g. the web (Text Mining)
-
-## Workflow
-
-How much time to spend optimizing your code (for speed)?
-
-*More* time spent optimizing the code can mean *less* spent running it.
-
-There's no hard and fast answer, but something to think about:
-
-    --code--> --run-->
-    --code--> --run----------------->
-    --code----------------> --run--->
-    --code--> --run-----------------> --run-----------------> --run----------------->
-    --code----------------> --run---> --run---> --run--->
-
-## Tuples
-
-* Like lists
-* Immutable
-  * A tuple whose items are also immutable can key a dictionary
-* Use `list` to turn a list into a tuple; `tuple` to turn a list into a tuple
-* `(1,)` is a tuple with `len` = 1. It's the comma, not the parentheses, that make the tuple.
-* Not covered in class:
-  * `a, b = [1, 2]` and `a, b = (1, 2)` unpack a sequence
-  * It's the comma that makes the tuple: `a, b = 1, 2` also works
-  * An idiom: so does `a, b = b, a` to swap values
-* Use a list when the *interpretation* of an item doesn't depend on its *position*.
-  For example, a list of genes, or a list of classes.
-* Use a tuple when different positions have different meanings. For example, (red, green, blue).
-
-## Dicts
-
-* A dict is like generalized lists (keys don't have to be integers)
-* Keys don't need to be consecutive – e.g. `{0: 'x', 1e6: 'y'}`
-* Keys must be immutable
-
-## Reasons to Cache
-
-* Reproducible results
-* Rapid results
-* Avoid being mistook for an attacker
-
-## Text Mining
-
-* going out to the web
-* caching
-* exploratory
-
-* due in three days
-* less scaffolded
diff --git a/_posts/2017-10-12-day-12.md b/_posts/2017-10-12-day-12.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 729c3f92..00000000
--- a/_posts/2017-10-12-day-12.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
----
-categories: ['Text Mining', 'abstract data types', classes]
----
-
-* [Text Mining presentations](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1FWuoFpGsim8ZzEpKw18JgoXoE2NGGEgXACIkuUi2dgU/edit#slide=id.g25bd18c326_2_0)
-* [Stop words](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_words)
-* [TF-iDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tf–idf)
-* Concrete and abstract data types
-    * tree (abstract) implemented as list + dict
-    * GeneFinder: string (concrete) vs. DNA sequence (abstract)
-        * `seq += 'X'` is legal in one and not the other.
-        * An operation that is legal for the concrete type (“downstairs”) is one way to get a logic error instead of a runtime error.
-        * A logic error produces a downstream runtime error (if you're lucky), or invalid output (if you're not)
-    * Calculator: int and float (unit-less) are concrete. See [Mars climate rover](https://www.wired.com/2010/11/1110mars-climate-observer-report/).
-    * CompArt. Concrete: string, list (of lists). These represent: function, expression (whose terms are expressions).
-* Trade-offs: insertion versus query or retrieval.
-* Functions are verbs; classes are nouns.
-
-[![](https://i.imgur.com/phVdsuQ.jpg)](https://www.reddit.com/r/ProgrammerHumor/comments/72ywm5/just_got_my_new_stackoverflow_keyboard/)
-*Stack Overflow keyboard*
diff --git a/_posts/2017-10-16-day-13.html b/_posts/2017-10-16-day-13.html
deleted file mode 100644
index f8206a02..00000000
--- a/_posts/2017-10-16-day-13.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
----
-categories: class methods
-equivalences:
-  - name: Variable
-    define: 'x = 10'
-    use: 'x'
-  - name: Function
-    define: 'def fn(a, b):'
-    use: 'fn(1, 2)'
-  - name: Class
-    define: 'class C:'
-    use: 'obj = C()'
-  - name: method
-    define: '  def m(self, a, b):'
-    use: 'obj.m(1, 2)'
-  - name: constructor/initializer
-    define: '  def __init__(self, a, b):'
-    use: 'obj = C(1, 2)'
-  - name: '“dunderscore” methods…'
-    define: '  def __repr__(self):'
-    use: '>>> obj'
-  - name: ''
-    define: '  def __str__(self):'
-    use: 'print(obj)'
-  - name: ''
-    define: '  def __len__(self):'
-    use: 'len(obj)'
----
-
-<h2>Python Method Cheat Sheet</h2>
-
-<table>
-<tr><th>Construct</th><th>Define</th><th>Use</th></tr>
-{% for row in page.equivalences %}
-  <tr>
-    <th>{{ row.name }}</th>
-    <td>{% highlight python %}{{ row.define }}{% endhighlight %}</td>
-    <td>{% highlight python %}{{ row.use }}{% endhighlight %}</td>
-  </tr>
-{% endfor %}
-</table>
-
-More dunderscore methods can be found in <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#emulating-container-types">Python Reference 3.3.6–3.3.7</a>.
diff --git a/_posts/2017-10-19-day-14.md b/_posts/2017-10-19-day-14.md
deleted file mode 100644
index cacc73fa..00000000
--- a/_posts/2017-10-19-day-14.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
----
-categories: [workflow, refactoring, classes]
----
-
-* Optimize work flow
-  * E.g. [re-run program when file changes]({% link pages/recipes.md %}#re-run-program-when-file-changes)
-* **Refactor** to classes
-* Specifics, then generalize: 1, 2, N
-
-## Bouncing Ball Files
-
-* [`ball-1.py`]({% link files/ball-class/bounce-1.py %})
-* [`ball-2.py`]({% link files/ball-class/bounce-2.py %})
-* [`ball-3.py`]({% link files/ball-class/bounce-3.py %})
-* [`ball-4.py`]({% link files/ball-class/bounce-4.py %})
-* [`ball-5.py`]({% link files/ball-class/bounce-5.py %})
diff --git a/_posts/2017-10-23-day-15.md b/_posts/2017-10-23-day-15.md
deleted file mode 100644
index b485d46a..00000000
--- a/_posts/2017-10-23-day-15.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
----
-categories: [MVC, refactoring]
----
-
-* Class can *inherit* or *associate*
-* MVC is an example of association
-* A class, like a function, are units of *organization* and *generalization*
-  * A class is a unit for naming, documenting, testing
-  * State and behavior encapsulated in a class can be more easily replicated across multiple objects
-* The relation between a git commit message and the changes is similar to the relation between a function name + documentation, and the function body
-
-## Bouncing Ball Files
-
-* [`mvc-1.py`]({% link files/mvc/mvc-1.py %}) has just a `Ball` class
-* [`mvc-2.py`]({% link files/mvc/mvc-2.py %}) factors `BallView` out of `Ball`
-* [`mvc-3.py`]({% link files/mvc/mvc-3.py %}) replaced `BallView` by `LeftBallView` and `RightBallView`
-* [`mvc-4.py`]({% link files/mvc/mvc-4.py %}) factors `WorldController` out of the main (top-level) event loop
-* [`mvc-5.py`]({% link files/mvc/mvc-5.py %}) factors `WorldController` out of the main (top-level) event loop
-
-## Commit Message Stats and Humor
-
-* [The Most Frequent Commit Messages on GitHub are Mostly Useless](http://ramiro.org/blog/most-frequent-github-commit-messages/)
-* [Commit Message Generator](https://whatthecommit.com)
-
-These contain expletives and profanity:
-
-* [Commit Logs From Last Night](http://www.commitlogsfromlastnight.com)
-* [Amount of profanity in git commit messages per programming language](http://andrewvos.com/2011/02/21/amount-of-profanity-in-git-commit-messages-per-programming-language)
-* [Exploring Expressions of Emotions in GitHub Commit Messages](http://geeksta.net/geeklog/exploring-expressions-emotions-github-commit-messages/)
diff --git a/_posts/2017-10-26-day-17.md b/_posts/2017-10-26-day-17.md
deleted file mode 100644
index e64d7aaf..00000000
--- a/_posts/2017-10-26-day-17.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
----
-categories: github-pages
----
-
-At SLAC (8pm on Wednesday), the [Olin Build](http://olin.build) team will hold a workshop on using GitHub pages to build a portfolio.
-This will be useful for project pages too.
diff --git a/_posts/2017-11-13-day-21.md b/_posts/2017-11-13-day-21.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 08257879..00000000
--- a/_posts/2017-11-13-day-21.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
----
-categories: ['computational complexity', caching, decorators, 'programming paradigms']
----
-
-* [Caching and Decorators notebook]({% link _notebooks/caching-and-decorators.md %}).
-* Fibonacci, revisited
-  * Vi Hart videos, parts [1](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahXIMUkSXX0&t=241s), [2](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOIP_Z_-0Hs), and [3](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=14-NdQwKz9w)
-
-Concepts:
-
-* [**Separation of concerns**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_concerns)
-* [**Decorators**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics#Decorators)
-  * [Primer on Python decorators](https://realpython.com/blog/python/primer-on-python-decorators/), _Real Python_.
-  * [A guide to Python's function decorators](https://www.thecodeship.com/patterns/guide-to-python-function-decorators/), _The Code Ship_, Ayman Farhat.
-  * [Decorators](http://python-3-patterns-idioms-test.readthedocs.io/en/latest/PythonDecorators.html), _Python 3 Patterns, Recipes and Idioms_.
-  * Decorators enable separation of concerns at the function level
-  * Decorators are (sort of) to functions as MVC is to classes
-* [**Programming paradigms**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm)
-
-Additional links are in the [notebook]({% link _notebooks/caching-and-decorators.md %}).
-
-{% comment %}
-picture of nested rectangles
-{% endcomment %}
diff --git a/_posts/2017-11-16-day-22.md b/_posts/2017-11-16-day-22.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 9b5a05f6..00000000
--- a/_posts/2017-11-16-day-22.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
----
-categories: ['recursion']
----
-
-<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pjrI91J6jOw?rel=0" frameborder="0" gesture="media" allow="encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe>
-[Thanksgiving Turduckenen-duckenen](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pjrI91J6jOw), Vi Hart
diff --git a/_posts/2017-11-27-day-23.md b/_posts/2017-11-27-day-23.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 5365519e..00000000
--- a/_posts/2017-11-27-day-23.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
----
-categories: ['exceptions', 'halting problem', 'Turing']
----
-
-{% include toc %}
-
-## Exceptions
-
-* [Exception notes]({% link _notebooks/exceptions.md %})
-* Use exceptions to represent exceptional cases
-* *Raising an exception* is an alternative to *returning a value*
-* Use exceptions when there's no value it makes sense to return
-* A returned value must be handled by the caller.
-* An may can be handled by the caller, the caller's caller, etc. It is passed through functions in the call chain between the code that raises the exception and the code that handles it.
-* Catch a *specific exception*. Catching *all* exceptions hides errors from the developer.
-
-## Complexity
-
-* [Complexity, and Halting Problem teaser]({% link _notebooks/complexity-and-halting-teaser.md %}) notes
-* A program can have a worse complexity order, but be faster in practice (because $n$ is small).
-
-## People
-
-* [Alan Turing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing)
-  * _The Imitation Game_
-  * Foundational work in computing
-  * The [Halting Problem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halting_problem), teased in class
-* [Fred Brooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Brooks)
-  * Winner of the [Turing Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_Award)
-  * Author of _The Mythical Man Month_ (source of the Surgical Team reading)
diff --git a/_posts/2017-11-30-day-24.md b/_posts/2017-11-30-day-24.md
deleted file mode 100644
index d1052070..00000000
--- a/_posts/2017-11-30-day-24.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
----
-categories: ['exceptions', 'web sites', 'technical debt']
----
-
-{% include toc %}
-
-## Web Sites
-
-[![](https://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/university_website.png)](https://xkcd.com/773/)
-
-* You're now all experienced project web site *consumers*.
-* White board clusters
-    * Marketing
-      * What can it do?
-      * Compare / contrast w/ other projects
-      * Motivation / context
-    * Description
-      * Technical description
-      * How it works
-      * Motivation / context (again)
-    * Access
-      * Where to get it
-      * How to download it
-    * Who built it
-      * Team
-      * Credits / acknowledgements
-      * Contact
-    * Installation
-    * Tutorial
-    * Navigation / organization
-    * Ads
-* Some roles for *your* web site
-  * Assessment – follow the [rubric](https://softdes.olin.build/assignments/final-project#project-website)
-  * Practice – how can you make your projects have impact
-  * Practical – how can your instructors (and others) *obtain* and *run* your code.
-
-## Technical debt
-
-* “Technical debt” is a standard term in industry.
-* The four quadrants can be a useful framework, but are not standard.
-* Many projects have a phase of building debt (especially as a demo deadline approaches), and paying down debt (immediately after a deadline)
-* “Debt” is sometimes called **entropy**. “Paying down technical debt” is **entropy reduction**.
-
-## Exceptions Re-visited
-
-* `catch SpecificException` good; `catch` bad.
-* Catching all exceptions masks errors.
-* Code can be *currently correct*, but still *fragile*.
-* Perspectives: code base at a particular time; code as a snapshot in an evolving project
-
-## Advent of Code
-
-* [Advent of Code](https://adventofcode.com) is a series of small self-contained programming puzzles for a variety of skill levels. [Advent of Code 2017](http://adventofcode.com/2017/) starts December 1.
-* Peter Norvig's [2016 Advent of Code solutions](http://nbviewer.jupyter.org/url/norvig.com/ipython/Advent%20of%20Code.ipynb) demonstrate programming techniques and Python style.
diff --git a/_posts/2017-12-04-day-25.md b/_posts/2017-12-04-day-25.md
deleted file mode 100644
index babc0800..00000000
--- a/_posts/2017-12-04-day-25.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
----
-categories: ['set', 'étude', 'kata']
----
-
-## Set
-
-A [**set**](https://docs.python.org/3.6/library/stdtypes.html#set-types-set-frozenset) knows only whether it contains an element.
-
-It's like a list that doesn't know many times or in what order its element occur. When you use a list just to test whether it contains an item, consider a set.
-
-Or, it's a dictionary that stores only the keys, and doesn't care about the values.
-A dict whose values are either absent or `True` (or absent or `1`), is a candidate for using a set instead.
-
-## Études and Katas
-
-Prrgramming **études** (using the music analogy from class), or **katas** (using a martial arts analogy), are exercises that prompt developing expertise at a particular level of construction.
-
-Katas are a useful part of [deliberate practice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practice_(learning_method)#Deliberate_practice).
-
-* [Advent of Code](https://adventofcode.com)
-* [Advent of Code 2016](https://adventofcode.com/2016)
-* [Codewars](https://www.codewars.com/?language=python)
-* Pragmatic Dave's [Code Katas](http://codekata.com)
diff --git a/_posts/2017-12-07-day-26.md b/_posts/2017-12-07-day-26.md
deleted file mode 100644
index c52a937d..00000000
--- a/_posts/2017-12-07-day-26.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,139 +0,0 @@
----
-categories: [course themes]
----
-
-{% include toc %}
-
-## Course Themes (Student-Generated)
-
-### Programming with People
-* Collaboration techniques
-* Divide and conquer
-* Pair programming
-* How to talk about code
-
-### Python
-* Finding and using external libraries
-
-### Practices
-* Simplifying code once you've written it
-* Naming variables
-* Managing technical debt
-
-### Professional skills
-* Where to find information
-  * Google
-  * Stack Overflow
-* Testing
-  * Doctest
-* Tools
-  * git
-  * GitHub
-  * command line
-
-### Domains
-* UI (presentation) – graphic and terminal
-
-## Course Themes (Instructor-Generated)
-
-### Perspectives on a program
-
-- artifact for human reader
-- static
-- dynamic
-- behavior
-
-### Visualizing a program
-
-- “state diagrams” (Python Tutor “frames”)
-- call graphs
-- class diagrams
-- UML diagrams
-
-### Engineering practices
-
-- specification and implementation
-- noticing recurrent failure patterns
-- recipes
-- comparing alteratives
-- encapsulation and modularity
-- tradeoffs between specificity and abstracton
-- tradeoffs in general
-	- how much to test
-	- how long to make a variable name
-
-### Techniques
-
-- caching
-- normalization
-- unit tests
-- MVC
-- collaboration
-
-### Workflow as an Artifact
-
-- optimize, debug
-- cycle time
-- commutator
-- work, readable maintainable
-- tiny increments – one change at a time
-- 5 whys (again)
-
-### Dynamic view of project
-
-- commit history
-- fragility
-- technical debt
-
-## Other Course Content
-
-### Python concepts
-
-- variables
-- functions
-- loops
-- classes
-- exceptions
-- modules
-
-### Programming Tools
-
-- command line
-- git
-- github
-- python
-- text editor
-- Jupyter notebooks
-
-### Sampled topics
-
-- bioinformatics
-- graphics
-- text processing
-- artificial intelligence / machine learning
-- recursion
-- complexity
-- data structures
-
-## Where next
-
-- domains
-- languages
-- libraries
-- techniques
-- programming paradigms
-- program correctness / verifiability
-- code quality; testing
-
-### How to learn
-
-- web resources
-- reflection
-- feedback and revision
-- deliberate practice
-
-## Course History
-
-![]({% link images/notes/day26/journeys.jpg %})
-
-![]({% link images/notes/day26/dimensions.jpg %})
diff --git a/_posts/2018-01-23-day-1.md b/_posts/2018-01-23-day-1.md
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--- /dev/null
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+---
+categories: ['course themes', 'programming languages']
+typora-root-url: ..
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## Computing as an Interdisciplinary Toolkit
+
+The [Powerpoint presentation](/files/slides/Day01.pptx) we gave in the auditorium (and a [PDF version](/files/slides/Day01.pdf) of it) are available.
+
+## SoftDes is a class designed to:
+* Introduce concepts in computing, primarily using Python.
+
+* Give students practice breaking down problems, creating solutions, testing while building, and communicating clearly.
+
+* Open pathways to courses where computing practices are relevant.
+
+* Serve as a safe place to learn from missteps.
+
+* Be an environment where students with no computing experience and those with strong foundations can all develop software design skills.
+
+## SoftDes is NOT a class that:
+* Focuses exclusively on coding.
+
+* Students go through alone, without available help from the teaching team or partner and group projects.
+
+* Unlocks the formula for traditional silicon valley technical interviews.
+
+* Only serves people who want to major in Computing.
+
+* Can cover all content exclusively in class time, and necessitates students  keeping up with what is asked of them outside of class and seeking help when as needed.
+
+
+## Themes covered
+
+Some course that are illustrated (intentionally or inadvertently) in class:
+
+* Designing software: starting with the study and manipulation (recording, replay, debugging, improvement) of processes. Some of the ideas and techniques are therefore applicable outside of software (in day to day life).
+
+* Optimizing a process:
+  * Do steps at the same time (in parallel).
+  * Switch the order of two steps that don’t depend on each other.
+
+* Creating workflows: processes which can be debugged and optimized.
+
+* Style practices: such as making one change at a time to a program to make debugging easier.
+
+* Incorporating help: from code libraries, to knowledge sharing communities (stack overflow), to peers, and instructors.
+
+This course teaches several levels:
+
+* *Tools* such as `git`, GitHub, the **Atom** text editor, the command line.
+* *Concepts* such as variables, functions, recursion, and iteration.
+* *Skills* – how to use the tools against a background of concepts to get stuff done.
+* *Practices* – approaching mastery.
+
+
+## Programming Languages
+
+Learning a programming language is like learning a (non-native) natural language. The first one is difficult. Each new one is easier, with a speed bump if it's not in the same family as the ones you know. (Going from French to Spanish to Italian is easier than going from French to German to Russian to Japanese.)
+
+## Why Python?
+
+* It's at the intersection of teachable and useful.
+* It's useful both within software engineering (popular for tools, system adminstration, web servers, and big data), and as a tool within the sciences.
+
+On the other hand, Python is slower than most of these (although including its libraries makes this comparison harder),
+doesn't run on mobile, doesn't run on resource-constrained devices (such as the Arduino), and doesn't run in the browser.
+
+Deciding which language to use is an example of a tradeoff, given a context and constraints.
+This is an engineering idea.
+
+
+Python is also a tool that a growing number of hobbyists and professionals who have different dispositions use. You might encounter python examples from communities who want to: leverage programming to be more expressive and make beautiful artifacts; help automate tasks while optimizing for efficiency; or advance knowledge in the sciences - to name a few.
+
+Note that this course changes because the context (coding and Python technology and community) continues to evolve.
+
+## Materials
+
+* Our web site is on softdes.olin.edu.
+* This is built using the same tools you have access to.
+* It will be developed iteratively over the semester.
+* We will use Slack as a communications channel.
+
+
+## Activity 1 – Get Started
+
+### 1. Setup your development environment
+
+Follow the instructions on the [Setup Your Environment page]({{site.baseurl}}/activities/setup).
+
+### 2. Open a Terminal Window
+
+In this course you will make use of the **Terminal** program.  Press cmd+alt+T, or launch the Terminal from your Programs menu.
+
+Launching Terminal or (Anaconda) Command Prompt is called “creating a terminal session”.
+
+Typing into a terminal session is called “in a terminal session”, “in a terminal”, or “in the shell”
+
+ Typing some text – such as `ls` – and then pressing the Enter or Return key, is called “entering *command*“ or “running *command*”, where *command* is the entered text.
+
+### 3. Explore Python
+
+Enter `python`. This starts the **python interpreter**.
+
+You should see something like this:
+
+```
+Python 3.6.3 |Anaconda custom (64-bit)| (default, Oct 13 2017, 12:02:49)
+[GCC 7.2.0] on linux
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>>
+```
+
+Details such as the date, and the material inside brackets `[…]` will differ. The first line should say `Python 3.6.x`, where `x` is some digit. If it says `Python 2.x.y` check in with a NINJA.
+
+The chevron's `>>>` are Python's **prompt**. Python is waiting for you to type something. Type `42` and press Enter. You should see something like:
+
+```
+>>> 42
+42
+```
+
+Now type `40 + 2`:
+
+```
+>>> 40 + 2
+42
+```
+
+Try out using Python as a calculator:
+
+* How many minutes are in a day?
+* How many seconds are in a day?
+* How many seconds are in a year?
+* About how many minutes is 1000 seconds?
+* How many minutes old are you?
+
+### 4. Quitting Python
+
+To quit Python, enter `quit()` or press control+d (hold the control key; press the `d` key; and then release them in either order).
+
+## Activity 2 – Jupyter
+
+### 1. Create a new directory
+
+In a terminal window, create a new directory: `mkdir notebooks`.
+
+Set the **terminal session** to use that directory: `cd notebooks`.
+
+Now this terminal session is “in” the `notebooks` directory.
+
+* Enter `pwd` into a shell to find out the current directory for that terminal session. Try this now.
+* Enter `ls` to see a list of files in the current directory. Try this now – there should be no files, because you are in a newly-created, empty, directory.
+
+### 2. Launch Jupyter
+
+In the same terminal window, enter `jupyter notebook`. This should open a new window or tab in your web browser. The page in this window or tab will show a list of files in the directory. Since the `notebooks` directory is empty, it should show an empty list.
+
+### 3. Create a Notebook
+
+In the New menu, select `Python 3`. (Your Python may have a slightly different name, such as `Python [default]` or `Python [conda root]`.)
+
+Type `40 + 2` into the cell.
+
+Using the icons and the “cell type” popup menu (`Code`, to the right of the icons) at the top of the page to do the following:
+
+* Run the Python code (the “Play”, or right triangle, icon). You should see a line `Out[1]: 42`.
+* Modify the text to read `40 * 2`, and run it again.
+* Create a new cell. Enter `40 - 2` into this cell, and run it.
+* Create a new cell. Use the cell type menu to change its type to “Markdown”. Enter the text `Some *italic* and **bold**`. What does running this cell do?
+* Create a new cell. *Leave it as a “Code” cell.* Enter the text `Some *italic* and **bold**` into this cell too. What does running this cell do?
+
+### 4. Quit Jupyter
+
+Press the Save icon (the leftmost icon, that looks like a floppy disk from the 90's) to save your Jupyter notebook. Close the tab or window.
+
+Find the terminal session that is running `jupyter notebook`. Press control-c. (Hold the control key down, and while it is down press `c`. Then release them in either order.)
+
+You will see some messages, including `Shutdown this notebook server (y/[n])?`. This is another *prompt*. Answer it by typing `y`, and then return.
+
+(Control-c requests that a program that you have started from the terminal, stop. It works on more programs than just `jupyter`.)
+
+In the terminal, enter `ls` (Linux or macOS) or `dir` (Windows). You now see a file named `Untitled.ipynb`. The file suffix `.ipynb` standards for "iPython Notebook" (“iPython” was the original name for “Jupyter”). It means that the file is a Jupyter notebook.
+
+### Going Beyond
+
+* Take the Jupyter tour. Select “User Interface Tour” from the Jupyter “Help” menu.
+* Rename your notebook. Verify that the file name changed.
+* Select “Keyboard Shortcuts” from the Jupyter “Help” menu. These are alternatives to using the icons and popup menu. Repeat the steps in “Make a notebook” using the keyboard instead of the icons and the cell type menu.
+* Read the Markdown cheatsheet (linked to from the course site). Try out different Markdown features.
+* Create a new Markdown cell. Try entering `$a^2$`,`$$a^2$$`, and `$a^2+b^2=c^2$`. What happens if you include these in a paragraph of text?
+
+## For Next Time
+
+* Finish any of the activities in this page that you didn't during class (we don't expect you to get through all of it.
+* Complete the activities described in the [assignment 1](/assignments/assignment-1) page.
diff --git a/_posts/2018-01-26-day-2.md b/_posts/2018-01-26-day-2.md
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/_posts/2018-01-26-day-2.md
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+---
+categories: [modular design, unit testing, protein synthesis]
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## Summary of Course Entrance Survey
+
+* There is, as expected, a fairly wide range of prior experience with both Python and programming in general.  The results were inline with our expectations, and your responses will be useful to us in helping customize the class for you going forward.
+* Commonly mentioned learning goals
+    - gain comfort with coding.
+    - learn professional software practices (e.g., Github)
+    - learn how to use external libraries effectively
+    - spark interest in CS and see if it is for me.
+    - learn about computation in field X (some X are covered in the course already, some could be the focus of a final project).
+    - become confident in explaining and communicating about code.
+    - learn Linux + command line
+    - write better (neater, more readable, less buggy) code
+    - team with others on a software project
+    - get better at asking for help
+    - Instructor note: not sure on this next one.  "i want 2 become a 1337 hax0r"
+
+* Olin second semester students wanted to know how ModSimPy relates to the wider Python ecosystem (NINJAs are already working on a resource to help with this)
+
+## Reading Journal Debrief
+With two people sitting around you, go over your reading journal.  Identify any questions / difficulties and try to work through them.  We will do a quick report out for lingering confusions along with observations you'd like to share with the rest of the class.
+
+## Modular Design Exercise
+
+In groups of 3, review [the solutions](/notes/ThinkPython Ch3 Ex5 PartA Sample Solutions) from a previous iteration of this class to Chapter 3, Exercise 5, Part A.
+
+What aspects of these different designs:
+* Increased / decreased the readability of code (readability means your ability to easily deduce what the code does, how it works, and whether or not it is correct).
+* Increased / decreased the flexibility of the code (flexibility means the ability of this code to be easily modified to satisfy new requirements that may aris)e.
+
+In groups, redo Chapter 3 Exercise 5 based on the design that your group decides is most readable and most flexible.
+
+In a surprise move, your manager has asked you to implement two new features for your program.
+
+1.  Write a function that draws the following grid
+
+    ```bash
+    + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |         |         |         |
+    |         |         |         |         |         |
+    |         |         |         |         |         |
+    |         |         |         |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |         |         |         |
+    |         |         |         |         |         |
+    |         |         |         |         |         |
+    |         |         |         |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - +
+    |         |         |         |         |         |
+    |         |         |         |         |         |
+    |         |         |         |         |         |
+    |         |         |         |         |         |
+    + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - +
+    ```
+
+2.  Modify your function to take in two additional inputs that specify the dimensions of width and height (in characters) of each of the boxes that compose the grid.  For instance,
+
+    grid(6, 3) produces
+
+    ```bash
+    + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - +
+    |     |     |     |     |     |
+    |     |     |     |     |     |
+    + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - +
+    |     |     |     |     |     |
+    |     |     |     |     |     |
+    + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - +
+    |     |     |     |     |     |
+    |     |     |     |     |     |
+    + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - +
+    ```
+
+## Running Python Code
+There are many ways to run the Python code you write:
+
+### Method 1: Interactive Python interpreter
+```
+$ python3
+Python 3.6.3 |Anaconda, Inc.| (default, Oct 13 2017, 12:02:49)
+[GCC 7.2.0] on linux
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> print("Hello, SoftDes!")
+Hello, SoftDes!
+```
+
+There is also an advanced implementation of the interpreter called ipython that adds some nice extra features.
+
+### Method 2: Jupyter notebooks
+This is what you used for the Reading Journal. Each code cell in the notebook is essentially a mini interpreter session.
+
+### Method 3: Within IDE/editor
+Several integrated development environments/text editors allow you to run Python code as you write it. The mechanism for doing so varies by editor.  In order to run Python code from Atom, you should install the "script" package ([detailed instructions on installing packages](https://flight-manual.atom.io/using-atom/sections/atom-packages/)), and then use ctrl-shift-b to execute your code.
+
+A few things to watch out for: when you run code using this method it usually can't take standard input, so this means you can't use e.g. the raw_input function. Also, if you run an infinite loop it may freeze your editor!
+
+### Method 4: Saved script
+Finally, you can save your program as a text file (with a .py extension by convention) and run it at the command line:
+```bash
+$ python3 my_script.py
+"Hello, SoftDes!"
+```
+
+This is the preferred method for all but the very simplest programs, and is how you will complete all the assignments in this class other than reading journals.
+
+## Intro to Unit Testing
+Testing our functions interactively in the interpreter as we write them is great for quick tests.
+
+As we move to more advanced functions and programs, we'd like to add several more features. We might want to save the tests, to run them again as our implementation changes. We might even want to write the tests ahead of time, an approach known as test-driven design.
+
+Today, we'll write our first unit tests. These short tests let us verify each piece of a program independently, which makes it more likely the entire program will be correct once we put everything together. You will be writing more unit tests in mini-project 1, and in all the work you do for this class.
+
+We will be using the doctest Python module, which makes code examples in Python docstrings into unit tests automatically.
+
+### Running doctests
+Doctests can be run in normal mode, in which only failing tests will be reported, or in verbose mode, which reports results from all tests.
+
+If you've written a program called my_prog.py, you can test it from the command line by running
+
+```bash
+$ python3 -m doctest [-v] my_prog.py
+```
+
+where the [-v] means you can either include the -v verbose flag or not.
+
+You can also run doctests from inside your program, by including:
+
+```python
+import doctest
+doctest.testmod(verbose=True)
+```
+
+at the bottom.
+
+> Exercise: Add doctests to your is_triangle function from the Day 1 reading journal and verify your implementation.
+
+## Gene Finder (Mini-Project 1) Kickoff
+
+We'll be going some background information related to mini-project 1 (slides available using these links: [pptx](/files/slides/Day02.pptx) and [pdf](/files/slides/Day02.pdf)).
+
+Resources on Protein synthesis
+* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKIpDtJdK8Q
+* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zAGAmTkZNY
+* https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/central-dogma-transcription/a/the-genetic-code-discovery-and-properties
+* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtQXIf31Vqw
diff --git a/_posts/2018-01-30-day-3.md b/_posts/2018-01-30-day-3.md
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/_posts/2018-01-30-day-3.md
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+---
+categories: [protein synthesis, unit testing, studio time]
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## Gene Finder guest presentation by Joanne Pratt
+
+Joanne will walk students through how the Gene Finder mini-project
+results in using the Blast search engine.
+
+## Unit Testing and Reading Journal Debrief
+
+With the folks sitting around you, go over your answers to the reading journal.  Once you've cleared up any lingering confusions on the problems, add unit tests to each of the functions you wrote for the reading journal.  Before you start typing out your unit tests, take a minute to think through what would constitute a good set of unit tests for each function.
+
+## Unit Testing questions
+
+You are beginning to explore unit testing in class activities and in
+the Gene Finder starter code. Now is a good time to ask questions
+about their role in how you will design software.
+
+1. In what ways, if any, have you found unit tests helpful so far?
+2. What role does unit testing play in determining whether or not
+your program is correct? (This may vary depending on the program.)
+3. Any aspects of unit testing that you find unwieldy?
+4. Do you have any best practices that you'd like to share
+with the class from using unit tests?
+
+## Open studio time
+
+Please use instructors and NINJAs in the studio for questions and approaches
+as you work in MP1.
diff --git a/_posts/2018-02-03-day-4.md b/_posts/2018-02-03-day-4.md
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+++ b/_posts/2018-02-03-day-4.md
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+---
+categories: [strings, drawing code, supplemental reading, studio time]
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## Reading Journal Review
+
+* ```any_lowercase``` implementation alternatives
+* Reactions to supplemental reading: ["Holding a Program in One's Head"](http://paulgraham.com/head.html)
+
+## Drawing code
+
+Visual communication is just as important in the software world as in other disciplines. The mechanism we use to describe code execution is the [state diagram](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2003.html).
+
+**Exercise** Draw a state diagram for the execution of the following code
+
+```python
+>>> a = 1
+>>> b = "Hello"
+>>> a = 2
+>>> b = b * a
+>>> def double(n):
+...     res = n*2
+...     return res
+>>> c = double(a)
+```
+
+[Python Tutor](http://www.pythontutor.com/) is an excellent online tool to help you visualize code execution automatically.
+
+Drawing the execution of your code can help you form a mental model and cement trickier concepts like:
+
+* scope and namespaces
+* functions and parameters
+* (im)mutability
+
+
+## String Formatting
+
+Today, you should practice the many ways that python supports formatting
+and manipulating strings:
+
+* Concatenation `+`
+* Multiplication `*`
+* Slicing `[]`
+* String methods (e.g. `split`, `upper`)
+
+```
+>>> excited = "Software " + "Design" + "!"*10
+>>> print(excited)
+Software Design!!!!!!!!!!
+>>> bored = excited.rstrip("!")
+>>> print(bored)
+Software Design
+>>> print(bored[-6:])
+Design
+>>> print(bored.split())
+['Software', 'Design']
+```
+
+
+Python also has several other built-in facilities for formatting strings.
+Among other things, this makes it much easier to create things like a
+square root table!
+
+There are two main ways to format strings in Python, and you're likely to see
+both in code you read.
+
+The [older method](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#string-formatting) uses a format string and the percent character (same as the modulo
+operator) to replace pieces of the format string. For example, to insert an
+integer, you could use:
+
+
+```
+>>> print("Your number is %d" % 52)
+Your number is 52
+```
+
+
+The [newer method](https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#format-string-syntax) also uses a (similar) format string, but uses an explicit
+format method:
+
+```
+>>> print("Your number is {:d}".format(52))
+Your number is 52
+```
+
+
+The newer method can have a bit more complex syntax, but is
+often clearer and can be more powerful.
+
+The documentation for each can be a bit dense, but fortunately there is a
+great cheat sheet with useful tasks at <https://pyformat.info>
+
+
+**Exercise: cheap is 33 dollars; free is 34!**
+
+
+You walk into a store where each item is priced according to the letters in
+its name: 'a' costs 1 dollar, 'b' costs 2, and so on. Write a program that prints a
+receipt for this wacky store:
+
+```
+bananas $52
+rice $35
+paprika $72
+potato chips $78
+------------------------
+
+Total $237
+```
+
+What helper functions would be useful in creating this receipt program?
+
+Hint: the [built-in 'ord' and
+'chr'](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html) functions may be
+useful. If you use these, pay attention to how case affects the result.
diff --git a/_posts/2018-02-06-day-5.md b/_posts/2018-02-06-day-5.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..43c5e487
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_posts/2018-02-06-day-5.md
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+---
+categories: [lists, iteration, studio time]
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## Mini Project 1
+
+[Debrief from first half](Mini Project 1, Week 1 Debrief)
+
+Due Friday before class. Don't hesitate to reach out for help via office hours and slack.
+
+
+## Reading Journal Review
+
+[Collected Day 4 reading journals](Day 4 Reading Journal Notes)
+
+As we discussed last time, state and stack diagrams are extremely useful for reasoning about code, especially with mutable objects like lists. We can use Python Tutor to visualize the difference between 
+[middle](http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#code=%23%20Think%20Python%20chapter%2010%20exercise%203%0A%0Adef%20middle%28s%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22Return%20a%20new%20list%20that%20contains%20all%20but%20the%20first%20and%20last%20elements%20of%20s%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20return%20s%5B1%3A-1%5D%0A%0Atest_list%20%3D%20%5B1,2,3,4%5D%0Aresult%20%3D%20middle%28test_list%29%0A%0Aprint%28%22Middle%20returned%3A%20%22,%20result%29%0Aprint%28%22test_list%20is%20now%3A%22,%20test_list%29&cumulative=false&curInstr=0&heapPrimitives=false&mode=display&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=3&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false)
+and
+[chop](http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#code=%23%20Think%20Python%20chapter%2010%20exercise%204%0A%0Adef%20chop%28s%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22Modify%20s%20by%20removing%20the%20first%20and%20last%20elements%20and%20return%20None.%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20del%20s%5B0%5D%0A%20%20%20%20del%20s%5B-1%5D%0A%20%20%20%20return%20None%0A%0Atest_list%20%3D%20%5B1,2,3,4%5D%0Aresult%20%3D%20chop%28test_list%29%0A%0Aprint%28%22Chop%20returned%3A%20%22,%20result%29%0Aprint%28%22test_list%20is%20now%3A%22,%20test_list%29&cumulative=false&curInstr=0&heapPrimitives=false&mode=display&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=3&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false).
+
+
+
+## Iteration
+
+**Quick check**: Compare and contrast lists and strings
+
+One thing they have in common are that both are "iterables" - we can iterate over all the characters of a string or over all the elements of a list.
+
+Read about [iteration design patterns](iteration-patterns). Don't forget to practice active reading with hands on keyboards trying things out! (This reading is a Jupyter notebook, and the download link for the source code is down at the bottom).
+
+**Exercise**
+
+Which iteration patterns does the grocery store receipt program you wrote last time use? Rewrite it to use another coding style that you learned about in the reading.
+
diff --git a/_posts/2018-02-09-day-6.md b/_posts/2018-02-09-day-6.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01461609
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_posts/2018-02-09-day-6.md
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+---
+categories: [turtles, modular design, computational art]
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## MP2 Kickoff Survey
+Please fill out the [Reflection and Teaming Survey #1](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfM0pxb2DaXq5mKhKmddtJoRbpr_X60i-g5iRABTJEwq7z2xg/viewform).  This survey will help us get a sense of how SoftDes is going for you and help prepare you for the team-based projects that will be coming later in the course.
+
+## Reading Journal Review
+
+Pair with someone who did at least one of the exercises that you didn't do from section 4.12.  First, discuss your approaches to exercises 1-4 in Chapter 4.3.  Make sure to clear up any misconceptions that you may have.  Finally, discuss the approaches taken in the book to refactor the code.  Make sure that you are clear on the advantages of the refactored code.
+
+Now, turn your attention to the exercises in 4.12.  Take turns presenting one partner's solution to one of the problems that the other partner didn't attempt.  Try to get across both your high-level approach to the problem as well as your specific implementation in Python.  If you have any suggestions for code improvements that your partner code make, feel free to suggest them, but be sure to deliver this feedback in a *constructive* manner.
+
+## More Fun with Turtles
+Take your turtles to the next level!  There are a bunch of ways you might do this.
+
+### Continue with Think Python
+
+You can continue to work through the exercises in 4.12 of Think Python, there's a lot of good stuff there.
+
+### Freestyle
+
+Find a cool line drawing and try to replicate it with Python code!
+
+### Draw Parametric Curves
+
+A [parametric curve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_equation) in 2D is defined by two functions, $$x(t)$$ and $$y(t)$$ (where $$t$$ is some parameter, which we can think of as time).  If we imagine our turtle traveling along this curve, we can use calculus to compute various properties of our turtle's motion.  For instance, the speed of the turtle can be calculated as follows.
+
+$$speed(t) = \sqrt{x'(t)^2 + y'(t)^2}$$
+
+Further you can calculate, your turtle's heading as follows.
+
+$$heading(t) = arctan \left (\frac{y'(t)}{x'(t)}\right)$$
+
+Using these ideas you can program your turtle to draw arbitrary parametric curves.  Suppose we want our turtle to draw a sine wave with amplitude of 10 pixels and a period of $$20\pi$$ pixels.  This path can be defined as follows.
+
+$$\begin{align}
+x(t) &= t \nonumber \\
+y(t) &= 10 \sin\left (\frac{t}{10}\right) \nonumber
+\end{align}$$
+
+Additionally, the heading and speed functions are defined as follows.
+
+$$\begin{align}
+speed(t) &= \sqrt{1 + \cos^2\left (\frac{t}{10}\right)} \nonumber \\
+heading(t) &= arctan \left ( \cos \left(\frac{t}{10} \right) \right )\nonumber
+\end{align}$$
+
+*Challenge:* write a Python program that takes as input a parametric curve and uses the `turtle` module to draw it.
+
+**Hint:** the method presented above to compute the turtle's heading has some numerical issues (e.g., when $$y'(t) = 0$$).  A better way to compute the heading is using the ``math.atan2`` function.  Suppose we have computed $$x'(t)$$ and stored it in a variable ``dx`` and we have computed $$y'(t)$$ and stored it in a variable ``dy``, the heading (in radians) can be computed as ``math.atan2(dy, dx)``.
+
+Once you can draw a parametric curve, you can draw some really cool stuff like  [Spirographs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotrochoid)!
diff --git a/_activities/recursion.md b/_posts/2018-02-13-day-7.md
similarity index 54%
rename from _activities/recursion.md
rename to _posts/2018-02-13-day-7.md
index 630ce1f7..3fe1ba8e 100644
--- a/_activities/recursion.md
+++ b/_posts/2018-02-13-day-7.md
@@ -1,42 +1,59 @@
 ---
-title: Recursion Practice
-description: Recursion, fractals in TurtleWorld
-date: 2017-09-25 9:00:00 -04:00
+categories: [Recursion, fractals in TurtleWorld]
 ---
 
 {% include toc %}
 
-## Numbers
+## Today
 
-#### Making change
+* Recursion Practice
+* Fractal drawing in Turtle World
 
-Write a program that takes as input a number of cents, $n$, along with the
-denominations of some coins, $d$, and outputs the number of unique ways that
-change can be made for $n$ cents using the coins $d$.
+## For next time
+* MP2 due before Friday class. (Optionally) submit your art for the gallery show by Friday morning.
+* Friday class starts in the auditorium (as noted on the course calendar)
+* Git tutorial at SLAC on Wednesday 9pm
 
-For example:
+## Survey Takeaways
 
-```python
-make_change(10, [1, 5, 10])  # -> 4
-```
+### Survey Debrief
 
-Specifically:
+1. Your honest answers help us keep your workload in the sweetspot, where we are not burying you or boring you.  Takewaway: For the most part, we hit the challenge sweet spot (we managed to avoid presenting too little challenge or too much challenge to most).
 
-* 10 pennies
-* 2 nickels
-* 1 nickel 5 pennies
-* 1 dime
+2. We collect information about the structure of the MP and RJs - and consider them for how we scaffold future versions of the same assignment next semester (and when appropriate we use our learnings as we release subsequent RJs and MPs).
+
+3. We learn how people are utilizing the help structures, such as NINJAs.   Takeaway: we confirmed that NINJA hours are being utilized well.
+
+4. This is a class where students can drive at their own desired speed, we see people who had familiarity with the programming concepts in MP1 challenging themselves.  We learned how and why people are challenging themselves (e.g., trying out recursion just to see what would happen).
+
+5. There is no one-size fits all with how much structure we use as a starting scaffold, but we did pretty well in MP1
+
+## Reading  Journal Debrief
+
+First, with two other people sitting next to you, make sure you clarify any problems you ran into on the reading journal.
+
+Next, with your same group, read [through some sample solutions](/notes/day6_reading_journal_responses) to the `is_palindrome` and `is_power` functions.  For each solution answer the following questions.
+
+1.  Is it correct?
+2.  How readable is it?  Note any changes that you think would improve the readability of the solution.
+
+From [Three Questions About Each Bug You Find](http://www.multicians.org/thvv/threeq.html):
+1.  Is this mistake somewhere else also?
+2.  What next bug is hidden behind this one?
+3.  What should I do to prevent bugs like this?
+
+What do you think about the effectiveness of these three questions? What questions do you ask yourself when debugging?
+
+## Recursion Practice
 
 ### Pascal's Triangle
 
-Write a function called choose that takes two integers, $n$ and $k$, and returns
-the number of ways to choose $k$ items from a set of $n$ (this is also known as
-the number of [combinations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination) of $k$
-items from a pool of $n$). Your solution should be implemented recursively using
+Write a function called choose that takes two integer, n and k, and returns
+the number of ways to choose k items from a set of n (this is also known as
+the number of [combinations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination) of k
+items from a pool of n). Your solution should be implemented recursively using
 [Pascal's rule.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s_rule)
 
-## Text
-
 ### Levenshtein Distance
 
 Write a function called `levenshtein_distance` that takes as input two strings
@@ -55,88 +72,70 @@ Here are some examples of these operations:
 2. <tt>sitt<b><u>e</u></b>n</tt> → <tt>sitt<b><u>i</u></b>n</tt> (substitution of `i` for `e`)
 3. <tt>sittin</tt> → <tt>sittin<b><u>g</u></b></tt>  (insertion of `g` at the end).
 
-While this function seems initially daunting, it admits a very compact
-recursive solution. You can either work on your own to see the recursive
-solution, or use the recursive solution given in the Wikipedia article.
+While this function seems initially daunting, it admits a very compact recursive solution. You can either work on your own to see the recursive solution, or use the recursive solution given in the Wikipedia article.
+
+We will be memoizing this function in the next reading journal to make it more computationally efficient.
+
+### Making change
+
+Write a program that takes as input a number of cents, n, along with the denominations of some coins, d, and outputs the number of unique ways that change can be made for n cents using the coins d.
+
+For example:
+
+```python
+make_change(10, [1, 5, 10])  # -> 4
+```
+
+Specifically:
+
+* 10 pennies
+* 2 nickels
+* 1 nickel 5 pennies
+* 1 dime
 
-{% comment %}
-We will be memoizing this function in the next reading journal to make it more
-computationally efficient.
-{% endcomment %}
 
 ## Turtle World
 
-Today we will explore drawing by means of attaching pens to the tails of
-turtles and forcing them to move around in intricate patterns. Since we're
-actually quite fond of Turtles, luckily we don't have to hurt any actual
-turtles but we can do this in simulation!
-The Python [turtle module](https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/turtle.html)
-implements this sort of drawing environment in Python.
-(The original concept goes way back to 1967 and the [Logo programming language](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo_%28programming_language%29)).
-President Obama [wrote his first line of code](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/09/obama-code_n_6294036.html) with
-a similar environment.)
-
-As part of your reading journal, you wrote several functions that operate on Turtles:
-
-* `square` takes as input the side length of a square and draws the square to the Turtle world canvas
-* `polygon` takes as input the side length and the number of sides of a regular polygon
-* `circle` takes as input the radius of a circle, which it draws by approximating a circle as a regular polygon with a large number of sides
-
-Each of these functions is a **generalization** of the previous function.
-You also went on to draw flowers and other shapes.
-Thinking about how to break up large problems like these into
-logical smaller pieces is one of the most fun challenges in software design.
-
-It's often useful to think about what low-level **primitive** functions (such
-as drawing regular polygons) would be most useful in completing a task.
-Identifying these common primitives can help **refactor** messy code with many
-copy-paste sections into a set of reusable functions with clean interfaces.
-From [Think
-Python](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2005.html#sec47):
-
-> The **interface** of a function is a summary of how it is used: what are the
-parameters? What does the function do? And what is the return value? An
-interface is “clean” if it is “as simple as possible, but not simpler” [Einstein].
-
-Regardless of how complex a function is to implement, its interface should be
-easy to understand. Well-designed functions do exactly what they say they will
-do without surprises.
+Today we will be combining our adventures with turtles with our adventures with recursion.  The results will astound you!
 
 ### Teleportation, Cloning, and Other Unethical Experiments on Turtles
 
-In addition to the functions you wrote in the reading journal, there are
-a few other Turtle Tricks that may prove useful.
+In addition to the what you did on your day 5 reading journal and in the day 6 class activity, a few other Turtle Tricks that may prove useful.
 
 A Turtle is a Python object, which we will learn more about next week. Turtles
-have methods, which we can call to inspect change their behavior. You may have
-already seen one of these, the `delay()` function, which can be used to speed up
-slowpoke Turtles.
+have methods, which we can call to inspect change their behavior. One trick that will be useful here, which you saw in `shapes.py` but may not have thought about much, is the `speed()` function.  The `speed()` function can be used to speed up slowpoke Turtles.  While it seems weird that a speedy turtle would have a speed of 0, in this case the input `0` is reserved for having the turtle go as fast as possible (remember, when in doubt, check [the documentation](https://docs.python.org/3.6/library/turtle.html#turtle.speed)).
 
 ```python
-from turtle import Turtle
-speedy = Turtle()
-speedy.delay(0.01)
+import turtle
+speedy = turtle.Turtle()
+speedy.speed(0)
 ```
 
 Other important Turtle methods include `xcor()` and `ycor()` position, and
 `heading()`.
 
-Read more about turtles [here](https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/turtle.html).
+Read more about turtles [here](https://docs.python.org/3.6/library/turtle.html).
 
 Since Turtles are simple creatures, mainly defined by their current position
 and heading, we can "clone" them by reading these values and using them to
 direct a new Turtle.
 
 ```python
-leo = Turtle()
+leo = turtle.Turtle()
+# leo does some arbitrary drawing (e.g., makes a 45 degree angle)
+leo.fd(100)
+leo.lt(45)
+leo.fd(100)
+
 # Create a new Turtle with the same attributes as the first
-don = Turtle()
+don = turtle.Turtle()
 don.penup()
-don.forward(leo.xcor())
-don.left(90)
-don.forward(leo.ycor())
-don.left(leo.heading() - 90)
-don.pendown()
+don.setx(leo.xcor())
+don.sety(leo.ycor())
+don.setheading(leo.heading())
+if leo.isdown():
+    don.pendown()
+# don.bandana_color = "purple" # TODO: Ninja functionality not yet implemented
 ```
 
 As an exercise, encapsulate this functionality in a `clone` function that
@@ -166,14 +165,13 @@ def snow_flake_side(turtle, length, level):
     depth of level"""
 ```
 
-The `snow_flake_side` function should have a base case that draws the
-following image:
+The `snow_flake_side` function should have a base case that draws the following image:
 
-![]({% link images/activities/turtle-graphics/snow_flake_1.png %})
+![]({% link images/notes/day7/snow_flake_1.png %})
 
 The recursive step should replace each of the line segments above with a
-`snow_flake_side` with size $\textit{length} \div 3$ and recursion depth $\textit{level} - 1$.
-Take some time to work on this and then we'll discuss as a group.
+`snow_flake_side` with size `length / 3.0` and recursion depth `level - 1`. Take
+some time to work on this and then we'll discuss as a group.
 
 Once you have completed your `snow_flake_side` function, create a function
 called `snow_flake` that draws the whole snowflake.
@@ -192,7 +190,7 @@ def recursive_tree(turtle, branch_length, level):
 
 The base case is:
 
-![]({% link images/activities/turtle-graphics/snow_flake_2.png %})
+![]({% link images/notes/day7/tree_1.png %})
 
 This structure is given by moving forward `branch_length` steps (assuming the
 turtle has the correct orientation).
@@ -202,19 +200,19 @@ For the recursive step, you should:
 1. Draw the line as above
 2. Clone your turtle
 3. Turn the new turtle left 30 degrees
-4. Recurse using the cloned turtle to draw a tree with branch length $\textit{branch_length} \times 0.6$ and depth $\textit{level} - 1$
+4. Recurse using the cloned turtle to draw a tree with branch length `branch_length * 0.6` and depth `level - 1
 5. Hide the cloned turtle using the `hideturtle` method
-6. Back the original turtle up $\textit{branch_length} \div 3.0$
+6. Back the original turtle up `branch_length / 3.0`
 7. Clone your turtle
 8. Turn the new turtle right 40 degrees
-9. Recurse using the cloned turtle to draw a tree with branch length $\textit{branch_length} \times 0.64$ and depth $\textit{level} - 1$
+9. Recurse using the cloned turtle to draw a tree with branch length `branch_length * 0.64` and depth `level - 1`
 10. Hide the cloned turtle using the `hideturtle` method
 
-After implementing the recursive step, if you set $\textit{level}$ to 1 more than the
+After implementing the recursive step, if you set `level` to 1 more than the
 base case (which will either be 1 or 2 depending on what level you consider
 the base case), you will get the following picture:
 
-![]({% link images/activities/turtle-graphics/snow_flake_3.png %})
+![]({% link images/notes/day7/tree_2.png %})
 
 Once you've built your `recursive_tree` function, try making a few
 enhancements:
@@ -239,11 +237,13 @@ save and then restore then Turtle's state (symbols `[` and `]` respectively):
 
 ```python
 def save_turtle_state(turtle_states, t):
-    turtle_states.append((t.x, t.y, t.heading))
+    turtle_states.append((t.xcor(), t.ycor(), t.heading()))
 
 def restore_turtle_state(turtle_states, t):
     s = turtle_states.pop()
-    t.x = s[0]
-    t.y = s[1]
-    t.heading = s[2]
+    t.penup()
+    t.setx(s[0])
+    t.sety(s[1])
+    t.setheading(s[2])
+    t.pendown()
 ```
diff --git a/_posts/2018-02-16-day-8.md b/_posts/2018-02-16-day-8.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..68bfb9d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_posts/2018-02-16-day-8.md
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+---
+categories: [Dictionaries, Tuples, Recursion]
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## Today
+
+* Computational Art gallery show
+* Dictionaries and Tuples
+* Memoization
+* More Recursion Practice
+* Fractal drawing in Turtle World
+
+## For next time
+* Tuesday is an Olin Monday (no class)
+* First project toolbox exercise due Friday, February 23
+* This week's reading is longer than usual as we dive into Classes. Be sure to budget time for active reading and use NINJA hours throughout the week.
+
+
+## Reading  Journal Debrief
+
+Now that we've read about Dictionaries and Tuples, we've seen almost all built-in Python types. As an activity, let's compare and contrast the types and their uses.
+
+With the person sitting next to you, review your solutions to the `most_frequent` exercise. Pay particular attention to your strategies for iteration and sorting.
+
+"Recursive" problem analysis from [5 Whys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_Whys), introduction and Examples and [An Introduction to 5-why](http://www.bulsuk.com/2009/03/5-why-finding-root-causes.html): What is the value in continuing to ask "why"? How do you know when you've reached a root cause?
+
+
+
+
+## Recursion Practice
+
+### Levenshtein Distance
+
+Let's circle back on some of the recursion practice problems from last time.  We'll start by implementing Levenshtein distance together as a class.  Here is the description of the problem from last time.
+
+
+Write a function called `levenshtein_distance` that takes as input two strings
+and returns the [Levenshtein
+distance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenshtein_distance) between the two
+strings. Intuitively, the Levenshtein distance is the minimum number of edit
+operations to transform one string into the other (for this reason Levenshtein
+distance is sometimes called "edit distance"). These edits can either be
+insertions, deletions, or substitutions. Note that Levenshtein distance is
+similar to [Hamming distance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamming_distance),
+but works for strings of differing lengths
+
+Here are some examples of these operations:
+
+1. <tt><b><u>k</u></b>itten</tt> → <tt><b><u>s</u></b>itten</tt> (substitution of `s` for `k`)
+2. <tt>sitt<b><u>e</u></b>n</tt> → <tt>sitt<b><u>i</u></b>n</tt> (substitution of `i` for `e`)
+3. <tt>sittin</tt> → <tt>sittin<b><u>g</u></b></tt>  (insertion of `g` at the end).
+
+While this function seems initially daunting, it admits a very compact recursive solution. You can either work on your own to see the recursive solution, or use the recursive solution given in the Wikipedia article.
+
+
+To get a better handle on this, let's consider some more examples.
+
+`levenshtein_distance('kitten', 'smitten')` -> 2 (see below for steps)
+
+1. kitten → sitten (k gets replaced by s)
+2. sitten → smitten (insert between s and i)
+
+`levenshtein_distance('beta', 'pedal')` -> 3 (see below for steps)
+
+1. beta → peta (b gets replaced by p)
+2. peta → petal (l gets inserted at the end)
+3. petal → pedal (t gets replaced by d)
+
+`levenshtein_distance('battle', 'bet')` -> 4 (see below for steps)
+
+1. battle → bettle (a gets replaced by e)
+2. bettle → bettl (the last e gets deleted)
+3. bettl → bett (delete l)
+4. bett → bet (delete t)
+
+**Base Cases**
+
+Let's consider the base cases when one of the two strings is empty.  What should the Levenshtein distance be in this case?
+
+**Recursive Step**
+
+Let's consider the different ways in which we can make the first character of string a equal to the first character of string b.  Here are the possible cases.
+ - The first two characters are already equal
+ - Replace the first character of string a with the first character of string b
+ - Insert the first character of string b before the characters of string a
+ - Delete the first character of string a
+
+For each of these steps we have to consider two things:
+ - How much does this first step cost?
+ - How much does it cost to make the rest of the two strings equal to each other
+
+Let's write a recursive implementation of this function.
+
+
+## Memoization
+
+Last class, a lot of you had the chance to do this exercise:
+
+Write a function called `choose` that takes two integer, n and k, and returns
+the number of ways to choose k items from a set of n (this is also known as
+the number of [combinations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination) of k
+items from a pool of n). Your solution should be implemented recursively using
+[Pascal's rule.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s_rule)
+
+
+Here is a sample solution:
+
+```python
+def nchoosek(n, k):
+    """ returns the number of combinations of size k
+        that can be made from n items.
+
+        >>> nchoosek(5,3)
+        10
+        >>> nchoosek(1,1)
+        1
+        >>> nchoosek(4,2)
+        6
+    """
+    if k == 0:
+        return 1
+    if n == k:
+        return 1
+    return nchoosek(n - 1, k - 1) + nchoosek(n - 1, k)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import doctest
+    doctest.testmod(verbose=True)
+```
+
+It passes all the unit tests!!! Hooray!
+
+Unfortunately, this code is going to be quite slow.  To get a sense of it, let's draw a tree that shows the recursive pattern of the function.
+
+You can even visualize the call graph within Jupyter notebook using an extension. In Linux:
+
+```
+$ sudo apt-get install graphviz
+$ pip install callgraph
+```
+
+Then within your notebook, you can draw a call graph as a function is called:
+
+```
+%load_ext callgraph
+%callgraph nchoosek(4, 2)
+```
+
+![]({% link images/notes/day8/callgraph.png %})
+
+As you can see, the function is recursively called multiple times with the same arguments.
+
+In order to improve the speed of this code, we can make use of a pattern called *memoization*.  The basic idea is to transform a recursive implementation of a function to make use of a cache (in this case a Python dictionary) that remembers all previously computed values for the function.  Here's is a skeleton of a memoized recursive function (we are being a little fast and loose with the mixing pseudo code and Python, but this should become clearer as you do a concrete example.
+
+```python
+def recursive_function(input1, input2):
+    if input1, input2 is a base case:
+        return base case result
+    if input1, input2 is in the list of already computed answers
+       return precomputed answer
+    return recursive step on a smaller version of input1, input2
+```
+
+Add memoization to your implementation of `nchoosek` (and/or `levenshtein_distance`) and study its impact on performance.
+Think Python [Chapter 11.6](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2012.html#sec135) will also be helpful.
+
+
+
+## Turtle World
+
+We're devoting a bit more time to Turtle World today - with the remainder of the time, choose at least one of the fractal drawings below to pursue.
+
+One additional bit of fun: now that we know about tuples, we're not limited to a tiny color palette. [Colors in computer graphics](http://dawnsbrain.com/the-rgb-color-wheel/) are typically expressed as a `(red, green, blue)` tuple, which you can pass to `turtle.color` to paint the entire rainbow!
+
+### Teleportation, Cloning, and Other Unethical Experiments on Turtles
+
+In addition to the what you did on your day 5 reading journal and in the day 6 class activity, a few other Turtle Tricks that may prove useful.
+
+A Turtle is a Python object, which we will learn more about next week. Turtles
+have methods, which we can call to inspect change their behavior. One trick that will be useful here, which you saw in `shapes.py` but may not have thought about much, is the `speed()` function.  The `speed()` function can be used to speed up slowpoke Turtles.  While it seems weird that a speedy turtle would have a speed of 0, in this case the input `0` is reserved for having the turtle go as fast as possible (remember, when in doubt, check [the documentation](https://docs.python.org/3.6/library/turtle.html#turtle.speed)).
+
+```python
+import turtle
+speedy = turtle.Turtle()
+speedy.speed(0)
+```
+
+Other important Turtle methods include `xcor()` and `ycor()` position, and
+`heading()`.
+
+Read more about turtles [here](https://docs.python.org/3.6/library/turtle.html).
+
+Since Turtles are simple creatures, mainly defined by their current position
+and heading, we can "clone" them by reading these values and using them to
+direct a new Turtle.
+
+```python
+leo = turtle.Turtle()
+# leo does some arbitrary drawing (e.g., makes a 45 degree angle)
+leo.fd(100)
+leo.lt(45)
+leo.fd(100)
+
+# Create a new Turtle with the same attributes as the first
+don = turtle.Turtle()
+don.penup()
+don.setx(leo.xcor())
+don.sety(leo.ycor())
+don.setheading(leo.heading())
+if leo.isdown():
+    don.pendown()
+# don.bandana_color = "purple" # TODO: Ninja functionality not yet implemented
+```
+
+As an exercise, encapsulate this functionality in a `clone` function that
+takes a Turtle argument and returns a *new* Turtle with the same position
+and heading, leaving the original Turtle untouched.
+
+## Fractals
+
+[Fractals](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal) are geometrical constructions
+that display self-similar repeated patterns at every scale as you zoom in.
+They are often extremely beautiful, and are [found throughout
+nature](http://www.wired.com/2010/09/fractal-patterns-in-nature/). Fractals
+are also useful across many fields, from antenna engineering to poetry to
+finance. Check out [Yale's Panorama of Fractals and their
+Uses](http://users.math.yale.edu/public_html/People/frame/Fractals/Panorama/Welcome.html) for more
+examples.
+
+Today, we will teach our turtles to draw fractal shapes using recursion. A
+very cool recursive drawing we can create is called the snowflake curve (or
+[Koch snowflake](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_snowflake)). To get
+started, let's write a function called `snow_flake_side` with the following
+signature:
+
+```python
+def snow_flake_side(turtle, length, level):
+    """Draw a side of the snowflake curve with side length length and recursion
+    depth of level"""
+```
+
+The `snow_flake_side` function should have a base case that draws the following image:
+
+![]({% link images/notes/day7/snow_flake_1.png %})
+
+The recursive step should replace each of the line segments above with a
+`snow_flake_side` with size `length / 3.0` and recursion depth `level - 1`. Take
+some time to work on this and then we'll discuss as a group.
+
+Once you have completed your `snow_flake_side` function, create a function
+called `snow_flake` that draws the whole snowflake.
+
+### Recursive Trees
+
+Next, we will draw a tree using recursion. Define a function called
+`recursive_tree` that takes as input a turtle, a branch length, and a
+recursion depth and draws the recursive tree to the canvas.
+
+```python
+def recursive_tree(turtle, branch_length, level):
+    """Draw a tree with branch length branch_length and recursion depth of level
+    """
+```
+
+The base case is:
+
+![]({% link images/notes/day7/tree_1.png %})
+
+This structure is given by moving forward `branch_length` steps (assuming the
+turtle has the correct orientation).
+
+For the recursive step, you should:
+
+1. Draw the line as above
+2. Clone your turtle
+3. Turn the new turtle left 30 degrees
+4. Recurse using the cloned turtle to draw a tree with branch length `branch_length * 0.6` and depth `level - 1
+5. Hide the cloned turtle using the `hideturtle` method
+6. Back the original turtle up `branch_length / 3.0`
+7. Clone your turtle
+8. Turn the new turtle right 40 degrees
+9. Recurse using the cloned turtle to draw a tree with branch length `branch_length * 0.64` and depth `level - 1`
+10. Hide the cloned turtle using the `hideturtle` method
+
+After implementing the recursive step, if you set `level` to 1 more than the
+base case (which will either be 1 or 2 depending on what level you consider
+the base case), you will get the following picture:
+
+![]({% link images/notes/day7/tree_2.png %})
+
+Once you've built your `recursive_tree` function, try making a few
+enhancements:
+
+* Make the base case change the pen color for the turtle to green (this will simulate the appearance of leaves if you do a high enough depth)
+* Add some randomness to the degree of left turn, right turn, and scaling so that you get more naturalistic looking trees
+* Add more than two branches
+
+## More Recursion
+
+The Koch snowflake and our recursive tree are both part of a more general
+class of curves called L-systems ([Lindenmayer
+Systems](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-system)). Next, read the linked
+Wikipedia article on L-systems and try to implement Sierpinski's triangle and
+fractal plant.
+
+_Hint 1_: For Sierpinski's triangle you will want to create a function to
+generate both symbols A and B and have them call each other.
+
+_Hint 2_: For the fractal plant you should create the following functions to
+save and then restore then Turtle's state (symbols `[` and `]` respectively):
+
+```python
+def save_turtle_state(turtle_states, t):
+    turtle_states.append((t.xcor(), t.ycor(), t.heading()))
+
+def restore_turtle_state(turtle_states, t):
+    s = turtle_states.pop()
+    t.penup()
+    t.setx(s[0])
+    t.sety(s[1])
+    t.setheading(s[2])
+    t.pendown()
+```
diff --git a/_posts/2018-02-23-day-9.md b/_posts/2018-02-23-day-9.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b23e9a93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_posts/2018-02-23-day-9.md
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+---
+categories: [Classes, studio time]
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## Today
+
+* Classes
+* Wrap-up from last time
+* Studio time
+* Reminder: first project toolbox due today, must complete survey to submit
+
+
+## Reading  Journal Debrief
+
+"In about one sentence using your own words, what is a class?"
+
+![]({% link images/notes/day9/class_wordcloud.png %})
+
+----
+
+There was some confusion about all the string formatting operations (e.g. `%.2d`) in the reading, so this might be a good time to revisit the [day 4 notes]({% post_url 2018-02-03-day-4 %}) on string formatting. You can also check out [Think Python 14.3](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2015.html#sec167)
+
+----
+
+"Write a function called `mul_time` that takes a `Time` object and a number and returns a new `Time` object that contains the product of the original `Time` and the number."
+
+Some disagreement: Is `mul_time` a pure function or a modifier?
+
+Follow-up: why does this matter?
+
+
+## Exercise: more geometry
+
+In this exercise, you will define methods for `Line` and `Rect` geometry classes. These classes have a slightly different interface than the ones you worked on in your reading journal - we'll think about the impact of those differences as we work.
+
+Download [geometry.py]({% link files/notes/day9/geometry.py %}), and complete it so that the doctests pass.
+
+Note: two of the methods in this file, `Line.intersection` and `Rect.intersection`, have their doc tests commented out. (Yes, they're commented out within a docstring.) You don't need to implement these - they're the subject of a Going Beyond exercise below.
+
+Think about:
+ - A rectangle conceptually has left, right, top, and bottom coordinates, as well as width and height. How many of these do you need to store, and how many can be calculated? Which ones will make the implementation of the class methods simpler?
+ - `Line`'s initialization method takes two x coordinates in either order (x0 < x1, or x1 < x0). Is there work you could do when you initialize the object that would make it easier to implement the methods?
+ - What would be the pros and cons of adding a Square class? [You're encouraged to think about the first two questions before or while you do this exercise. Think about the last question afterwards, if you have time.]
+
+If you have extra time, you can extend your work in any of the following directions. Any of these can be done independently of the others.
+
+
+### Going beyond: refactoring
+
+It seems like these classes were written by someone who hadn't heard of your `Point` class. 
+Rewrite them to take your `Point` as an argument.
+
+This can be fairly tricky, since:
+ - it requires changes throughout the file and you must be careful to make sure you've caught them all
+ - you need to think carefully about mutability and when you should modify an object vs create a new one
+
+
+### Going beyond: geometry algorithms
+
+Un-comment the test cases in `Line.intersection` and `Rect.intersection` and make them pass.
+
+Think about what `Line.intersection` and `Rect.intersection` should do when the two lines or rectangles don't intersect. Can you think of several answers? – what are their pro and cons?
+
+
+### Going beyond: graphics
+
+Visualize your geometry by employing turtles to draw it for you. Write a function called `draw_rect` that takes a `Turtle` object and a `Rect` and uses the Turtle to draw the Rectangle.
+
+To go way beyond, you could start drawing your shapes using `pygame`.
+
+
+### Going beyond: more shapes
+
+Add a `Circle` class that takes a center point and a radius. Implement the various geometry methods from your other classes (e.g. `area`). Exercise 1 from Think Python chapter 15 may be helpful for framing your ideas.
+
+### Going beyond: test case design
+
+Think about the mistakes a non-malicious programmer could make while implementing these methods. Do the test cases detect these mistakes? What would you add?
+
+You may do this exercise by drawing lines, squares, and points on a piece of paper, instead of covering coordinates to numbers.
+
+
diff --git a/_posts/2018-02-27-day-10.md b/_posts/2018-02-27-day-10.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..88c7475e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_posts/2018-02-27-day-10.md
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+---
+categories: [Classes, MP2 revision]
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## Today
+
+* Complete [Reflection and Teaming Survey 2](https://goo.gl/forms/C5Lv97hbB5s5SfXW2)
+* Reading Journal Debrief
+* Class practice: MP2 revision
+
+## For Next time
+* Finish MP3
+* If you'd like to share your work with the class, make sure to put a slide describing what you did in our [shared Slides presentation](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1dRYZskFKM5zbMYOoCEtzrDjY9pzSfe0omhXNN9dbbDE/edit?usp=sharing).
+* There are supplemental readings due Friday but no Reading Journal exercises
+* Meet in auditorium next time for MP4 kickoff
+
+
+## Reading Journal Debrief
+
+### Bad Kangaroos
+
+In this Reading Journal we looked at a very common error that can be very frustrating to debug:
+
+```python
+class Kangaroo:
+    def __init__(self, name, contents=[]):	# Warning: mutable default argument bug!
+        self.pouch_contents = contents
+```
+
+The core "[gotcha](http://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/writing/gotchas/#mutable-default-arguments)" here is that default argument values are evaluated *once* when the function is defined, not every time it is called.
+
+In this case, it means that the new list is created one time, and each new `Kangaroo` instance (that did not provide contents to override the default) has a reference to the same list.
+
+This would be true of any mutable object as a default argument, not just `list` (e.g. `dict`, your custom classes). Here is another implementation, showing a Python idiom commonly used to avoid this bug:
+
+```python
+class Kangaroo:
+    def __init__(self, name, contents=None):
+        if contents == None:
+            contents = []
+        self.pouch_contents = contents
+```
+
+Here we've used `None` (immutable) as a stand-in for the case when no contents have been passed and we should create an empty list. The new list is created inside the body of the `__init__` method when it is called, so each `Kangaroo` instance gets its own empty list vs a shared reference.
+
+General advice: avoid using mutable objects as default values of function arguments.
+
+----
+
+### Agenda: sorting objects
+
+For this Reading Journal, you had to implement a `print_agenda` method that displays `Event` objects in chronological order.
+The key challenge here was sorting the `Event`s: Python provides many
+[techniques for sorting](https://docs.python.org/3.6/howto/sorting.html),
+but they don't know how to sensibly sort your custom objects without some help from you.
+
+Let's imagine that you have a list of `Event`s.
+The first design choice to make is whether you should maintain the list in sorted order at all times, or sort it only when required (e.g. whenever `print_agenda` is called). There are pros and cons to each style, depending on application:
+
+#### Always sorted
+
+In this case the burden falls on your `add_event` method to ensure that you insert new `Event`s in chronological order (perhaps using your `is_after` method). It takes a little more time to add an `Event`, but you afterwards you can rely on the list being sorted at no extra cost.
+
+#### Sort on demand
+
+With this approach you have a simpler insertion process, but you must sort the list every time you need it to be in order. This may be more expensive depending on whether adding new `Event`s or printing the `Agenda` is more common.
+
+
+Python knows how to sort built-in types (e.g. integers), but not your custom classes. Let's say you have a `Time` class:
+
+```python
+class Time:
+    def __init__(self, hour=0, minute=0, second=0):
+        self.hour = hour
+        self.minute = minute
+        self.second = second
+
+    def to_int(self):
+        return 60*(60*self.hour + self.minute) + self.second
+```
+
+#### Sorting key function
+Python's `list.sort` method and `sorted` function both take an optional `key` parameter, which expects a function that takes the object to be sorted and returns a key used to sort it. We could write such a function for `Event`s:
+
+```python
+def event_start(event):
+    """Given Event object containing a start Time, return time as sortable key"""
+    return event.start.to_int()
+```
+
+and then use it to sort a list of Events:
+
+```python
+for event in sorted(some_events, key=event_start):
+    ... do something
+```
+
+#### Anonymous lambda functions
+
+If you just want to sort `Event`s, it can be a bit clunky to write the `event_start` function solely to pass as a `key` parameter.
+You'll often see people use an anonymous `lambda` function (a function defined on the fly that is not bound to a name) for this purpose. Equivalently:
+
+```python
+for event in sorted(some_events, key=lambda e: e.start.to_int())
+    ... do something
+```
+
+#### Implement comparison operator(s)
+
+If you implement the less-than [\_\_lt\_\_](https://docs.python.org/3.6/reference/datamodel.html#object.__lt__) method for your classes (so that `time1 < time2` works), then Python now knows how to sort your custom objects.
+
+```python
+# inside class Time:
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self.to_int() < other.to_int()
+```
+
+
+
+----
+
+### Agenda: \_\_str\_\_ vs \_\_repr\_\_
+
+Several of you ran into interesting behavior when trying to print your custom classes using your `__str__` method:
+
+```python
+>>> times = [Time(6,20), Time(2,45), Time(4)]
+>>> print(times[0])
+06:20:00
+>>> print(times)
+[<__main__.Time object at 0x105b1d0b8>, <__main__.Time object at 0x105b1d0f0>, <__main__.Time object at 0x105b1d128>]
+```
+
+This arises because Python has two ways of converting an object into a string that are used differently. Read about each:
+[\_\_str\_\_](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#object.__str__)
+and
+[\_\_repr\_\_](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#object.__repr__).
+
+
+When printing collections like lists, the `__repr__` method is used for the contained objects. As an example of why, let's imagine our `TicTacToe` class has a pretty `__str__` method that gives:
+
+```python
+X| |O
+-----
+ |X|O
+-----
+O|X|
+```
+
+If we used that for the `__repr__`, and printed a list of two `TicTacToe` objects, it would be a mess!:
+
+```python
+[X| |O
+-----
+ |X|O
+-----
+O|X| , X| |O
+-----
+ |X|O
+-----
+O|X| ]
+```
+
+vs
+
+```python
+[<__main__.TicTacToe object at 0x105b1d160>, <__main__.TicTacToe object at 0x105b1d168>]
+```
+
+When writing `__repr__` methods, a great goal is for the result to be a valid Python expression that could recreate the object (e.g. `Time(06,20,00)` not `06:20:00`).
+
+If a class does not define a `__str__` method, the `__repr__` method is used instead (if it exists).
+
+----
+
+## Exercise: rewrite MP2 using classes
+
+Now that we've learned about writing custom classes, let's circle back and revise your work from MP2 to use what you've learned over the past two reading journals.
+
+As you should recall, in MP2 we used the built-in Python data type `list` as a means to represent a nested function.  For instance, the function $$f(x, y) = \sin(\pi x) \cos(\pi x)$$ would be represented as as the following list.
+
+```python
+["prod", ["sin_pi", ["x"]], ["cos_pi", ["x"]]]
+```
+
+While we were able to get by with this representation, it was not the most elegant way to represent a nested function.  We can use classes to provide a much more versatile and clean implementation of nested functions. Further, there were other operations that our program did (e.g., remapping intervals, generating random functions), that could be improved using classes.
+
+### Propose a new design
+
+With two of your classmates, grab some whiteboard (or chalkboard) space.  Come up with an object-oriented design (i.e. some classes and the methods that they will provide) to re-implement [the second mini-project](/assignments/mini-project-2-computational-art).  Be prepared to answer the following questions regarding your design.
+* How does your design support code readability?
+* How does your design support code flexibility / extensibility (the ability to make modifications, e.g., in response to new requirements)?
+* How does your design support modularity (the ability to decompose various elements of your program into separate interchangeable components)?
+
+We'll take some time to hear from various groups to get a sense of the design choices that you all are making.
+
+### Revise your design (optional)
+
+If you'd like, you can change your design based on what you've heard from your peers.
+
+### Implement your design
+
+Start an implementation of your design.  You probably won't be able to get through all of it during class, but try to complete a few methods and provide method stubs (e.g., methods that just contain a `pass` statement) for all of your classes.
+
+### Additional stuff you might work on during this time
+
+We're also available for conversation about issues that arose using classes in the last reading journals and `geometry.py`
+
+
+## Diversion: git branch
+
+To allow you to revise MP2 without affecting your work on GitHub, we can use a new **[branch](https://www.atlassian.com/git/tutorials/using-branches/git-checkout)**.
+
+
+In your local MP2 repo, create a new branch to work on and checkout that new branch:
+```
+$ git checkout -b ClassRewrite
+```
+
+You can then do your work and make commits to the new branch without affecting the `master` branch
+
+You can also (optionally) push your new branch and its work to GitHub:
+```
+$ git push -u origin ClassRewrite
+```
+
+If you want to switch back to the `master` branch:
+```
+$ git checkout master
+```
+
+You'll see your work disappear from the local directory but it's not gone! Just `git checkout ClassRewrite` to see it again.
+
+You can also merge your work on a branch back into the master branch (but please don't do that for MP2
+
+
+To see this visually, work through the first three levels of "[Learn Git Branching](https://learngitbranching.js.org/)"
diff --git a/_posts/2018-03-02-day-11.md b/_posts/2018-03-02-day-11.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3c9559a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_posts/2018-03-02-day-11.md
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+---
+categories: [MVC Practice]
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## Today
+
+* MP3 Celebration
+* Model-View-Controller
+* [Fill out the MP4 Initial Ideas form](https://goo.gl/forms/b7kBjyz5goALjDxk2) 
+
+## For Next time
+* Reading journal (see the assignment page)
+* Get started on MP4
+
+## Reading Journal Debrief
+
+ * [How to write a Git commit message](https://chris.beams.io/posts/git-commit/)
+ * [Check In Early, Check In Often](https://blog.codinghorror.com/check-in-early-check-in-often/)
+
+Now that you're working with a partner, good Git habits are all the more important. As you first start working together, you should discuss some team ground rules and expectations, including version control practices.
+
+In small groups, discuss what you learned from perusing [Git resources](/resources/#git) and what questions you may still have. We'll collect both the tips and the things to keep studying as a class.
+
+## Model-View-Controller (MVC)
+Model-View-Controller is what is known as a [software design pattern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_design_pattern).
+
+> In [software engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering), a [design pattern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_pattern) is a general reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem within a given context in software design. A design pattern is not a finished design that can be transformed directly into source or machine code. It is a description or template for how to solve a problem that can be used in many different situations. Patterns are formalized best practices that the programmer can use to solve common problems when designing an application or system.
+>
+>               -- Wikipedia article on Software Design Pattern
+
+The Model-View-Controller design pattern (or MVC for short) is an extremely useful design pattern for a number of applications.  The most common places that it shows up are graphical user interfaces and web applications.  Most importantly it is ideally suited to the projects that you all will be doing for this mini-project.  Here is a figure that shows the basic principles of the MVC design pattern.
+
+<p align="center">
+<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MVC-Process.svg/500px-MVC-Process.svg.png" width="300" alt="a graph of the interactions in the model-view-controller design pattern"/></p>
+
+> * A controller can send commands to the model to update the model's state (e.g. editing a document). It can also send commands to its associated view to change the view's presentation of the model (e.g. by scrolling through a document).
+> * A model stores data that is retrieved according to commands from the controller and displayed in the view.
+> * A view generates an output presentation to the user based on changes in the model.
+>
+>               -- Wikipedia article on Model View Controller
+
+This decomposition has a number of extremely nice properties.  At the highest level, the pattern allows for the writing of loosely coupled and highly modular code.  This allows various components to be swapped out with minimal changes to the overall program.  However, in order to see the full power of MVC, it helps to go through one cycle of using it to solve a problem.
+
+## Brick Breaker
+
+In order to better understand the MVC design pattern, we're going to collaboratively build a game based on this pattern.  Specifically, we're going to be building out the basic structure of the popular Brick Breaker game.
+
+<div class="sites-embed-align-center-wrapping-off"><div class="sites-embed-border-off sites-embed" style="width:480px;"><div class="sites-embed-content sites-embed-type-youtube"><iframe title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JRAPnuwnpRs?rel=0&amp;wmode=opaque" frameborder="0" allowFullScreen="true" width="480" height="270"></iframe></div></div></div>
+
+While we're going through this exercise it will be helpful to have a look at the [pygame cheat sheet](http://inventwithpython.com/blogstatic/pygamecheatsheet.png?27f655).  It will also be useful to keep in mind [the coordinate system used to draw to the Pygame screen](https://www.pygame.org/docs/ref/display.html).
+
+If you don't have `pygame` installed yet, you can install it with the following command.
+
+```bash
+$ pip install pygame
+```
+
+You can follow along with the code live, or use the [BrickBreakerMVC](https://github.com/sd18spring/BrickBreakerMVC), which already has each of the iterations of the code that we're going to go through together.
+
+### A Basic Run Loop
+
+We'll start with some skeleton code that defines a minimal program which uses `pygame` to initialize a 640 by 480 pixel screen, and then waits until the user hits the "x" button in the window before quitting.  We won't be coding this part live, but we will be going over the basic components of the implementation.
+
+This version of the code can be found at [the iteration 1 commit](https://github.com/sd18spring/BrickBreakerMVC/commit/a8a7a2f9f2e76d1dd24243f574b129bbf2b22f18#diff-4903085fab579727a90043d920d039f9).
+
+### Starting Our Model Class
+
+Next, we'll create a model class that maintains a single brick.
+
+This version of the code can be found at [the iteration 2 commit](https://github.com/sd18spring/BrickBreakerMVC/commit/247ba70d5be5c1da2351fe34efe58db1c72cc6b3#diff-4903085fab579727a90043d920d039f9).
+
+### Starting Our View Class
+
+Next, we'll create a view class that draws our model to the `pygame` window.
+
+This version of the code can be found at [the iteration 3 commit](https://github.com/sd18spring/BrickBreakerMVC/commit/068b5d9853b5bdf07ebb9f13675b79e52bb3e677#diff-4903085fab579727a90043d920d039f9).
+
+### Making More Bricks and Adding a Paddle
+
+Next, we'll add a grid of bricks along with a paddle.  The paddle will wind up moving which will mean we need to create an update function to handle our game physics.
+
+This version of the code can be found at [the iteration 4 commit](https://github.com/sd18spring/BrickBreakerMVC/commit/2a11289fdddc9c97a14413538adcc2b4e53d0905).
+
+### Adding a Keyboard Controller
+
+Let's add a controller to our system.  We'll start by coding a controller that uses the left and right arrow keys to decrease and increase, respectively, the velocity of the paddle.
+
+This version of the code can be found at [the iteration 5 commit](https://github.com/sd18spring/BrickBreakerMVC/commit/f87c232d8ee2b3dd85c498d0520a4edac9a36cc7).
+
+### Swapping in a Mouse Controller
+
+We now create a mouse controller, which has the paddle trail the position of the mouse in the PyGame window.  Once we have the controller implemented, we can easily  swap in the mouse controller for our keyboard controller.
+
+This version of the code can be found at [the iteration 6 commit](https://github.com/sd18spring/BrickBreakerMVC/commit/6cd913280a5ea74a2712337abad100ee4e69f928).
diff --git a/_posts/2018-03-06-day-12.md b/_posts/2018-03-06-day-12.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aab50f52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_posts/2018-03-06-day-12.md
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+---
+categories: [Inheritance]
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## Today
+
+* Reading Journal Debrief
+* Inheritance and Shapes
+* Go Over Project Proposal
+
+## For Next time
+* Continue work on MP4
+
+## Reading Journal Debrief
+With two people sitting next to you, debrief on the reading journal.  Were there parts that you were confused by?  If so, work as a group towards a better understanding.  The NINJAs will be available to help.
+
+## Inheritance and Shapes
+We have created a [Jupyter notebook](/notes/Geometry and Inheritance) that walks you through refactoring a set of classes using inheritance.
diff --git a/_posts/2018-03-09-day-13.md b/_posts/2018-03-09-day-13.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4eaa10a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_posts/2018-03-09-day-13.md
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+---
+categories: [More Inheritance]
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## Today
+
+* Inheritance example: counters, multisets, and Bayesian statistics
+* MP4 work time
+
+## For Next time
+* Do the reading journal (see the [assignment 13 page](/assignments/assignment-13))
+* Continue to work on MP4
+
+## Mid-project checkin
+
+Please see this note (also posted to Slack) regarding the mid-project checkin.
+> We have streamlined the way that we are doing mid-project check-ins for MP4, and have added this update to the MP4 assignment page:
+"update 3/8/2018: For this semester's SoftDes, the largest we have offered, we are tweaking the MP4 check-in process from what was originally posted below. We are doing first-pass check-ins via the github repos that student pairs are using to work on and submit MP4. NINJAs will be on-hand during the Friday 3/9 class period to ensure that each partner on each project has pushed something (.py files, design docs, image or sound assets, UML drawings etc) to the appropriate github repo. NINJAs and instructors will be looking at these repos to determine whether an in-person check in will be requested (to be held before the 3/13 class period ends). In cases where the repo is considered to demonstrate sufficient project progress, no in-person check-in will be requested and each partner will receive 100% credit for the check-in. In-person check-ins will be governed by the guidelines below."
+
+Note: that "below" in the quote above refers to the text in the [mid-project checkin section of the MP4 assignment page](/assignments/mini-project-4-interactive-visualization#mid-project-check-in).
+
+## Solutions to Geometry and Inheritance Example
+We'll go over [the solutions to the inheritance activity on 2D shapes](/notes/Geometry and Inheritance Solutions) from last class.
+
+## Inheritance Example: counters, multisets, and Bayesian statistics
+We have put together [a notebook](/notes/Inheritance Counters and PMFs) that walks you through using inheritance to go from the built-in Python collection `Counter` all the way up to Bayesian statistics (this activity may or may not be an advertisement for Allen's "Computational Bayesian Statistics" course... *happening next semester*).
+
+As a side note, in order to easily access these notebooks, you might want to clone [the website repository](https://github.com/sd18spring/sd18spring.github.io).  All the notebooks are in the `notebooks` directory of the repository.
diff --git a/_posts/2018-03-16-day-15.md b/_posts/2018-03-16-day-15.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..827233c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_posts/2018-03-16-day-15.md
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+---
+categories: [Final Project Ideation]
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## Today
+
+* Git merge conflicts with minimal pain
+* Final project Ideation
+
+## Git Merge Conflicts with Minimal Pain
+
+### The setup
+
+Suppose you are working on a software project with one other person.  You and your partner share a repository on GitHub; you have a local copy of the repo on your laptop, and your partner has a local copy on their laptop.
+
+Initially, there is a file named `README.md` in the repo, your local copy, and your partner's local copy; and all three versions are identical.
+
+Now suppose you and your partner want to revise this file.  There are several ways you might collaborate:
+
+(1) *Time sharing:* You could talk to each other and agree that you will not edit the same file at the same time.  Instead, one of you will edit the file in your local copy, push the change to the repo, and then tell your partner that you are done.  The other partner will pull the modified file, make additional changes, and then push them back to the repo.
+
+(2) *Space sharing:* You could work on separate files at the same time.  Each of you could edit their own files, push changes to the repo, and pull the other partner's changes from the repo.
+
+(3) *[NOT RECOMMENDED] Work in branches:* Before you start making changes, you could create a branch, push changes to the branch, and then work on merging the branches in the future.
+
+(4) *[NOT RECOMMENDED] Work on the same files, in the same branch, at the same time.*
+
+For people who are relatively new to Git, working on relatively small projects, and working part time, we STRONGLY recommend choosing option (1) or (2).
+
+People with more Git experience will try to make you feel bad about these options, and they will badger you into choosing option (3).  Ignore them.
+
+However, even if you intend to choose (1) or (2), you are likely to make a mistake at some point and accidentally choose (4).  In that case, you are likely to encounter a merge conflict.
+
+### What is a merge conflict?
+
+In this document, we use "merge conflict" to refer to any scenario where you and your partner have changed the same file and you need to reconcile your changes.
+
+With Jupyter notebooks, in particular, you should be aware that running a notebook generally modifies the contents, which can cause a merge conflict.
+
+We'll consider two scenarios, depending on whether the change you have made has been committed.
+
+#### Scenario I: Local change, not committed
+
+Suppose your partner has modified README.md and pushed the change to the repo.  In your local copy, you have also modified README.md, but you have not yet committed the change.  Let's see what happens, and what you can do to resolve it.
+
+1.)  Clone a repo on GitHub to make a local copy.  If you have a partner, have them clone a local copy, too.
+
+2.)  Tell your partner to edit README.md, commit the change, and push it to the repo.  Or, if you are working alone, you can simulate the same effect by viewing the repo on GitHub, editing README.md, making a small change, and committing the change.
+
+3.)  In you local copy, edit README.md and save the change but don't commit it.  If you run git status, you should see:
+
+```
+modified:   README.md
+```
+
+4.)  If you run git pull, you should see:
+
+```
+error: Your local changes to the following files would be overwritten by merge:
+	README.md
+Please, commit your changes or stash them before you can merge.
+```
+
+This is a merge conflict.  There are several ways you might proceed, depending on what changes you and your partner have made.
+
+*A:* If you don't care about the changes you have made in your local copy, the easiest thing to do is delete the file that would be overwritten by the merge.  Try this:
+```
+$ rm README.md
+$ git pull
+```
+
+The git pull should succeed now: it should pull the modified version of README.md from the repo, along with any other changes that are in the repo but not in your local copy.
+
+*B:* If you don't care about the changes your partner made and you want to replace them with your changes, the easiest thing to do is upload your modified file to GitHub.  View your repo in a web browser, navigate to the directory that contains the conflicted file, and press the "Upload files" button.  Navigate to your modified file and upload it.  Now delete your local copy of the file and git pull again.
+
+*B2:* Again, if you don't care about the changes your partner made and you want to replace them with your changes, you can
+
+```
+$ mv README.md README.md.mine
+$ git pull
+$ mv README.md.mine README.md
+```
+
+And then add README.md, commit and push.
+
+*C:* If there are changes in both versions that you want to keep, the easiest thing to do is merge them by hand.  You can do that by running
+
+```
+$ mv README.md README.md.mine
+$ git pull
+$ meld README.md README.md.mine
+```
+
+Meld is a graphical program that compares files and makes it easy to merge changes from the two of them until you have what you want.  If you don't already have it installed, run
+
+```
+$ sudo apt-get install meld
+```
+
+Or use whatever text editor you like to move the changes you want to keep from README.md.mine to README.md.
+
+Then add, commit, and push the merged version of README.md as usual.
+
+
+#### Scenario II: Local change, committed
+
+Suppose your partner has modified README.md and pushed the change to the repo.  In your local copy, you have also modified README.md, and you have committed the change.  Let's see what happens, and what you can do to reconcile it.
+
+1.)  Clone a repo on GitHub to make a local copy.  If you have a partner, have them clone a local copy, too.
+
+2.)  Tell your partner to edit README.md, commit the change, and push it to the repo.  Or, if you are working alone, you can simulate the same effect by viewing the repo on GitHub, editing README.md, making a small change, and committing the change.
+
+3.)  In you local copy, edit README.md, save the change, and commit it. If you run git status, you should see:
+
+```
+On branch master
+Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 1 commit.
+  (use "git push" to publish your local commits)
+```
+
+4.)  Run git push.  You should see
+
+```
+! [rejected]        master -> master (fetch first)
+error: failed to push some refs to 'https://github.com/AllenDowney/blair-walden-project.git'
+hint: Updates were rejected because the remote contains work that you do
+hint: not have locally. This is usually caused by another repository pushing
+hint: to the same ref. You may want to first integrate the remote changes
+hint: (e.g., 'git pull ...') before pushing again.
+```
+
+Before you can push your changes to the repo, you have to pull the changes from the repo, resolve any conflicts, and then push your changes back to the repo.
+
+5.) Run git pull.  You should see
+
+```
+Auto-merging README.md
+CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in README.md
+Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
+```
+
+This is the first example we have seen that is really a merge conflict in the sense that Git is aware that there is a conflict.  If you run git status, you should see
+
+```
+both modified:      README.md
+```
+
+6.) Edit README.md.  You will see that Git has combined the changes from the repo and your local copy:
+
+```
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+text you added to your local copy
+=======
+text your partner pushed to the repo
+>>>>>>> 98663bb97c1053ed8cc0cc3961a16972a2656e4f
+```
+
+In this example, HEAD refers to the most recent commit in your local copy, and the long hexadecimal string refers to the commit in the repo.
+
+You can use any text editor to edit this file and resolve the conflict as you see fit.  Save the resolved file.
+
+Now you should be able to add, commit, and push the resolved file.
+
+7. As an alternative to Step 6, you can use git mergetool.  First, configure git to use meld, rather than whatever inchoate beast from the depths it uses by default:
+
+```
+$ git config merge.tool meld
+```
+
+Then run git mergetool.  You should see:
+
+```
+Merging:
+README.md
+
+Normal merge conflict for 'README.md':
+  {local}: modified file
+  {remote}: modified file
+Hit return to start merge resolution tool (meld):
+```
+
+If you hit return, it should launch meld and show you three versions of your file.  Edit until the local version is what you want, then add, commit, and push it.
+
+## Final Project Ideation
+
+### Priming [10 minutes]
+Individually, engage with the following prompts that will help you identify some important factors when designing your final project experience.
+
+#### Project Hopes
+My ideal final project would...
+* achieve impact beyond this class (e.g., create value for a group of users).
+* connect to things I've already done.
+* stretch me in my skills.
+* be personally meaningful to me (for whatever reason: personal history, personal goals).
+* be consistent with my ethical/political priorities.
+
+For each of these, ask yourself why you care (or don’t) about each of these.
+
+#### Learning Goals
+Identify the learning goals that are most important for you to achieve during the final project.  These could be software engineering skills, ways to apply computational principles, teaming strategies, communication skills, etc.  If you wind up with a high number of these (> 5), try to either eliminate less important goals or condense similar goals into a single goal.
+
+### Individual Project Topic Ideation [7 minutes]
+On post-its, jot down ideas for final projects.  Once you've transferred your ideas to post-its, categorize your ideas based on whether or not they are well-aligned with your project hopes and goals (perhaps group them into low, medium, and high coherence with these).
+
+If you are interested in drawing inspiration from past projects, check out our [catalog of SoftDes Final Projects](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1cCEmrdajFPfXq-dxgS1S9IGY_k22eKGnDXYAvqlmw7E/edit?usp=sharing)  (a work in progress).
+
+### Share with your neighbors [15 minutes]
+These can be anyone in the class.  A good group size is four.
+
+*As sharer:* Share your hopes and goals.  Share two ideas that you came up with that you think are well aligned with your hopes and goals and two ideas that you are either unsure of the alignment or that you think have low / moderate alignment.  As you get feedback from the folks you are sharing with, you may consider jotting down new topics or modifying existing ones.
+
+*As listener:* especially for projects that the sharer doesn't think are particularly well aligned with their hopes and goals, offer suggestions about how these two things could be brought into better alignment.  Alternatively, if you think there is a real tension that prevents a project topic from being compatible with someone’s hopes and goals, you can offer that opinion as well.
+
+### Do Some Targeted Ideation (Round 1) [15 minutes]
+We have set up stations for more targeted ideation.  We realize that there will be project ideas that don’t neatly fit into the stations that we have selected, but if you go to the station that seems most similar to a topic you are excited about, you are likely to find other folks who may be interested.
+
+Round 1 Station List:
+* Art
+* Computational biology / bioinformatics
+* Computer vision
+* Educational tools
+* Games (note: this is in both sessions)
+* Natural language processing
+* Pitch your random idea!
+
+Once you arrive at the station, take turns pitching your favorite projects.  If you hear an idea that is particularly exciting, ask some clarifying questions or offer some suggestions.
+
+### Do Some Targeted Ideation (Round 2) [15 minutes]
+Repeat round 1 for a new topic area.
+
+Round 2 Station List:
+* AI / machine learning
+* Collaborative / social applications
+* Data visualization
+* Games (note: this is in both sessions)
+* Music
+* Applications for Olin and Oliners
+* Productivity tools
+
+### Fill out the Reflection, Teaming, and Project Preferences Survey (due Saturday by 5pm)
+
+Please fill out the [Reflection, Teaming, and Project Preferences Survey](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfAguZgD-RL6OzzKU3okmhzYFYoaGa5o_s0Lk2ET9T5DltCOw/viewform).
diff --git a/_posts/2018-03-30-day-17.md b/_posts/2018-03-30-day-17.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..22ea67a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_posts/2018-03-30-day-17.md
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+---
+categories: [proposal review, project first draft]
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## Today
+
+* Proposal reviews
+* Work on final project "first draft"
+
+## For next time
+
+* Prepare for first [Architectural Review]({% link _assignments/final-project/architectural-review.md %}) on Tuesday
+
+For an upcoming assignment, we are going to use CoCalc, which is a Jupyter notebook hosting service that we are considering for ModSim in the fall.
+
+You should already have received an invitation to join a class called SoftDes on CoCalc.  Please accept it.  You don't have to pay for an upgrade; we'll use the free service.
+
+Feel free to explore CoCalc, but you don't have to do anything now.  We will distribute the assignment next week.
+
+After the assignment is done, we will be interested to hear your impressions of CoCalc and what you think of using it for ModSim in the future. 
+
+-----
+
+## Project planning strategies
+
+When undertaking a large project like this one, there are (>=) two schools of thought:
+
+**Top-down design**
+
+Starting with the big idea, continue to refine the plan and decompose things into smaller pieces with more and more detail until each is small enough to implement.
+
+**Bottom-up design**
+
+Work on small components of your project organically as needed, then compose them into a larger system at the end.
+
+Each strategy has pros and cons - so which approach is right?
+
+In this class as learners, we recommend that you take a bit of a middle path:
+do a bit of planning up front (but be willing to change course as you learn more),
+develop your code bottom up (but don't forget to pop your head up every once in a while to make sure you're still going in the right direction).
+
+## Final project "first draft"
+
+We want you to finish today with three deliverables. These will form the core of your Architectural Review on Tuesday.
+
+**Non-zero amount of code written and committed**
+
+This is your "first draft", and like all first drafts it will be edited later or thrown away entirely. 
+It might look like an extremely minimal version of your main idea, with most functions/classes/etc replaced with stub versions with mock functionality.
+This is still valuable, since it gives you:
+ - practice developing code as a team
+ - an working and test-able baseline to start from no matter how minimal, to help avoid the "we'll just integrate everything at the last minute" trap
+ - insight into the major components you'll need to build your system (even though they're not written or working yet)
+
+**System architecture diagram**
+
+Again, first draft. We wouldn't expect you to have every function and variable specified at this point, and this plan _will_ change, but you should begin to develop a sense of what are the major components that will form your final system.
+One of the highest skills in software design is developing the ability to break a complex system into reasonable pieces that work together well.
+
+**Running list of questions**
+
+As you work, you will generate a long list of questions, unknowns, and things to research further as a team. You can select an appropriate subset of these to bring to the audience for your Architectural Review.
+
diff --git a/_posts/2018-04-03-day-18.md b/_posts/2018-04-03-day-18.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0b177a70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_posts/2018-04-03-day-18.md
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+---
+categories: [architectural review 1]
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## Today
+* Architectural review 1
+
+## For Next time
+* Submit your [architectural review 1 reflection document](/assignments/final-project#architectural-review)
+* Refresh your memory of Appendix B (up to and including B.2)
+* Continue project work
+
+## Schedule
+
+Each team will have roughly 12 minutes to present (e.g., 8 minutes to present and 4 minutes for Q&A).  It's up to you exactly how you allocate the time between presentation and Q&A.  In addition to the verbal Q&A, each team will be collecting feedback via a Google form.
+
+### AC304 Feedback Forms
+* [Dan, Lydia, Raquel feedback form](https://goo.gl/forms/dkYFP9qiG7RTSUcu2
+)
+* [Mark Goldwater, Sid Garimella, and Kawin Nikomborirak feedback form](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeP8qjunognQ9UfU-QyPo7EiguZrTYd-kF8Zhsun9xTNCM67Q/viewform)
+* [Grace, Richard, Aiden feedback form](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfdUsdjw5kboQzEZwMYyn4b3teUDZwy2pchlAYbbhkwf3aXzw/viewform)
+* [Anna Griffin and Luis Zuniga feedback form](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfdX-OeXf8UUThZo5Qs8QTTgffmFXCXFSpHFdVQSfd30b9bGA/viewform)
+* [Walker, Jamie, Shyheim feedback form](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSddsMmutR1I0XXI_cuwa_JEawgN3aHFuEMC3QqtH1TUALRXOw/viewform)
+* [Jonathan Zerez and Hyegi Bang feedback form](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeYFfLpxBBQjB3R0cclBvXjtYRtVLgFIEx_oG4abMcU9955Ow/viewform?usp=sf_link)
+* [Sherrie Shen, Nathan Estil, and Amy Phung](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1a2XNw3hUkEgiwvF9J4OjPIWh6eW3nmRf_2yIM8YoMR8/edit?usp=drivesdk)
+* (tentative, no form received yet) Eric Elder Jacobsen	and Flynn Michael Legg
+
+### AC326 Feedback Forms
+* [Corey Cochran-Lepiz, Junwon Lee, and Alli Busa feedback form](https://goo.gl/forms/DQoazyJ7HLdCHtda2
+)
+* [Camille and Sebastian feedback form](https://goo.gl/forms/IpSbLISYanOvmlT83
+)
+* [Julian Stone, Alex Bahner, Quinn Kelley feedback form](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeWdSsOUEkjzq016IzPz580kw4WmxmT4AMNMGhtxVW3OWrzMw/viewform)
+* [Hadleigh Nunes, Chibueze Alfred Igbokwe feedback form](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeVY9rb8T4BZ2Ftn8fgTdalb8vWrwemudQ3FMLoueZD2u7PzQ/viewform)
+* [Maya Calabria, Bryce Mann, Juan Carlos del Rio feedback form](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfWvW9nsgpE_8hAvxXx7i3rVjFWJIfgSLbtNnWwiX9gpb5d0Q/viewform)
+* [Andrew Schnurr, Abby Fry, Tommy Weir, and Emily Nassif feedback form](https://goo.gl/forms/oWjEZf0iqt6XA5nm2)
+
+### AC328 Feedback Forms
+* [Naomi Chiu, Alex Frye, Jessie Potter feedback form](https://goo.gl/forms/rEU2tEMtwuvn48kF2
+)
+* [Erika, Elizabeth, Emma, Ever feedback form](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScja3OfN7yq7B0eyO6Q_OXc7Se0-E63UtPWt5ZvASEfilOfcw/viewform)
+* [Noah D'Souza, Chase Joyner, Rachel Won feedback form](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfLAyis1eaT5RtR2FAtpTnscyx_jIaIe-AV51UjWGKi7Phd0g/viewform)
+* [Diego Berny, Isaac Vandor, Utsav Gupta feedback form](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeixZzMN_ejQJ0l_1VoOOcvXUiD0l4snFnRMj5qYWQ_m07JAQ/viewform)
+* [Cassandra Overney, Hwei-Shin Harriman, Josh Deng, Enmo Ren feedback form](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScm1UHox3nxwdXD5FyODY1QFmZxmXYP_sfC3iami5cexPg0uw/viewform)
+* [Ashley Swanson, Jonah Spicher, and Jillian MacGregor feedback form](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdr3ZMus_JSCqR4IpBiWkanugcHBlkXSjgW5q314N_BAHmoDg/viewform)
+* [William Fairman, Micah Reid, Vienna Scheyer, and Jane Sieving feedback form](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeDct4IEcBc9nYkkT-H8Vs1Fw1xnwJKzOhkB5elw3-htTuWJA/viewform?usp=sf_link)
+* [Benjamin Weissman, Michelle Cedillo, and John Edwin-Gadasu feedback form](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeLjHu4qpZmPONpaKr_X9dCOf-m1NRGlgkP4ax54TtPxVw1IQ/viewform?edit_requested=true)
diff --git a/_posts/2018-04-06-day-19.md b/_posts/2018-04-06-day-19.md
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+---
+categories: [analysis of algorithms]
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## Today
+* Analysis of algorithms
+
+## For Next time
+* Reading for next time: Chapter 19 (no reading journal, but be sure to read this chapter.  It has some great stuff in it that you'll want to know about)
+* Reflection on the AR is due
+
+## Appendix B Debrief
+With two folks sitting around you, discuss the following questions:
+1. What are some of the challenges in comparing the efficiency of two algorithms?
+2. How does order of growth analysis address these challenges?
+3. In what situations might order of growth analysis be misleading (or at least tell an incomplete story)?
+4. Review your answers to Appendix B Problem 1 (from the reading journal).  If there is confusion about one of the answers, take some time to discuss it at your table in more detail (or use the whiteboard).
+If any questions come up that you'd like to raise with the whole class, there will be some time to do so following your small group discussions.
+
+## Practice with Order of Growth
+
+Suppose we are given two python functions do_procedure_f1 and do_procedure_f2.  Each function processes a list L in some fashion (what these programs do is unimportant for this exercise).  We are told that the order of growth of these procedures is:
+
+* do_procedure_f1 is O(n) (where n is the length of the input list L)
+* do_procedure_f2 is O(1) (where n is the length of the input list L)
+
+What are the order of growths of the following computations?
+
+``` python
+def run_computation_1(L):
+    do_procedure_f1(L)
+    do_procedure_f2(L)
+
+def run_computation_2(L):
+    do_procedure_f1(L[0:5])
+    do_procedure_f2(L)
+
+def run_computation_3(L):
+    for i in range(len(L)):
+        do_procedure_f1(L)
+
+def run_computation_4(L):
+    for i in range(len(L)):
+        do_procedure_f2(L)
+
+def run_computation_5(L):
+    if len(L) % 2 == 0:
+        do_procedure_f1(L)
+    else:
+        do_procedure_f2(L)
+
+def run_computation_6(L):
+    if len(L) == 1:
+        return 1
+    else:
+        do_procedure_f2(L)
+        run_computation_6(L[0:len(L)/2])
+```
+
+## Order of Growth for Basic Python Operations
+You have read Think Python Appendix B.1 and B.2.  One of the most important takeaways is the listing of the order of growth for various operations on Python data structures.  Here are some key points:
+* Removing an element from the end of a list is constant time
+* Adding an element to the end of the list is constant time (on average)
+* Testing if an element is in a list is linear time, O(n)
+* Looking up the value stored with a given key in a dictionary is constant time
+* Looking up an element stored in a list at a particular location is constant time
+
+## Empirical Analysis of Order of Growth
+
+You should have received an invitation to a CoCalc project that Allen created.  Next, you'll be doing some exercises from [this notebook](https://cocalc.com/projects/50d65ec0-11c9-4669-939f-d52fc1f59ca6/files/assignments/assignment1/algorithms.ipynb?session=default).
+
+This is an experiment, so as a backup in case you have issues with CoCalc, [the notebook](/notes/empirical_analysis_of_algorithms) is available as part of the SoftDes website.
+
+A couple of things to keep in mind when interpreting the results graphically:
+ - A straight line on a log-log plot does **not** mean the relationship is linear
+ - The slope of a straight line on a log-log is the exponent of the power relationship
+ - A slope of 1 on these plots in this notebook implies a constant-time algorithm (doing a constant-time operation to n things takes n time units). A slope of 2 implies a linear-time algorithm.
+
+After you've completed the exercise, please help us out by completing [this survey](https://goo.gl/forms/6eXy8Ixg4ONaI71E2) about your impressions of the exerience with CoCalc.
+
+## Project work time
+
+A few things we've observed from several teams, along with some advice to keep in mind at this point in the project:
+
+ - **scope** - Many of the projects you've selected have an amazing but (over)ambitious final goal - this is OK. All of the projects we approved also have an achievable, interesting core. It is not a failure to continue to reevaluate project scope as you learn more, the important thing is to keep in contact with the teaching team about it.
+ - **learning goals** - Remember to keep your learning goals as a compass as you work on the project, and try not to get too distracted by tangents or perfecting a shiny version of your idea.
+ - **focus** - Many projects have several big things going on at once. It's important at this point to locate the core idea and get a working prototype before adding in every bell and whistle.
+ - **progress over perfection** - Don't wait until you have the perfect data set etc, make progress today.
+ - **teaming and work times** - You must find time to make progress outside of class periods and seek help and resources independently. Be direct about confronting teaming and scheduling issues that may arise, don't bury them. The teaching team is here to help.
diff --git a/_posts/2018-04-10-day-20.md b/_posts/2018-04-10-day-20.md
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+---
+categories: ['exceptions', 'assertions']
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## For Next Time
+
+On Friday you'll be sending your code to instructors for a code review. We'll work on a framing document for the exercise in class on Friday, but for now you should make sure you have a body of work completed and committed before then.
+
+## Exceptions
+
+* [Exception notes]({% link _notebooks/exceptions.md %})
+* Use exceptions to represent exceptional cases.
+* *Raising an exception* is an alternative to *returning a value*.
+* Use exceptions when there's no value it makes sense to return.
+* A returned value must be handled by the caller.
+* An may can be handled by the caller, the caller's caller, etc. It is passed through functions in the call chain between the code that raises the exception and the code that handles it.
+* Catch a *specific exception*. Catching *all* exceptions hides errors from the developer.
+
+## Assertions
+
+* [Assertion notes]({% link _notebooks/assertions.md %})
+* Use the assert statement to debug.
+* An assertion error gets raised when a bug is encountered.
+* Not used to catch runtime errors.
+* It is not like print('statement') so be careful to omit '()'.
diff --git a/_posts/2018-04-13-day-21.md b/_posts/2018-04-13-day-21.md
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+++ b/_posts/2018-04-13-day-21.md
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+---
+categories: ['README', 'code review framing']
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## For Next Time
+
+* Read Think Python Appendix A to prepare for Tuesday's conversation on debugging
+* Add README to your project repository, update your architecture diagram, make sure your code is documented
+* Submit [Code Review framing survey](https://goo.gl/forms/LQucKLrbyZOV3BEp2) today (instructions below)
+
+
+## READMEs and Documentation
+
+Every project should have a README file explaining what it does, how to run it, etc.
+On GitHub in particular, this is your project's landing page and the first impression people will have of your work.
+The final project [README rubric](/assignments/final-project/readme-rubric.html) includes guidelines for constructing a good README file, and we can discuss other considerations in class.
+
+Even though you are not yet done with your project and thus may not be able to complete every section of the project README, we'd like you to post your first draft of the README today to help provide context for the code review exercise.
+
+
+## Code Reviews
+
+For some motivation from everyone's favorite site, please check out this quote from Jeff Atwood.
+
+> I believe that peer code reviews are the single biggest thing you can do to improve your code.
+>
+>         – Jeff Atwood, Co-Founder of Stack Overflow
+>           (source: http://blog.codinghorror.com/code-reviews-just-do-it/)
+
+Code reviews are widely utilized in industry as a means to improve code quality.  Often, code reviews will be required before finalizing any contributions to a software repository.  For instance, a very common workflow for code reviews is to use Git branches for feature development, which are merged into the master branch only after detailed comments are provided and any issues are resolved.  There are lots of good resources on code reviews (for instance, check out the link in the Jeff Atwood quote or [a discussion of using code reviews with a team of sys admins](http://willthames.github.io/2016/11/07/intro-to-code-reviews.html)).
+
+For next class, we, the instructors, will be doing a review of your team's code.  The purpose of this review is a bit different than the code reviews described above, in that we are not seeking to find every last tiny error in the code.  Rather, we will focus on providing course corrections and high-level feedback that can help you shape your work over the final weeks of the project.  As such, we'd like you to engage with the following steps to frame your code review.
+
+**1) Prepare your repository for external readers and code review**:
+ - *Post project README file*
+ - *Update and post system architecture diagram* that you worked on day 17
+ - *Solid documentation throughout*, but especially the sections under review. 
+   This means:
+   - Docstring/header comment at the top of each file explaining what it does
+   - Docstring for each class and (nontrivial) function
+   - Comments for sections of code that are complex enough to need explanation
+ - *Check project organization*, make sure your files and folder names are logical, remove dead code (e.g., files or functions are no longer utilized) and non-project junk (e.g. ```.pyc``` files, generated program outputs)
+
+
+**2) Point us in the right direction**:
+
+We have created a [Google form](https://goo.gl/forms/LQucKLrbyZOV3BEp2) that you should use to allow us to give you the most useful feedback possible.  Please take a look at the survey so that you have a sense of what information we are asking for.
+
+Some ideas for choosing code sections:
+ - code that you have questions about
+ - code that you want to show off
+ - code that you suspect may be fragile or buggy
+ - code that is particularly complicated
+
+Ensure that each code section has sufficient documentation for a reviewer to figure out when it's called, what it does, and how it does it.
+
+
+### How to link to a section of code in GitHub
+ 1. Go to your project repository on GitHub
+ 1. In the upper left, click on "[N] commits" to see your commit history.
+  ![]({% link images/notes/day21/step1.png %})
+ 1. Find the commit for the point in time you'd like us to review (generally the most recent). Click the "<> - Browse the repository at this point in the history" button on the right.
+  ![]({% link images/notes/day21/step2.png %})
+ 1. Navigate to the file you'd like us to review.
+ 1. Scroll down to the line number starting the section of code to review and click the line number. You should see the line highlighted in yellow.
+  ![]({% link images/notes/day21/step3.png %})
+ 1. Copy the URL from your browser. It should end in an HTML anchor (e.g. ```#L45```) referring to the line number.
diff --git a/_posts/2018-04-17-day-22.md b/_posts/2018-04-17-day-22.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..823f04cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_posts/2018-04-17-day-22.md
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+---
+categories: ['debugging', 'profiling']
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## For Next Time
+* Prepare for Architectural Review 2, submit framing document
+
+
+## Getting to "Good Code"
+For today's purposes, we'll define "good code" to be correct and fast. There are other equally important considerations, such as good documentation and organization, but these are harder to measure quantitatively.
+
+**Is the code correct?**
+If your code doesn't do what it is supposed to, then nothing else matters. We've discussed and practiced strategies for ensuring this, such as unit testing. In situations when getting to "correct" proves difficult, it may be helpful to employ more advance debugging strategies.
+
+**Is the code fast enough?**
+If the code is doing what it should, the next question is whether it runs fast enough. There are several tools we can use to probe execution performance. The answer to this question depends on context, but if the answer is "no" then we need to dig deeper.
+
+**Why not?**
+For code with performance issues, it is important to understand precisely what makes it slow. For this, we often turn to profiling to pinpoint bottlenecks in execution so that they can be fixed.
+
+"Python is slow", "my CPU is slow", "I need more RAM", and similar answers are never acceptable without specific evidence. Faster hardware can sometimes help, but buying a shiny new machine is not the solution when a poor algorithm is the core of the problem (and much cheaper to fix).
+
+For all of these questions, your best indispensable resources are 1) your brain, 2) a peer's eyes on the problem, and 3) pencil and paper. Assuming you've exhausted those resources, the following sections cover some advanced Python tools that you can employ.
+
+
+## Is it correct? Interactive Debugging in Python
+
+One of the methods of debugging we've used so far in this class is print statement debugging.  Print statement debugging is fantastic, however, there are some shortcomings.  Take a minute and at your table discuss some less-than-ideal aspects of print statement debugging.
+
+Another form of debugging is to use a tool that allows interactive engagement with either a crashed or running program.  The Python DeBugger (pdb) can be used in roughly these two modes: postmortem analysis and live execution.  Today we will only be covering the usage in live execution mode (for a discussion of using pdb for postmortem analysis check out the pdb documentation under "analyzing a crashed program").
+
+There are a variety of approaches to using PDB in this capacity.  One method is to add the `pdb.set_trace` command to your program to tell the debugger to pause execution at a particular location and enter interactive mode.
+
+``` python
+import pdb
+
+def factorial(n):
+    """ Computes the factorial of the non-negative integer n """
+    return_val = 1
+    pdb.set_trace()
+    for i in range(n):
+        return_val *= i
+    return return_val
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    print(factorial(5))
+```
+
+Let's debug this one together.
+
+Some important commands for pdb:
+* c - continue until next set_trace or breakpoint
+* n - next line in current function
+* s - step until first opportunity to stop (either in current function or a called function)
+* l - source code listing
+* a - arguments of function
+* d - down a level in the stack diagram
+* u - up a level in the stack diagram
+* p - print the value of an expression
+* w - where are you in the stack
+
+There are some good PDB tutorials available online that are worth looking at.  Consider checking out Real Python's tutorial [Python Debugging With PDB](https://realpython.com/python-debugging-pdb/).
+
+### Practice Problem 1
+``` python
+def cumulative_sum(L):
+    """ returns a list where each element in the returned list is the
+        cumulative sum of the elements up to the corresponding element in
+    the original list.
+
+    L: the original list
+    returns: a new list where element i is equal to the sum of element
+         0 through i in the original list """
+    for i in range(len(L)):
+        L[i] = L[i-1] + L[i]
+    return L
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    print(cumulative_sum([1, 2, 3]))
+```
+
+### Practice Problem 2
+
+``` python
+def get_primes(n):
+    """ Returns a list of all prime integers in the range [1,n] """
+    return_val = []
+    isPrime = True
+
+    for i in range(1, n+1):
+        for j in range(1, i):
+            if i % j == 0:
+                isPrime = False
+        if isPrime:
+            return_val.append(i)
+    return return_val
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    print(get_primes(7))
+```
+
+### Practice Problem 3
+``` python
+def get_doubles_then_triples(L):
+    """ Returns a new list containing the original list with each element
+        multiplied by 2 concatenated with the original list with each element
+        multiplied by 3 """
+    doubles = get_multiple_of_list(L, 2)
+    triples = get_multiple_of_list(L, 3)
+    return doubles + triples
+
+def get_multiple_of_list(L, n):
+    for i in range(len(L)):
+        L[i] *= n
+    return L
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    print(get_doubles_then_triples([1, 4, 8]))
+```
+
+### Practice Problem 4
+
+``` python
+class Kangaroo(object):
+    """a Kangaroo is a marsupial"""
+
+    def __init__(self, contents=[]):
+        """initialize the pouch contents; the default value is
+        an empty list"""
+        self.pouch_contents = contents
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        """return a string representaion of this Kangaroo and
+        the contents of the pouch, with one item per line"""
+        t = [ object.__str__(self) + ' with pouch contents:' ]
+        for obj in self.pouch_contents:
+            s = '    ' + object.__str__(obj)
+            t.append(s)
+        return '\n'.join(t)
+
+    def put_in_pouch(self, item):
+        """add a new item to the pouch contents"""
+        self.pouch_contents.append(item)
+
+kanga = Kangaroo()
+roo = Kangaroo()
+kanga.put_in_pouch('wallet')
+kanga.put_in_pouch('car keys')
+kanga.put_in_pouch(roo)
+
+print(kanga)
+print(roo)
+```
+
+
+## Fast enough? Tools for benchmarking execution time
+Performance is always relative - 30 seconds is great for analyzing a huge research data set and terrible for processing a credit card sale. It is also machine-specific, though relative performance trends are often constant across machines.
+
+There are several tools available for benchmarking program execution to try to scientifically answer the question of how fast your program runs.
+
+1) You can time how long a Linux command takes using the [time utility](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/xenial/man1/time.1.html):
+
+```python
+$ time python gene_finder.py
+real    0m13.334s
+user    0m12.493s
+sys     0m0.012s
+```
+
+2) To measure at a finer granularity, you can use Python time module to measure the time before and after a function call as we did in the Day 19 algorithmic growth exercises.
+
+3) You may have noticed some variability in your results on the Day 19 exercises. To run many experimental trials of a small snippet of code, you can use the Python [timeit module](https://docs.python.org/3/library/timeit.html). `timeit` takes a string representing the code you want to time and runs it repeatedly to get an average result.
+
+timeit can be run from the command line (like the Linux time utility):
+
+```
+$ python -m timeit '"-".join([str(n) for n in range(100)])'
+10000 loops, best of 3: 33.4 usec per loop
+```
+
+It can also be run from within a Python program, and there is an example at [https://github.com/sd18spring/TimingProfiling](https://github.com/sd18spring/TimingProfiling) in `timing_test.py`.
+
+Finally, timeit can be run within a Jupyter notebook cell using the `%timeit` "magic" command.
+
+timeit is best used for testing very small sections of code (e.g. a single line). For understanding larger programs, you should consider code profiling.
+
+**Exercise**
+
+Use `timeit` to compare `reverse_complement_1` and `reverse_complement_2` implementations from GeneFinder. Do the results match your analytical understanding?
+
+
+## Why is this slow? Tools for profiling
+Once you've determined that your program is too slow for your requirements, it's time to figure out precisely why.
+
+For this, we can use the Python [profile and cProfile modules](https://docs.python.org/3/library/profile.html). For our purposes these are equivalent, so we will use the faster cProfile module.
+
+```python
+$ python -m cProfile gene_finder.py
+         35206053 function calls (35205065 primitive calls) in 18.516 seconds
+
+   Ordered by: standard name
+
+   ncalls  tottime  percall  cumtime  percall filename:lineno(function)
+        1    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 <string>:1(<module>)
+        1    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 <string>:1(ArgInfo)
+        1    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 <string>:1(ArgSpec)
+...
+```
+
+The profile listing that results shows lots of useful information about your program execution. For each function (and builtin function) in the program, cProfile lists:
+ - *filename:lineno(function)*: the function being profiled
+ - *ncalls*:  number of times it was called
+ - *tottime*: the total time spent in that function
+ - *percall*: tottime/ncalls
+ - *cumtime*: time spent in the function, including subfunction calls
+
+You can sort by any of these columns by providing a -s [sort_order] flag (default is function name). You can also dump the profiling results to a data file, so that you can run the program once and study the results at your leisure. Full details are at the profile documentation.
+
+
+**Exercise**
+
+I've started writing a palindromic phrase generator, but I'm struggling with performance issues. I've started by searching for "mirror pairs" - words that are valid both forward and backward, like "tuba" and "abut". Unfortunately, I can't search my entire word list in a reasonable amount of time - checking just the first 100 words takes about 15 seconds:
+
+```
+$ time python mirror_pairs.py
+['aa', 'aba']
+real    0m14.620s
+user    0m10.866s
+sys     0m0.042s
+```
+
+Download the starter code from [https://github.com/sd18spring/TimingProfiling](https://github.com/sd18spring/TimingProfiling). Use cProfile to determine the bottleneck(s) in execution for `mirror_pairs.py` and fix them.
+You do not need to keep the architecture/functional organization of the original code if it is slowing things down.
+
+**Exercise**
+Go back and profile your code for GeneFinder (and the other mini projects). Where does your program spend most of its time? Are there bottlenecks you can improve?
+
+
+## Preparing for Architectural Review 2
+
+AR2 will have a similar format to AR1 with the major changes that it is longer (you will have 20 minutes to present) and you will be presenting to half of the teams in your studio.  With this extra time comes extra opportunities for interactive engagement with your audience, so please keep that in mind when planning your review.  It also means that the expectations for the audience are ratcheted up, since there are fewer people to offer feedback.  As in AR1, if you'd like, you can solicit feedback electronically.  If you decide to do this, e-mail a link to your form to your studio instructor at least 2 hours before class.
+
+### AR2 Groupings for AC304
+Ben visits both rooms
+Group 1 (these teams will take turns presenting to each other in AC304):
+* Eric, Flynn
+* Walker, Jamie, Shyheim
+* Luis, Anna
+* Design coach: Matt
+
+Group 2 (these teams will take turns presenting to each other in AC306):
+* Mark, Kawin, Sid
+* Aiden, Grace, Ricky
+* Nathan, Sherrie, Amy
+* Daniel, Raquel, Lydia
+* Design coach: Mackenzie
+
+### AR2 Groupings for AC326
+Amon visits both rooms
+Group 1 (these teams will take turns presenting to each other in AC313):
+* Camile, Seba
+* Andrew, Abby, Tommy, Emily
+* Jordan, Hadleigh, Cusai
+* Quinn, Julian, Alex
+* Design coach: Sophia
+
+Group 2 (these teams will take turns presenting to each other in AC312):
+* Bryce, Maya
+* Alli, Junwon, Corey
+* Jonathan, Hyegi
+* Design coach: Allen
+
+### AR2 Groupings for AC328
+Paul visits both rooms
+Group 1 (these teams will take turns presenting to each other in AC328):
+* Visualization of Sentiment of News
+* CV Puppets
+* Neural Networks for Image Creation
+* ASL Recognizer
+* Design coach: Nina
+
+Group 2 (these teams will take turns presenting to each other in AC326):
+* TinderBot
+* Accent Detection
+* Smart Calendar
+* Tron AI
+* Design coach: Vicky
diff --git a/_posts/2018-04-20-day-23.md b/_posts/2018-04-20-day-23.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0feca64e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_posts/2018-04-20-day-23.md
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+---
+categories: ['architectural review 2']
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## For Next Time
+* Submit [Architectural Review 2 reflection document](/assignments/final-project#architectural-review)
+
+## Schedule
+
+Each team will have roughly 22 minutes to present (e.g., 15 minutes to present and 7 minutes for Q&A).  It's up to you exactly how you allocate the time between presentation and Q&A.  In addition to the verbal Q&A, each team will be collecting feedback via a Google form.
+
+### AC304
+Design coach: Matt
+* [Eric, Flynn](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScD06e-gamzOc-sCpnvrNjI9wq-_ypmAEK9xIFjc-McjhTTmg/viewform?usp=sf_link)
+* Walker, Jamie, Shyheim
+* [Luis, Anna](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScPtPkxNroBlK7_1qDo9FdRXkASxledyChX_rLFe65vazWGCw/viewform)
+
+### AC306 (normally AC304)
+Design coach: Mackenzie
+* [Mark, Kawin, Sid](https://goo.gl/forms/aLUZauZnVNs0hYRJ2)
+* [Aiden, Grace, Ricky](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSecYHpADaLhBZVPK_Jrh_o6lmdERM00MqzOi3xppguAi1IiDQ/viewform?c=0&w=1)
+* [Nathan, Sherrie, Amy](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdDumK3AAqetfKsMcBa6oK0_KcIQg-S_ZD1vhA9R23RfPmrMg/viewform?usp=sf_link)
+* Daniel, Raquel, Lydia
+
+### AC313 (normally AC326)
+Design coach: Allen
+* [Camille, Seba](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdv_rB8TdcH3Aj2d4GSalP3EzVNHWD3KoPWEHP7k4vpsfe6zw/viewform)
+* [Andrew, Abby, Tommy, Emily](https://goo.gl/forms/pjggiVFU2eRhfvx42)
+* Jordan, Hadleigh, Cusai
+* [Quinn, Julian, Alex](https://goo.gl/forms/vgu9Gc1gr18AK8oz2)
+
+### AC312 (normally AC326)
+Design coach: Sophia
+* [Bryce, Maya, JC](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScOHspM8KKcb9aIBo8XZng_BfZtbIQNODxD8nPlQ1_LVrgQWw/viewform?usp=sf_link)
+* Alli, Junwon, Corey
+* Jonathan, Hyegi
+
+### AC328
+Design coach: Nina
+* Visualization of Sentiment of News
+* [CV Paint](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSegHjB33R3u-yrUQIgxGEdpDiUkhb4iQc1iue7WB3DVq2U8kw/viewform)
+* [Neural Networks for Image Creation](https://goo.gl/forms/cSKupNh2nNpjVwcS2)
+* [ASL Recognizer](https://goo.gl/forms/9jtLsnUOVa0zItuc2)
+
+### AC326 (Normally AC328)
+Design coach: Vicky
+* TinderBot
+* [Accent Detection](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfQoZTmvp-cyCjwNn20DoibeI5W-xFI1h3ItHqe9ESl-rZ1CA/viewform)
+* Smart Calendar
+* Tron AI
diff --git a/_posts/2018-04-24-day-24.md b/_posts/2018-04-24-day-24.md
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/_posts/2018-04-24-day-24.md
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+---
+categories: ['website MVP']
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## For Next Time
+* [By midnight tonight, submit a link to your website MVP](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeTdifO9C3ZsP_ctgXnkWoMVmUEaz_RG7gKet6156NgFjDjHg/viewform)
+
+## Creating your Website MVP
+
+Today, we're going to go through a set of activities to help you create your website MVP.  Before starting, refresh your memory on the main purpose of the [final project website](/assignments/final-project).
+
+While you may not yet have all of the content to populate your site (e.g., you may still be working on your *results*), you should be able to map out the main structure of your website, fill out some of the content, and include placeholders for content that you still need to generate.
+
+Beyond helping you plan your website, these activities will also help focus your work on the project by reminding you of what is most important about what your team is doing.
+
+### Make an outline
+
+The guidelines in the final project assignment provide a great starting point for the content of your site.  They do not, however, mandate its exact structure and content.  Using the ideas on the assignment page as a jumping off point, make an outline of the content you'd like on your site.  You should interpret the word *content* broadly (e.g., content can encompass images, videos, sounds, etc.).  If you plan on using multiple pages, make an outline of each page.
+
+At a whiteboard, create an outline for your team's website.  Make sure to document your work (e.g., by taking a picture) as it will likely come in handy later.
+
+### Design your media
+
+Likely some of what you wrote in your outline involves some sort of media content (e.g., video, audio, images).  Choose 1 or 2 key media and sketch out their basic elements (e.g., using a rough sketch or a storyboard).  Again, document your work in some electronic format.
+
+### Put together a skeleton
+
+Now that you have some idea of your content, you should put an alpha version of your site up on the web.  To do this, you'll have to choose a website development / hosting platform.  The final project page has some guidance on this, however, you are welcome to utilize other platforms as well.
+
+*For the purposes of the website MVP, you should choose something that allows you to get something up quickly.  There will be time for refining your layout later.*
+
+If you are unsure about which platform to use, you might consider checking out [a very simple sample website](http://occamlab.github.io/tango_ros_bridge/) that we put together. This website is far from perfect, but hopefully it gives you a reasonable starting point. In order to put together a simple page like this, you should follow the [Github tutorial on Github Pages](https://pages.github.com/) (note: that for this site we chose the option to host our site in the `/docs` directory of the master branch).  Please note that while our sample website only utilizes a single page, you can [add multiple pages to a Github Pages site](https://blog.github.com/2016-12-05-relative-links-for-github-pages/).
+
+You can also see the work of previous Software Design students. Here is [a Spring 2017 SoftDes Final Project example](https://allisonlynnbasore14.github.io/ComputerMusic/) (remember, you also saw [a catalog of SoftDes websites from previous years](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1cCEmrdajFPfXq-dxgS1S9IGY_k22eKGnDXYAvqlmw7E/edit) when you did project ideation). Navigate this site to see a short demo video of the project. This team utilized a smartphone clip, which can work in some cases. Part of your final website will feature your demo video. You can start looking for examples of other software demo videos that have a style that you'll try to utilize for your final website between today's class and the next class session.
+
+Here are some guidelines to consider when creating your MVP.
+* If your website will utilize multiple pages, create (at least) a skeleton version of each page
+* If there is content that you have created (e.g., your architectural diagram), consider adding it to your website MVP.
+* For content that hasn't been generated yet, put a placeholder (either an image or text) that describes the content that will be there eventually.
+* For longer sections of text that are either too time-consuming to generate now or whose details are to-be-determined, include the content in outline format.
+
+### Individual Portfolio Development
+
+For this class, you are not required to start or update an individual portfolio of our work. However, while you are actively producing a website for this team project, it is a great time to think about how you might highlight your individual contributions to it. Keeping this in mind might shape how you highlight parts of your team project on a public-facing site. There are many ways to track information that you will put into a running individual portfolio (webpage, PDF, or slide deck) either immediately or sometime down the road. We recommend that you keep a personal inventory via journal, a running google doc, or a polished artifact that you constantly update during projects and after they're completed.
+
+Here are a few examples of when you are thankful that you tracked individual work (which can be especially hard in a team context):
+* When you are asked for evidence or examples of your work for an upcoming opportunity such as an internship, upper-level course, graduate program, or award.
+* When you are proud of something that you created and want to share it with friends and family.
+* When you have Expo-like events and need to look back for artifacts from a project, and you want to have one place that you can quickly refer to for content.
+* When you do something newsworthy and bloggers, reporters can link to what they're covering about you (Olin class projects occasionally get local [O-Link] coverage and sometimes national [boingboing] exposure).
+* When you're asked to produce a portfolio for school or work and you want to be well-versed in what it takes to curate one.
+* When you become experts in a field and receive solicitations to speak at different venues, and want stuff that you put out in the world to be what comes up when people Google you.
+* When you want to look back at your college days.
+* and so on...
+
+### Turning in your work
+
+[By midnight tonight, submit a link to your website MVP](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeTdifO9C3ZsP_ctgXnkWoMVmUEaz_RG7gKet6156NgFjDjHg/viewform). Along with a place to put your link, the form asks for specific areas where you'd like feedback. You can also submit links to additional materials (e.g., a picture of something you sketched on a whiteboard).
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+* [Nice tutorial for getting started with Github Pages and Jekyll](https://24ways.org/2013/get-started-with-github-pages/).
+
+
+### Generating visuals
+
+One of the most impactful ways to show your work in action is to... show your work in action!
+
+For still images, there is a Ubuntu built-in tool called [Screenshot](https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/ubuntu-help/screen-shot-record.html) that will allow you to capture the entire screen, one window, or a region you select.
+
+There are many options to record video of your screen, but for Ubuntu we recommend you start by trying [Peek](https://github.com/phw/peek). To install:
+
+```
+sudo add-apt-repository ppa:peek-developers/stable
+sudo apt update
+sudo apt install peek
+```
+
+You can record as MP4 for upload to video sharing services and linked from your website, but to demonstrate short interactions you can also save as a GIF that can be placed directly on your page.
+Used sparingly this can be a powerful way to quickly show what you've created, but too much can be overwhelming.
+
+![]({% link images/notes/day24/Peek_usage.gif %})
+
+If you get the following error message, there is a problem with peek trying to utilize ffmpeg from inside Anaconda (as opposed to the one installed in the system path).
+
+```
+Using screen recorder backend ffmpeg
+Error: Child process exited with code 1
+Recording canceled: Command "ffmpeg -f x11grab -show_region 0 -framerate 10 -video_size 498x256 -i :0+941,643 -filter:v scale=iw/1:-1 -codec:v libvpx-vp9 -lossless 1 -r 10 -y /home/pruvolo/.cache/peek/peek7WRLIZ.webm" failed with status 256 (received signal 0).
+
+Output:
+ffmpeg version 3.4 Copyright (c) 2000-2017 the FFmpeg developers  built with gcc 7.2.0 (crosstool-NG 8a21ab48)  configuration: --prefix=/home/pruvolo/anaconda3 --disable-doc --enable-shared --extra-cflags='-fPIC -I/home/pruvolo/anaconda3/include' --extra-cxxflags='=-fPIC' --extra-libs='-L/home/pruvolo/anaconda3/lib -lz' --enable-pic --disable-static --disable-gpl --disable-nonfree --disable-openssl --enable-libvpx --cc=/home/pruvolo/anaconda3/bin/x86_64-conda_cos6-linux-gnu-cc --cxx=/home/pruvolo/anaconda3/bin/x86_64-conda_cos6-linux-gnu-c++ --enable-libopus  libavutil      55. 78.100 / 55. 78.100  libavcodec     57.107.100 / 57.107.100  libavformat    57. 83.100 / 57. 83.100  libavdevice    57. 10.100 / 57. 10.100  libavfilter     6.107.100 /  6.107.100  libswscale      4.  8.100 /  4.  8.100  libswresample   2.  9.100 /  2.  9.100Unrecognized option 'show_region'.Error splitting the argument list: Option not found
+```
+
+To fix this, simply run this command from your terminal.
+``` bash
+PATH=/usr/bin:$PATH peek
+```
diff --git a/_posts/2018-04-27-day-25.md b/_posts/2018-04-27-day-25.md
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/_posts/2018-04-27-day-25.md
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+---
+categories: [organizing projects, style]
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## For Next Time
+* Work on next round of website edits incorporating feedback
+* In-class work on creating video/animated content for website and presentation
+
+-----
+On Day 22 we talked about "good code" from a quantitative perspective, including correctness and performance.
+Today, we'll discuss the more qualitative but equally important aspects of "good code": organization, documentation, and style.
+
+## Organizing large projects
+
+As projects grow in scope and complexity, organization becomes more important.
+Fortunately, Python makes it fairly easy to add structure as you go.
+
+#### Interactive
+
+In Python it's quick and easy to get started and test your ideas interactively in the shell. Unfortunately these explorations are ephemeral, and it's difficult to make changes and run the program again, so we quickly move beyond this stage.
+
+####  Script
+
+Your first Python script may be simply code from an interactive session pasted into a ```.py``` file so that you can edit and re-run it (as well as share it with team mates).
+
+####  Program
+
+We consider a Python program to be a more evolved version of a script, with defined functions, classes, documentation, etc. 
+
+####  Modules
+
+As your program gets bigger, grows beyond what can comfortably fit in one file.
+To create a module in Python, you simply write a ```.py``` file as always.
+Code in the module can then be imported from other modules using the filename (minus ```.py```).
+
+####  Packages
+
+For really big projects, you may even grow beyond a single directory. Python allows you to organize your modules into directories and refer to them as packages.
+All you need to do is place a (possibly empty) file called ```__init__.py``` in the folder along with your Python module files.
+
+Read about [Python modules](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/modules.html) for all the details.
+
+
+We've created an [example repository](https://github.com/sd18spring/python-modules) showing the evolution of one project through these steps. Browse through the git history to see the changes over time.
+
+**Exercise:**
+
+Reorganize your project code into modules that group related code.
+
+As a caveat, this type of major refactoring can create lots of merge conflicts if you are not careful.
+It is best to make sure everything is checked in first,
+do the exercise together as a team,
+and have test cases before and after the restructuring to make sure nothing breaks.
+
+## Style and Lint
+
+As you move to more polished code that other people will read and contribute to, style and consistency count.
+For a poetic take on "Pythonic" code, try typing ```import this``` in Python.
+
+The most definitive Python style guide is [PEP8](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/) (Python Enhancement Proposals are the mechanisms by which the language grows). It has a list of guidelines along with concrete examples - definitely worth a read.
+
+Checking style rules is a good job for a computer, and one tool you can use to do this for you is [pylint](https://www.pylint.org/). "Linting" is the process of checking code without actually running it (think about picking pieces of lint off your sweater).
+You can even set this up to run continuously in your text editor as you write code.
+
+Linting can even help you catch bugs. Check out this output for "Bad Kangaroo" from Think Python chapter 17.
+
+```python
+...
+C:  1, 0: Missing module docstring (missing-docstring)
+W:  4, 4: Dangerous default value [] as argument (dangerous-default-value)
+C: 12, 8: Variable name "t" doesn't conform to snake_case naming style (invalid-name)
+...
+```
+
+Using mutable types as a default argument? Dangerous indeed - watch out!
+
+**Exercise:**
+
+Run ```pylint``` on your project code and analyze the results.
+You don't need to fix everything, but it's best to know what rules you're breaking and why.
+
+
+## Documentation
+
+In case we haven't said it enough, proper documentation is vital to your final project.
+As a general guideline, you should have:
+ - Docstring/header comment at the top of each module (file) explaining what it does
+ - Docstring for each class, method, and function
+ - Comments for sections of code that are complex enough to need explanation
+
+One cool feature of docstrings is that Python can use them to automatically generate documentation.
+The tool that does this is called 
+[pydoc](https://docs.python.org/3/library/pydoc.html),
+and it is what is used when you call ```help()``` in Python.
+
+**Exercise:**
+
+Autogenerate documentation for your project using pydoc:
+
+```bash
+pydoc path/to/my_project.py
+```
+
+This will open a help file based on your docstrings (use q to quit). 
+Make sure this help file would be adequate for someone using your code - try showing it to someone not on your team. Add to your documentation based on this feedback.
+
+pydoc can also generate HTML documentation, which you can add to your project website if you like (not required).
+If you want to generate truly beautiful online documentation, check out 
+[Sphinx](http://www.sphinx-doc.org/)
+(the tool used to generate the Python documentation).
+
+
+## Capturing dependencies
+
+Your project may require 3rd party Python packages that are not part of the [standard library](https://docs.python.org/3/library/).
+In your README file (e.g. "Getting Started" or Install section), you must at minimum list these extra packages necessary to run your code with links and versions.
+
+You should know what modules are needed since you wrote an import statement for each, but in case you forget or you're looking at someone else's code: command line tools to the rescue! In your project directory, type:
+
+```bash
+grep -hr "^import" . | sort | uniq
+```
+
+This means 1) search recursively in the current directory for lines that start with "import" (without printing which file you found them in),
+2) sort those results alphabetically, and
+3) don't show me duplicates.
+
+(Technically ```"^\(from .\+ \)\?import"``` would be a better search expression, since it also catches ```from foo import bar``` style imports.)
+
+
+In order to make things easier for your users, in addition to just listing the required packages you can give them a listing that they can automatically install using their package manager.
+To generate this list, you can run:
+
+```bash
+pip freeze > requirements.txt
+```
+
+or
+
+```bash
+conda list --export > requirements.txt
+```
+
+depending on which package manager you are using. This will create a file called ```requirements.txt``` that you can include in your project repository. 
+Users can then install the needed dependencies by simply running:
+
+```bash
+pip install -r requirements.txt
+```
+
+or
+
+```bash
+conda install --file requirements.txt
+```
+
+as appropriate.
+**Important caveat**: this process will dump every package you've installed, not just the ones needed for this project. It is best practice to edit down the list to just those necessary for your project.
+
+
+**Exercise:**
+
+Make sure the README file for your project has up-to-date installation instructions including required packages. Generate a requirements.txt file for your project.
diff --git a/_posts/2018-05-01-day-26.md b/_posts/2018-05-01-day-26.md
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+++ b/_posts/2018-05-01-day-26.md
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+---
+categories: [website]
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## For  Next time
+* prepare your materials for the Final Demo session
+  * Tuesday, May 8, 12:00 PM
+
+### Final Demo session schedule
+
+* 12:00
+  * all students arrive in AC326 and AC328.
+  * we will watch a playlist of <2 minute videos created by each SoftDes team while we set up demo stations.
+  * each team will be given a place on a whiteboard to hang the project poster and a table to set up a demo.
+  * the teaching team will thank the students and have closing remarks.
+  * we jam into one studio and take a class photo.
+* 12:30
+  * guests arrive.
+  * at least one team member will remain at demo stations while other team members enjoy the open house.
+  * light snacks are available.
+* 2:30
+  * teams begin to clean up when guests leave.
+  * time is available to complete course evaluations.
+
+### Before the Final session
+* finalize your poster, website, and video/animated gif
+* sign up with NINJAs to get help if your team wants assistance recording audio and video for your <2-minute project video.
+  * This week's SLAC will have several NINJAs in the Library's doc lab
+    * other times are available, up until the morning of the Final Demo session
+
+### 2-minute Video Presentations
+
+We are eliminating the live project presentation and website demo video requirements and replacing them with a single deliverable: a ~2 minute video presentation telling your story to an external audience.
+
+The video will explain your goal (what the project is all about) and demo your work in action. It might also introduce the problem domain in service of saying  why your project is interesting or explain some crucial implementation details, but remember that 2 minutes is pretty short.
+
+There are two main routes you can take to create this presentation:
+ - video with audio narration
+ - "silent film" with title cards and/or text overlay explanations
+
+Below are some recipes to help you accomplish this technically, but for either path today's deliverable is the same: ***Create a script and storyboard for your presentation and show it to your studio faculty member*** either in-class or by email.
+Once this outline is finished, you should start generating content for the video/animation.
+
+
+#### Silent film option
+
+From your storyboard, combine a series of still images and/or short GIF clips into a longer animated GIF. There are several tools you can use to do the stitching:
+ * [GIFMaker.me](http://gifmaker.me/) - recommended
+ * [Clip Champ](https://app.clipchamp.com/editor)
+
+
+#### Video option
+
+We recommend the instructions for creating an [Ubuntu screen cast](https://wiki.ubuntu.com/ScreencastTeam/RecordingScreencasts) using [Pitivi](http://www.pitivi.org/) for stitching together a video. Note that you can also use this flow to create a "silent film" with a bit more control.
+
+#### Recording audio
+
+Since it's difficult to get a demo and your narration right at the same time, we recommend that you first create your video and then record an audio voiceover using [Audacity](https://www.audacityteam.org/), then compose the two using Pitivi.
+
+Find a quiet place to record your audio like the library doc lab. We also have quality studio microphones you can check out rather than using your laptop's microphone.
+
+If you'd like to include a "talking head" video clip of your team members, you can record it using the built-in Ubuntu webcam app called Cheese.
+
+If you choose to use background music (by no means necessary), make sure you select options which are [licensed appropriately](http://freemusicarchive.org/curator/Video/).
+
+#### Capturing your program in action
+
+For still images, there is a Ubuntu built-in tool called [Screenshot](https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/ubuntu-help/screen-shot-record.html) that will allow you to capture the entire screen, one window, or a region you select.
+
+There are many options to record video of your screen, but for Ubuntu we recommend you start by trying [Peek](https://github.com/phw/peek). To install:
+
+```
+sudo add-apt-repository ppa:peek-developers/stable
+sudo apt update
+sudo apt install peek
+```
+
+If you want to use the video clips with Pitivi you should record as MP4.
+To embed short interactions directly on your project webpage, you can also save as a GIF.
+
+If you saved as a GIF and you need an MP4 to work with Pitivi, you can convert it using ```ffmpeg```:
+
+```bash
+ffmpeg -i foo.gif foo.mp4
+```
+
+#### Generating title slides and text overlays
+
+Regardless of what implementation technology you use, you will likely want title cards, transitions, and credits (don't forget to add your names and give credit to resources you use). There are many options to generate these still images, including:
+
+ - Use a photo editor to add text overlays to screenshots. The NINJAs have created a [nice guide](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FX9MCTKgzSn73iF24vFpg69Rrl6vLXkg3Gi8xkz5Lbk/edit?usp=sharing)
+ - Use presentation software (e.g. Google Slides) and download the slide as an image
+ - Screenshot from a presentation
+ - Use magic markers and scan it in
+
+
+
+
+## Some Software Design Topics We've Explored
+
+### Professional skills
+* Where to find information
+  * Google
+  * Stack Overflow
+* Tools
+  * git
+  * GitHub
+  * command line
+  * Python 3.6
+  * text editors / IDEs
+  * Jupyter notebooks
+
+### Programming with People
+  * Collaboration techniques
+  * Divide and conquer
+  * Pair programming
+  * How to talk about code
+  * Architecture reviews
+
+### Visualizing a program
+* “state diagrams” (Python Tutor “frames”)
+* call graphs
+* class diagrams
+* UML diagrams
+
+### Engineering and design practices
+* specification and implementation
+* noticing recurrent failure patterns
+* encapsulation and modularity
+* comparing alternatives
+* tradeoffs in general
+  * between specificity and abstraction
+	* how much to test
+	* how long to make a variable name
+    * efficiency vs readability
+* identifying appropriate Packages
+* healthy approaches to APIs and keeping keys safe
+
+### Techniques
+* caching
+* unit testing
+* MVC
+* optimizing, debugging
+* tiny increments – one change at a time
+* 5 whys
+
+### Dynamic view of project
+* commit history
+
+### Python concepts
+* variables
+* functions
+* data structures
+* loops
+* classes
+* inheritance
+* exceptions
+* modules
+
+### Sampled topics
+* bioinformatics
+* graphics / data visualization
+* text processing
+* web scraping
+* artificial intelligence / machine learning
+* recursion
+* complexity
+* interactive gaming
diff --git a/_toolboxes/algorithmic-music-composition.md b/_toolboxes/algorithmic-music-composition.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..26a48399
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_toolboxes/algorithmic-music-composition.md
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+---
+title: Algorithmic Music Composition
+date: 2017-03-18 00:00:00 -04:00
+compatible: linux, macos
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+For this toolbox exercise you will be creating a computer program that
+composes music! This type of programming is also known as "algorithmic music
+composition". You may think that this idea is relatively new, but the history
+of algorithmic music composition actually [goes back
+to](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikalisches_W%C3%BCrfelspiel) Mozart! For a
+more recent discussion of algorithmic composition, check out ["The Triumph of
+the Cyborg Composer"](http://www.psmag.com/books-and-culture/triumph-of-the-cyborg-composer-8507).
+
+For this exercise you will create a computer program that improvises a blues
+solo! You will also be able to experiment with adding a backing track to your
+blues solo. Here is an example by one of the best (humans) in the biz:
+
+<iframe class="youtube-player" width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MpRIYi721WE" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
+
+## Get Set
+
+[GitHub Classroom invite]({{ site.data.github.TB_AlgorithmicMusic_invite }})
+
+Before you can get started with this exercise, you will need to download
+(1) the
+[Sonic Pi](http://sonic-pi.net) music synthesis program, and
+(2) a [Python library](https://github.com/gkvoelkl/python-sonic) that lets you control **Sonic Pi** from Python.
+
+### Install Sonic Pi
+
+Download and install [Sonic Pi](http://sonic-pi.net).
+
+**Linux**:
+
+```bash
+$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:sonic-pi/ppa
+$ sudo apt-get update
+$ sudo apt-get install sonic-pi
+```
+
+### Test Sonic Pi
+
+Launch the **Sonic Pi** program. Click on the Search icon at the top of the Ubuntu tool bar.
+
+![]({% link images/toolboxes/algorithmic-music-composition/ubuntu-search-icon.png %})
+
+Type "Sonic Pi" into the search dialog and click on the **Sonic Pi** icon.
+
+![]({% link images/toolboxes/algorithmic-music-composition/search-dialog.png %})
+
+Now, enter <kbd>play 60</kbd> into the text area in the upper left pane (beneath the <code># Welcome to Sonic Pi</code>
+text), and press the "Run" button. ![]({% link images/toolboxes/algorithmic-music-composition/sonic-pi-play.png %})
+
+*If you hear a tone*, you are good to go. Proceed to the next section "Get Set with Python".
+
+If you do *not* hear a tone, verify that your volume is turned up.
+If that doesn't work, follow the instructions in
+[this Stack Overflow answer](http://stackoverflow.com/a/12768031/220667).
+[These are the instructions that start with `sudo lshw -c multimedia`, and end with `jackd -R -d alsa`.]
+Then test **Sonic Pi** again.
+
+### Get Set with Python
+
+First, open up a terminal and execute the following command:
+
+```bash
+$ pip install python-sonic
+```
+
+Grab the starter code for this toolbox via the normal fork-and-clone method
+from <https://github.com/{{site.github.owner_name}}/ToolBox-AlgorithmicMusic>.
+
+## Synthesizing Your First Note
+
+Open up the file `blues_solo.py` in your editor. Take a minute to read
+through the file and make sure you understand the basic steps that are
+happening.
+
+When you are comfortable with the given starter code, go ahead and run the
+Python script. Launch **Sonic Pi**, and then open a terminal and execute:
+
+```bash
+$ python blues_solo.py
+```
+
+You should hear a _very_ short blues "solo" that consists of one very low note
+held for 1 beat. (By default we are playing at 45 beats per minute, so the
+duration in seconds is 1 1/3 seconds.)
+
+## Blues Licks
+
+Okay, that wasn't all that impressive, but on the other hand we actually
+synthesized a musical note using Python. That's pretty cool! To make our blues
+solo more impressive, we need to randomly string together some blues
+[licks](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lick_%28music%29). The basic idea will be
+to move up and down the blues scale according to these licks (or musical note
+patterns). Here is an example to get you started. We will create a list of
+licks. Each lick will contain a list of notes where each note is a list
+consisting of an interval (meaning the change in notes on the blues scale from
+the previous note) and a duration in beats. For example, the following line
+represents a blues lick that consists of four notes. Each note ascends the
+blues scale one note and lasts for half a beat:
+
+```python
+licks = [[(1, 0.5), (1, 0.5), (1, 0.5), (1, 0.5)]]
+```
+
+Let's modify our code to repeat this lick four times by changing `blues_solo.py`
+in the following way:
+
+```python
+curr_note = 0
+play_note(blues_scale[curr_note], 1, beats_per_minute)
+licks = [[(1, 0.5), (1, 0.5), (1, 0.5), (1, 0.5)]]
+for _ in range(4):
+    lick = licks[0]
+    for note in lick:
+        curr_note += note[0]
+        play_note(blues_scale[curr_note], note[1], beats_per_minute)
+```
+
+Go ahead and try it! You will hear part of a blues scale!
+
+## Add Some Randomness
+
+In order to make things more interesting, you shouldn't always execute the
+same lick over and over. First, add at least one more lick to the list (*e.g.*
+you might want to replicate the example lick, but instead descend the blues
+scale: `[(-1, 0.5), (-1, 0.5), (-1, 0.5), (-1, 0.5)]`). One potentially
+helpful guideline (that you should feel free to deviate from!) is to make sure
+the duration of the sum of all notes in a lick adds up to 2 (this will keep
+the solo "on the beat" and make it sound better when we add a backing track
+later).
+
+Once you have added a new lick, modify the line of code `lick = licks[0]` to
+choose the lick at random using the function `random.choice` (note that the
+function `random.choice` has already been imported for you in the starter code
+as `choice`). Before running your code, you will want to make sure that the
+variable `curr_note` doesn't get too high or too low. Make sure you create a
+series of if statements to keep the variable from getting less than `0` or
+greater than `len(blues_scale) - 1`.
+
+Once you have made these changes, you should make the number of licks larger
+(if you followed the code above this number will be at 4) so you can get a
+longer solo.
+
+## Tips to Make it Cooler
+
+_Make it [swing](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_%28jazz_performance_style%29#Swing_as_a_rhythmic_style):_
+alternate slightly longer and slightly shorter notes in your blues lick to
+give it a swing feel (*e.g.*
+`[(1, 0.5 * 1.1), (1, 0.5 * 0.9), (1, 0.5 * 1.1), (1, 0.5 * 0.9)]`)
+
+_Avoid hammering the lowest or highest note:_ the code we added to avoid going
+out of bounds of the list `blues_scale` has the effect of sometimes hammering
+the notes at the boundaries repeatedly. The solo may sound better if you
+simply hold the note to the end of the lick if you reach the beginning or end
+of the list `blues_scale`.
+
+_Add a backing track_: **Sonic Pi** can mix together various audio streams.
+In order to add a backing track to your solo, add this to the beginning of
+your program:
+
+```python
+BACKING_TRACK = os.path.join(SAMPLES_DIR, "backing.wav")
+sample(BACKING_TRACK, amp=2)
+sleep(2.25)  # delay the solo to match up with backing track
+```
+
+The solo should stay on the beat of the backing track, but won't really do a
+good job tracking chord changes.
+
+_Add some dynamics:_ in the basic version of the code, we always use the same
+volume. You may want to play around with adding licks with increasing or
+decreasing volume (known as crescendo and decrescendo respectively).
+
+_Move beyond simple intervals:_ in the basic version of the code, the lick is
+always defined in terms of changes from the previous note. It may sound good
+to start the lick from a specific note on the blues scale. For instance, you
+may define a lick that starts on note 6 of the list `blues_scale`. Notes 0, 6,
+12, and 18 are special in that they are the root or (tonic note) of the blues
+scale. It may sound cool for the lick to start on these notes.
+
+## Completing the Toolbox Exercise
+
+To complete the toolbox exercise, you should complete all of the steps up to
+**Make it Cooler**, and then at least one of the extensions suggested in the
+**Make it Cooler** section. 
+After you push your work to GitHub you should schedule a quick meeting to play your sweet
+tunes for a NINJA.
diff --git a/_toolboxes/algorithms-and-ai.md b/_toolboxes/algorithms-and-ai.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc273ee9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_toolboxes/algorithms-and-ai.md
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+---
+title: Al and Algorithms
+date: 2017-02-17 00:00:00 -05:00
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+In this toolbox exercise you will learn about the A star search algorithm that
+game AI often use to plan their paths. Ever wondered how your game avatar
+decides how to get from one point to another? Probably A star, or something
+very similar!
+
+The goal of this toolbox is for you to familiarize yourself with and
+understand A star search, and then extend the algorithm and path planning code
+so that our game AI can make more complex moves and decisions.
+
+The game is simple: Paul wants cake, and he needs to find a way to get to the
+cake!
+
+[![]({% link images/toolboxes/home-project-toolbox-algorithms-and-ai/2015-02-23-140812_1600x900_scrot.png %}){:width="309px" height="320px"}]({% link images/toolboxes/home-project-toolbox-algorithms-and-ai/2015-02-23-140812_1600x900_scrot.png %})
+
+Thanks to Dennis Chen [2015 NINJA] for writing this toolbox.
+
+## Get Set
+
+[GitHub Classroom invite]({{ site.data.github.TB_AI_invite }})
+
+Before getting started, make sure you have pygame installed:
+
+```bash
+$ pip install pygame
+```
+
+
+## Learn about A star search
+
+Read up on A star [here](http://theory.stanford.edu/~amitp/GameProgramming/AStarComparison.html) or
+[here](http://www.raywenderlich.com/4946/introduction-to-a-pathfinding). Do
+your best to understand what the pseudocode in the links mean. What are the
+advantages that A star has over breadth-first search? What advantages does A
+star have over depth-first search?
+
+## Using the GUI
+
+To use the GUI/toy, first run `python astar.py` to bring up the pygame window.
+Hit the 'l' key to switch to the 'add lava tiles' mode. Then you can click on
+any cell to add or remove a lava tile from that cell. Hit the spacebar at any
+time to have Paul plan (or re-plan) his path to the cake, and highlight that
+path. Feel free to reach out at any time about problems, this code certainly
+isn't the most robust or well structured, so Dennis would be happy to explain
+what the heck he was thinking to you.
+
+## Print those scores!
+
+Take a look at lines 171-173 of the code. Try commenting and uncommenting
+lines to set `COST_TO_DRAW` to different values, and run the code to see the
+values that are printed in each cell when you hit the spacebar. Take a
+screenshot (<kbd>Fn + Print Scrn</kbd>) of each example with some lava tiles placed down,
+and in your own words, explain what `f_score`, `g_score`, and `h_score` are, and why
+you see those specific values in the screenshot. (There should be three
+screenshots, printing *f* values, *g* values, and *h* values).
+
+## Get coding!
+
+For the following 3 sections, you should implement the code to get the
+specified behavior, but also place tiles and set up a scenario/path where that
+newly implemented behavior is demonstrated (ex. Paul moving diagonally or
+moving through a swamp.) Then include a screenshot and explanation. Quoting
+Paul, "Once you make a change, you should include a screenshot of the pygame
+window that shows the generated path for a given set of obstacles. You should
+be ready to explain why the shown path is actually the shortest (for instance…
+“the diagonal move while costly, is necessary in order to reach the goal,
+paths consisting of just up, down, left, or right would not be able to reach
+the goal”)."
+
+## Paul gets Diagonals
+
+Read the `get_open_adj_coords()` function to get an idea of how valid adjacent
+cells are found. In the current code, valid adjacent cells only include the
+surrounding cells in the 4 cardinal directions, and moving to any of these
+cells costs 1 movement point. Add code changing the `get_open_adj_coords()`
+function so that surrounding diagonal cells are considered valid adjacent
+cells and moving to any of these cells costs 3 movement points. This will
+allow Paul to move diagonally.
+
+## Paul gets Hops
+
+Evolve Paul and allow him to jump over lava! Add the ability for Paul to jump
+one square. This should cost 8 movement points, however. This will involve
+changing `get_open_adj_coords()`.
+
+## Paul gets Swamped
+
+Change the program so that pressing 's' allows you to add swamp tiles. Paul
+should be able to move through swamp tiles, but they will slow him down!
+Moving into a swamp tile will cost 3 additional movement points, so Paul
+should really avoid moving through swamp tiles unless he has to. Note that
+this means that moving to an adjacent swamp tile will cost 4 points, since
+moving adjacent one square costs 1 point, and the swamp adds 3. Moving into a
+diagonal swamp tile will cost 6 points. A `swamp.jpg` file has been provided for
+you in the /images folder. You will probably have to make some changes to
+pygame's `main_loop` to detect key presses, and you'll have to implement the
+empty `_add_swamp()` function. Take a look at `_add_lava()` for inspiration, and
+note the `terrain_cost` and `is_unpassable` arguments that are passed to the
+`ObstacleTile` constructor when a lava tile is made!
+
+## Completing the Toolbox Exercise
+
+To turn in your assignment, push your code and screenshots to GitHub.
diff --git a/_toolboxes/evolutionary-algorithms.md b/_toolboxes/evolutionary-algorithms.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..174f587e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_toolboxes/evolutionary-algorithms.md
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+---
+title: Evolutionary Algorithms
+date: 2017-02-17 00:00:00 -05:00
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## Background
+
+**WARNING:** This background section is way too much fun. The SoftDes
+teaching team cannot be held responsible for lost productivity that may
+result. You might want to grab a comfy chair and a frosty beverage before
+proceeding.
+
+[Evolutionary algorithms](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_algorithm)
+use techniques inspired by biological evolution to find approximate solutions
+to complex optimization problems. In brief, these
+[heuristic](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic_%28computer_science%29)
+algorithms represent potential solutions as individuals within a population.
+New solutions are generated from the population via mutation and reproduction,
+and the fittest survive to form the next generation.
+
+### Example 1: Evolving biped gaits
+
+### Flexible Muscle-Based Locomotion for Bipedal Creatures
+
+The gaits shown in this video were not designed: they were evolved. The
+researchers provided an environment with constraints (physics) plus a "fitness
+function" for evaluating individuals (able to walk the farthest without
+falling), and "natural selection" did the rest without human intervention.
+
+Notice how the same algorithm is able to flexibly adapt to different
+constraints (walking on uneven terrain or on the moon). It is also fascinating
+to watch it rediscover many efficient gaits found in nature.
+
+### Example 2: Evolving cars
+
+  1. Go to <http://boxcar2d.com>.
+  2. Don't forget to close your browser at some point to eat and sleep.
+
+This physics simulation attempts to evolve cars to successfully negotiate
+randomly generated terrain. Each car is represented by a simple "genotype" — a
+vector describing the polygons and wheels that comprise the car's body. The
+[BoxCar 2D algorithm description](http://boxcar2d.com/about.html) has more
+details about how new cars are generated and selected.
+
+### Example 3: Evolving FPGAs
+
+Read: [On the Origin of Circuits](http://www.damninteresting.com/on-the-origin-of-circuits/) (1500 words)
+
+This example brings evolutionary algorithms into the hardware world: a
+researcher was able to evolve a [Field Programmable Gate
+Array](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array) (a type of
+reprogrammable logic chip) to distinguish between two audio tones. The
+resulting circuits were radically different from anything a human designer
+would ever come up with.
+
+## Get set
+
+[GitHub Classroom invite]({{ site.data.github.TB_EvolutionaryAlgorithms_invite }})
+
+You should see `evolve_text.py` within the toolbox folder.
+
+For this exercise, we will be using the [Distributed Evolutionary Algorithms
+in Python](http://deap.readthedocs.org/) (DEAP) framework, as well as
+[NumPy](http://www.numpy.org/) for collecting some statistics. Install them
+both by running:
+
+```bash
+$ pip install deap
+$ pip install numpy
+```
+
+**Note:** The problem we will tackle in this exercise is simple enough that
+we could implement it from scratch with no framework, but DEAP is a powerful
+set of tools that you might find useful in the future.
+
+## Let's talk about all the good things and the bad things that may be
+
+In this toolbox exercise, you will implement a [genetic
+algorithm](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_algorithm) (GA) to evolve an
+initial population of random strings into a specified string.
+
+**Caveat**: Although it's a good learning exercise, this problem is not
+a particularly appropriate application for evolutionary algorithms, since the
+exact solution and the shape of the search space are known in advance. For
+more, check out ["When are Evolutionary Algorithms
+Useful?"](http://watchmaker.uncommons.org/manual/ch01s02.html) and this list
+of [Applications of Genetic
+Algorithms](http://www.lcc.uma.es/~ccottap/semEC/cap03/cap_3.html).
+
+In general, genetic algorithms follow these basic steps:
+
+1. Create an "genotype" encoding of problem solutions
+2. Generate an initial population of individuals with random genotypes
+3. Using a problem-specific "fitness function", select the best individuals from the population and kill off the rest
+4. Mate the selected individuals to create a new generation of individuals
+5. Randomly mutate the genotypes of some individuals
+6. Repeat 3-5 for as many generations as required
+
+## Implementing genetic operators
+
+Let's take a deeper look at each of these steps, and implement each in turn.
+
+**First, look through the provided starter code and try to identify the components of the genetic algorithm.**
+
+### Genotype representation
+
+The individuals in our population are represented as `Message` objects, each
+of which hold a text string.
+
+**Design decision:** Why is this implemented with a list of characters
+instead of a string?
+
+### Evaluating fitness
+
+The fitness function is usually the most problem-specific component of any GA.
+For this exercise, Messages that are closer to the target text are more fit.
+Unlike most problems GAs tackle, the optimal solution is known — when the
+Message is identical to the target text. To make this more precise, the goal
+for this GA is to minimize the [Levenshtein
+distance](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenshtein_distance) between the
+Message and the target text.
+
+**Implement the `levenshtein_distance` function.**
+
+You will need the memoized version to get any reasonable performance.
+
+### Mating
+
+Mating combines pieces of the genotypes of two parent Messages to produce
+offspring. For this exercise we will use a [two point
+crossover](http://deap.readthedocs.org/en/master/api/tools.html#deap.tools.cxTwoPoint)
+technique, which has the following (pseudocode) behavior:
+
+      >>> parent1 = "ABCDEF"
+      >>> parent2 = "UVWXYZ"
+      >>> print(TwoPointCrossover(parent1, parent2))
+      ("ABWXYF", "UVCDEZ")
+
+This crossover is intended to model [homologous
+recombination](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_recombination) of
+chromosomes that occurs during sexual reproduction.
+
+**Skills check:** We are using the
+[`tools.cxTwoPoints`](http://deap.readthedocs.org/en/master/api/tools.html#deap.tools.cxTwoPoint)
+function built into DEAP. Implement your own crossover function, and update
+the "mate" alias in `get_toolbox` to use your version.
+
+### Mutation
+
+Mutation modifies the genotype of a single individual, and is intended to
+model chromosome [mutation](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation). The types
+of mutation possible in this exercise are:
+
+* Insertion of a single Message character
+* Deletion of a single Message character
+* Substitution of a single Message character for another random character
+
+**Implement the `mutate_text` function, with independent probabilities for each mutation type.**
+
+## Evolving text
+
+Once you've made the modifications in the previous section, it's time to
+evolve some text! To call your program, run:
+
+```bash
+$ python evolve_text.py [goal_message]
+```
+
+where `goal_message` is an optional argument specifying the target text.
+Excerpts from a sample execution of the program are given below.
+
+    [Generation 0]
+    Message('VVFIQTXXCQSNEMCZXOIYPXWNLQLEIVBBQHOMJ FLFR') [Distance: 37]
+    Message('JUPN') [Distance: 33]
+    Message('STZMIIIIIFNHJRIXVIWEC AAXARPGG KGLTHCVCBA LTP JJS') [Distance: 42]
+    ...
+    [Generation 10]
+    Message('NDAEOS OIDEAN YWIZESU') [Distance: 25]
+    Message('RBA HAQSKYFWHYWPWNTFEBT') [Distance: 25]
+    ...
+    [Generation 20]
+    Message('IUEBTS MKYBWH YWITETRS') [Distance: 17]
+    ...
+    [Generation 100]
+    Message('IUMBATS MNKFYS WIH TYWSITERS')  [Distance: 11]
+    ...
+    [Generation 200]
+    Message('SUE BATS MONKYS WH TYPEWRITERS') [Distance: 5]
+    ...
+    [Generation 500]
+    Message('SURE BEATS MONKEYS WITH TYPEWRITERS') [Distance: 0]
+
+## Experimentation
+
+The performance of a genetic algorithm on a particular problem depends on the
+genetic operators used, as well as the parameters selected. A few suggestions
+for things to try:
+
+* Change the population size or number or generations to run (in `evolve_string`)
+* Change the probabilities for crossover and mating (`evolve_string`) or the various mutation probabilities (alter when you register the "mutate" toolbox alias in `get_toolbox`)
+* Rather than randomizing the population, start with a monoculture of individuals with the same initial string
+* Modify your distance function to account for the distance between letters, e.g. A -&gt; B is closer than A -&gt; Z (use `ord` function)
+* Try a different [evolutionary algorithm](http://deap.readthedocs.org/en/master/api/algo.html#module-deap.algorithms) from DEAP, e.g. `eaMuPlusLambda` instead of `eaSimple`
+* Try another [selection operator](http://deap.readthedocs.org/en/master/api/tools.html#selection) from DEAP, e.g. `selBest` instead of `selTournament`
+
+**Choose at least one of these experiments (or a different one of your own design) and study how it changes the genetic algorithm's performance (e.g. number of generations to converge to the target text).**
+
+## What to turn in
+
+Push both your `evolve_text.py` and a `results.txt` with the findings from
+your experimentation to GitHub.
+
+## Going beyond
+
+* [**Genetic Programming** ](http://deap.readthedocs.org/en/master/tutorials/advanced/gp.html) \- programs that evolve other programs. Challenge problem: write a program to take Software Design for you, kick back for the rest of the semester (as always, the challenge will be the fitness function)
+* **Evolve Artwork -** Someone has written a [genetic algorithm to evolve famous artwork](http://rogeralsing.com/2008/12/07/genetic-programming-evolution-of-mona-lisa/) using only 50 transparent polygons. Challenge problem: modify your SoftDes computational art project to evolve a given image using function composition.
+* **D is for [Distributed](http://deap.readthedocs.org/en/master/tutorials/basic/part4.html)** \- If you have access to a cluster or multiprocessor system, try running a large scale evolutionary algorithm to solve a non-trivial problem.
+
+## Further reading
+
+* _Evolutionary Computation_, by David Fogel, Thomas Bèack, and Zbigniew Michalewicz [[Olin College library ebook]](http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?sid=3086a330-6951-4213-8e0b-b4ccc62f3035%40sessionmgr110&vid=1&hid=109&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=nlebk&AN=32720)
+* [Rosetta Code](http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Evolutionary_algorithm) \- Evolving strings in every programming language you can think of
diff --git a/_toolboxes/geocoding-and-web-apis.md b/_toolboxes/geocoding-and-web-apis.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3e79fc91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_toolboxes/geocoding-and-web-apis.md
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+---
+title: Geocoding and Web APIs
+date: 2017-01-22 00:00:00 -05:00
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## Introduction
+
+In this toolbox
+exercise, you will access web APIs directly and begin to write your own
+package to connect with new data sources.
+
+This toolbox exercise will focus on dealing with geographical data. You will
+write a tool that takes an address or place name and prints the closest MBTA
+stop and the distance from the given place to that stop. For example:
+
+    >>> import mbta_finder
+    >>> mbta_finder.find_stop_near("Fenway Park")
+    Yawkey is 0.13 miles from Fenway Park
+
+**Note**: There are already [a few Python packages](https://wiki.python.org/moin/GIS/Web_services) that interface with mapping services, but part of this exercise is seeing how you might write your own such package from scratch.
+
+## Get Set
+
+[GitHub Classroom invite]({{ site.data.github.TB_Geocoding_invite }})
+
+You should see `mbta_finder.py` within the toolbox folder, which has some
+optional scaffolding for this exercise.
+
+## Getting data from the web
+
+Let's grab some data from the Internet!
+
+    >>> from urllib.request import urlopen
+    >>> f = urlopen("http://www.olin.edu")
+    >>> print(f.read(400))
+    <!DOCTYPE html>
+    <html>
+    <head profile="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="http://www.olin.edu/favicon.ico"
+    type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />
+    <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Front page feed"
+    href="http://www.olin.edu/rss.xml" />
+    <title>Olin College</title>
+
+Here we're using [`urllib.request`](https://docs.python.org/3.0/library/urllib.request.html) to
+open a [URL](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_resource_locator) and get
+its contents over
+[HTTP](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol).
+
+{% comment %}
+Broken: For a nice
+introduction to how HTTP works, check out this [olin.js
+lesson](https://github.com/olinjs/olinjs/tree/master/classes/class01#http).
+{% endcomment %}
+
+The [`urlopen`](https://docs.python.org/3.0/library/urllib.request.html)
+method returns a [file-like
+object](https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-file-object), from
+which we read and print the first 400 bytes. The result is the HTML code that
+your browser uses to display the `olin.edu` homepage.
+
+What if we want to get a specific piece of information, e.g. Olin's mailing
+address? As you can see from the snippet above, the HTML website code includes
+lots of extraneous information used to display the page in your browser. We
+could of course wade through this (using Python!) to find what we're looking
+for, but for many web services there's an easier way to ask for what we want
+directly.
+
+## Accessing web data programmatically
+
+That more direct method is application programming interfaces. APIs let you
+make requests using specifically constructed URLs and return data in a nicely
+structured format.
+
+There are three main steps to using any web API:
+
+**1\. Read the API documentation**
+
+You should specifically look out for whether the API can provide the data you
+want, how to request that data, and what the return format will be.
+
+**2\. Request an API developer key**
+
+Web services generally limit the number of requests you can make by requiring
+a unique user key to be sent with each request. In order to get a key you'll
+need to agree to their terms, which restrict how you can use the service. In
+this class we will never ask you to agree to terms you aren't comfortable with
+- contact the teaching team if you have an issue.
+
+**3\. Test out your application and launch to users**
+
+A.K.A. the fun part.
+
+The first API we will use is the [Google Maps Geocoding
+API](https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/geocoding/). This tool
+(among other things) allows you to specify a place name or address and receive
+its latitude and longitude. Take a few minutes to read the documentation (it's
+quite good) through "Geocoding Responses".
+
+## Structured data responses (JSON)
+
+Back? Ok cool, let's try it out in Python. We're going to request the response
+in JSON format, which we can decode using Python's
+[`json`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/json.html) module.
+
+    >>> from urllib.request import urlopen
+    >>> import json
+    >>> from pprint import pprint
+    >>> url = "https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/geocode/json?address=Fenway%20Park"
+    >>> f = urlopen(url)
+    >>> response_text = f.read()
+    >>> response_data = json.loads(str(response_text, "utf-8"))
+    >>> pprint(response_data)
+
+We used the [`pprint`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/pprint.html) module to
+"pretty print" the response data structure with indentation so it's easier to
+visualize. You should see something similar to the JSON response from the
+documentation, except built from Python data types. The response data structure is built from nested dictionaries and lists, and you can step through it to access the fields you want.
+
+      >>> print(response_data["results"][0]["formatted_address"])
+      4 Yawkey Way, Boston, MA 02215, USA
+
+**Note**: You might notice that I didn't provide an API key with the request. For the Google Maps API, you can actually get away without one for a small number or requests. Be sure to limit your requests (don't repeatedly make requests in a loop, or rate-limit using [`time.sleep`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/time.html#time.sleep)) so that Olin's IP range is not blocked.
+
+**Write a function to extract the latitude and longitude from the JSON response.**
+
+## Speaking URL
+
+In the above example we passed a hard-coded URL to the `urlopen` function, but
+in your code you will need to generate the parameters based on user input.
+Check out [Understanding URLs and their
+structure](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/Learn/Understanding_URLs) for a
+helpful guide to URL components and encoding.
+
+You can build up the URL string manually, but it's probably helpful to check
+out
+[`urlencode`](https://docs.python.org/3.0/library/urllib.parse.html#urllib.parse.urlencode).
+
+**Write a function that takes an address or place name as input and returns a properly encoded URL to make a Google Maps geocode request.**
+
+## Getting local
+
+Now that we can find the coordinates of a given place, let's take things one
+step further and find the closest public transportation stop to that location.
+
+To accomplish this, we will use the [MBTA-realtime
+API](http://realtime.mbta.com/Portal/Home/Documents). Read through the API
+quickstart guide, and check out the details for `stopsbylocation` in the API
+v2 documentation.
+
+**Note**: The MBTA documentation provides a testing API key that you can use for small numbers of requests, so you may not need to register
+
+**Write a function that takes a latitude and longitude and returns the name of the closest MBTA stop and its distance from the given coordinates.**
+
+## What to turn in
+
+Combine your work from the previous sections to create a tool that takes a
+place name or address as input, finds its latitude/longitude, and returns the
+nearest MBTA and its distance from the starting point.
+
+**Note**: Sadly there are no MBTA stops close enough to Olin College - you have to get out into the city!
+
+## Making it cooler
+
+* Try out some other [Google Maps web services](https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/webservices/) – this is a really rich space and we have barely scratched the surface.
+* Create and publish a Python module for accessing MBTA data.
+* By default `stopsbylocation` gives all types of transportation, including buses and commuter rail. Allow the user to specify how they'd like to travel (e.g. T only).
+* Add in the MBTA real-time arrival data to help choose what station you should walk to
+* Connect with other local services. Example: the City of Boston has [an app](http://www.cityofboston.gov/DoIT/apps/streetbump.asp) that uses a phone's GPS and accelerometer to automatically report potholes to be fixed.
diff --git a/_toolboxes/image-processing.md b/_toolboxes/image-processing.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..daf09e8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_toolboxes/image-processing.md
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+---
+title: Image Processing
+date: 2017-01-22 00:00:00 -05:00
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+In this toolbox exercise you will learn about the extremely powerful image
+processing and computer vision library [OpenCV](http://opencv.org/). OpenCV's
+power derives from the fact that it has tons of algorithms built-in. These
+algorithms can be used to allow a computer to automatically transform and make
+sense of images! If you are not familiar with image processing and computer
+vision, don't worry! This will be a good excuse to learn about these exciting
+topics.
+
+For this toolbox exercise you will create a computer program the processes
+video either from a file or from your computer's webcam. Specifically, your
+program will search for faces within each video frame using OpenCV's built-in
+face detector. When a face is found your program will blur it out using OpenCV
+image filtering functions. Finally, you will draw a funny cartoon face on top
+of the blurred out face. The end-result will look something like this:
+
+![]({% link images/toolboxes/image-processing/paulface.png %}){:width="320px" height="250px"}
+
+## Get Set
+
+[GitHub Classroom invite]({{ site.data.github.TB_ComputerVision_invite }})
+
+Before getting started, make sure you have OpenCV installed. While you can
+write OpenCV code in both Python and C++, we will of course be using the
+Python version. The following line will install the OpenCV library and
+the Python bindings.
+
+```bash
+$ pip install opencv-python
+```
+
+The starter code will be in `face_detect.py` and is very minimal for this
+toolbox, but it will be good for making sure everyone uses a standard naming
+convention for their Python script.
+
+## Grabbing Video Frames
+
+To get started, make sure that you can grab video frames from your webcam and
+display them to the screen. A great place to start is by looking at the OpenCV
+[tutorial on video capture](http://opencv-python-tutroals.readthedocs.org/en/latest/py_tutorials/py_gui/py_video_display/py_video_display.html).
+Note that the tutorial shows you how to grab frames from the webcam and from a
+video file.
+
+When you are done you should end up with code that looks something like this:
+
+```python
+import numpy as np
+import cv2
+
+cap = cv2.VideoCapture(0)
+
+while True:
+    # Capture frame-by-frame
+    ret, frame = cap.read()
+
+    # Display the resulting frame
+    cv2.imshow('frame', frame)
+    if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF == ord('q'):
+        break
+
+# When everything done, release the capture
+cap.release()
+cv2.destroyAllWindows()
+```
+
+Make sure that when you run this code you see a video feed pop up on your
+screen that shows the images from your computer's webcam. If you can't get
+this to work with your webcam, you might try loading from a file (see the
+tutorial for how to make that modification). In order to quit this program you
+need to press the "q" key after clicking on the video window.
+
+Make sure you understand what is going on in the code. Of particular
+importance is the `cv2.waitKey` command and the `cv2.imshow` command. The
+OpenCV documentation for [user interface
+elements](http://docs.opencv.org/modules/highgui/doc/user_interface.html) has
+more information on these. Please note that calling `cv2.waitKey` periodically
+is important to allow OpenCV to display images and process window events. If
+you don't call it, then you will not see any images show up.
+
+## Detect faces!
+
+OpenCV has a pretty good built-in face detector. The specific algorithm that
+the detector uses is some variant of the Viola and Jones face detector. Check
+out [the research
+paper](https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~efros/courses/LBMV07/Papers/viola-cvpr-01.pdf)
+that introduced the method if you'd like to learn more.
+
+In order to load the face detector, you will have to load `haarcascade_frontalface_alt.xml`, an XML file that describes the faces the detector is looking for. You can download the file directly [here](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Itseez/opencv/master/data/haarcascades/haarcascade_frontalface_alt.xml).
+
+To detect faces, *before you start grabbing frames from the video*, instantiate
+the face detector. Use the filepath of where you put the XML file, the location below would be in your Downloads folder.
+
+```python
+    face_cascade = cv2.CascadeClassifier('~/Downloads/haarcascade_frontalface_alt.xml')
+```
+
+After grabbing each frame, run the face detector to get a list of faces in the
+image and then draw a red box around each detected face:
+
+```python
+ret, frame = cap.read()
+faces = face_cascade.detectMultiScale(frame, scaleFactor=1.2, minSize=(20, 20))
+for (x, y, w, h) in faces:
+    cv2.rectangle(frame, (x, y), (x+w, y+h), (0, 0, 255))
+
+    # Display the resulting frame
+    cv2.imshow('frame', frame)
+    if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF == ord('q'):
+        break
+```
+
+Note that the bounding box of the face is specified for each face by:
+
+* x = left edge in pixels of the face
+* y = top edge in pixels of the face (as y goes up you move down the image)
+* w = width in pixels of the face
+* h = height in pixels of the face
+
+## Blurring Faces
+
+Next, you will use OpenCV's filtering routines to blur out the face.
+Specifically you will be using the function `cv2.dilate` to blur out the face.
+
+First, at the top of your file (right after you create `face_cascade`) create a
+NumPy matrix which controls the degree of blurring (the larger the matrix, the
+more blurring):
+
+```python
+    kernel = np.ones((21, 21), 'uint8')
+```
+
+Next, in the loop where you draw the rectangles over the faces, use the kernel
+to blur the image
+
+```python
+for (x, y, w, h) in faces:
+    frame[y:y+h, x:x+w, :] = cv2.dilate(frame[y:y+h, x:x+w, :], kernel)
+    cv2.rectangle(frame, (x, y), (x+w, y+h), (0, 0, 255))
+```
+
+Make sure you understand what the dilate function is doing by checking out
+[the
+documentation](http://docs.opencv.org/modules/imgproc/doc/filtering.html). You
+can modify the blurring by using a larger kernel (e.g. `kernel =
+np.ones((40, 40), 'uint8')`). You will probably want to comment out the code
+that draw the rectangle at this point.
+
+## Draw a face!
+
+As a final step, you should add a second loop over the detected faces to draw
+a cartoon face on top of the original face. A few tips:
+
+1. Make use of OpenCV [drawing primitives](http://docs.opencv.org/modules/core/doc/drawing_functions.html).
+2. Each shape you draw should be positioned and sized relative to the bounding box of the face.
+3. In the example above I drew the mouth using `cv2.ellipse` which allows you to draw portions of an ellipse rather than the full ellipse (this is is useful for generating curves).
+4. All arguments to the drawing commands should be in terms of pixels. The functions will complain if you specify floating point values, so be sure to convert your values to integers using the `int` command.
+5. It helps to draw a diagram of each of the shapes you will use to make the face and how they align with the face box.
+
+## **(optional)** Defacing a video
+
+Modify the line of code `cap = cv2.VideoCapture(0)` to instead
+load a video (for instance `cap = cv2.VideoCapture('/path/to/my/video.mp4')`).
+
+The results can be quite funny. If the video runs too slowly, try processing
+every 5th frame (where you can adjust 5th to whatever you want to achieve the
+desired frame rate).
+
+## Turning in your toolbox assignment
+
+To turn in your assignment, push your code to GitHub. You should schedule a quick NINJA meeting to show off your work in
+action!
diff --git a/_toolboxes/image-steganography.md b/_toolboxes/image-steganography.md
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/_toolboxes/image-steganography.md
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+---
+title: Image Steganography
+date: 2017-02-14 00:00:00 -05:00
+compatible: linux, macos
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+In this toolbox exercise you will delve a bit deeper into the specifics of how images are created in addition to learning more about bits and binary math. This exercise was modified from [Interactive Python](http://interactivepython.org/runestone/static/everyday/2013/03/1_steganography.html), though this version encodes an image into another image instead of ASCII text.
+
+To complete this toolbox, you will need to write two functions. The first is a decoding function that can extract secret information from an image file, while the second is a function that can encode secret messages into images.
+
+## Get Set
+
+[GitHub Classroom invite]({{ site.data.github.TB_ImageSteganography_invite }})
+
+The starter code is in `steganography.py`.
+
+This toolbox uses the [Python Pillow library](https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/4.0.x/reference/Image.html). You should already have this installed on your system from the Computational Art mini-project, but go ahead and install it using `pip3` if it's missing.
+
+## What is steganography?
+
+In a nutshell, the main goal of [steganography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganography) is to hide information within data that doesn't appear to be secret at a glance. For example, this sentence:
+
+`Since everyone can read, encoding text in neutral sentences is definitely effective`
+
+turns into
+
+`Secret inside`
+
+if you take the first letter of every word. Steganography is really handy to use, because people won't even suspect that they're looking at a secret message--making it less likely that they'll want to try to crack your code. In the past, you may have tried to accomplish this kind of subterfuge using invisible inks or using special keywords with your friends. However, as fearless coders we have access to fancier ways to sneak data around.
+
+## The value of one pixel
+
+There are multiple ways to hide things within other things, but today we will be working with images. A black and white image (not grayscale) is an easy thing to conceptualize, where a black pixel has a value of 1 and a white pixel as a value of 0.
+
+Color images have three color channels (RGB), with pixel values of 0-255 for each pixel. So a pixel with the value (255,255,255) would be entirely white while (0,0,0) would be black. The upper range is 255 because it is the largest value that can be represented by an 8 bit binary number. Binary is a base-two paradigm, in contrast to decimal which is in base-ten, which means you calculate the value of a binary number by summing the 2s exponent of each place where a 1 appears.
+
+So if we wanted to convert the number `10001011` from binary into decimal, it would look something like:
+
+```python
+2^8 + 2^4 + 2^2 + 2^1 = 139
+```
+
+You can also test this out in your Python interpreter. Binary numbers are automatically converted to integers so you don't actually need to have a print statement. (It's just there for clarity.)
+
+```python
+>>> print(0b10001011)
+139
+>>> type(0b10001011)
+<class 'int'>
+>>> 0b00001011
+11
+>>> 0b10001010
+138
+```
+
+From our quick tests above, you can see that the leftmost bit place matters a lot more than rightmost bit because the rightmost bit only modifies the value of the number by 1. We saw that:
+
+`10001011 = 139` while `00001011 = 11`
+
+`10001011 = 139` while `10001010 = 138`
+
+Because of this, we describe the leftmost bit as the "most significant bit" (MSB) while the rightmost bit is the "least significant bit" (LSB).
+
+We can observe that its entirely possible to hide a black and white image inside an RGB image by changing the LSB of a pixel in a single color channel to correspond to the value of the image we want to hide.
+
+Additionally, since changing the LSB doesn't drastically change the overall value of the of 8 bit number, we can hide our data without modifying a source image in any detectable sort of way. You can test this out with any [RGB color wheel](http://www.colorspire.com/rgb-color-wheel/) to get a sense of how little difference there is between a color like (150, 50, 50) and (151, 50, 50)
+
+**Aside**
+
+The concept of MSB and LSB occurs in other contexts as well. For example, [parity bits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_bit) are used as a basic form of error checking. Additionally, because the LSBs will change rapidly even if the value of the bit changes a little, they are very useful for use in [hash functions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function) and [checksums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checksum) for validation purposes.
+
+## Decoding the sample image
+
+Provided in this toolbox is a picture of a cute dog. However, this dog is hiding a very secret message... can you decode it? This image is also included in the toolbox under `images/encoded_sample.png`.
+
+![]({% link images/toolboxes/image-steganography/encoded_sample.png %}){:width="400px" height="351px"}
+
+Provided in the starter code is a function called `decode_image`. The secret image was hidden in the LSB of the pixels in the red channel of the image. That is, the value of the LSB of each red pixel is 1 if the hidden image was 1 at that location, and 0 if the hidden image was also 0. Your task is to iterate though each pixel in the encoded image and set the `decode_image` pixel to be (0, 0, 0) or (255, 255, 255) depending on the value of that LSB.
+
+You may want to look at the Python [bin](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#bin) function as you convert between integer and binary. Remember that bin will convert an integer to a *binary string*. Also, remember that you have to isolate the `red_channel` from the original RGB image. You can do this using the `.split()` method that PIL provides.
+
+```python
+def decode_image(file_location):
+    encoded_image = Image.open(file_location)
+    red_channel = encoded_image.split()[0]
+
+    x_size = encoded_image.size[0]
+    y_size = encoded_image.size[1]
+
+    decoded_image = Image.new("RGB", encoded_image.size)
+    pixels = decoded_image.load()
+
+    #TODO: Fill in decoding functionality
+
+    decoded_image.save("images/decoded_image.png")
+```
+
+* Note that files in this example are .png files. We recommend that you avoid working with .jpg files so that file compression does not make your task more difficult.
+
+## Encoding a secret message
+
+Now that we can decode secret messages, it's only natural that we want to encode some too! Provided in the starter code are a pair of functions called `write_text()` and `encode_image()`. `write_text()` will take a string and convert it to a black and white image of the string. You may use it as a helper function in completing your implementation of `encode_image()`.
+
+## Completing the Toolbox Exercise
+
+You will need three things to complete this assignment:
+
+1. Completed `steganography.py` code
+2. Decoded image obtained from `encoded_sample.png`
+3. A sample image with some encoded message in it from your `encode_image()` function
+
+Commit all three things to your GitHub repo.
diff --git a/_toolboxes/machine-learning.md b/_toolboxes/machine-learning.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7a240bdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_toolboxes/machine-learning.md
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+---
+title: Machine Learning
+date: 2017-01-29 00:00:00 -05:00
+compatible: linux, macos
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## Introduction
+
+For this toolbox exercise you will learn how to teach your computer to learn!
+Machine learning is a field that sits at the intersection of statistics, data
+mining, and artificial intelligence.
+
+Tom Mitchell defines what it means for a
+computer program to learn in the following way:
+
+> A computer program is said to
+learn from experience E with respect to some class of tasks T and performance
+measure P, if its performance at tasks in T, as measured by P, improves with
+experience E.
+
+This definition highlights a key difference between machine learning and
+classical statistical methods. That is, machine learning is chiefly concerned
+with improving future performance based on prior experience. Another key
+difference with classical statistical methods is that machine learning focuses
+on the computational efficiency (in both time and space) of algorithms. For
+instance, an active area of machine learning research is to create algorithms
+that have computational efficiency properties that work with “big data”.
+
+This toolbox will familiarize you with doing basic supervised machine
+learning. If you want more detailed reading on the subject, check out ["A few
+useful things to know about machine
+learning"](http://homes.cs.washington.edu/%7Epedrod/papers/cacm12.pdf).
+
+## Get set
+
+[GitHub Classroom invite]({{ site.data.github.TB_MachineLearning_invite }})
+
+For this toolbox we will be learning how to do machine learning using the very
+powerful [scikit-learn](http://scikit-learn.org/stable/) Python module. I
+really like this library for several reasons:
+
+1. It has a really clean API that lets you try many different machine learning algorithms with minimal changes to your code.
+2. It has a lot of great built-in algorithms / techniques.
+3. It automates the process of doing fair evaluations of a machine learning algorithm (this is the part that people often get wrong).
+
+To install scikit-learn and related dependencies, execute the following
+command:
+
+```bash
+$ conda install matplotlib scikit-learn scipy
+```
+
+## Classification Using Scikit-Learn
+
+There are many different problem settings in machine learning. One of the most
+common is known as supervised classification. In the classification problem
+setting, the goal is to categorize a piece of data into one of several
+categories (or classes). This input data could be an image, a piece of text,
+or an audio clip; basically anything that can be described numerically can
+serve as the input to a classification algorithm. Here, we will investigate
+supervised classification whereby the computer learns how to classify new
+pieces of data by being shown a set of examples consisting of input data and
+their corresponding category (or class).
+
+To make things more concrete, let's look at one of the most well-studied
+classification problems: recognizing images of [handwritten
+digits](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MNIST_database).
+
+To load the digits and display 10 of the examples, run the `display_digits()`
+function in the starter code.
+
+The digit database built into scikit-learn has a total of 1797 examples (there
+are many databases that are much bigger, the most famous is the [MNIST
+database of handwritten digits](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MNIST_database)).
+Each digit is a grayscale 8x8 image. Our goal will be to train the computer to
+categorize 8x8 grayscale images as being either a 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
+by leveraging this database.
+
+To get started, we will use a very simple classification algorithm called[
+Multinomial Logistic
+Regression](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinomial_logistic_regression).
+The basic idea will be to partition our data into two sets. The first set,
+known as the training set, will be used to train our classifier (that is, we
+will use it to infer the relationship between the appearance of an 8x8 patch
+of pixels and the corresponding digit that it represents). The second set,
+known as the testing set, will be used to evaluate our classifier on data that
+it has not been trained on. The reason we need these two sets, is that
+evaluating the performance of the classifier on the data it was trained on may
+be misleadingly high (since the classifier may be overfitting to the
+idiosyncrasies of that training set). Here is some code for splitting the data
+into two sets, training on one, testing on the other, and then reporting the
+classification accuracy on the testing set.
+
+```python
+from sklearn.datasets import *
+from sklearn.cross_validation import train_test_split
+from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
+
+data = load_digits()
+X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(data.data, data.target,
+train_size=0.5)
+model = LogisticRegression(C=10**-10)
+model.fit(X_train, y_train)
+print("Train accuracy %f" %model.score(X_train, y_train))
+print("Test accuracy %f"%model.score(X_test, y_test))
+```
+
+## Learning Curves
+
+Next, you will explore how the amount of training data influences the
+performance of the learned model. In the previous example we used 50% of the
+data for the training set and 50% for the testing set (we can see this since
+we set `train_size = 0.5` when calling `train_test_split`). For this toolbox
+you will be writing code to systematically vary the training set size versus
+the testing set size and plot the curve of the resultant performance. You will
+be repeating each value of `train_size` 10 times to smooth out variability. We
+have given you starter code for this in the `train_model` function in
+`machine_learning/learning_curve.py`.
+
+Once you have produced this curve, answer the following questions and place
+them in a text file called `questions.txt` in your `machine_learning` folder:
+
+1. What is the general trend in the curve?
+2. Are there parts of the curve that appear to be noisier than others? Why?
+3. How many trials do you need to get a smooth curve?
+4. Try different values for C (by changing `LogisticRegression(C=10** -10)`). What happens? If you want to know why this happens, see [this](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikhonov_regularization) Wikipedia page as well as [the documentation](http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.linear_model.LogisticRegression.html) for `LogisticRegression` in **scikit-learn**.
+
+## Turning in Your Toolbox Exercise
+
+To turn in your toolbox, push your changes to `learning_curve.py` and your
+writeup (`questions.txt`) to your GitHub repo.
+
+## Further Explorations
+
+If you want to explore more of the features of **scikit-learn** and of machine
+learning in general. I recommend you take a look at this [Jupyter
+notebook](https://github.com/paulruvolo/DataScienceMaterials/tree/master/machine_learning_lecture_2).
+If you are still interested, please contact the teaching team... we will be
+happy to give more pointers.
diff --git a/_toolboxes/pickling.md b/_toolboxes/pickling.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e51e2379
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_toolboxes/pickling.md
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+---
+title: Pickling
+date: 2017-02-17 00:00:00 -05:00
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+In this project toolbox exercise you will be learning how to write Python data
+to disk and retrieve them later. This structure will be very useful for any
+situation where your program needs to have access to persistent data that it
+then modifies periodically. One way this can be used is to make a quick and
+dirty database.
+
+## Get Set
+
+[GitHub Classroom invite]({{ site.data.github.TB_Pickling_invite }})
+
+The starter code will be in `counter.py`.
+It contains the function you should be implementing. The
+function has a descriptive docstring that explains what you will be doing
+along with a few unit tests. If you run the Python script without any
+arguments you will execute the doctests.
+
+
+## Learn About File Input and Output
+
+There are many good resources to use to learn about files. Check out some of
+these resources:
+
+* [The Python documentation](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/inputoutput.html)
+* [Think Python Chapter 14](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2015.html)
+* [This tutorial](http://www.tutorialspoint.com/python/python_files_io.htm) at TutorialsPoint
+
+## Learn About Pickle
+
+There are many good resources to use to learn about pickling. Check out some
+of these resources:
+
+* [The Python documentation](https://docs.python.org/3/library/pickle.html)
+* [Think Python Chapter 14](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2015.html)
+* [The Python wiki](https://wiki.python.org/moin/UsingPickle)
+
+## Implement the function `update_counter`
+
+The basic idea is to open the counter file in `rb+` (reading plus) mode if it
+exists and you are not resetting the counter, and in `wb` (writing) mode
+otherwise. Once the file is open you can either initialize the counter to 0
+(if appropriate) or read the counter value (using `load`) and then increment
+it. To finish your implementation, use the `dump` function to store the
+resultant counter value to the disk.
+
+Hints:
+
+* To see if the file already exists, you can use `os.path.exists` function which we have already imported for you as `exists`
+* To move the file handle back to the beginning of the file (for instance after reading), use the command `f.seek(0, 0)` (assuming you called your open file `f`)
+
+## Turning in your toolbox assignment
+
+To turn in your assignment, push your code to GitHub.
diff --git a/_toolboxes/web-apps.md b/_toolboxes/web-apps.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..37bf20ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_toolboxes/web-apps.md
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+---
+title: Web Apps
+category: web-development
+compatible: linux, macos
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+## Introduction
+
+Flask is a lightweight and powerful web framework for Python. It's easy to
+learn and simple to use, allowing you to build your web app in a short amount
+of time.
+
+In this toolbox, you'll how to build a simple website, containing two static
+pages with a small amount of dynamic content. While Flask can be used for
+building complex, database-driven websites, starting with mostly static pages
+will be useful to introduce a workflow, which you can then generalize to make
+more complex pages in the future. Upon completion, you'll be able to use this
+sequence of steps to jump-start your next Flask app.
+
+## Get Set
+
+[GitHub Classroom invite]({{ site.data.github.TB_Flask_invite }})
+
+In this toolbox, you'll be learning Flask. To do this, you'll first need to
+install Flask. Run the following command:
+
+```bash
+$ conda install Flask
+```
+
+This toolbox exercise was developed by Patrick Huston.
+
+## What is Flask, really?
+
+In the introduction, we defined Flask as a "web framework", but what does that
+actually mean? Let's dig deeper. Before this, let's develop a better
+understanding of how the internet works.
+
+When you open up a web page in your browser (e.g. Chrome, Firefox, etc.), it
+makes an HTTP request to a server somewhere in the world. This could be
+something like `GET me the home page`. This server handles this request,
+sending back data (this can be in the form of HTML, JSON, XML, etc.), which is
+rendered by your browser.
+
+This is where Flask comes in - it allows you to create the logic to make a web
+server quickly in Python. You can write logic that will execute when a request
+is made for one of your routes (e.g. `www.mycoolwebsite.com/home`)
+
+## Hello World in Flask
+
+Let's write some Flask. A simple Hello World application written in Flask can
+be as simple as this:
+
+```python
+from flask import Flask
+app = Flask(__name__)
+
+@app.route('/')
+def hello_world():
+    return 'Hello World!'
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    app.run()
+```
+
+Write this, save it as something like `hello.py`, and run it in terminal. Make
+sure to not call your application `flask.py` because this would conflict with
+Flask itself.
+
+```bash
+$ python hello.py
+ * Running on http://127.0.0.1:5000/
+```
+
+<p class="data-proofer-ignore" markdown="1">
+Now head over to <http://127.0.0.1:5000/>, and you should see your hello world
+greeting.
+</p>
+
+In case you're curious `127.0.0.1` points to your local computer, and `5000`
+is the port it's listening on.
+
+What did that actually do? Let's walk through the steps.
+
+1. First we imported the Flask class.
+2. Next we create an instance of this class. The first argument is the name of the application’s module or package. If you are using a single module (as in this example), you should use `__name__` because depending on if it’s started as application or imported as module the name will be different ('`__main__'` versus the actual import name). This is needed so that Flask knows where to look for templates, static files, and so on.
+3. We then use the `route()` [decorator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics#Decorators) to tell Flask what URL should trigger our function. In this case our route is `/`, commonly referred to as the `index` of a page.
+4. The function is given a name which is also used to generate URLs for that particular function, and returns the message we want to display in the user’s browser.
+5. Finally we use the `run()` function to run the local server with our application. The `if __name__== '__main__'` makes sure the server only runs if the script is executed directly from the Python interpreter and not used as an imported module.
+
+To stop the server, hit `ctrl+c`.
+
+## What's this routing business?
+
+In our hello world, example, we had one route denoted by the decorator
+`@app.route('/')`. Again, this 'decorator' tells the Flask app that any
+incoming requests for `GET /` will run the function we called
+`hello_world()`.
+
+Here are a couple more quick examples -
+
+```python
+@app.route('/')
+def index():
+    return 'Index Page'
+
+@app.route('/hello')
+def hello():
+    return 'Hello World'
+```
+
+Pretty simple, right? What happens when we want to do something _useful_ \-
+*e.g.* display something other than text?
+
+## Let's serve some HTML!
+
+HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard markup language used to
+create web pages. In addition to sending back strings, Flask can send back
+HTML files to the client, which will be rendered in the browser. Let's get to
+work creating a basic HTML document.
+
+Let's start by creating a file called `index.html`:
+
+```html
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+    <head>
+        <title>
+            A Small Hello
+        </title>
+    </head>
+<body>
+    <h1>Hi</h1>
+    <p>This is very minimal "hello world" HTML document.</p>
+</body>
+</html>
+```
+
+Create a new directory called `templates`, and save this new document as
+`index.html` there.
+
+Let's figure out how to show this document now.
+
+## Rendering pages
+
+To render a template you can use the `render_template()` method. All you have
+to do is provide the name of the template and the variables you want to pass
+to the template engine as keyword arguments. Here’s a simple example of how to
+render a template:
+
+```python
+from flask import render_template
+
+@app.route('/hello/')
+@app.route('/hello/<name>')
+def hello(name=None):
+    return render_template('hello.html', name=name)
+```
+
+And here is an example template that will work with the above snippet:
+
+```html
+{% raw %}<!doctype html>
+<title>Hello from Flask</title>
+{% if name %}
+    <h1>Hello {{ name }}!</h1>
+{% else %}
+    <h1>Hello World!</h1>
+{% endif %}{% endraw %}
+```
+
+You may have noticed something really cool that happened here. In our route
+`/hello/<name>`, we're allowing someone to make a request with an additional
+'name' parameter that can be anything. We can then use this `name` and render
+it in our HTML template `hello.html`. We use the `{___}` syntax to insert
+outside variables into the template. Additionally, we can insert pythonic flow
+logic directly into our HTML page – see `{% raw %}{% if name %}{% endraw %}`. We could go on for
+years about all of the power of jinja templating, but I'll leave that joy to
+this [wonderful article](http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/dev/templates/).
+
+Getting back to our simple Hello World app, let's add in a route to display
+our `index.html` we created above.
+
+```python
+from flask import Flask
+app = Flask(__name__)
+
+@app.route('/')
+def hello_world():
+    return render_template('index.html')
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    app.run()
+```
+
+And that's it! Again, follow the instructions
+
+```bash
+$ python hello.py
+ * Running on http://127.0.0.1:5000/
+```
+
+to run the application, and head over to <http://127.0.0.1:5000/>, and you
+should see your hello world greeting. It might not look very different, but
+you're now working with a much more powerful format of representing
+information through HTML.
+
+## Build your own app: getting input from the user
+
+What use is a web application if you can't get any data back from the user?
+Let's set up a simple app. Here are our end specifications:
+
+1. Upon visiting the index page at <http://127.0.0.1:5000/>, the user will be greeted by a page that says hello, and includes an input form that requests their name, age, and favorite SoftDes Ninja.
+2. Upon clicking the 'Submit' button, the data from the form will be sent via a POST request to the Flask backend at the route `POST /login`.
+3. The Flask backend will handle the request to `POST /login` and perform some simple validation on the user input - simply check to see if they exist.
+4. If all the information is present, the app will render a 'profile' page for the user - presenting their name and age. Regardless of their input for final question, and regardless of whether Patrick is a SofDes Ninja, the app will display `Patrick Huston`
+5. If all the information is not present, the app will render a simple error page, which will include some indication that they didn't include all the required information, in addition to a button that will redirect the user back to the home page.
+
+It will be up to you to make this happen. If you feel confident in your
+ability to implement this, go for it! If you'd like more scaffolding, continue
+reading.
+
+## Tips and tricks
+
+To complete this exercise, the official Flask documentation will get you
+pretty far. There is the [full
+documentation](http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/0.10/#user-s-guide) and the
+[quickstart guide](http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/0.10/quickstart/), both of
+should be pretty helpful.
+
+1. _HTML Forms_ To make forms in HTML, check out [this resource](http://www.w3schools.com/html/html_forms.asp). For even more information, check [this](http://tinyurl.com/htmlforms) out.
+2. _Sending POST Requests_ To send the data from the form in a POST request, use an input with type `submit`, and set the action of the form to reflect the destination in your routes.
+3. _Handling POST Requests_ To learn more about handling post requests in Flask, check this resource from the [Flask documentation](http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/0.10/quickstart/#http-methods) out.
+4. \+ 5. _Accessing the Form Data_ To access the form data, check out [this documentation](http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/0.10/quickstart/#the-request-object) on using the Flask `request` utility.
+
+## What to turn in
+
+Push the web app you developed in the previous section to GitHub.
+
+## Going further
+
+1. **Learn more about [Django](https://www.djangoproject.com/)** – an alternative to Flask. They don't have many major differences other than some small quirks in conventions and style. See [here](https://wakatime.com/blog/25-pirates-use-flask-the-navy-uses-django) for more analysis.
+2. **Want to keep track of some data in your web app?** Instead of using a .txt file or a pickle file, it's common practice in nearly any web app to use a database. A few especially well-known database choices are MySql, SQLite, or PostgreSQL (which all use [Structured Query Language](https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-sql) to manipulate stored data, as do many other common [relational databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database)) You also may have heard some buzz about MongoDB, which uses an unstructured data format in `documents` similar to JSON. Mongo is stupidly easy to set up and use, but I'd stop and think first before jumping right in. It may be the easy choice, but representing your data intelligently in a relational table can be much more effective and less of a headache later on.
+3. **But HTML is so ugly!** HTML alone *is* very ugly. That's why we use CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) to add some extra flair and style to our HTML. You can change pretty much anything about HTML - colors, shapes, sizes, placement, etc. with CSS rules. It's also pretty simple to write. Check [this resource](http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_intro.asp) out to learn more about CSS.
+4. **What about making my website dynamic?** SoftDes may be a class in Python, but we can venture out a little and use some [jQuery](http://www.w3schools.com/jquery/jquery_intro.asp). jQuery might seem scary, but you use it in a way similar to adding/linking CSS styling to your HTML. You write scripts in JavaScript (which isn't too difficult), which can allow you to add beautiful responsive and dynamic content to your web app.
+5. You can also use [D3](https://d3js.org) to display graphical data in a web page.
+6. **Deploying to the cloud.** Want to run your application on a server in the cloud, with a public URL? One option to do that easily is Heroku (Note: toolbox available upon request).
diff --git a/_toolboxes/word-frequency-analysis.md b/_toolboxes/word-frequency-analysis.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dc982afd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_toolboxes/word-frequency-analysis.md
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+---
+title: Word Frequency Analysis
+date: 2017-01-29 00:00:00 -05:00
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+This exercise has been adapted from Think Python Ch. 13.1. The goal of this
+toolbox exercise will be to write a Python program that can automatically
+analyze the linguistic characteristics of a book. Along the way we will learn
+a bit about reading files.
+
+## Get Set
+
+[GitHub Classroom invite]({{ site.data.github.TB_WordFrequency_invite }})
+
+
+The starter code will be in `frequency.py`.
+
+## Download your favorite book
+
+Go to [Project Gutenberg](http://gutenberg.org) and download your favorite
+out-of-copyright book in plain text format. The file `pg32325.txt` has
+been placed in the `word_frequency_analysis` directory to give you an example of
+the type of file you should download.
+
+## Complete the declared function `get_word_list`
+
+The function should read the specified Project Gutenberg text file, strip out
+whitespace, header comments, and punctuation and return a list of all words in
+the book in order. In addition, the words should all be converted to
+lowercase.
+
+Hints:
+
+"The `string` module provides strings named `whitespace`, which contains
+space, tab, newline, etc., and `punctuation` which contains the punctuation
+characters. Let’s see if we can make Python swear:
+
+```python
+>>> import string
+>>> print(string.punctuation)
+!"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^_`{|}~
+```
+
+Also, you might consider using the string methods `strip`, `replace`,
+`split`, and `translate`. Find documentation for those methods [here](https://docs.python.org/3.1/library/stdtypes.html#string-methods).
+
+_More Hints:_
+
+The first step is loading the file and stripping away the header comment. Here
+is some code that does just this and stores the resultant list of lines in a
+variable called `lines`. Make sure you understand what it is doing, and modify
+it if you need to:
+
+```python
+f = open(file_name, 'r')
+lines = f.readlines()
+curr_line = 0
+while lines[curr_line].find('START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK') == -1:
+  curr_line += 1
+lines = lines[curr_line+1:]
+```
+
+## Get Top 100 Words
+
+Next, fill out the implementation of the function `get_top_n_words` that takes
+as input the list of words computed in by your `get_word_list function` and
+searches for the n most frequently used words and returns a list of these
+words in order of frequency from most to least frequently occurring.
+
+Hints: you will probably want to process the raw list of words into a
+dictionary where the key is a particular word and the value is the number of
+times it occurs in the input `word_list`. Suppose you have created such a
+dictionary and its name is `word_counts`. You can sort the words by frequency
+of occurrence using the Python code:
+
+`ordered_by_frequency = sorted(word_counts, key=word_counts.get, reverse=True)`
+
+## Finishing your program
+
+Add some code that calls the two functions you just wrote so that you get the
+words in your Project Gutenberg text, calculate the top 100 most frequently
+occurring words, and print the word list out. Once you have done this, push
+your finished code to your repository.
+
+## Making it Cooler (optional)
+
+If you want to do some more advanced word frequency analysis, try the rest of
+the exercises in [Think Python 13.1](http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython2/html/thinkpython2014.html).
diff --git a/files/activities/day1/day1-activity1.md b/files/activities/day1/day1-activity1.md
deleted file mode 100644
index e42107ae..00000000
--- a/files/activities/day1/day1-activity1.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-# Activity 1.1 – Get Started with Python
-
-## 1. Install Python
-
-Visit the class web site <https://softdes.olin.build>. (Bookmark this while you're there.)
-
-Find the “Set Up” page.
-
-Follow the instructions under “Step 1: Install Python”.
-
-## 2. Open a Terminal Window
-
-In this course you will make use of the **Terminal** program in Linux or macOS, or **Command Prompt** in Windows:
-
-**Linux**: Press cmd+alt+T, or launch the Terminal from your Programs menu.
-
-**macOS**: Open the Terminal application, in the Applications folder.
-
-**Windows**: Open the Anaconda Command Prompt. If this is unfamiliar to you, ask a classmate or NINJA, or search the web for “windows 10 command prompt” – but open “Anaconda Command Prompt” instead of “Command Prompt”.
-
-Launching Terminal or (Anaconda) Command Prompt is called “creating a terminal session”.
-
-Typing into a terminal session is called “in a terminal session”, “in a terminal”, or “in the shell”
-
- Typing some text – such as `ls` (Linux or macOS) or `dir` (Windows) – and then pressing the Enter or Return key, is called “entering *command*“ or “running *command*”, where *command* is the entered text.
-
-## 3. Explore Python
-
-Enter `python`. This starts the **python interpreter**.
-
-You should see something like this:
-
-```
-Python 3.6.2 (default, Jul 17 2017, 16:44:45)
-[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 8.1.0 (clang-802.0.42)] on darwin
-Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
->>>
-```
-
-Details such as the date, and the material inside brackets `[…]` will differ. The first line should say `Python 3.5.x` or `3.6.x`, where `x` is some digit. If it says `Python 2.x.y` check in with a NINJA.
-
-The chevron's `>>>` are Python's **prompt**. Python is waiting for you to type something. Type `42` and press Enter. You should see something like:
-
-```
->>> 42
-42
-```
-
-Now type `40 + 2`:
-
-```
->>> 40 + 2
-42
-```
-
-Try out using Python as a calculator:
-
-* How many minutes are in a day?
-* How many seconds are in a day?
-* How many seconds are in a year?
-* About how many minutes is 1000 seconds?
-* How many minutes old are you?
-
-## 3. Investigation
-
-*Do this in groups of two.*
-
-* Do parentheses `()` and brackets `[]` work the same way as in math notation?
-* Does an expression need to be on one line? Does it matter whether it includes parentheses?
-* Are spaces (“whitespace”) significant? Is there difference between `40+2`, `40 + 2`, and `40     +2` (where the long space is a tab)?
-* What happens if you type something non-sensical, such as `40 + + 2`?
-* Skim [this page on **PEMDAS**](https://www.mathsisfun.com/operation-order-pemdas.html). Use the interpreter to investigate whether Python follows PEMDAS. (Python uses `**` for exponentiation, e.g. $5^2$ is written `5 ** 2` .)
-
-## 4. Quitting Python
-
-To quit Python, enter `quit()` or press control+d (hold the control key; press the `d` key; and then release them in either order).
-
-## Going Beyond
-
-*We will get to these topics later in the course. You can try these now if you finish early.*
-
-Here's some other things you can try:
-
-* **Strings** begin and end with `'` or `"`: `'hello'`, or `"hello"`. Try entering a string at the Python prompt.
-* What operations can you do with strings? Can you add, subtract, or multiply them? With strings and numbers?
-* Use the web to find out whether you can enter complex numbers into Python.
-* How many numbers can you make with the digits `0` through `9` (at most once each), and the arithmetic operators?
diff --git a/files/activities/day1/day1-activity2.md b/files/activities/day1/day1-activity2.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 44a1ee56..00000000
--- a/files/activities/day1/day1-activity2.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-# Activity 1.2 – Jupyter
-
-## 1. Create a new directory
-
-In a terminal window, create a new directory: `mkdir notebooks`.
-
-Set the **terminal session** to use that directory: `cd notebooks`.
-
-Now this terminal session is “in” the `notebooks` directory.
-
-* Enter `pwd` (Linux, macOS) or `cd` (Windows) into a shell to find out the current directory for that terminal session. Try this now.
-* Enter `ls` (Linux, macOS) or `dir` (Windows) to see a list of files in the current directory. Try this now – there should be no files, because you are in a newly-created, empty, directory.
-
-## 2. Launch Jupyter
-
-In the same terminal window, enter `jupyter notebook`. This should open a new window or tab in your web browser. The page in this window or tab will show a list of files in the directory. Since the `notebooks` directory is empty, it should show an empty list.
-
-## 3. Create a Notebook
-
-In the New menu, select `Python 3`. (Your Python may have a slightly different name, such as `Python [default]` or `Python [conda root]`.)
-
-Type `40 + 2` into the cell.
-
-Using the icons and the “cell type” popup menu (`Code`, to the right of the icons) at the top of the page to do the following:
-
-* Run the Python code (the “Play”, or right triangle, icon). You should see a line `Out[1]: 42`.
-* Modify the text to read `40 * 2`, and run it again.
-* Create a new cell. Enter `40 - 2` into this cell, and run it.
-* Create a new cell. Use the cell type menu to change its type to “Markdown”. Enter the text `Some *italic* and **bold**`. What does running this cell do?
-* Create a new cell. *Leave it as a “Code” cell.* Enter the text `Some *italic* and **bold**` into this cell too. What does running this cell do?
-
-## 4. Quit Jupyter
-
-Press the Save icon (the leftmost icon, that looks like a floppy disk from the 90's) to save your Jupyter notebook. Close the tab or window.
-
-Find the terminal session that is running `jupyter notebook`. Press control-c. (Hold the control key down, and while it is down press `c`. Then release them in either order.)
-
-You will see some messages, including `Shutdown this notebook server (y/[n])?`. This is another *prompt*. Answer it by typing `y`, and then return.
-
-(Control-c requests that a program that you have started from the terminal, stop. It works on more programs than just `jupyter`.)
-
-In the terminal, enter `ls` (Linux or macOS) or `dir` (Windows). You now see a file named `Untitled.ipynb`. The file suffix `.ipynb` standards for "iPython Notebook" (“iPython” was the original name for “Jupyter”). It means that the file is a Jupyter notebook.
-
-## Going Beyond
-
-* Take the Jupyter tour. Select “User Interface Tour” from the Jupyter “Help” menu.
-* Rename your notebook. Verify that the file name changed.
-* Select “Keyboard Shortcuts” from the Jupyter “Help” menu. These are alternatives to using the icons and popup menu. Repeat the steps in “Make a notebook” using the keyboard instead of the icons and the cell type menu.
-* Read the Markdown cheatsheet (linked to from the course site). Try out different Markdown features.
-* Create a new Markdown cell. Try entering `$a^2$`,`$$a^2$$`, and `$a^2+b^2=c^2$`. What happens if you include these in a paragraph of text?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/files/activities/day1/day1-activity3.md b/files/activities/day1/day1-activity3.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 73d5468d..00000000
--- a/files/activities/day1/day1-activity3.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-# Activity 1.3 – Git
-
-## 1. Install Git
-
-On the Set Up web page, follow the instructions under “Get Started with Git”.
-
-## 2. Launch Jupyter
-
-Close your terminal window. Close the Jupyter tab or window of your web browser?
-
-Open a *new* terminal window. Enter `cd ReadingJournal`. Enter `jupyter notebook`.
-
-You should see the Reading Journal in your web browser. The journal is a Jupyter notebook, like the one that you created in the previous activity.
-
-You can use remaining class time, if any, to begin work on the journal.
-
-## 3. For Next Time
-
-Do the reading, and work on the reading journal. When you are done, follow the instructions on the course web site to submit the journal.
-
-**There is more homework for next week than just the reading journal!** You also need to [join Slack](https://sd17fall.slack.com), and [fill out the survey](https://goo.gl/forms/JHSocQE14iEVBnHc2).
-
-The [course site](https://softdes.olin.build) is the ultimate authority on what's due. (And, if it's not clear, ask on Slack.)
-
-## Going Beyond: Explore Git
-
-Later in the course, we will make more extensive use of GitHub and git. If you want to explore earlier, here is a nice tutorial: <https://try.github.io/>.
-
diff --git a/files/activities/day2/day2-activity1.md b/files/activities/day2/day2-activity1.md
deleted file mode 100644
index b389dde4..00000000
--- a/files/activities/day2/day2-activity1.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
-# Activity 2.1 – Types and Variables
-
-## 1. Exploring Types
-
-1. Run `python` in a terminal widow. Use the `type` function – *e.g.* `type(1)` – to find the types of the following values. (One of them will produce an error.)
-
-```
-1
-1.0
-"1"
-1 + 2
-1 + 2.0
-1.0 + 2
-1.0 + 2.0
-"1" + 2
-```
-
-2. Typing *e.g.* `type(1.0)` is cumbersome. Based on what you've seen so far, can you tell the type of a value just by looking at the way it's printed?
-
-## 2. Exploring Variables
-
-1. Without using a computer, what do you expect Python to print during the following session?
-
-2. ```
-      >>> x = 10
-      >>> x
-      [what goes here?]
-      >>> y = x
-      >>> y
-      [what goes here?]
-      >>> x = 20
-      >>> x
-      [what goes here?]
-      >>> y
-      [what goes here?]
-      ```
-
-3. Now use Python to test your work. If what you see isn't what you expect, now is an excellent time to talk it over with a classmate or instructor.
-
-4. Draw a *state diagram* of the program in 2. (State diagrams are defined in *Think Python* 2.1. A state diagram is a map of variables to values, drawn as a table of variables and their current values.)
-
-## [Optional] Going Beyond
-
-If your mind is at capacity with new concepts, I recommend *not* doing the following exercises today. These are intended for students with prior exposure to programming.
-
-### GB1. Turtles all the way down
-
-```
-type(1)
-type(1.0)
-type("1")
-type(type(1))
-type(type(1.0))
-type(type("1"))
-type(type(type(1)))
-```
-
-Use this to draw a diagram of what values have what types.
-
-### GB2. Function types
-
-1. Try the following. (One of these will error.)
-
-```
-import math
-type(math.sqrt)
-type(math.pow)
-type(+)
-```
-
-2. Add your own function (*e.g.* `is_triangle`) . [This is possible in the Python command-line program, but you may wish to switch to a Jupyter notebook at this point.] Does it have the same type as `math.sqrt`?
-3. Does `math.sqrt ` takes one argument (`math.sqrt(4))`.  `math.pow` takes two arguments (`math.pow(2, 3)`). Do you agree with Python that these are the same type?
-
-### GB3. Function values
-
-What do you expect the following to do? Test your hypothesis. How does this compare with another language you know?
-
-```python
-def add(a, b):
-	return a + b
-
-plus = add
-print(plus(1, 2))
-```
-
-### GB4. Closures
-
-See if you can figure out what the following is doing. Is there a similar mechanism in other languages you know?
-
-```python
-def adder(n):
-    def add(a):
-        return a + n
-    return add
-
-add1 = adder(1)
-print(add1(10))
-
-add2 = adder(2)
-print(add2(10))
-```
-
diff --git a/files/activities/day2/day2-activity2.md b/files/activities/day2/day2-activity2.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 0b0f494a..00000000
--- a/files/activities/day2/day2-activity2.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,132 +0,0 @@
-# Activity 2.2 – Testing
-
-Here's my solution to exercise 5.3: Write a function named `is_triangle` that takes three integers as arguments, and that prints either “Yes” or “No,” depending on whether you can or cannot form a triangle from sticks with the given lengths.
-
-```python
-def is_triangle(a, b, c):
-	"""Print "Yes" or "No", depending on whether the side lengths can form a triangle."""
-	# If each of the three sides is less or equal to the sum of the other two,
-	# they can form a triangle.
-	if a > b + c:
-		print "No"
-	else:
-        print "Yes"
-```
-
-Notes:
-
-* A string that appears by itself at the top of a function body is special. It's a **documentation string**, or **doc string** (or **docstring**). A doc string is supposed to tell the *human reader* what the function does or how to use it.
-* A string literal that begins and ends with three quotes `"""like this"""`, is similar to a string literal that begins and ends with one quote `"like this"`. A triple-quoted string differs in that (1) it can include `"` without that ending it the string; and (2) it can span more than one line. Both of these features are useful for doc strings.
-* The text after a `#` is a **comment**. A comment is supposed to tell the human reader how the code works. Python ignores everything after a `#`. (In the case of `is_triangle`, this is the whole line.)
-* Pretend, for now, that `print "No"` means the same thing as `print("no")`. We'll re-visit this below.
-
-## Q1. Testing
-
-Terminology:
-
-* The **specification** is what the definition of what the code is supposed to do.
-* The **implementation** is the program (or code, or software) itself.
-
-Does the implementation of `is_triangle`, above, match its specification?
-
-Here's a tool for (more) systematically exploring this. The first line in the following table indicates that running the Python code `is_triangle(3, 4, 5)` is *expected* to print `"Yes"` (the "expected" column), and is *observed* to print `"Yes"` (the "actual" column.)
-
-| a      | b    | c    | expected | actual  |
-| ------ | ---- | ---- | -------- | ------- |
-| 3      | 4    | 5    | `"Yes"`  | `"Yes"` |
-| &nbsp; |      |      |          |         |
-| &nbsp; |      |      |          |         |
-| &nbsp; |      |      |          |         |
-| &nbsp; |      |      |          |         |
-
-Without using your computer:
-
-* Add another row where the “expected” and “actual” are both `"Yes"`.
-* Add a row where the “expected” and “actual” are both `"No"`.
-* Add a row where the "expected" and "actual" entries *differ*.
-
-## Q2. Running your tests
-
-1. Create a new Jupyter Notebook.
-2. Enter the definition of `is_triangle` into a code cell, and run it.
-3. You should get a syntax error:
-   * If you *do not* get a syntax error, this means that you are running Python 2 instead of Python 3, and will run into issues later in the semester.
-   * If you *do* get a syntax error, change `print "No"` to `print("No") `, and similarly modify `print "Yes"`.
-4. Test whether your predictions about the “actual” values are correct.
-
-## Q3. Whitebox Testing
-
-```python
-def is_triangle(a, b, c):	# line 1
-	if a > b + c:			# line 2
-		print("No")			# line 3
-	elif b > a + c:			# line 4
-		print("No")			# line 5
-	elif c > a + b:			# line 6
-		print("No")			# line 7
-	else:					# line 8
-      	print("Yes")		# line 9
-```
-
-`is_triangle(2, 6, 3)`  executes lines ##1, 2, 4, and 5. (You can use Python Tutor to verify this.)
-
-This is shown in the table below.
-
-Add additional rows such that every line number is mentioned somewhere in the table. For example, there are no values of (a, b, c) that will cause both lines ##3 and 5 to run, but you can find values that cause line #3 to run, and separate values that cause line #4 to run.
-
-| a      | b    | c    | expected | actual  | lines      |
-| ------ | ---- | ---- | -------- | ------- | ---------- |
-| 2      | 6    | 3    | `"Yes"`  | `"Yes"` | 1, 2, 4, 5 |
-| &nbsp; |      |      |          |         |            |
-| &nbsp; |      |      |          |         |            |
-| &nbsp; |      |      |          |         |            |
-| &nbsp; |      |      |          |         |            |
-
-## Going Beyond
-
-This section uses material that has not been covered in class. You are *not* expected to be able to work this problems at this point in the semester if this is your first exposure to Python. We will cover these topics later in the semester.
-
-### GB1. Fruitful functions
-
-Modify `is_triangle` to *return*  `"Yes"` and `"No"`, instead of *printing* these values.
-
-```python
-def is_triangle(a, b, c):
-  	"""Return "Yes" or "No", depending on whether the side lengths can form a triangle."""
-    …
-```
-
-### GB2. Boolean values versus strings
-
-Modify `is_triangle` to return boolean values `True` and `False` instead of string values `"Yes"` and `"No"`.
-
-```python
-def is_triangle(a, b, c):
-  	"""Return True or False, depending on whether the side lengths can form a triangle."""
-    …
-```
-
-### GB2. `is_not_triangle`
-
-Write `is_not_triangle`, that returns `True` iff (if and only if) the sides can *not* form a triangle. Write this in two different ways:
-
-1. Copy the source of `is_triangle`, and modify it.
-2. Write a function that calls `is_triangle`.
-
-### GB3. `is_right_triangle`
-
-Write a function that returns `True` iff the sides can form a right triangle: $a^2+b^2=c^2$, $a^2+c^2=b^2$, or $b^2+c^2=a^2$.
-
-### GB4. `is_right_triangle` bonus
-
-Is there a way to implement `is_right_triangle` without using an `if` statement?
-
-This is more a math problem than a programming problem, but the solution can be expressed as code.
-
-### GB5. doctest
-
-On Monday we will introduce doctest. You can get started now. Turn your answer to Q1 into docstring examples, and run doctest on them.
-
-### GB5+. unit testing
-
-This semester we will (probably) not go over `unittest`. Unit testing is an import part of software engineering (which this course intersects with, but is not about) – our use of doctest is an introduction to that. Read about unittest, and turn your answer to Q1 into a separate set of unit tests.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/files/activities/day3/day3-activity-1.md b/files/activities/day3/day3-activity-1.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 452ef488..00000000
--- a/files/activities/day3/day3-activity-1.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-## Q3. Fruitful functions
-
-Modify `is_triangle` to *return* `"Yes"` and `"No"`, instead of *printing* these values.
-
-``` python
-def is_triangle_3(a, b, c):
-    "Return "Yes" or "No", depending on whether the side lengths can form a triangle."
-    …
-```
-
-For discussion: Where could `is_triangle_3` be used, that `is_triangle_2` could not be?
-
-## Q4. Boolean values versus strings
-
-Modify `is_triangle` to return boolean values `True` and `False` instead of string values `"Yes"` and `"No"`.
-
-``` python
-def is_triangle_4(a, b, c):
-    "Return True or False, depending on whether the side lengths can form a triangle."
-    …
-```
-
-For discussion: What (if any) is the advantage of `is_triangle_4` over `is_triangle_3` ?
-
-### GB3. `ipython`
-
-`ipython` is an alternative to the `python` <strong>REPL</strong> (Read-Event-Print Loop). Try it
-
-### GB4. `lambda`
-
-See if you can figure out what the following is doing. Is there a similar mechanism in other language you know?
-
-``` python
-def add(a, b):
-    return a + b
-
-add = lambda a, b: a + b
-```
diff --git a/files/activities/geometry-classes/geometry_beyond_1.py b/files/activities/geometry-classes/geometry_beyond_1.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 2c98c65d..00000000
--- a/files/activities/geometry-classes/geometry_beyond_1.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-"""
-SoftDes in-class exercise: Going Beyond #1
-"""
-
-from geometry import Rect
-
-
-class Circle(object):
-    def __init__(self, x, y, r):
-        pass
-
-    def radius(self):
-        pass
-
-    def diameter(self):
-        pass
-
-    def area(self):
-        pass
-
-    def contains_pt(self, x, y):
-        pass
-
-
-def stochastic_area(shape):
-    """Use the `random` module and `shape.bbox()` to return an approximate measure of shape's area.
-
-    Arguments
-    ---------
-    shape: a Circle or Rect
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    float
-    """
-    pass
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    import doctest
-    doctest.testmod()
diff --git a/files/activities/geometry-classes/geometry_beyond_2.py b/files/activities/geometry-classes/geometry_beyond_2.py
deleted file mode 100644
index db362631..00000000
--- a/files/activities/geometry-classes/geometry_beyond_2.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-"""
-SoftDes in-class exercise: Going Beyond #2
-"""
-
-import pygame
-from geometry import Rect
-# from geometry import Circle
-
-BLACK = (0, 0, 0)
-WHITE = (255, 255, 255)
-RED = (255, 0, 0)
-GREEN = (0, 255, 0)
-BLUE = (0, 0, 255)
-
-pygame.init()
-display = pygame.display.set_mode((350, 350))
-display.fill(BLACK)
-
-
-def draw_shapes(shapes):
-    pygame.draw.rect(display, WHITE, (10, 10, 10, 10))
-    pygame.display.update()
-
-
-shapes = []
-shapes.append((Rect(10, 10, 20, 100), WHITE))
-shapes.append((Rect(50, 50, 60, 60), BLACK))
-# shapes.append((Circle(50, 150, 30), BLUE))
-draw_shapes(shapes)
-
-# Wait for the user to press the Escape key.
-while not any(event.type == pygame.QUIT or (event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN and event.key == pygame.K_ESCAPE)
-              for event in pygame.event.get()):
-    pass
diff --git a/files/ball-class/bounce-1.py b/files/ball-class/bounce-1.py
deleted file mode 100644
index f4a2dc6b..00000000
--- a/files/ball-class/bounce-1.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import pygame
-
-pygame.init()
-os.environ['SDL_VIDEO_WINDOW_POS'] = "0,0"
-
-screen = pygame.display.set_mode((640, 480))
-
-running = True
-while running:
-    for event in pygame.event.get():
-        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
-            running = False
-
-    screen.fill((0, 0, 0))
-    pygame.draw.circle(screen, (255, 0, 0), (320, 240), 50)
-    pygame.display.update()
-
-pygame.quit()
diff --git a/files/ball-class/bounce-2.py b/files/ball-class/bounce-2.py
deleted file mode 100644
index a5b0ebb1..00000000
--- a/files/ball-class/bounce-2.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import pygame
-
-pygame.init()
-os.environ['SDL_VIDEO_WINDOW_POS'] = "0,0"
-
-screen = pygame.display.set_mode((640, 480))
-
-x = width / 2
-y = height / 2
-dy = 1
-
-running = True
-while running:
-    for event in pygame.event.get():
-        if event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
-            y = 0
-        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
-            running = False
-
-    screen.fill((0, 0, 0))
-    pygame.draw.circle(screen, (255, 0, 0), (x, y), 50)
-    y += dy
-    dy += 1
-    dy *= 0.99
-    if y > 480:
-        dy = -dy
-    pygame.display.update()
-
-pygame.quit()
diff --git a/files/ball-class/bounce-3.py b/files/ball-class/bounce-3.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 757a6d5c..00000000
--- a/files/ball-class/bounce-3.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import pygame
-
-pygame.init()
-os.environ['SDL_VIDEO_WINDOW_POS'] = "0,0"
-
-width, height = 640, 480
-
-screen = pygame.display.set_mode((width, height))
-
-
-class Ball:
-    def __init__(self, x, y, dy=1):
-        self.x = x
-        self.y = y
-        self.dy = dy
-
-    def draw(self):
-        pygame.draw.circle(screen, (255, 0, 0), (int(self.x), int(self.y)), 50)
-
-    def step(self):
-        self.y += self.dy
-        self.dy += 1
-        self.dy *= 0.99
-        if self.y > height:
-            self.dy = -self.dy
-
-
-ball = Ball(width / 2, height / 2)
-
-running = True
-while running:
-    for event in pygame.event.get():
-        if event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
-            ball.y = 0
-        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
-            running = False
-
-    screen.fill((0, 0, 0))
-    ball.draw()
-    ball.step()
-    pygame.display.update()
-
-pygame.quit()
diff --git a/files/ball-class/bounce-4.py b/files/ball-class/bounce-4.py
deleted file mode 100644
index d04eceb0..00000000
--- a/files/ball-class/bounce-4.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import pygame
-
-pygame.init()
-os.environ['SDL_VIDEO_WINDOW_POS'] = "0,0"
-
-width, height = 640, 480
-
-screen = pygame.display.set_mode((width, height))
-
-
-class Ball:
-    def __init__(self, x, y, dy=1):
-        self.x = x
-        self.y = y
-        self.dy = dy
-
-    def draw(self):
-        pygame.draw.circle(screen, (255, 0, 0), (int(self.x), int(self.y)), 50)
-
-    def step(self):
-        self.y += self.dy
-        self.dy += 1
-        self.dy *= 0.99
-        if self.y > height:
-            self.dy = -self.dy
-
-
-ball1 = Ball(width / 2, height / 2)
-ball2 = Ball(width / 3, height / 2, 10)
-
-running = True
-while running:
-    for event in pygame.event.get():
-        if event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
-            ball1.y = 0
-            ball2.y = 0
-        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
-            running = False
-
-    screen.fill((0, 0, 0))
-    ball1.draw()
-    ball2.draw()
-    ball1.step()
-    ball2.step()
-    pygame.display.update()
-
-pygame.quit()
diff --git a/files/ball-class/bounce-5.py b/files/ball-class/bounce-5.py
deleted file mode 100644
index b4f237c4..00000000
--- a/files/ball-class/bounce-5.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import pygame
-
-pygame.init()
-os.environ['SDL_VIDEO_WINDOW_POS'] = "0,0"
-
-width, height = 640, 480
-
-screen = pygame.display.set_mode((width, height))
-
-
-class Ball:
-    def __init__(self, x, y, dy=1):
-        self.x = x
-        self.y = y
-        self.dy = dy
-
-    def draw(self):
-        pygame.draw.circle(screen, (255, 0, 0), (int(self.x), int(self.y)), 50)
-
-    def step(self):
-        self.y += self.dy
-        self.dy += 1
-        self.dy *= 0.99
-        if self.y > height:
-            self.dy = -self.dy
-
-
-ball1 = Ball(width / 2, height / 2)
-ball2 = Ball(width / 3, height / 2, 10)
-balls = [ball1, ball2, Ball(width * 2 / 3, height / 2, 5)]
-
-running = True
-while running:
-    for event in pygame.event.get():
-        if event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
-            for ball in balls:
-                ball.y = 0
-        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
-            running = False
-
-    screen.fill((0, 0, 0))
-    for ball in balls:
-        ball.draw()
-        ball.step()
-    pygame.display.update()
-
-pygame.quit()
diff --git a/files/day3/hello.py b/files/day3/hello.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e526cccc..00000000
--- a/files/day3/hello.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-import doctest
-
-def is_triangle(a, b, c):
-    """Return true iff these are the sides of a triangle.
-
-    Examples:
-    >>> is_triangle(1, 3, 5)
-    False
-    >>> is_triangle(3, 4, 5)
-    True
-    >>> is_triangle(1, 1, 2)
-    True
-    """
-    return a <= b + c and b <= a + c and c <= a + b
-
-print(is_triangle(1, 1, 2))
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    doctest.testmod()
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-  <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
-  <meta name="generator" content="pandoc" />
-  <title></title>
-  <style type="text/css">code{white-space: pre;}</style>
-  <script src="https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS_CHTML-full" type="text/javascript"></script>
-</head>
-<body>
-<h1 id="activity-1.1-get-started-with-python">Activity 1.1 – Get Started with Python</h1>
-<h2 id="install-python">1. Install Python</h2>
-<p>Visit the class web site <a href="https://softdes.olin.build" class="uri">https://softdes.olin.build</a>. (Bookmark this while you're there.)</p>
-<p>Find the “Set Up” page.</p>
-<p>Follow the instructions under “Step 1: Install Python”.</p>
-<h2 id="open-a-terminal-window">2. Open a Terminal Window</h2>
-<p>In this course you will make use of the <strong>Terminal</strong> program in Linux or macOS, or <strong>Command Prompt</strong> in Windows:</p>
-<p><strong>Linux</strong>: Press cmd+alt+T, or launch the Terminal from your Programs menu.</p>
-<p><strong>macOS</strong>: Open the Terminal application, in the Applications folder.</p>
-<p><strong>Windows</strong>: Open the Anaconda Command Prompt. If this is unfamiliar to you, ask a classmate or NINJA, or search the web for “windows 10 command prompt” – but open “Anaconda Command Prompt” instead of “Command Prompt”.</p>
-<p>Launching Terminal or (Anaconda) Command Prompt is called “creating a terminal session”.</p>
-<p>Typing into a terminal session is called “in a terminal session”, “in a terminal”, or “in the shell”</p>
-<p>Typing some text – such as <code>ls</code> (Linux or macOS) or <code>dir</code> (Windows) – and then pressing the Enter or Return key, is called “entering <em>command</em>“ or “running <em>command</em>”, where <em>command</em> is the entered text.</p>
-<h2 id="explore-python">3. Explore Python</h2>
-<p>Enter <code>python</code>. This starts the <strong>python interpreter</strong>.</p>
-<p>You should see something like this:</p>
-<pre><code>Python 3.6.2 (default, Jul 17 2017, 16:44:45)
-[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 8.1.0 (clang-802.0.42)] on darwin
-Type &quot;help&quot;, &quot;copyright&quot;, &quot;credits&quot; or &quot;license&quot; for more information.
-&gt;&gt;&gt;</code></pre>
-<p>Details such as the date, and the material inside brackets <code>[…]</code> will differ. The first line should say <code>Python 3.5.x</code> or <code>3.6.x</code>, where <code>x</code> is some digit. If it says <code>Python 2.x.y</code> check in with a NINJA.</p>
-<p>The chevron's <code>&gt;&gt;&gt;</code> are Python's <strong>prompt</strong>. Python is waiting for you to type something. Type <code>42</code> and press Enter. You should see something like:</p>
-<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; 42
-42</code></pre>
-<p>Now type <code>40 + 2</code>:</p>
-<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; 40 + 2
-42</code></pre>
-<p>Try out using Python as a calculator:</p>
-<ul>
-<li>How many minutes are in a day?</li>
-<li>How many seconds are in a day?</li>
-<li>How many seconds are in a year?</li>
-<li>About how many minutes is 1000 seconds?</li>
-<li>How many minutes old are you?</li>
-</ul>
-<h2 id="investigation">3. Investigation</h2>
-<p><em>Do this in groups of two.</em></p>
-<ul>
-<li>Do parentheses <code>()</code> and brackets <code>[]</code> work the same way as in math notation?</li>
-<li>Does an expression need to be on one line? Does it matter whether it includes parentheses?</li>
-<li>Are spaces (“whitespace”) significant? Is there difference between <code>40+2</code>, <code>40 + 2</code>, and <code>40     +2</code> (where the long space is a tab)?</li>
-<li>What happens if you type something non-sensical, such as <code>40 + + 2</code>?</li>
-<li>Skim <a href="https://www.mathsisfun.com/operation-order-pemdas.html">this page on <strong>PEMDAS</strong></a>. Use the interpreter to investigate whether Python follows PEMDAS. (Python uses <code>**</code> for exponentiation, e.g. <span class="math inline">\(5^2\)</span> is written <code>5 ** 2</code> .)</li>
-</ul>
-<h2 id="quitting-python">4. Quitting Python</h2>
-<p>To quit Python, enter <code>quit()</code> or press control+d (hold the control key; press the <code>d</code> key; and then release them in either order).</p>
-<h2 id="going-beyond">Going Beyond</h2>
-<p><em>We will get to these topics later in the course. You can try these now if you finish early.</em></p>
-<p>Here's some other things you can try:</p>
-<ul>
-<li><strong>Strings</strong> begin and end with <code>'</code> or <code>&quot;</code>: <code>'hello'</code>, or <code>&quot;hello&quot;</code>. Try entering a string at the Python prompt.</li>
-<li>What operations can you do with strings? Can you add, subtract, or multiply them? With strings and numbers?</li>
-<li>Use the web to find out whether you can enter complex numbers into Python.</li>
-<li>How many numbers can you make with the digits <code>0</code> through <code>9</code> (at most once each), and the arithmetic operators?</li>
-</ul>
-</body>
-</html>
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-<head>
-  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
-  <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
-  <meta name="generator" content="pandoc" />
-  <title></title>
-  <style type="text/css">code{white-space: pre;}</style>
-</head>
-<body>
-<h1 id="activity-1.2-jupyter">Activity 1.2 – Jupyter</h1>
-<h2 id="create-a-new-directory">1. Create a new directory</h2>
-<p>In a terminal window, create a new directory: <code>mkdir notebooks</code>.</p>
-<p>Set the <strong>terminal session</strong> to use that directory: <code>cd notebooks</code>.</p>
-<p>Now this terminal session is “in” the <code>notebooks</code> directory.</p>
-<ul>
-<li>Enter <code>pwd</code> (Linux, macOS) or <code>cd</code> (Windows) into a shell to find out the current directory for that terminal session. Try this now.</li>
-<li>Enter <code>ls</code> (Linux, macOS) or <code>dir</code> (Windows) to see a list of files in the current directory. Try this now – there should be no files, because you are in a newly-created, empty, directory.</li>
-</ul>
-<h2 id="launch-jupyter">2. Launch Jupyter</h2>
-<p>In the same terminal window, enter <code>jupyter notebook</code>. This should open a new window or tab in your web browser. The page in this window or tab will show a list of files in the directory. Since the <code>notebooks</code> directory is empty, it should show an empty list.</p>
-<h2 id="create-a-notebook">3. Create a Notebook</h2>
-<p>In the New menu, select <code>Python 3</code>. (Your Python may have a slightly different name, such as <code>Python [default]</code> or <code>Python [conda root]</code>.)</p>
-<p>Type <code>40 + 2</code> into the cell.</p>
-<p>Using the icons and the “cell type” popup menu (<code>Code</code>, to the right of the icons) at the top of the page to do the following:</p>
-<ul>
-<li>Run the Python code (the “Play”, or right triangle, icon). You should see a line <code>Out[1]: 42</code>.</li>
-<li>Modify the text to read <code>40 * 2</code>, and run it again.</li>
-<li>Create a new cell. Enter <code>40 - 2</code> into this cell, and run it.</li>
-<li>Create a new cell. Use the cell type menu to change its type to “Markdown”. Enter the text <code>Some *italic* and **bold**</code>. What does running this cell do?</li>
-<li>Create a new cell. <em>Leave it as a “Code” cell.</em> Enter the text <code>Some *italic* and **bold**</code> into this cell too. What does running this cell do?</li>
-</ul>
-<h2 id="quit-jupyter">4. Quit Jupyter</h2>
-<p>Press the Save icon (the leftmost icon, that looks like a floppy disk from the 90's) to save your Jupyter notebook. Close the tab or window.</p>
-<p>Find the terminal session that is running <code>jupyter notebook</code>. Press control-c. (Hold the control key down, and while it is down press <code>c</code>. Then release them in either order.)</p>
-<p>You will see some messages, including <code>Shutdown this notebook server (y/[n])?</code>. This is another <em>prompt</em>. Answer it by typing <code>y</code>, and then return.</p>
-<p>(Control-c requests that a program that you have started from the terminal, stop. It works on more programs than just <code>jupyter</code>.)</p>
-<p>In the terminal, enter <code>ls</code> (Linux or macOS) or <code>dir</code> (Windows). You now see a file named <code>Untitled.ipynb</code>. The file suffix <code>.ipynb</code> standards for &quot;iPython Notebook&quot; (“iPython” was the original name for “Jupyter”). It means that the file is a Jupyter notebook.</p>
-<h2 id="going-beyond">Going Beyond</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Take the Jupyter tour. Select “User Interface Tour” from the Jupyter “Help” menu.</li>
-<li>Rename your notebook. Verify that the file name changed.</li>
-<li>Select “Keyboard Shortcuts” from the Jupyter “Help” menu. These are alternatives to using the icons and popup menu. Repeat the steps in “Make a notebook” using the keyboard instead of the icons and the cell type menu.</li>
-<li>Read the Markdown cheatsheet (linked to from the course site). Try out different Markdown features.</li>
-<li>Create a new Markdown cell. Try entering <code>$a^2$</code>,<code>$$a^2$$</code>, and <code>$a^2+b^2=c^2$</code>. What happens if you include these in a paragraph of text?</li>
-</ul>
-</body>
-</html>
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-<head>
-  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
-  <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
-  <meta name="generator" content="pandoc" />
-  <title></title>
-  <style type="text/css">code{white-space: pre;}</style>
-</head>
-<body>
-<h1 id="activity-1.3-git">Activity 1.3 – Git</h1>
-<h2 id="install-git">1. Install Git</h2>
-<p>On the Set Up web page, follow the instructions under “Get Started with Git”.</p>
-<h2 id="launch-jupyter">2. Launch Jupyter</h2>
-<p>Close your terminal window. Close the Jupyter tab or window of your web browser?</p>
-<p>Open a <em>new</em> terminal window. Enter <code>cd ReadingJournal</code>. Enter <code>jupyter notebook</code>.</p>
-<p>You should see the Reading Journal in your web browser. The journal is a Jupyter notebook, like the one that you created in the previous activity.</p>
-<p>You can use remaining class time, if any, to begin work on the journal.</p>
-<h2 id="for-next-time">3. For Next Time</h2>
-<p>Do the reading, and work on the reading journal. When you are done, follow the instructions on the course web site to submit the journal.</p>
-<p><strong>There is more homework for next week than just the reading journal!</strong> You also need to <a href="https://sd17fall.slack.com">join Slack</a>, and <a href="https://goo.gl/forms/JHSocQE14iEVBnHc2">fill out the survey</a>.</p>
-<p>The <a href="https://softdes.olin.build">course site</a> is the ultimate authority on what's due. (And, if it's not clear, ask on Slack.)</p>
-<h2 id="going-beyond-explore-git">Going Beyond: Explore Git</h2>
-<p>Later in the course, we will make more extensive use of GitHub and git. If you want to explore earlier, here is a nice tutorial: <a href="https://try.github.io/" class="uri">https://try.github.io/</a>.</p>
-</body>
-</html>
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-</head>
-<body>
-<h1 id="activity-2.1-types-and-variables">Activity 2.1 – Types and Variables</h1>
-<h2 id="exploring-types">1. Exploring Types</h2>
-<ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
-<li>Run <code>python</code> in a terminal widow. Use the <code>type</code> function – <em>e.g.</em> <code>type(1)</code> – to find the types of the following values. (One of them will produce an error.)</li>
-</ol>
-<pre><code>1
-1.0
-&quot;1&quot;
-1 + 2
-1 + 2.0
-1.0 + 2
-1.0 + 2.0
-&quot;1&quot; + 2</code></pre>
-<ol start="2" style="list-style-type: decimal">
-<li>Typing <em>e.g.</em> <code>type(1.0)</code> is cumbersome. Based on what you've seen so far, can you tell the type of a value just by looking at the way it's printed?</li>
-</ol>
-<h2 id="exploring-variables">2. Exploring Variables</h2>
-<ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
-<li><p>Without using a computer, what do you expect Python to print during the following session?</p></li>
-<li><p><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; x = 10   &gt;&gt;&gt; x   [what goes here?]   &gt;&gt;&gt; y = x   &gt;&gt;&gt; y   [what goes here?]   &gt;&gt;&gt; x = 20   &gt;&gt;&gt; x   [what goes here?]   &gt;&gt;&gt; y   [what goes here?]</code></p></li>
-<li><p>Now use Python to test your work. If what you see isn't what you expect, now is an excellent time to talk it over with a classmate or instructor.</p></li>
-<li><p>Draw a <em>state diagram</em> of the program in 2. (State diagrams are defined in <em>Think Python</em> 2.1. A state diagram is a map of variables to values, drawn as a table of variables and their current values.)</p></li>
-</ol>
-<h2 id="optional-going-beyond">[Optional] Going Beyond</h2>
-<p>If your mind is at capacity with new concepts, I recommend <em>not</em> doing the following exercises today. These are intended for students with prior exposure to programming.</p>
-<h3 id="gb1.-turtles-all-the-way-down">GB1. Turtles all the way down</h3>
-<pre><code>type(1)
-type(1.0)
-type(&quot;1&quot;)
-type(type(1))
-type(type(1.0))
-type(type(&quot;1&quot;))
-type(type(type(1)))</code></pre>
-<p>Use this to draw a diagram of what values have what types.</p>
-<h3 id="gb2.-function-types">GB2. Function types</h3>
-<ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
-<li>Try the following. (One of these will error.)</li>
-</ol>
-<pre><code>import math
-type(math.sqrt)
-type(math.pow)
-type(+)</code></pre>
-<ol start="2" style="list-style-type: decimal">
-<li>Add your own function (<em>e.g.</em> <code>is_triangle</code>) . [This is possible in the Python command-line program, but you may wish to switch to a Jupyter notebook at this point.] Does it have the same type as <code>math.sqrt</code>?</li>
-<li>Does <code>math.sqrt</code> takes one argument (<code>math.sqrt(4))</code>. <code>math.pow</code> takes two arguments (<code>math.pow(2, 3)</code>). Do you agree with Python that these are the same type?</li>
-</ol>
-<h3 id="gb3.-function-values">GB3. Function values</h3>
-<p>What do you expect the following to do? Test your hypothesis. How does this compare with another language you know?</p>
-<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span class="kw">def</span> add(a, b):
-    <span class="cf">return</span> a <span class="op">+</span> b
-
-plus <span class="op">=</span> add
-<span class="bu">print</span>(plus(<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>))</code></pre></div>
-<h3 id="gb4.-closures">GB4. Closures</h3>
-<p>See if you can figure out what the following is doing. Is there a similar mechanism in other languages you know?</p>
-<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span class="kw">def</span> adder(n):
-    <span class="kw">def</span> add(a):
-        <span class="cf">return</span> a <span class="op">+</span> n
-    <span class="cf">return</span> add
-
-add1 <span class="op">=</span> adder(<span class="dv">1</span>)
-<span class="bu">print</span>(add1(<span class="dv">10</span>))
-
-add2 <span class="op">=</span> adder(<span class="dv">2</span>)
-<span class="bu">print</span>(add2(<span class="dv">10</span>))</code></pre></div>
-</body>
-</html>
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-  </style>
-  <script src="https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS_CHTML-full" type="text/javascript"></script>
-</head>
-<body>
-<h1 id="activity-2.2-testing">Activity 2.2 – Testing</h1>
-<p>Here's my solution to exercise 5.3: Write a function named <code>is_triangle</code> that takes three integers as arguments, and that prints either “Yes” or “No,” depending on whether you can or cannot form a triangle from sticks with the given lengths.</p>
-<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span class="kw">def</span> is_triangle(a, b, c):
-    <span class="co">&quot;&quot;&quot;Print &quot;Yes&quot; or &quot;No&quot;, depending on whether the side lengths can form a triangle.&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
-    <span class="co"># If each of the three sides is less or equal to the sum of the other two,</span>
-    <span class="co"># they can form a triangle.</span>
-    <span class="cf">if</span> a <span class="op">&gt;</span> b <span class="op">+</span> c:
-        <span class="bu">print</span> <span class="st">&quot;No&quot;</span>
-    <span class="cf">else</span>:
-        <span class="bu">print</span> <span class="st">&quot;Yes&quot;</span></code></pre></div>
-<p>Notes:</p>
-<ul>
-<li>A string that appears by itself at the top of a function body is special. It's a <strong>documentation string</strong>, or <strong>doc string</strong> (or <strong>docstring</strong>). A doc string is supposed to tell the <em>human reader</em> what the function does or how to use it.</li>
-<li>A string literal that begins and ends with three quotes <code>&quot;&quot;&quot;like this&quot;&quot;&quot;</code>, is similar to a string literal that begins and ends with one quote <code>&quot;like this&quot;</code>. A triple-quoted string differs in that (1) it can include <code>&quot;</code> without that ending it the string; and (2) it can span more than one line. Both of these features are useful for doc strings.</li>
-<li>The text after a <code>#</code> is a <strong>comment</strong>. A comment is supposed to tell the human reader how the code works. Python ignores everything after a <code>#</code>. (In the case of <code>is_triangle</code>, this is the whole line.)</li>
-<li>Pretend, for now, that <code>print &quot;No&quot;</code> means the same thing as <code>print(&quot;no&quot;)</code>. We'll re-visit this below.</li>
-</ul>
-<h2 id="q1.-testing">Q1. Testing</h2>
-<p>Terminology:</p>
-<ul>
-<li>The <strong>specification</strong> is what the definition of what the code is supposed to do.</li>
-<li>The <strong>implementation</strong> is the program (or code, or software) itself.</li>
-</ul>
-<p>Does the implementation of <code>is_triangle</code>, above, match its specification?</p>
-<p>Here's a tool for (more) systematically exploring this. The first line in the following table indicates that running the Python code <code>is_triangle(3, 4, 5)</code> is <em>expected</em> to print <code>&quot;Yes&quot;</code> (the &quot;expected&quot; column), and is <em>observed</em> to print <code>&quot;Yes&quot;</code> (the &quot;actual&quot; column.)</p>
-<table>
-<thead>
-<tr class="header">
-<th>a</th>
-<th>b</th>
-<th>c</th>
-<th>expected</th>
-<th>actual</th>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr class="odd">
-<td>3</td>
-<td>4</td>
-<td>5</td>
-<td><code>&quot;Yes&quot;</code></td>
-<td><code>&quot;Yes&quot;</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="even">
-<td> </td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="odd">
-<td> </td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="even">
-<td> </td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="odd">
-<td> </td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-<p>Without using your computer:</p>
-<ul>
-<li>Add another row where the “expected” and “actual” are both <code>&quot;Yes&quot;</code>.</li>
-<li>Add a row where the “expected” and “actual” are both <code>&quot;No&quot;</code>.</li>
-<li>Add a row where the &quot;expected&quot; and &quot;actual&quot; entries <em>differ</em>.</li>
-</ul>
-<h2 id="q2.-running-your-tests">Q2. Running your tests</h2>
-<ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
-<li>Create a new Jupyter Notebook.</li>
-<li>Enter the definition of <code>is_triangle</code> into a code cell, and run it.</li>
-<li>You should get a syntax error:</li>
-</ol>
-<ul>
-<li>If you <em>do not</em> get a syntax error, this means that you are running Python 2 instead of Python 3, and will run into issues later in the semester.</li>
-<li>If you <em>do</em> get a syntax error, change <code>print &quot;No&quot;</code> to <code>print(&quot;No&quot;)</code>, and similarly modify <code>print &quot;Yes&quot;</code>.</li>
-</ul>
-<ol start="4" style="list-style-type: decimal">
-<li>Test whether your predictions about the “actual” values are correct.</li>
-</ol>
-<h2 id="q3.-whitebox-testing">Q3. Whitebox Testing</h2>
-<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span class="kw">def</span> is_triangle(a, b, c):   <span class="co"># line 1</span>
-    <span class="cf">if</span> a <span class="op">&gt;</span> b <span class="op">+</span> c:           <span class="co"># line 2</span>
-        <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">&quot;No&quot;</span>)         <span class="co"># line 3</span>
-    <span class="cf">elif</span> b <span class="op">&gt;</span> a <span class="op">+</span> c:         <span class="co"># line 4</span>
-        <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">&quot;No&quot;</span>)         <span class="co"># line 5</span>
-    <span class="cf">elif</span> c <span class="op">&gt;</span> a <span class="op">+</span> b:         <span class="co"># line 6</span>
-        <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">&quot;No&quot;</span>)         <span class="co"># line 7</span>
-    <span class="cf">else</span>:                   <span class="co"># line 8</span>
-        <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">&quot;Yes&quot;</span>)        <span class="co"># line 9</span></code></pre></div>
-<p><code>is_triangle(2, 6, 3)</code> executes lines ##1, 2, 4, and 5. (You can use Python Tutor to verify this.)</p>
-<p>This is shown in the table below.</p>
-<p>Add additional rows such that every line number is mentioned somewhere in the table. For example, there are no values of (a, b, c) that will cause both lines ##3 and 5 to run, but you can find values that cause line #3 to run, and separate values that cause line #4 to run.</p>
-<table>
-<thead>
-<tr class="header">
-<th>a</th>
-<th>b</th>
-<th>c</th>
-<th>expected</th>
-<th>actual</th>
-<th>lines</th>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr class="odd">
-<td>2</td>
-<td>6</td>
-<td>3</td>
-<td><code>&quot;Yes&quot;</code></td>
-<td><code>&quot;Yes&quot;</code></td>
-<td>1, 2, 4, 5</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="even">
-<td> </td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="odd">
-<td> </td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="even">
-<td> </td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="odd">
-<td> </td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-<h2 id="going-beyond">Going Beyond</h2>
-<p>This section uses material that has not been covered in class. You are <em>not</em> expected to be able to work this problems at this point in the semester if this is your first exposure to Python. We will cover these topics later in the semester.</p>
-<h3 id="gb1.-fruitful-functions">GB1. Fruitful functions</h3>
-<p>Modify <code>is_triangle</code> to <em>return</em> <code>&quot;Yes&quot;</code> and <code>&quot;No&quot;</code>, instead of <em>printing</em> these values.</p>
-<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span class="kw">def</span> is_triangle(a, b, c):
-    <span class="co">&quot;&quot;&quot;Return &quot;Yes&quot; or &quot;No&quot;, depending on whether the side lengths can form a triangle.&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
-    …</code></pre></div>
-<h3 id="gb2.-boolean-values-versus-strings">GB2. Boolean values versus strings</h3>
-<p>Modify <code>is_triangle</code> to return boolean values <code>True</code> and <code>False</code> instead of string values <code>&quot;Yes&quot;</code> and <code>&quot;No&quot;</code>.</p>
-<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span class="kw">def</span> is_triangle(a, b, c):
-    <span class="co">&quot;&quot;&quot;Return True or False, depending on whether the side lengths can form a triangle.&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
-    …</code></pre></div>
-<h3 id="gb2.-is_not_triangle">GB2. <code>is_not_triangle</code></h3>
-<p>Write <code>is_not_triangle</code>, that returns <code>True</code> iff (if and only if) the sides can <em>not</em> form a triangle. Write this in two different ways:</p>
-<ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
-<li>Copy the source of <code>is_triangle</code>, and modify it.</li>
-<li>Write a function that calls <code>is_triangle</code>.</li>
-</ol>
-<h3 id="gb3.-is_right_triangle">GB3. <code>is_right_triangle</code></h3>
-<p>Write a function that returns <code>True</code> iff the sides can form a right triangle: <span class="math inline">\(a^2+b^2=c^2\)</span>, <span class="math inline">\(a^2+c^2=b^2\)</span>, or <span class="math inline">\(b^2+c^2=a^2\)</span>.</p>
-<h3 id="gb4.-is_right_triangle-bonus">GB4. <code>is_right_triangle</code> bonus</h3>
-<p>Is there a way to implement <code>is_right_triangle</code> without using an <code>if</code> statement?</p>
-<p>This is more a math problem than a programming problem, but the solution can be expressed as code.</p>
-<h3 id="gb5.-doctest">GB5. doctest</h3>
-<p>On Monday we will introduce doctest. You can get started now. Turn your answer to Q1 into docstring examples, and run doctest on them.</p>
-<h3 id="gb5.-unit-testing">GB5+. unit testing</h3>
-<p>This semester we will (probably) not go over <code>unittest</code>. Unit testing is an import part of software engineering (which this course intersects with, but is not about) – our use of doctest is an introduction to that. Read about unittest, and turn your answer to Q1 into a separate set of unit tests.</p>
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/files/handouts/day2/day2-activity2.pdf b/files/handouts/day2/day2-activity2.pdf
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diff --git a/files/handouts/day3/day3-activity-1.html b/files/handouts/day3/day3-activity-1.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 157fb02b..00000000
--- a/files/handouts/day3/day3-activity-1.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
-<head>
-  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
-  <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
-  <meta name="generator" content="pandoc" />
-  <title></title>
-  <style type="text/css">code{white-space: pre;}</style>
-  <style type="text/css">
-div.sourceCode { overflow-x: auto; }
-table.sourceCode, tr.sourceCode, td.lineNumbers, td.sourceCode {
-  margin: 0; padding: 0; vertical-align: baseline; border: none; }
-table.sourceCode { width: 100%; line-height: 100%; }
-td.lineNumbers { text-align: right; padding-right: 4px; padding-left: 4px; color: #aaaaaa; border-right: 1px solid #aaaaaa; }
-td.sourceCode { padding-left: 5px; }
-code > span.kw { color: #007020; font-weight: bold; } /* Keyword */
-code > span.dt { color: #902000; } /* DataType */
-code > span.dv { color: #40a070; } /* DecVal */
-code > span.bn { color: #40a070; } /* BaseN */
-code > span.fl { color: #40a070; } /* Float */
-code > span.ch { color: #4070a0; } /* Char */
-code > span.st { color: #4070a0; } /* String */
-code > span.co { color: #60a0b0; font-style: italic; } /* Comment */
-code > span.ot { color: #007020; } /* Other */
-code > span.al { color: #ff0000; font-weight: bold; } /* Alert */
-code > span.fu { color: #06287e; } /* Function */
-code > span.er { color: #ff0000; font-weight: bold; } /* Error */
-code > span.wa { color: #60a0b0; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; } /* Warning */
-code > span.cn { color: #880000; } /* Constant */
-code > span.sc { color: #4070a0; } /* SpecialChar */
-code > span.vs { color: #4070a0; } /* VerbatimString */
-code > span.ss { color: #bb6688; } /* SpecialString */
-code > span.im { } /* Import */
-code > span.va { color: #19177c; } /* Variable */
-code > span.cf { color: #007020; font-weight: bold; } /* ControlFlow */
-code > span.op { color: #666666; } /* Operator */
-code > span.bu { } /* BuiltIn */
-code > span.ex { } /* Extension */
-code > span.pp { color: #bc7a00; } /* Preprocessor */
-code > span.at { color: #7d9029; } /* Attribute */
-code > span.do { color: #ba2121; font-style: italic; } /* Documentation */
-code > span.an { color: #60a0b0; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; } /* Annotation */
-code > span.cv { color: #60a0b0; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; } /* CommentVar */
-code > span.in { color: #60a0b0; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; } /* Information */
-  </style>
-</head>
-<body>
-<h2 id="q3.-fruitful-functions">Q3. Fruitful functions</h2>
-<p>Modify <code>is_triangle</code> to <em>return</em> <code>&quot;Yes&quot;</code> and <code>&quot;No&quot;</code>, instead of <em>printing</em> these values.</p>
-<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span class="kw">def</span> is_triangle_3(a, b, c):
-    <span class="co">&quot;Return &quot;</span>Yes<span class="st">&quot; or &quot;</span>No<span class="st">&quot;, depending on whether the side lengths can form a triangle.&quot;</span>
-    …</code></pre></div>
-<p>For discussion: Where could <code>is_triangle_3</code> be used, that <code>is_triangle_2</code> could not be?</p>
-<h2 id="q4.-boolean-values-versus-strings">Q4. Boolean values versus strings</h2>
-<p>Modify <code>is_triangle</code> to return boolean values <code>True</code> and <code>False</code> instead of string values <code>&quot;Yes&quot;</code> and <code>&quot;No&quot;</code>.</p>
-<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span class="kw">def</span> is_triangle_4(a, b, c):
-    <span class="co">&quot;Return True or False, depending on whether the side lengths can form a triangle.&quot;</span>
-    …</code></pre></div>
-<p>For discussion: What (if any) is the advantage of <code>is_triangle_4</code> over <code>is_triangle_3</code> ?</p>
-<h3 id="gb3.-ipython">GB3. <code>ipython</code></h3>
-<p><code>ipython</code> is an alternative to the <code>python</code> <strong>REPL</strong> (Read-Event-Print Loop). Try it</p>
-<h3 id="gb4.-lambda">GB4. <code>lambda</code></h3>
-<p>See if you can figure out what the following is doing. Is there a similar mechanism in other language you know?</p>
-<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span class="kw">def</span> add(a, b):
-    <span class="cf">return</span> a <span class="op">+</span> b
-
-add <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw">lambda</span> a, b: a <span class="op">+</span> b</code></pre></div>
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/files/handouts/day3/day3-activity-1.pdf b/files/handouts/day3/day3-activity-1.pdf
deleted file mode 100644
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diff --git a/files/mvc/mvc-1.py b/files/mvc/mvc-1.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e3ef0cbb..00000000
--- a/files/mvc/mvc-1.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import pygame
-
-BLACK = (0, 0, 0)
-RED = (255, 0, 0)
-
-pygame.init()
-os.environ['SDL_VIDEO_WINDOW_POS'] = "0,0"
-
-
-class Ball:
-    def __init__(self, x, y, radius=50, color=RED):
-        self.initial_pos = (x, y)
-        self.x = x
-        self.y = y
-        self.dy = 1
-        self.color = color
-        self.radius = radius
-
-    def step(self):
-        self.y += self.dy
-        self.dy += 1
-        self.dy *= 0.99
-        if self.y + self.radius > 480:
-            self.dy = -self.dy
-
-    def reset(self):
-        self.x, self.y = self.initial_pos
-
-    def draw(self):
-        pygame.draw.circle(screen, self.color, (int(self.x), int(self.y)),
-                           self.radius)
-
-    def contains_pt(self, pt):
-        x, y = pt
-        if not self.x - self.radius < x < self.x + self.radius:
-            return False
-        if not self.y - self.radius < y < self.y + self.radius:
-            return False
-        return True
-
-
-screen = pygame.display.set_mode((640, 480))
-
-ball1 = Ball(320, 240, radius=80)
-ball2 = Ball(550, 140, radius=60, color=(0, 255, 0))
-ball3 = Ball(100, 140, radius=40, color=(0, 127, 255))
-
-balls = [ball1, ball2, ball3]
-
-running = True
-while running:  # forever -- until user clicks in close box
-    for event in pygame.event.get():
-        if event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
-            for ball in balls:
-                if ball.contains_pt(pygame.mouse.get_pos()):
-                    ball.reset()
-        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
-            running = False
-
-    screen.fill(BLACK)  # erases screen
-    for ball in balls:
-        ball.step()
-        ball.draw()
-    pygame.display.update()  # updates real screen from staged screen
-
-pygame.quit()
diff --git a/files/mvc/mvc-2.py b/files/mvc/mvc-2.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 9591a6ac..00000000
--- a/files/mvc/mvc-2.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import pygame
-
-BLACK = (0, 0, 0)
-RED = (255, 0, 0)
-BLUE = (0, 255, 0)
-
-pygame.init()
-os.environ['SDL_VIDEO_WINDOW_POS'] = "0,0"
-
-
-class Ball:
-    def __init__(self, x, y, radius=50, color=RED):
-        self.initial_pos = (x, y)
-        self.x = x
-        self.y = y
-        self.dy = 1
-        self.color = color
-        self.radius = radius
-
-    def step(self):
-        self.y += self.dy
-        self.dy += 1
-        self.dy *= 0.99
-        if self.y + self.radius > 480:
-            self.dy = -self.dy
-
-    def reset(self):
-        self.x, self.y = self.initial_pos
-
-    def contains_pt(self, pt):
-        x, y = pt
-        if not self.x - self.radius < x < self.x + self.radius:
-            return False
-        if not self.y - self.radius < y < self.y + self.radius:
-            return False
-        return True
-
-
-class BallView:
-    def __init__(self, model):
-        self.model = model
-
-    def draw(self):
-        model = self.model
-        pygame.draw.circle(screen, model.color, (int(model.x), int(model.y)),
-                           model.radius)
-
-
-screen = pygame.display.set_mode((640, 480))
-
-ball1 = Ball(320, 240, radius=80)
-ball2 = Ball(550, 140, radius=60, color=BLUE)
-ball3 = Ball(100, 140, radius=40, color=(0, 127, 255))
-
-balls = [ball1, ball2, ball3]
-
-views = [BallView(ball1), BallView(ball2), BallView(ball3)]
-
-running = True
-while running:  # forever -- until user clicks in close box
-    for event in pygame.event.get():
-        if event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
-            for ball in balls:
-                if ball.contains_pt(pygame.mouse.get_pos()):
-                    ball.reset()
-        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
-            running = False
-
-    screen.fill(BLACK)  # erases screen
-    for ball in balls:
-        ball.step()
-    for view in views:
-        view.draw()
-    pygame.display.update()  # updates real screen from staged screen
-
-pygame.quit()
diff --git a/files/mvc/mvc-3.py b/files/mvc/mvc-3.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 0210286a..00000000
--- a/files/mvc/mvc-3.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,94 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import pygame
-
-BLACK = (0, 0, 0)
-RED = (255, 0, 0)
-BLUE = (0, 255, 0)
-
-pygame.init()
-os.environ['SDL_VIDEO_WINDOW_POS'] = "0,0"
-
-
-class Ball:
-    def __init__(self, x, y, radius=50, color=RED):
-        self.initial_pos = (x, y)
-        self.x = x
-        self.y = y
-        self.dy = 1
-        self.color = color
-        self.radius = radius
-
-    def step(self):
-        self.y += self.dy
-        self.dy += 1
-        self.dy *= 0.99
-        if self.y + self.radius > 480:
-            self.dy = -self.dy
-
-    def reset(self):
-        self.x, self.y = self.initial_pos
-
-    def contains_pt(self, pt):
-        x, y = pt
-        if not self.x - self.radius < x < self.x + self.radius:
-            return False
-        if not self.y - self.radius < y < self.y + self.radius:
-            return False
-        return True
-
-
-class LeftBallView:
-    def __init__(self, model):
-        self.model = model
-
-    def draw(self):
-        model = self.model
-        pygame.draw.circle(screen, model.color, (int(model.x / 2), int(
-            model.y / 2)), int(model.radius / 2))
-
-
-class RightBallView:
-    def __init__(self, model):
-        self.model = model
-
-    def draw(self):
-        model = self.model
-        z = 1 + (model.y - 240) / 240
-        pygame.draw.circle(screen, model.color, (320 + int(model.x / 2), 120),
-                           int(model.radius / 2 / z), 1)
-
-
-screen = pygame.display.set_mode((640, 240))
-
-ball1 = Ball(320, 240, radius=80)
-ball2 = Ball(550, 140, radius=60, color=BLUE)
-ball3 = Ball(100, 140, radius=40, color=(0, 127, 255))
-
-balls = [ball1, ball2, ball3]
-
-views = []
-for ball in balls:
-    views += [
-        LeftBallView(ball),
-        RightBallView(ball),
-    ]
-
-running = True
-while running:  # forever -- until user clicks in close box
-    for event in pygame.event.get():
-        if event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
-            for ball in balls:
-                x, y = pygame.mouse.get_pos()
-                if ball.contains_pt((2 * x, 2 * y)):
-                    ball.reset()
-        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
-            running = False
-
-    screen.fill(BLACK)  # erases screen
-    for ball in balls:
-        ball.step()
-    for view in views:
-        view.draw()
-    pygame.display.update()  # updates real screen from staged screen
-
-pygame.quit()
diff --git a/files/mvc/mvc-4.py b/files/mvc/mvc-4.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 8126b9ef..00000000
--- a/files/mvc/mvc-4.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,116 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import pygame
-
-BLACK = (0, 0, 0)
-RED = (255, 0, 0)
-BLUE = (0, 255, 0)
-
-pygame.init()
-os.environ['SDL_VIDEO_WINDOW_POS'] = "0,0"
-
-
-class Ball:
-    def __init__(self, x, y, radius=50, color=RED):
-        self.initial_pos = (x, y)
-        self.x = x
-        self.y = y
-        self.dy = 1
-        self.color = color
-        self.radius = radius
-
-    def step(self):
-        self.y += self.dy
-        self.dy += 1
-        self.dy *= 0.99
-        if self.y + self.radius > 480:
-            self.dy = -self.dy
-
-    def reset(self):
-        self.x, self.y = self.initial_pos
-
-    def contains_pt(self, pt):
-        x, y = pt
-        if not self.x - self.radius < x < self.x + self.radius:
-            return False
-        if not self.y - self.radius < y < self.y + self.radius:
-            return False
-        return True
-
-
-class BallView:
-    def __init__(self, model):
-        self.model = model
-
-    def draw(self):
-        model = self.model
-        pygame.draw.circle(screen, model.color, (int(model.x), int(model.y)),
-                           model.radius)
-
-
-class LeftBallView:
-    def __init__(self, model):
-        self.model = model
-
-    def draw(self):
-        model = self.model
-        pygame.draw.circle(screen, model.color, (int(model.x / 2), int(
-            model.y / 2)), int(model.radius / 2))
-
-
-class RightBallView:
-    def __init__(self, model):
-        self.model = model
-
-    def draw(self):
-        model = self.model
-        z = 1 + (model.y - 240) / 240
-        pygame.draw.circle(screen, model.color, (320 + int(model.x / 2), 120),
-                           int(model.radius / 2 / z), 1)
-
-
-class WorldController:
-    def handle_event(self, event):
-        global running
-        if event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
-            self.handle_mouse_down(event)
-        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
-            running = False
-
-    def handle_mouse_down(self, event):
-        x, y = pygame.mouse.get_pos()
-        x, y = 2 * x, 2 * y
-        for ball in balls:
-            if ball.contains_pt((x, y)):
-                ball.reset()
-
-
-screen = pygame.display.set_mode((640, 240))
-
-world_controller = WorldController()
-
-ball1 = Ball(320, 240, radius=80)
-ball2 = Ball(550, 140, radius=60, color=BLUE)
-ball3 = Ball(100, 140, radius=40, color=(0, 127, 255))
-
-balls = [ball1, ball2, ball3]
-
-views = []
-for ball in balls:
-    views += [
-        LeftBallView(ball),
-        RightBallView(ball),
-    ]
-
-running = True
-while running:  # forever -- until user clicks in close box
-    for event in pygame.event.get():
-        world_controller.handle_event(event)
-
-    screen.fill(BLACK)  # erases screen
-    for ball in balls:
-        ball.step()
-    for view in views:
-        view.draw()
-    pygame.display.update()  # updates real screen from staged screen
-
-pygame.quit()
diff --git a/files/mvc/mvc-5.py b/files/mvc/mvc-5.py
deleted file mode 100644
index a7762228..00000000
--- a/files/mvc/mvc-5.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,123 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import pygame
-
-BLACK = (0, 0, 0)
-RED = (255, 0, 0)
-BLUE = (0, 255, 0)
-
-pygame.init()
-os.environ['SDL_VIDEO_WINDOW_POS'] = "0,0"
-
-
-class Ball:
-    def __init__(self, x, y, radius=50, color=RED):
-        self.initial_pos = (x, y)
-        self.x = x
-        self.y = y
-        self.dy = 1
-        self.color = color
-        self.radius = radius
-
-    def step(self):
-        self.y += self.dy
-        self.dy += 1
-        self.dy *= 0.99
-        if self.y + self.radius > 480:
-            self.dy = -self.dy
-
-    def reset(self):
-        self.x, self.y = self.initial_pos
-
-    def contains_pt(self, pt):
-        x, y = pt
-        if not self.x - self.radius < x < self.x + self.radius:
-            return False
-        if not self.y - self.radius < y < self.y + self.radius:
-            return False
-        return True
-
-
-class BallView:
-    def __init__(self, model):
-        self.model = model
-
-    def draw(self):
-        model = self.model
-        pygame.draw.circle(screen, model.color, (int(model.x), int(model.y)),
-                           model.radius)
-
-
-class LeftBallView:
-    def __init__(self, model):
-        self.model = model
-
-    def draw(self):
-        model = self.model
-        pygame.draw.circle(screen, model.color, (int(model.x / 2), int(
-            model.y / 2)), int(model.radius / 2))
-
-
-class RightBallView:
-    def __init__(self, model):
-        self.model = model
-
-    def draw(self):
-        model = self.model
-        z = 1 + (model.y - 240) / 240
-        pygame.draw.circle(screen, model.color, (320 + int(model.x / 2), 120),
-                           int(model.radius / 2 / z), 1)
-
-
-class BallController:
-    def __init__(self, model):
-        self.model = model
-
-    def handle_mouse_down(self, event, pos):
-        model = self.model
-        if model.contains_pt(pos):
-            model.reset()
-
-
-class WorldController:
-    def __init__(self, children):
-        self.children = children
-
-    def handle_event(self, event):
-        global running
-        if event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
-            self.handle_mouse_down(event)
-        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
-            running = False
-
-    def handle_mouse_down(self, event):
-        x, y = pygame.mouse.get_pos()
-        x, y = 2 * x, 2 * y
-        for con in self.children:
-            con.handle_mouse_down(event, (x, y))
-
-
-screen = pygame.display.set_mode((640, 240))
-
-ball1 = Ball(320, 240, radius=80)
-ball2 = Ball(550, 140, radius=60, color=BLUE)
-ball3 = Ball(100, 140, radius=40, color=(0, 127, 255))
-
-balls = [ball1, ball2, ball3]
-
-views = list(map(LeftBallView, balls)) + list(map(RightBallView, balls))
-
-world_controller = WorldController([BallController(ball) for ball in balls])
-
-running = True
-while running:  # forever -- until user clicks in close box
-    for event in pygame.event.get():
-        world_controller.handle_event(event)
-
-    screen.fill(BLACK)  # erases screen
-    for ball in balls:
-        ball.step()
-    for view in views:
-        view.draw()
-    pygame.display.update()  # updates real screen from staged screen
-
-pygame.quit()
diff --git a/files/activities/geometry-classes/geometry.py b/files/notes/day9/geometry.py
similarity index 65%
rename from files/activities/geometry-classes/geometry.py
rename to files/notes/day9/geometry.py
index 38ce4ea1..ebf65dbf 100644
--- a/files/activities/geometry-classes/geometry.py
+++ b/files/notes/day9/geometry.py
@@ -4,25 +4,11 @@
 
 
 class Line(object):
-    """A line between two points.
-
-    (In geometry, this is a line *segment*.)
-    """
-
     def __init__(self, x0, y0, x1, y1):
-        """Initialize the instance.
-
-        Examples:
-        >>> line = Line(10, 20, 100, 200)
-        >>> line.x0
-        10
-        >>> line.y0
-        20
-        """
         pass
 
-    def __repr__(self):
-        """Return a string representation. Python's `print` statement calls this method.
+    def __str__(self):
+        """Python's `print` function calls this method. It should return a string.
 
         Examples:
         >>> line = Line(10, 20, 100, 200)
@@ -34,9 +20,10 @@ def __repr__(self):
     def top(self):
         """Return the smallest y value.
 
-        Using the smallest value as the top is the *opposite* of the convention in math.
-        It's the standard convention in many computer window
-        systems and 2D computer graphics systems.
+        This is the *opposite* of the convention in math. It's the standard convention in many computer window
+        systems and 2D computer graphics systems -- probably because Western writing systems, except boustrophedon
+        Greek and Irish runes, are written from left to right (x increases to the right) and top to bottom (y
+        increases towards the ground).
 
         Examples:
         >>> Line(10, 20, 100, 200).top()
@@ -47,7 +34,7 @@ def top(self):
         pass
 
     def left(self):
-        """Return the smallest x value.
+        """The smallest x value.
 
         Whew.
 
@@ -60,9 +47,7 @@ def left(self):
         pass
 
     def bottom(self):
-        """Return the y coordinate of the bottom of the shape.
-
-        Examples:
+        """Examples:
         >>> Line(10, 20, 100, 200).bottom()
         200
         >>> Line(100, 200, 10, 20).bottom()
@@ -71,9 +56,7 @@ def bottom(self):
         pass
 
     def right(self):
-        """Return the x coordinate of the rightmost point.
-
-        Examples:
+        """Examples:
         >>> Line(10, 20, 100, 200).right()
         100
         >>> Line(100, 200, 10, 20).right()
@@ -82,18 +65,14 @@ def right(self):
         pass
 
     def length(self):
-        """Return the length of the line.
-
-        Examples:
+        """Examples:
         >>> Line(10, 20, 10 + 30, 20 + 40).length()
         50.0
         """
         pass
 
     def is_horizontal(self):
-        """Return true iff the line is horizontal.
-
-        Examples:
+        """Examples:
         >>> Line(10, 20, 100, 20).is_horizontal()
         True
         >>> Line(10, 20, 10, 200).is_horizontal()
@@ -102,9 +81,7 @@ def is_horizontal(self):
         pass
 
     def is_vertical(self):
-        """Return true iff the line is vertical.
-
-        Examples:
+        """Examples:
         >>> Line(10, 20, 10, 200).is_vertical()
         True
         >>> Line(10, 20, 100, 20).is_vertical()
@@ -113,7 +90,7 @@ def is_vertical(self):
         pass
 
     def intersection(self, other):
-        """Going Beyond: Return the intersection of two lines.
+        """Going Beyond: Returns the intersection of two lines.
 
         For this assignment, this only need work if `self` and `other` are
         both horizontal. This is already surprisingly difficult.
@@ -134,16 +111,11 @@ def intersection(self, other):
 
 
 class Rect(object):
-    """A rectangle, defined by the coordinates of its sides."""
-
     def __init__(self, x0, y0, x1, y1):
-        """Initialize the instance."""
         pass
 
     def __str__(self):
-        """Return a human-readable string that describes the instance.
-
-        Examples:
+        """Examples:
         >>> rect = Rect(10, 20, 100, 200)
         >>> print(rect)
         Rect(10, 20, 100, 200)
@@ -151,9 +123,7 @@ def __str__(self):
         pass
 
     def width(self):
-        """Return the shape's width.
-
-        Examples:
+        """Examples:
         >>> Rect(10, 20, 100, 200).width()
         90
         >>> Rect(100, 200, 10, 20).width()
@@ -162,9 +132,7 @@ def width(self):
         pass
 
     def height(self):
-        """Return the shape's height.
-
-        Examples:
+        """Examples:
         >>> Rect(10, 20, 100, 200).height()
         180
         >>> Rect(100, 200, 10, 20).height()
@@ -173,27 +141,20 @@ def height(self):
         pass
 
     def area(self):
-        """Return the shape's area.
-
-        Examples:
+        """Examples:
         >>> Rect(10, 20, 100, 200).area()
         16200
         """
         pass
 
     def bbox(self):
-        """Return this shape's bounding box.
-
-        The bounding box is the smallest practically-computable rectangle that contains all
+        """Return this shape's bounding box. This is the smallest practically-computable rectangle that contains all
         the points in this shape's interior. For a rectangle, its bounding box is itself. The bounding box is a
-        fundamental graphics concept. The Going Beyond exercise illustrates one way this method is helpful.
-        """
+        fundamental graphics concept."""
         return self
 
-    def contains_pt(self, x, y):
-        """Return true iff this rectangle contains the point (x, y).
-
-        Examples:
+    def contains_pt(self, x0, y0):
+        """Examples:
         >>> Rect(10, 20, 100, 200).contains_pt(5, 5)
         False
         >>> Rect(10, 20, 100, 200).contains_pt(50, 50)
@@ -209,11 +170,8 @@ def contains_pt(self, x, y):
         """
         pass
 
-    def intersection(self, other):
-        """Going Beyond: intersection.
-
-        Arguments:
-        other: Rect
+    def intersection(self):
+        """Going Beyond: intersection. `self` is another instance of `Rect`.
 
         Examples:
         # >>> Rect(10, 20, 100, 200).intersection(Rect(15, 25, 90, 180))
@@ -222,7 +180,12 @@ def intersection(self, other):
         pass
 
 
+# Run this code when called from the command line
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import doctest
+
+    # Run all doctests in this file
     doctest.testmod()
-    # doctest.run_docstring_examples(Line.__repr__, globals())
+
+    # Run the doctests for a single function or method (e.g. Line.left)
+    # doctest.run_docstring_examples(Line.left, globals())
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+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Day 4 Reading Journal Notes"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Exercise 4  \n",
+    "Write a function called `middle` that takes a list and returns a new list that contains all but the first and last elements. So `middle([1,2,3,4])` should return `[2,3]`."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#### The most common answer"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[2, 3]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def middle(s):\n",
+    "    return s[1:len(s)-1]\n",
+    "\n",
+    "middle([1,2,3,4,])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#### A more cumbersome method, but works?"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 8,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[2, 3]\n",
+      "[5, 3]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def middle(lst):\n",
+    "    new = []\n",
+    "    for x in range(0, len(lst)):\n",
+    "        new.append(lst[x])\n",
+    "    new.remove(new[0])\n",
+    "    new.remove(new[-1])\n",
+    "    return new\n",
+    "print(middle([1,2,3,4]))\n",
+    "print(middle([1,5,3,4]))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#### Careful about return types: `[[2, 3]] != [2,3]`"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[[2, 3]]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def middle (random_list):\n",
+    "    new_list = []\n",
+    "    for element in random_list:\n",
+    "        new_list = [random_list[1:-1]]\n",
+    "    return new_list\n",
+    "\n",
+    "middle([1,2,3,4])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Improving readability\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Variable names and a docstring."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[2, 3]\n",
+      "[1, 2, 3, 4]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def middle(first_list):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    Takes a list and returns all but the first and the last elements.\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    last_index = len(first_list) - 1\n",
+    "    new_list = first_list[1:last_index] #this all could be one line but I like readability\n",
+    "    return new_list\n",
+    "\n",
+    "my_list = [1,2,3,4]\n",
+    "print(middle(my_list))\n",
+    "print(my_list)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#### Is this one correct?\n",
+    "\n",
+    "How can we write a unit test?"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def middle(Input):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    Given a list, return a new list that contains all but the first and last elements.\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    >>> L = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",
+    "    >>> print(L)\n",
+    "    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",
+    "    >>> print(middle(L))\n",
+    "    [2, 3, 4]\n",
+    "    >>> print(L)\n",
+    "    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    if len(Input)>1:\n",
+    "\n",
+    "        List = Input\n",
+    "        del List[0]\n",
+    "        del List[-1]\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "        return List\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        \n",
+    "        return \"List is too short.\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "import doctest\n",
+    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(middle, globals(), verbose=False)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#middle(['a', 'b'])\n",
+    "#middle(['a'])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Quick fix: make a copy of the input list using a slice:  `List = Input[:]`"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#### Using the copy module\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Slices are another way to go, but this will work."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 16,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",
+      "[2, 3, 4]\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[2, 3, 4]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 16,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "original_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",
+    "\n",
+    "import copy\n",
+    "def middle(original_list):\n",
+    "    copied_list = []\n",
+    "    copied_list = copy.copy(original_list)\n",
+    "    del copied_list[0]\n",
+    "    del copied_list[-1]\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    print(original_list)\n",
+    "    print(copied_list)\n",
+    "    return copied_list\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "middle(original_list)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#### Another correct solution, this one using pop"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 11,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[1, 2, 'ads', 2, 35, 6, 63]\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[2, 'ads', 2, 35, 6]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 11,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def middle(l):\n",
+    "    new_list = l[:]\n",
+    "    new_list.pop(0)\n",
+    "    new_list.pop(len(new_list)-1)\n",
+    "    print(l)\n",
+    "    return new_list\n",
+    "\n",
+    "middle([1,2,'ads',2,35,6,63])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#### Careful with Variable Names"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 12,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[2, 7, 1]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def middle(list):\n",
+    "    new_list = list[1:len(list)-1]\n",
+    "    return new_list\n",
+    "print(middle([9,2,7,1,4]))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#### Another way to make a copy of a List???"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def middle(L):\n",
+    "    res = list(L)\n",
+    "    res.pop(0)\n",
+    "    res.pop(-1)\n",
+    "    return res\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print(middle([1,2,3,4]))\n",
+    "print(middle([2,\"hello\",5,'Hi']))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Exercise 5  \n",
+    "Write a function called `chop` that takes a list, modifies it by removing the first and last elements, and returns `None`.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "What is the difference between `middle` and `chop`? Sketch out the program state or take a look at each in Python Tutor."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#### This looks okay, but we haven't really tested it yet\n",
+    "\n",
+    "How can we see whether or not this is correct?"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 12,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[1, 2, 3, 4]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def chop(lst):\n",
+    "    lst = lst[1:len(lst)-1]\n",
+    "L = [1, 2, 3, 4]\n",
+    "chop(L)\n",
+    "print(L)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "To better understand what is happening here we will draw some state diagrams and stack diagrams."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#### This seems better, is it correct?"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def chop(list):\n",
+    "    list.remove(list[0])\n",
+    "    list.remove(list[-1])\n",
+    "    return None\n",
+    "middle([1,2,3,4])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#### How about this one?\n",
+    "\n",
+    "We have a minor quibble over variable names."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 20,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[2, 3]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def chop(list_numbers):\n",
+    "    del list_numbers[0]\n",
+    "    del list_numbers[-1]\n",
+    "    print(list_numbers)\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "chop([1,2,3,4])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#### del can also handle list slices"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 18,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "None\n",
+      "[6, 3, 8, 0, 2]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "X = [3,6,3,8,0,2,5]\n",
+    "def chop(List):\n",
+    "    del List[:1]\n",
+    "    del List[-1:]\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "print(chop(X))\n",
+    "print(X)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Exercise 7  \n",
+    "Two words are anagrams if you can rearrange the letters from one to spell the other. Write a function called `is_anagram` that takes two strings and returns `True` if they are anagrams."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#### Let's decide if each of these is correct"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Minor issue with doctest here.  Let's run it with verbose = True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 12,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def is_anagram(string_one, string_two):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    Takes input two strings and returns True is they are anagrams\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    >>> is_anagram(\"car\", \"arc\")\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    >>> is_anagram(\"blah\", \"nope\")\n",
+    "    False\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    if len(string_one) == len(string_two):  # words are the same length\n",
+    "        for letter in string_one:\n",
+    "            if letter in string_two:\n",
+    "                return True\n",
+    "        return False\n",
+    "\n",
+    "import doctest\n",
+    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_anagram, globals(), verbose=False)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Passes tests, but we don't have enough coverage. For example, what if we add:\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "    >>> is_anagram(\"cat\", \"cap\")\n",
+    "    False\n",
+    "    >>> is_anagram(\"ab\", \"aaaab\")\n",
+    "    False\n",
+    "```"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 13,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Finding tests in NoName\n",
+      "Trying:\n",
+      "    is_anagram(\"ab\", \"aaaab\")\n",
+      "Expecting:\n",
+      "    False\n",
+      "**********************************************************************\n",
+      "File \"__main__\", line 3, in NoName\n",
+      "Failed example:\n",
+      "    is_anagram(\"ab\", \"aaaab\")\n",
+      "Expected:\n",
+      "    False\n",
+      "Got:\n",
+      "    True\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def is_anagram(o,t):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    >>> is_anagram(\"ab\", \"aaaab\")\n",
+    "    False\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    if o.strip(t) == '':\n",
+    "        return True\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        return False\n",
+    "\n",
+    "is_anagram('banana','popcorn')\n",
+    "is_anagram('banana','nabana')\n",
+    "\n",
+    "import doctest\n",
+    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_anagram, globals(), verbose=True)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 16,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Finding tests in NoName\n",
+      "Trying:\n",
+      "    is_anagram('z', 'z')\n",
+      "Expecting:\n",
+      "    True\n",
+      "ok\n",
+      "Trying:\n",
+      "    is_anagram('c', 'b')\n",
+      "Expecting:\n",
+      "    False\n",
+      "ok\n",
+      "Trying:\n",
+      "    is_anagram('earth','heart')\n",
+      "Expecting:\n",
+      "    True\n",
+      "ok\n",
+      "Trying:\n",
+      "    is_anagram('chicken','butt')\n",
+      "Expecting:\n",
+      "    False\n",
+      "ok\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def is_anagram(string1, string2):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    This function will use the split and sort command to check to see whether one string contains all the letters of the other string.\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    >>> is_anagram('z', 'z')\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    >>> is_anagram('c', 'b')\n",
+    "    False\n",
+    "    >>> is_anagram('earth','heart')\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    >>> is_anagram('chicken','butt')\n",
+    "    False\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    string1_list = list(string1)\n",
+    "    string1_list.sort()\n",
+    "    string2_list = list(string2)\n",
+    "    string2_list.sort()\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    for i in range(len(string1_list)):\n",
+    "        if not string1_list[i] == string2_list[i]:\n",
+    "            return False\n",
+    "    return True    \n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_anagram, globals(),verbose=True)  "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 17,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Finding tests in NoName\n",
+      "Trying:\n",
+      "    anagrams(\"ab\", \"aaaab\")\n",
+      "Expecting:\n",
+      "    False\n",
+      "ok\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def anagrams(first, second):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    >>> anagrams(\"ab\", \"aaaab\")\n",
+    "    False\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    if len(first) == len(second):\n",
+    "        for i in range(0,len(second)):\n",
+    "            if first[i] in second:\n",
+    "                continue\n",
+    "            else:\n",
+    "                return False\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        return False \n",
+    "    return True\n",
+    "\n",
+    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(anagrams, globals(),verbose=True)  \n",
+    "#anagrams('apple', 'paple')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def is_anagram(string1, string2):\n",
+    "    if len(string1) != len(string2):\n",
+    "        return False\n",
+    "    for letter in string1:\n",
+    "        if letter not in string2:\n",
+    "            return False\n",
+    "    for letter in string2:\n",
+    "        if letter not in string1:\n",
+    "            return False\n",
+    "    return True\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print(is_anagram('dog', 'god'))\n",
+    "print(is_anagram('dog', 'cat'))\n",
+    "print(is_anagram('dogg', 'doog')) #lolnope"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def is_anagram (x, y): \n",
+    "    list_a = []   #Converting from a string to a list\n",
+    "    list_b = []   #For both x and y. \n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    for i in x:\n",
+    "        list_a.append(i) #Putting the elements of the string x into list a.\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    for i in y:\n",
+    "        list_b.append(i) #Putting the elements of the string y into list b.\n",
+    "        \n",
+    "    #This part was checked with a print statement.\n",
+    " \n",
+    "    list_a.sort() #Modifies the list itself, does not return a value. \n",
+    "    list_b.sort() #But for both, this function arranges the letters so that if it were an anagram they would be in the same order, which is from least to greatest in terms of their place in the alphabet.\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    if list_a == list_b: #Rhis if statement compares the resulting lists from list sort. If they are the same, they contain the same letters, which would mean the words are anagrams. \n",
+    "        ret`urn True \n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        return False\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "is_anagram ('love','vole')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def is_anagram (x,y):\n",
+    "    x = list(x)\n",
+    "    y = list(y)\n",
+    "    x.sort()\n",
+    "    y.sort()\n",
+    "    if x == y:\n",
+    "        return True\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "is_anagram('bat', 'tab')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def anagrams(String1, String2):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    Given two string inputs, checks to see if they are anagrams.\n",
+    "    >>>anagrams('tab', 'bat')\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    >>>anagrams('lad', 'bad')\n",
+    "    False\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    for letter in String1:\n",
+    "        if letter in String2:\n",
+    "            return True\n",
+    "        else:\n",
+    "            return False\n",
+    "        \n",
+    "anagrams('tab', 'bad')\n",
+    "import doctest\n",
+    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(chop, globals())"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def is_anagram(s1, s2):\n",
+    "    s1 = s1.lower()\n",
+    "    s2 = s2.lower()\n",
+    "    s1 = s1.replace(\" \", \"\")\n",
+    "    s2 = s2.replace(\" \", \"\")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    l2 = list(s2)\n",
+    "    for letter in s1:\n",
+    "        if letter in l2:\n",
+    "            l2.remove(letter)\n",
+    "        else:\n",
+    "            return False\n",
+    "    if len(l2) == 0:\n",
+    "        return True\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        return False\n",
+    "\n",
+    "is_anagram('iceman    ', 'cinema')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#### Based on these answers, what is a good comprehensive list of unit tests?"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Exercise 8  \n",
+    "The (so-called) Birthday Paradox:\n",
+    "1. Write a function called `has_duplicates` that takes a list and returns `True` if there is any element that appears more than once. It should not modify the original list.\n",
+    "2. If there are 23 students in your class, what are the chances that two of you have the same birthday? You can estimate this probability by generating random samples of 23 birthdays and checking for matches. Hint: you can generate random birthdays with the randint function in the [random module](https://docs.python.org/2/library/random.html).\n",
+    "\n",
+    "You can read about this problem at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_paradox, and you can download Allen's solution from http://thinkpython.com/code/birthday.py."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Most of the interesting differences here were in the has_duplicates function.  Let's start there, and then look at a few people's complete code."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 36,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def has_duplicates(lst):\n",
+    "    newlist = []\n",
+    "    for e in lst:\n",
+    "        if e in newlist:\n",
+    "            return True\n",
+    "        else:\n",
+    "            newlist.append(e)\n",
+    "    return False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def has_duplicates(g):\n",
+    "    number = 0\n",
+    "    for birthday in g:   #run through every birthday\n",
+    "        for others in g:    #run throguh the other birthdays\n",
+    "            if birthday == others:   #how many bdays does it match?\n",
+    "                number += 1\n",
+    "        #print number\n",
+    "    if number > len(g):     #if the number is greater than 23\n",
+    "        return True         #then there was at least one duplicate\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        return False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def has_duplicates(input_list):\n",
+    "    check = []\n",
+    "    for i in input_list:\n",
+    "        if i not in check:\n",
+    "            check.append(i)\n",
+    "    if len(check) < len(input_list):\n",
+    "        return True\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        return False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def has_duplicates(list_things):\n",
+    "    list_things.sort()\n",
+    "    flag = False\n",
+    "    for index in range(1, len(list_things)):\n",
+    "        flag = flag or list_things[index] == list_things[index-1]\n",
+    "    return flag\n",
+    "            \n",
+    "has_duplicates([0,1,2,4, 3, 3, 3])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Careful with variable scope."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def has_duplicates(random_list):\n",
+    "    birthdays_sorted = sorted(birthdays)\n",
+    "    for i in range(1,len(random_list)):\n",
+    "        if random_list[i-1] == random_list[i]:\n",
+    "            return True\n",
+    "    return False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def has_duplicates(my_list):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    Checks for duplicates in a list\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    for i in range(len(my_list)):\n",
+    "        if my_list[i] in my_list[i + 1:]:\n",
+    "            return True\n",
+    "    return False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def has_duplicates(birthdays):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    >>> has_duplicates([1,2,3,3,4])\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    >>> has_duplicates([\"one\",\"two\",\"banana\"])\n",
+    "    False\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    for i in range(0,len(birthdays)):\n",
+    "        for j in range(0,i):\n",
+    "            if birthdays[i] == birthdays[j]:\n",
+    "                return True\n",
+    "    return False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "What do we think about the line `items = l[:]`"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 37,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "0.511\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "TestResults(failed=0, attempted=2)"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 37,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "import random\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def has_duplicates(l):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    Tests if a list contains duplicate values. Returns True if so.\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    >>> has_duplicates([1,2,3,4,5])\n",
+    "    False\n",
+    "    >>> has_duplicates([1,2,3,4,2])\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    items = l[:]\n",
+    "    items.sort()\n",
+    "    i = 1\n",
+    "    while i < len(items):\n",
+    "        if items[i] == items[i-1]:\n",
+    "            return True\n",
+    "        i += 1\n",
+    "    return False\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def generate_birthdays(length):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    Generates a list of random integers between 1 and 365.\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    result = []\n",
+    "    for i in range(length):\n",
+    "        result.append(random.randint(1, 365))\n",
+    "    return result\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def probability_of_duplicates(n):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    Empirically estimates the chance that a group of n people will\n",
+    "    contain at least one pair with the same birthday.\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    count = 0\n",
+    "    for i in range(1000):\n",
+    "        birthdays = generate_birthdays(n)\n",
+    "        if has_duplicates(birthdays):\n",
+    "            count += 1\n",
+    "    return count/1000.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print(probability_of_duplicates(23))\n",
+    "\n",
+    "import doctest\n",
+    "doctest.testmod()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "import random\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def has_duplicates(t):\n",
+    "    element_tracker = []\n",
+    "    for item in t:\n",
+    "        if item in element_tracker:\n",
+    "            return True\n",
+    "        element_tracker.append(item)\n",
+    "    return False\n",
+    "\n",
+    "i = 0\n",
+    "j = 0\n",
+    "birthdays = []\n",
+    "duplicates = []\n",
+    "\n",
+    "while i < 100:\n",
+    "    while j < 23:\n",
+    "        birthdays.append(random.randint(0,365)) #birthday represented as one of 365 days\n",
+    "        j += 1\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    duplicates.append(has_duplicates(birthdays))\n",
+    "    birthdays = []\n",
+    "    i += 1\n",
+    "    j = 0\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print(duplicates.count(True)) #Should be ~50"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.6.4"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 1
+}
diff --git a/notebooks/Frankenstein and Dracula Text Analysis.ipynb b/notebooks/Frankenstein and Dracula Text Analysis.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c8e35164
--- /dev/null
+++ b/notebooks/Frankenstein and Dracula Text Analysis.ipynb	
@@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# An Analysis of Sentence Structure in Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\" and Mary Shelley's \"Frankenstein\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "## Main Idea\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The purpose of this notebook is to analyze the sentences in Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\" and Mary Shelley's \"Frankenstein.\"  I'm going to take a machine learning approach where I attempt to build a model that uses individual words in a particular sentence taken from one of the two works, and then attempts to predict which of the two works it came from.  While there is nothing inherently useful (at least in this case) about being able to predict which work a sentence came from, by examining the way the model solves the problem we can learn a little bit about each of the two works."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Downloading Text and Sentence Tokenizing\n",
+    "\n",
+    "I used Project Gutenberg to download the full text of each of the works (see the main MP3 page for details).  After loading each work as a string, I used NTLK's sentence tokenizer to chop up each string into sentences (you could do a rough approximation of this by splitting your string on periods, but the NLTK tokenizer is more advanced, e.g., it doesn't get fooled by abbreviations like Ms. or Mr.)."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 111,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "There are 8569 sentences in Dracula\n",
+      "There are 3199 sentences in Frankenstein\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "import nltk\n",
+    "\n",
+    "f = open('dracula.txt')\n",
+    "dracula_text = ''.join(f.readlines())\n",
+    "f.close()\n",
+    "\n",
+    "f = open('frankenstein.txt')\n",
+    "frankenstein_text = ''.join(f.readlines())\n",
+    "f.close()\n",
+    "\n",
+    "dracula_sentences = nltk.sent_tokenize(dracula_text)\n",
+    "frankenstein_sentences = nltk.sent_tokenize(frankenstein_text)\n",
+    "print(\"There are %d sentences in Dracula\"% len(dracula_sentences))\n",
+    "print(\"There are %d sentences in Frankenstein\"% len(frankenstein_sentences))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Vectorize the Data\n",
+    "\n",
+    "In order to create a model to automatically categorize sentences as being from Dracula or Frankenstein, we first need to vectorize our data.  The process of vectorization will take the data strings that represent each sentence and convert them into a vector of numbers.  The reason that we are doing this is that there are many more examples of machine learning models that can handle numerical data than string data, so we are converting our data from a less usable to a more usable format.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The particular method we are going to be using to vectorize our data is called [tf-idf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tf%E2%80%93idf).  A full explanation of this is beyond the scope of this notebook, but the basic idea is to convert each sentence into a vector where each element of the resulting vector indicates how prominently a particular word factors in that sentence.  In these two texts it turns out there are 12,712 unique words.  Therefore, each sentence is represented as a 12,712 dimensional vector.  However, Since most words don't occur at all in a particular sentence, most of these entries are 0.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "To really understand these vectors, you should the Wikipedia article or talk to a member of the teaching team."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 112,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "The vectorized Dracula data has 8569 rows and 12712 columns\n",
+      "The vectorized Frankenstein data has 3199 rows and 12712 columns\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer\n",
+    "\n",
+    "vectorizer = TfidfVectorizer()\n",
+    "vectorizer.fit(dracula_sentences + frankenstein_sentences)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "X_dracula = vectorizer.transform(dracula_sentences)\n",
+    "X_frankenstein = vectorizer.transform(frankenstein_sentences)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print(\"The vectorized Dracula data has %d rows and %d columns\" %X_dracula.shape)\n",
+    "print(\"The vectorized Frankenstein data has %d rows and %d columns\" %X_frankenstein.shape)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Splitting the Data into Training and Testing Sets\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Before we can do machine learning, we need to do a few things.  The first thing is that we have to tell the machine learning algorithm what task we want it to solve.  We do this by giving it a bunch of vectors and corresponding labels.  The vectors in this case will be the vectorized sentences (i.e. converted into tf-idf features), and the labels will correspond to a 1 if the sentence came from Dracula and a 0 if it came from Frankenstein (which text gets a 1 versus a 0 is arbitrary).\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Once we have created the appropriate dataset format, we will randomly split our data into a training and test set.  We will use the training set to construct our model (recall that the model's job will be to predict whether a sentence is from Dracula or Frankenstein) and we will use the testing set to evaluate how well the model learned on the training set actually works on new data.  We don't want to just test the model on the training set, because that would give us an overinflated sence of how well the model is doing."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 113,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "The training set has 7884 rows and 12712 colums\n",
+      "The testing set has 3884 rows and 12712 columns\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "import numpy as np\n",
+    "from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split\n",
+    "from scipy import sparse\n",
+    "\n",
+    "X = sparse.vstack((X_dracula, X_frankenstein))\n",
+    "y = np.hstack((np.ones(X_dracula.shape[0]), np.zeros(X_frankenstein.shape[0])))\n",
+    "\n",
+    "X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.33, random_state=42)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print(\"The training set has %d rows and %d colums\" % X_train.shape)\n",
+    "print(\"The testing set has %d rows and %d columns\" % X_test.shape)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Training our Model\n",
+    "\n",
+    "For the actual machine learning algorithm we are going to use a technique called [multiple logistic regression](http://www.biostathandbook.com/multiplelogistic.html) (you'll also see this called \"multivariate logistic regression\", or occasionally just \"logistic regression\").  The basic idea is that our model will fit a set of weights over each entry of the input vectors (remember, each entry in the vector corresponds to a particular word).  Each weight will tell us to what degree a particular word is associated with either Frankenstein or Dracula.  If the weight is very positive, this means that the corresponding word is associated with the novel Dracula.  If the weight is very negative, this means that the corresponding word is associated with the novel Frankenstein.  As a side note, the only reason taht positive corresponds to Dracula and negative corresponds to Frankenstein is that when we setup the task we arbitrarily assigned a \"1\" to sentences from Dracula and a \"0\" to sentences from Frankenstein.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "One we fit the model, we will test how well it does on predicting sentences from the test set.  As a baseline, I am printing out the accuracy we would get if we always predicted \"Dracula\" for every sentence (since there are more sentences of this type)."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 114,
+   "metadata": {
+    "scrolled": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "The model achieves an accuracy of 0.881050\n",
+      "Always predicting Dracula gives an accuracy of 0.737899\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression\n",
+    "from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score\n",
+    "\n",
+    "model = LogisticRegression()\n",
+    "model.fit(X_train, y_train)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print(\"The model achieves an accuracy of %f\" %accuracy_score(model.predict(X_test), y_test))\n",
+    "print(\"Always predicting Dracula gives an accuracy of %f\" % accuracy_score(np.ones(y_test.shape), y_test))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Interpreting the Model\n",
+    "\n",
+    "As I said at the top of this notebook, there isn't really much utility to accurately classifying sentences as being from Dracula or Frankenstein (as a side note, this would be useful for author attribution in cases where authorship is not firmly established, e.g., [The Federalist Papers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers)).\n",
+    "\n",
+    "In this next cell, we are going to grab the model weights corresponding to the words most highly associated with Frankenstein and those most highly associated with Dracula."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 115,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Top 50 words associated with Frankenstein\n",
+      "my\n",
+      "elizabeth\n",
+      "of\n",
+      "miserable\n",
+      "clerval\n",
+      "father\n",
+      "justine\n",
+      "towards\n",
+      "feelings\n",
+      "but\n",
+      "wretch\n",
+      "thus\n",
+      "which\n",
+      "by\n",
+      "cottage\n",
+      "ice\n",
+      "felix\n",
+      "countenance\n",
+      "human\n",
+      "victor\n",
+      "misery\n",
+      "beheld\n",
+      "wretched\n",
+      "upon\n",
+      "these\n",
+      "although\n",
+      "often\n",
+      "frankenstein\n",
+      "return\n",
+      "peace\n",
+      "fiend\n",
+      "yet\n",
+      "lake\n",
+      "months\n",
+      "tale\n",
+      "should\n",
+      "mountains\n",
+      "entered\n",
+      "while\n",
+      "murderer\n",
+      "every\n",
+      "this\n",
+      "spent\n",
+      "cousin\n",
+      "appeared\n",
+      "creature\n",
+      "family\n",
+      "and\n",
+      "also\n",
+      "innocence\n",
+      "\n",
+      "Top 50 words associated with Dracula\n",
+      "there\n",
+      "we\n",
+      "all\n",
+      "lucy\n",
+      "count\n",
+      "mina\n",
+      "out\n",
+      "back\n",
+      "so\n",
+      "it\n",
+      "is\n",
+      "know\n",
+      "though\n",
+      "van\n",
+      "helsing\n",
+      "come\n",
+      "up\n",
+      "see\n",
+      "he\n",
+      "way\n",
+      "professor\n",
+      "went\n",
+      "arthur\n",
+      "tell\n",
+      "get\n",
+      "too\n",
+      "harker\n",
+      "diary\n",
+      "things\n",
+      "go\n",
+      "think\n",
+      "jonathan\n",
+      "over\n",
+      "must\n",
+      "got\n",
+      "down\n",
+      "seemed\n",
+      "came\n",
+      "window\n",
+      "quite\n",
+      "help\n",
+      "off\n",
+      "coming\n",
+      "door\n",
+      "here\n",
+      "husband\n",
+      "face\n",
+      "sort\n",
+      "look\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "# sort the weights (highly negative is associated with Frankenstein\n",
+    "# and highly positive is associated with Dracula)\n",
+    "sorted_weights = np.argsort(model.coef_)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print(\"Top 50 words associated with Frankenstein\")\n",
+    "for ind in sorted_weights[0,:50]:\n",
+    "    print(vectorizer.get_feature_names()[ind])\n",
+    "print()\n",
+    "print(\"Top 50 words associated with Dracula\")\n",
+    "for ind in reversed(sorted_weights[0,-49:]):\n",
+    "    print(vectorizer.get_feature_names()[ind])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Interpreting the Results\n",
+    "\n",
+    "This is section is a work in progress.  These should as hypotheses about the texts that were generated by the analysis above.  More work is needed to verify them.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "## Why is \"my\" the number one word for Frankenstein\n",
+    "\n",
+    "According to Sparknotes the narrator of Frankenstein is:\n",
+    "\n",
+    ">The primary narrator is Robert Walton, who, in his letters, quotes Victor Frankenstein’s first-person narrative at length; Victor, in turn, quotes the monster’s first-person narrative; in addition, the lesser characters Elizabeth Lavenza and Alphonse Frankenstein narrate parts of the story through their letters to Victor.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "According to Sparknotes the narrator of Dracula is:\n",
+    "> Dracula is told primarily through a collection of journal entries, letters, and telegrams written or recorded by its main characters: Jonathan Harker, Mina Murray, Dr. John Seward, Lucy Westenra, and Dr. Van Helsing.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "This difference in narrators could explain why the word \"my\" is much more associated with Frankenstein than Dracula.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "## Explanation of Names and Associations to Frankenstein or Dracula\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Some of the top 50 words for each work seem to correspond to names of the characters.  Here are a few of the characters that are prominent in each story.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### Frankenstein\n",
+    "\n",
+    "* Elizabeth Lavenza\n",
+    "* Victor Frankenstein\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### Dracula\n",
+    "\n",
+    "* Jonathan Harker\n",
+    "* Mina Murray\n",
+    "* Dr. John Seward\n",
+    "* Lucy Westenra\n",
+    "* Dr. Van Helsing.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "## Why is \"there\" the number one word for Dracula\n",
+    "\n",
+    "I'm not totally sure on this one, but I think it has to do with both a stylistic difference between the two writers as well as the structure of the narrative.  According to [Sparknotes](http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/dracula/facts/) the narrative in Dracula is mostly in the past tense.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "> Though some of the entries record the thoughts and observations of the characters in the present tense, most incidents in the novel are recounted in the past tense.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "In Frankenstein, the quotes from Victor Frankenstein's personal narrative are often in the present tense.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Another way to examine this is that the phrase \"there was\" occurs 19 times in Frankenstein and 119 times in Dracula (to be fair, Frankenstein is half as long as Dracula).  If we just look at the word \"there\" it occurs 109 times and 599 times in Frankenstein and Dracula respectively."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.6.3"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
+}
diff --git a/notebooks/Geometry and Inheritance Solutions.ipynb b/notebooks/Geometry and Inheritance Solutions.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f9f75d8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/notebooks/Geometry and Inheritance Solutions.ipynb	
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Inheritance Example: 2D Geometry (Solutions)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The classes below represent simple 2D shapes."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "1.  Simplify the code using inheritance.  You can either cut-and-paste the code  and modify it in the cell below, or modify the original code."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "TestResults(failed=0, attempted=5)"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from math import sqrt\n",
+    "\n",
+    "class Polygon(object):\n",
+    "    \"\"\" Represents a polygon in 2D \"\"\"\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, vertices):\n",
+    "        \"\"\" Initialize a polygon from a list of vertices, where each\n",
+    "            vertex is represented as an (x, y) tuple.\n",
+    "            \n",
+    "            vertices: the vertices of the polygone (note: vertices\n",
+    "                      are assumed to be in counterclockwise order) \"\"\"\n",
+    "        self.vertices = vertices\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def get_area(self):\n",
+    "        \"\"\"\n",
+    "        >>> Polygon([(0, 0), (200, 0), (200, 300), (0, 300)]).get_area()\n",
+    "        60000.0\n",
+    "        \"\"\"\n",
+    "        # Using formula from http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PolygonArea.html\n",
+    "        area = 0.0\n",
+    "        for i, v_i in enumerate(self.vertices):\n",
+    "            v_i_plus_1 = self.vertices[(i+1) % len(self.vertices)]\n",
+    "            area += 0.5*(v_i[0]*v_i_plus_1[1] - v_i[1]*v_i_plus_1[0])\n",
+    "        return area\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    def get_side_lengths(self):\n",
+    "        \"\"\" Returns a list of all the side lengths in the Polygon\n",
+    "        \n",
+    "        >>> Polygon([(0, 0), (200, 0), (200, 300), (0, 300)]).get_side_lengths()\n",
+    "        [200.0, 300.0, 200.0, 300.0]\n",
+    "        \"\"\"\n",
+    "        side_lengths = []\n",
+    "        for i, v_i in enumerate(self.vertices):\n",
+    "            v_i_plus_1 = self.vertices[(i+1) % len(self.vertices)]\n",
+    "            # calculate side_length using the Pythagorean theorem\n",
+    "            side_length = sqrt((v_i[0] - v_i_plus_1[0])**2 + (v_i[1] - v_i_plus_1[1])**2)\n",
+    "            side_lengths.append(side_length)\n",
+    "        return side_lengths\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "class Rectangle(Polygon):\n",
+    "    \"\"\" Represents a rectangle in 2D\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "        >>> Rectangle(3, 5, 100, 20).get_area()\n",
+    "        2000.0\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, x1, y1, width, height):\n",
+    "        \"\"\" Initialize a rectangle from the upper left corner vertex and\n",
+    "            its width and height.\n",
+    "            \n",
+    "            x1: x-coordinate of the upper left corner of the rectangle\n",
+    "            y1: y-coordinate of the upper left corner of the rectangle\n",
+    "            width: width of the rectangle\n",
+    "            height: height of the rectangle\n",
+    "        \"\"\"\n",
+    "        super().__init__([(x1, y1), (x1 + width, y1), (x1 + width, y1 + height), (x1, y1 + height)])\n",
+    "\n",
+    "class Triangle(Polygon):\n",
+    "    \"\"\" Represents a triangle in 2D\n",
+    "\n",
+    "        >>> Triangle(0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 0.0, 0.0, 5.0).get_area()\n",
+    "        25.0\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3):\n",
+    "        \"\"\" Initialize a triangle from its three vertices.  The vertices\n",
+    "            are assumed to be in counterclockwise order.\n",
+    "            \n",
+    "            x1: x-coordinate of the first vertex of the triangle\n",
+    "            y1: y-coordinate of the first vertex of the triangle\n",
+    "            x2: x-coordinate of the second vertex of the triangle\n",
+    "            y2: y-coordinate of the second vertex of the triangle\n",
+    "            x3: x-coordinate of the third vertex of the triangle\n",
+    "            y3: y-coordinate of the third vertex of the triangle\n",
+    "        \"\"\"\n",
+    "        super().__init__([(x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3)])\n",
+    "\n",
+    "class Square(Rectangle):\n",
+    "    \"\"\" Represents a square in 2D\n",
+    "\n",
+    "        >>> Square(1.0, 3.0, 50.0).get_area()\n",
+    "        2500.0\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, x1, y1, side_length):\n",
+    "        \"\"\" Initialize a square from the upper left corner vertex and\n",
+    "            its side length.\n",
+    "            \n",
+    "            x1: x-coordinate of the upper left corner of the rectangle\n",
+    "            y1: y-coordinate of the upper left corner of the rectangle\n",
+    "            side_length: side length of the square\n",
+    "        \"\"\"\n",
+    "        super().__init__(x1, y1, side_length, side_length)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "import doctest\n",
+    "doctest.testmod()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "<ol start=\"2\">\n",
+    "<li>Create a right triangle class (make sure to use inheritance!)</li>\n",
+    "<li>Add a function called `get_hypotenuse_length` to your right triangle class.</li>\n",
+    "</ol>"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "TestResults(failed=0, attempted=6)"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "class RightTriangle(Triangle):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    Represents a right triangle in 2D\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    Note: the __init__ method takes three vertices (just like for the normal Triangle class),\n",
+    "          however, in this class we check to make sure the vertices actually represent\n",
+    "          a right triangle.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    >>> RightTriangle(0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 4).get_hypotenuse_length()\n",
+    "    5.0\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3):\n",
+    "        super().__init__(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3)\n",
+    "        l = self.get_side_lengths()\n",
+    "\n",
+    "        # make sure it's a right triangle by seeing if the Pythagorean theorem is satisfied\n",
+    "        if (l[0]**2 != l[1]**2 + l[2]**2 and\n",
+    "            l[1]**2 != l[0]**2 + l[2]**2 and\n",
+    "            l[2]**2 != l[0]**2 + l[1]**2):\n",
+    "            raise ValueError('The specified triangle is not a right triangle')\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def get_hypotenuse_length(self):\n",
+    "        return max(self.get_side_lengths())\n",
+    "\n",
+    "doctest.testmod()"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.6.3"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
+}
diff --git a/notebooks/Geometry and Inheritance.ipynb b/notebooks/Geometry and Inheritance.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d259aeea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/notebooks/Geometry and Inheritance.ipynb	
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Inheritance Example: 2D Geometry\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The classes below represent simple 2D shapes.  Currently the only supported functionality is `get_area`, but more could be added."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "TestResults(failed=0, attempted=4)"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "class Rectangle(object):\n",
+    "    \"\"\" Represents a rectangle in 2D \"\"\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, x1, y1, width, height):\n",
+    "        \"\"\" Initialize a rectangle from the upper left corner vertex and\n",
+    "            its width and height.\n",
+    "            \n",
+    "            x1: x-coordinate of the upper left corner of the rectangle\n",
+    "            y1: y-coordinate of the upper left corner of the rectangle\n",
+    "            width: width of the rectangle\n",
+    "            height: height of the rectangle\n",
+    "        \"\"\"\n",
+    "        self.x1 = x1\n",
+    "        self.y1 = y1\n",
+    "        self.width = width\n",
+    "        self.height = height\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def get_area(self):\n",
+    "        \"\"\"\n",
+    "        >>> Rectangle(1.0, 3.0, 100.0, 50.0).get_area()\n",
+    "        5000.0\n",
+    "        \"\"\"\n",
+    "        return self.width*self.height\n",
+    "\n",
+    "class Triangle(object):\n",
+    "    \"\"\" Represents a triangle in 2D \"\"\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3):\n",
+    "        \"\"\" Initialize a triangle from its three vertices.  The vertices\n",
+    "            are assumed to be in counterclockwise order.\n",
+    "            \n",
+    "            x1: x-coordinate of the first vertex of the triangle\n",
+    "            y1: y-coordinate of the first vertex of the triangle\n",
+    "            x2: x-coordinate of the second vertex of the triangle\n",
+    "            y2: y-coordinate of the second vertex of the triangle\n",
+    "            x3: x-coordinate of the third vertex of the triangle\n",
+    "            y3: y-coordinate of the third vertex of the triangle\n",
+    "        \"\"\"\n",
+    "        self.x1 = x1\n",
+    "        self.y1 = y1\n",
+    "        self.x2 = x2\n",
+    "        self.y2 = y2\n",
+    "        self.x3 = x3\n",
+    "        self.y3 = y3\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def get_area(self):\n",
+    "        \"\"\"\n",
+    "        >>> Triangle(0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 0.0, 0.0, 5.0).get_area()\n",
+    "        25.0\n",
+    "        \"\"\"\n",
+    "        # using formula from http://mathworld.wolfram.com/TriangleArea.html\n",
+    "        return 0.5*(-self.x2*self.y1 +\n",
+    "                    self.x3*self.y1 +\n",
+    "                    self.x1*self.y2 -\n",
+    "                    self.x3*self.y2 -\n",
+    "                    self.x1*self.y3 +\n",
+    "                    self.x2*self.y3)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "class Square(object):\n",
+    "    \"\"\" Represents a square in 2D \"\"\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, x1, y1, side_length):\n",
+    "        \"\"\" Initialize a square from the upper left corner vertex and\n",
+    "            its side length.\n",
+    "            \n",
+    "            x1: x-coordinate of the upper left corner of the rectangle\n",
+    "            y1: y-coordinate of the upper left corner of the rectangle\n",
+    "            side_length: side length of the square\n",
+    "        \"\"\"\n",
+    "        self.x1 = x1\n",
+    "        self.y1 = y1\n",
+    "        self.side_length = side_length\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def get_area(self):\n",
+    "        \"\"\"\n",
+    "        >>> Square(1.0, 3.0, 50.0).get_area()\n",
+    "        2500.0\n",
+    "        \"\"\"\n",
+    "        return self.side_length**2\n",
+    "\n",
+    "class Polygon(object):\n",
+    "    \"\"\" Represents a polygon in 2D \"\"\"\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, vertices):\n",
+    "        \"\"\" Initialize a polygon from a list of vertices, where each\n",
+    "            vertex is represented as an (x, y) tuple.\n",
+    "            \n",
+    "            vertices: the vertices of the polygone (note: vertices\n",
+    "                      are assumed to be in counterclockwise order \"\"\"\n",
+    "        self.vertices = vertices\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def get_area(self):\n",
+    "        \"\"\"\n",
+    "        >>> Polygon([(0, 0), (200, 0), (200, 300), (0, 300)]).get_area()\n",
+    "        60000.0\n",
+    "        \"\"\"\n",
+    "        # Using formula from http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PolygonArea.html\n",
+    "        area = 0.0\n",
+    "        for i, v_i in enumerate(self.vertices):\n",
+    "            v_i_plus_1 = self.vertices[(i+1) % len(self.vertices)]\n",
+    "            area += 0.5*(v_i[0]*v_i_plus_1[1] - v_i[1]*v_i_plus_1[0])\n",
+    "        return area\n",
+    "\n",
+    "import doctest\n",
+    "doctest.testmod()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "1.  Simplify the code above using inheritance.  You can either cut-and-paste the code  and modify it in the cell below, or modify the original code.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Hint 1: you will want to modify the `__init__` methods to invoke the `__init__` methods of the super class.  To do so, you can use the following code in your `__init__` method.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```python\n",
+    "# argument1 and argument2 would be passed to the super class __init__ method\n",
+    "super().__init__(argument1, argument2)   \n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Hint 2: think about the `get_area` function for each of the classes, can they be simplified using inheritance?"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "<ol start=\"2\">\n",
+    "<li>Create a right triangle class (make sure to use inheritance!)</li>\n",
+    "</ol>"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "<ol start=\"3\">\n",
+    "<li>Add a function called `get_hypotenuse_length` to your right triangle class.</li>\n",
+    "</ol>"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.6.3"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
+}
diff --git a/notebooks/Inheritance Counters and PMFs.ipynb b/notebooks/Inheritance Counters and PMFs.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5669be86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/notebooks/Inheritance Counters and PMFs.ipynb	
@@ -0,0 +1,607 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Inheritance\n",
+    "\n",
+    "This notebook demonstrates the use of inheritance to extend Python's `Counter` class to implement Multisets, PMFs, and suites of Bayesian hypotheses."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import print_function, division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "from collections import Counter\n",
+    "import numpy as np"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Counter\n",
+    "\n",
+    "A `Counter` is a map from values to their frequencies.  If you initialize a `Counter` with a string, you get a map from each letter to the number of times it appears.  If two words are anagrams, they yield equal Counters, so you can use Counters to test anagrams."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def is_anagram(word1, word2):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"Checks whether the words are anagrams.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    word1: string\n",
+    "    word2: string\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    returns: boolean\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    return Counter(word1) == Counter(word2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "is_anagram('tachymetric', 'mccarthyite')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "is_anagram('banana', 'peach')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Exercise:** The `Counter` class inherits from `dict` so all methods and functions that work with a dictionary will also work with a `Counter`.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Read [the documentation of Counter](https://docs.python.org/3/library/collections.html#collections.Counter), then use a `Counter` to find the three most common letters in the word \"pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis\"."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# Solution goes here"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Multisets\n",
+    "\n",
+    "A `Counter` is a natural representation of a multiset, which is a set where the elements can appear more than once.\n",
+    "You could use multisets for a game like Scrabble to see if a given set of tiles can be used to spell a given word.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "**Exercise:** Write a definition for a class called `Multiset` that inherits from `Counter` and defines an additional method called `is_subset`, which should take `self` and `other` as parameters, where `other` is another `Multiset`.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "It should check whether `self` is a subset of `other`; for multisets, that means that every element of `self` appears in `other` with at least the same frequency.  For example, `aa` is a subset of `aaab`, but `aabb` is not."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# Solution goes here"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "The following function uses `Multiset.is_subset` to check whether a particular word can be spelled using a particular set of tiles."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def can_spell(word, tiles):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"Checks whether a set of tiles can spell a word.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    word: string\n",
+    "    tiles: string\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    returns: boolean\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    return Multiset(word).is_subset(Multiset(tiles))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "can_spell('SYZYGY', 'AGSYYYZ')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "can_spell('omelette', 'breaking a few eggs')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Optional Exercise:**  If you change the name of `is_subset` to `__le__`, you can use the `<=` operator to test whether one `Multiset` is a subset of another."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Probability Mass Functions\n",
+    "\n",
+    "You can also extend `Counter` to represent a probability mass function (PMF).  A PMF is a map from possible outcomes to their probabilities.  The probabilities in a PMF are \"normalized\" if they add up to 1 (and they are all non-negative).\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The following `PMF` class inherits from `Counter` and adds the following methods:\n",
+    "\n",
+    "* `normalize` computes the total of the frequencies and divides through, yielding probabilities that add to 1.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "* `__add__` enumerates all pairs of outcomes and returns a new Pmf that represents the distribution of the sum.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "* `render` returns the outcomes and probabilities in a form ready for plotting."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Pmf(Counter):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"A Counter with probabilities.\"\"\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    def normalize(self):\n",
+    "        \"\"\"Normalizes the PMF so the probabilities add to 1.\"\"\"\n",
+    "        total = sum(self.values())\n",
+    "        for key in self:\n",
+    "            self[key] /= total\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    def __add__(self, other):\n",
+    "        \"\"\"Adds two distributions.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "        The result is the distribution of sums of outcomes from the\n",
+    "        two distributions.\n",
+    "        \n",
+    "        Note that this method is only correct if the selections from\n",
+    "        the two distributions are independent; that is, if the outcome\n",
+    "        of the first selection does not affect the probabilities of\n",
+    "        the outcomes for the second selection.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "        other: Pmf\n",
+    "\n",
+    "        returns: new Pmf\n",
+    "        \"\"\"\n",
+    "        pmf = Pmf()\n",
+    "        for key1, prob1 in self.items():\n",
+    "            for key2, prob2 in other.items():\n",
+    "                pmf[key1 + key2] += prob1 * prob2\n",
+    "        return pmf\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    def render(self):\n",
+    "        \"\"\"Returns outcomes and their probabilities, suitable for plotting.\"\"\"\n",
+    "        return zip(*sorted(self.items()))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "As an example, we can make a Pmf object that represents a 6-sided die."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "d6 = Pmf([1,2,3,4,5,6])\n",
+    "d6.normalize()\n",
+    "d6.name = 'one die'\n",
+    "print(d6)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Using the add operator, we can compute the distribution for the sum of two dice."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "d6_twice = d6 + d6\n",
+    "d6_twice.name = 'two dice'\n",
+    "\n",
+    "for key, prob in d6_twice.items():\n",
+    "    print(key, prob)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Using `sum` or `np.sum`, we can compute the distribution for the sum of three dice."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# if we use the built-in sum we have to provide a Pmf additive identity\n",
+    "pmf_ident = Pmf([0])\n",
+    "d6_thrice = sum([d6]*3, pmf_ident)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# with np.sum, we don't need an identity\n",
+    "d6_thrice = np.sum([d6]*3)\n",
+    "d6_thrice.name = 'three dice'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "And then plot the results (using Pmf.render)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+    "%matplotlib inline"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "for die in [d6, d6_twice, d6_thrice]:\n",
+    "    xs, ys = die.render()\n",
+    "    plt.plot(xs, ys, label=die.name, linewidth=3, alpha=0.5)\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "plt.xlabel('Total')\n",
+    "plt.ylabel('Probability')\n",
+    "plt.legend()\n",
+    "plt.show()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Exercise:** Suppose you are fighting an orc who will die if he suffers 9 or more hit points of damage.  You attack successfully with [short sword](https://roll20.net/compendium/dnd5e/Shortsword#content) and [dagger](https://roll20.net/compendium/dnd5e/Dagger#content), so you can roll a d6 and a d4 for total damage.  What is the probability that you kill the orc?"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# Solution goes here"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# Solution goes here"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Bayesian statistics\n",
+    "\n",
+    "A `Suite` is a `Pmf` that represents a set of hypotheses and their probabilities; it provides `bayesian_update`, which updates the probability of the hypotheses based on new data.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "`Suite` is an abstract parent class; child classes should provide a `likelihood` method that evaluates the likelihood of the data under a given hypothesis.  `update_bayesian` loops through the hypotheses, evaluates the likelihood of the data under each hypothesis, and updates the probabilities accordingly.  Then it re-normalizes the PMF."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Suite(Pmf):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"Map from hypothesis to probability.\"\"\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    def bayesian_update(self, data):\n",
+    "        \"\"\"Performs a Bayesian update.\n",
+    "        \n",
+    "        Note: called bayesian_update to avoid overriding dict.update\n",
+    "\n",
+    "        data: result of a die roll\n",
+    "        \"\"\"\n",
+    "        for hypo in self:\n",
+    "            like = self.likelihood(data, hypo)\n",
+    "            self[hypo] *= like\n",
+    "\n",
+    "        self.normalize()\n",
+    "        \n",
+    "    def print_probs(self):\n",
+    "        for hypo in sorted(self):\n",
+    "            print(hypo, self[hypo])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "As an example, I'll use `Suite` to solve the \"Dice Problem,\" from Chapter 3 of <i>Think Bayes</i>.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\"Suppose I have a box of dice that contains a 4-sided die, a 6-sided die, an 8-sided die, a 12-sided die, and a 20-sided die. If you have ever played Dungeons & Dragons, you know what I am talking about.  Suppose I select a die from the box at random, roll it, and get a 6. What is the probability that I rolled each die?\"\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "I'll start by defining `DiceSuite`, which inherits `bayesian_update` from Suite and provides `likelihood`.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "`data` is the observed die roll, 6 in the example.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "`hypo` is the hypothetical number of sides on the die.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "If `data > hypo`, that means the outcome exceeds the number of sides on the die; that's impossible, so it has probability 0.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Otherwise, the probability of any outcome is `1/hypo`, where `hypo` is the number of sides on the die."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class DiceSuite(Suite):\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def likelihood(self, data, hypo):\n",
+    "        \"\"\"Computes the likelihood of the data under the hypothesis.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "        data: result of a die roll\n",
+    "        hypo: integer number of sides on the die\n",
+    "        \"\"\"\n",
+    "        if data > hypo:\n",
+    "            return 0\n",
+    "        else:\n",
+    "            return 1/hypo"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Now we can make a `DiceSuite` object that represents the possible number of sides on the die. By default, all dice have the same prior probability.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Then I update the distribution with the given outcome and print the results:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "dice_suite = DiceSuite([4, 6, 8, 12, 20])\n",
+    "dice_suite.normalize()\n",
+    "\n",
+    "dice_suite.print_probs()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "dice_suite.bayesian_update(6)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "dice_suite.print_probs()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "As expected, the 4-sided die has been eliminated; it now has 0 probability.  The 6-sided die is the most likely, but the 8-sided die is still quite possible.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Now suppose I roll the die again and get an 8.  We can update the Suite again with the new data."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "dice_suite.bayesian_update(8)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "dice_suite.print_probs()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Now the 6-sided die has been eliminated, the 8-sided die is most likely, and there is less than a 10% chance that I am rolling a 20-sided die.\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Exercise:** Draw a UML class diagram that shows the relationships among all classes in this notebook, plus `Counter` and `dict`."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Exercise:** Suppose you know that up to 100 sequentially-numbered raffle tickets have been sold, and you think it is equally likely that the number sold is anywhere from 1 to 100.  You find a randomly discarded ticket that is number 37.  What is the probability that it is the winning ticket?\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Hint: Define a class named `TicketSuite` that inherits from `Suite` and provides an appropriate `likelihood` function.  It should also define a method that computes the average probability of winning, weighted by the probability of each outcome.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Note: This exercise is pretty challenging if you are not familiar with Bayesian statistics.  But if it intrigues you, consider taking Computational Bayesian Statistics."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# Solution goes here"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# Solution goes here"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# Solution goes here"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.6.3"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 1
+}
diff --git a/notebooks/Mini Project 1, Week 1 Debrief.ipynb b/notebooks/Mini Project 1, Week 1 Debrief.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d0792651
--- /dev/null
+++ b/notebooks/Mini Project 1, Week 1 Debrief.ipynb	
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#  Debrief on Mini Project 1, Week 1\n",
+    "\n",
+    "This notebook goes over some of the most common areas for improvement that we saw on the first half of the mini project.  Lots of folks had correct code, but we have some suggestions for making the code more succinct / clear / efficient."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "##  When to use `for` versus `while` loops\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Lots of folks are switching over to using the `for` loop instead of the `while` loop.  Both can be used to write correct code, however, the `for` loop's more structured nature generally makes it clearer.  For instance\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "for i in range(len(dna)):\n",
+    "    # some code\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "is more readable and less error prone than\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "i = 0\n",
+    "while i < len(dna):\n",
+    "    # some code\n",
+    "    i += 1\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "One instance where a lot of people used `while` loops in a way that was preferable to using `for` loops is in the `find_all_ORFs_oneframe`.  In that function you have to change the index you are iterating over based on the length of the last ORF you found.  Why would this be hard to do with a `for` loop?"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Iteration Tricks\n",
+    "\n",
+    "We're already going to be learning some more iteration tricks today in class, however, two such tricks that came up repeatedly in the context of this assignment had to do with iterating through a collection in reverse order and striding through a collection in multiples of 3 (e.g., to read each codon).\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### Iterating in reverse\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Here are two approaches to iterating backwards through a string.\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "for i in range(len(dna)-1, -1, -1):\n",
+    "    # do something with dna[i]\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The next one uses the handy `reversed` function, which reverses a collection.\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "for i in reversed(range(len(dna))):\n",
+    "    # do something with dna[i]\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Why might the second approach be better?\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### Using Slices\n",
+    "\n",
+    "We saw a lot of cases where slices would have made the code much more readable.  For example,\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "for i in range(0, len(dna), len(dna)-2):\n",
+    "    if dna[i] == 'A' and dna[i+1] == 'T' and dna[i+2] == 'G':\n",
+    "        # found the start codon\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "A much more succinct way to do this is\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "for i in range(0, len(dna), len(dna)-2):\n",
+    "    if dna[i:i+3] == 'ATG':\n",
+    "        # found the start codon\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### Make use of stride lengths\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The issue of how to deal with looping through codons is a tricky one.  For one thing, you have to be sure that you are in frame when searching for stop or start codons.  This resulted in code like the following:\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "for i in range(len(dna)):\n",
+    "    if i % 3 == 0 and dna[i:i+3] == 'TAG':\n",
+    "        # found an in frame stop codon\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "By using the `range` function's built-in stride length parameter, you can avoid the unecessary check that `i` is a multiple of 3.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "for i in range(0, len(dna), 3):\n",
+    "    if dna[i:i+3] == 'TAG':\n",
+    "        # found an in frame stop codon\n",
+    "```"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Careful with variables\n",
+    "\n",
+    "There were quite instances of suboptimal practices with variables.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### Choosing good variable names\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Some common pitfalls that we saw.\n",
+    "1.  Using the variable `i` in a way other than as an index being iterated over.\n",
+    "2.  Choosing one letter variable names that weren't semantically meaningful (e.g., `a = dna[1:]` instead of `shifted_dna = dna[1:]`).\n",
+    "3.  Using Hungarian notation by calling variables things like `list_1`, `list_2`, etc.\n",
+    "4.  Choosing variable names that conflict with built-in Python functions or types.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### Unnecessarily defining temporary variables\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Lots of people defined temporary variables that were unnecessary.  A very common one that we saw was the following.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "length = len(dna)\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "While this seems good at first blush, you have to ask yourself what the tradeoffs are for doing this.  On the positive side, you may think that this is more efficient computationally, however, that's not likely to be the case.  On the downside you have taken something that all Python programmers understand (that `len(dna)` is the number of elements in `dna`) and made it more difficult to understand (e.g., whenever you see `length` in the code, you will have to think through what length it is referring to)."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Careful with Commenting\n",
+    "\n",
+    "While we gave you docstrings for all of the functions you had to implement, there were many cases where people could have used more inline commenting.  Of course there are many functions that are self-documenting (meaning that they are so clear that they wouldn't need comments explaining their structure).  However, there were some where the logical flow of the program was very hard to follow and no comments were given to help the reader."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## A note about computational efficiency and `get_reverse_complement`\n",
+    "\n",
+    "There were quite a few approaches to getting the reverse complement of a DNA sequence.  The following approaches are both correct, but one is more computationally efficient than the other.  We will show some results of timing each of these approaches."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "TestResults(failed=0, attempted=4)"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "import doctest\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def get_complement(nucleotide):\n",
+    "    if nucleotide == 'A':\n",
+    "        return 'T'\n",
+    "    if nucleotide == 'T':\n",
+    "        return 'A'\n",
+    "    if nucleotide == 'G':\n",
+    "        return 'C'\n",
+    "    if nucleotide == 'C':\n",
+    "        return 'G'\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def reverse_complement_method_1(dna):\n",
+    "    \"\"\" Computes the reverse complementary sequence of DNA for the specfied DNA\n",
+    "        sequence\n",
+    "            dna: a DNA sequence represented as a string\n",
+    "            returns: the reverse complementary DNA sequence represented as a string\n",
+    "        >>> reverse_complement_method_1(\"ATGCCCGCTTT\")\n",
+    "        'AAAGCGGGCAT'\n",
+    "        >>> reverse_complement_method_1(\"CCGCGTTCA\")\n",
+    "        'TGAACGCGG'\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    reverse_complement = ''\n",
+    "    for n in dna:\n",
+    "        reverse_complement = get_complement(n) + reverse_complement\n",
+    "    return reverse_complement\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def reverse_complement_method_2(dna):\n",
+    "    \"\"\" Computes the reverse complementary sequence of DNA for the specfied DNA\n",
+    "        sequence\n",
+    "            dna: a DNA sequence represented as a string\n",
+    "            returns: the reverse complementary DNA sequence represented as a string\n",
+    "        >>> reverse_complement_method_2(\"ATGCCCGCTTT\")\n",
+    "        'AAAGCGGGCAT'\n",
+    "        >>> reverse_complement_method_2(\"CCGCGTTCA\")\n",
+    "        'TGAACGCGG'\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    reverse_complement = []\n",
+    "    for n in reversed(dna):\n",
+    "        reverse_complement.append(get_complement(n))\n",
+    "    return ''.join(reverse_complement)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "import doctest\n",
+    "doctest.testmod()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "We can now benchmark these against both short and long sequences of DNA."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 14,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "25.1 µs ± 1.31 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10000 loops each)\n",
+      "25.1 µs ± 908 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10000 loops each)\n",
+      "1.37 s ± 52.9 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)\n",
+      "48.8 ms ± 1.29 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from random import choice\n",
+    "\n",
+    "random_short_dna = [choice(['A','T','G','C']) for _ in range(100)]\n",
+    "%timeit reverse_complement_method_1(random_short_dna)\n",
+    "%timeit reverse_complement_method_2(random_short_dna)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "random_long_dna = [choice(['A','T','G','C']) for _ in range(200000)]\n",
+    "%timeit reverse_complement_method_1(random_long_dna)\n",
+    "%timeit reverse_complement_method_2(random_long_dna)"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.6.3"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
+}
diff --git a/notebooks/ThinkPython Ch3 Ex5 PartA Sample Solutions.ipynb b/notebooks/ThinkPython Ch3 Ex5 PartA Sample Solutions.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dfa71ac4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/notebooks/ThinkPython Ch3 Ex5 PartA Sample Solutions.ipynb	
@@ -0,0 +1,961 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Chapter 3"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Exercise 5\n",
+    "\n",
+    "This exercise can be done using only the statements and other features we have learned so far.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "(a) Write a function that draws a grid like the following:\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+    "|         |         |\n",
+    "|         |         |\n",
+    "|         |         |\n",
+    "|         |         |\n",
+    "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+    "|         |         |\n",
+    "|         |         |\n",
+    "|         |         |\n",
+    "|         |         |\n",
+    "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "To print more than one value on a line, you can print a comma-separated sequence of values:\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "print('+', '-')\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "By default, `print` advances to the next line, but you can override that behavior and put a space at the end, like this:\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "print('+', end=' ')\n",
+    "print('-')\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The output of these statements is '+ -'.  The output from the next print statement would begin on the next line."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 61,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def grid():\n",
+    "    print('+','-','-','-','-','+','-','-','-','-','+')\n",
+    "    print('|', ' '*7,'|', ' '*7,'|')\n",
+    "    print('|', ' '*7,'|', ' '*7,'|')\n",
+    "    print('|', ' '*7,'|', ' '*7,'|')\n",
+    "    print('|', ' '*7,'|', ' '*7,'|')\n",
+    "    print('+','-','-','-','-','+','-','-','-','-','+')\n",
+    "    print('|', ' '*7,'|', ' '*7,'|')\n",
+    "    print('|', ' '*7,'|', ' '*7,'|')\n",
+    "    print('|', ' '*7,'|', ' '*7,'|')\n",
+    "    print('|', ' '*7,'|', ' '*7,'|')\n",
+    "    print('+','-','-','-','-','+','-','-','-','-','+')\n",
+    "grid()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 62,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def print_4(a):\n",
+    "    print(a)\n",
+    "    print(a)\n",
+    "    print(a)\n",
+    "    print(a)\n",
+    "def window_grid():\n",
+    "    rail='+'+' -'*4+' + '+'- '*4+'+'\n",
+    "    stile='|'+' '*9+'|'+' '*9+'|'\n",
+    "    print(rail)\n",
+    "    print_4(stile)\n",
+    "    print(rail)\n",
+    "    print_4(stile)\n",
+    "    print(rail)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "window_grid()\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 63,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - + \n",
+      "|         |         | \n",
+      "|         |         | \n",
+      "|         |         | \n",
+      "|         |         | \n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - + \n",
+      "|         |         | \n",
+      "|         |         | \n",
+      "|         |         | \n",
+      "|         |         | \n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - + \n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def pIntersec():\n",
+    "    # prints an intersection point\n",
+    "    print('+',end=' ')\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "def pHLine():\n",
+    "    # prints a horizontal line segment\n",
+    "    print('- - - -', end=' ')\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "def newLine():\n",
+    "    print()\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "def pVerLine():\n",
+    "    # prints a vertical line\n",
+    "    print('|', end=' ')\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "def pEmptySpace():\n",
+    "    # creates the inner empty space\n",
+    "    print('       ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "def gridRow(f,g):\n",
+    "    # prints one row of the grid\n",
+    "    f()\n",
+    "    g()\n",
+    "    f()\n",
+    "    g()\n",
+    "    f()\n",
+    "    newLine()\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "def insideCell():\n",
+    "    gridRow(pVerLine,pEmptySpace)\n",
+    "    gridRow(pVerLine,pEmptySpace)\n",
+    "    gridRow(pVerLine,pEmptySpace)\n",
+    "    gridRow(pVerLine,pEmptySpace)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def printGrid():\n",
+    "    gridRow(pIntersec,pHLine)\n",
+    "    insideCell()\n",
+    "    gridRow(pIntersec,pHLine)\n",
+    "    insideCell()\n",
+    "    gridRow(pIntersec,pHLine)\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "printGrid()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 64,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def line():\n",
+    "  return '+ '+'- '*4\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "def space():\n",
+    "  return '|'+' '*9\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def full_line():\n",
+    "  return line()*2+'+\\n'\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def full_space():\n",
+    "  return space()*2+'|\\n'\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def grid():\n",
+    "  print((full_line()+full_space()*4)*2+full_line())\n",
+    "\n",
+    "  \n",
+    "grid()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 65,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def gridtwo():\n",
+    "    print('+ - - - - + - - - - +')\n",
+    "    print('|         |         |')\n",
+    "    print('|         |         |')\n",
+    "    print('|         |         |')\n",
+    "    print('|         |         |')\n",
+    "    print('+ - - - - + - - - - +')\n",
+    "    print('|         |         |')\n",
+    "    print('|         |         |')\n",
+    "    print('|         |         |')\n",
+    "    print('|         |         |')\n",
+    "    print('+ - - - - + - - - - +')\n",
+    " \n",
+    "gridtwo() "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 66,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - + \n",
+      "|         |         | \n",
+      "|         |         | \n",
+      "|         |         | \n",
+      "|         |         | \n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - + \n",
+      "|         |         | \n",
+      "|         |         | \n",
+      "|         |         | \n",
+      "|         |         | \n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - + \n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def print_plus():\n",
+    "    print('+', end=' ')\n",
+    "def print_minus():\n",
+    "    print('-', end=' ')\n",
+    "def print_pipe():\n",
+    "    print('|', end=' ')\n",
+    "def print_space():\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "def print_horz():\n",
+    "    print_plus()\n",
+    "    print_minus()\n",
+    "    print_minus()\n",
+    "    print_minus()\n",
+    "    print_minus()\n",
+    "    print_plus()\n",
+    "    print_minus()\n",
+    "    print_minus()\n",
+    "    print_minus()\n",
+    "    print_minus()\n",
+    "    print_plus()\n",
+    "    print()\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "def print_vert():\n",
+    "    print_pipe()\n",
+    "    print_space()\n",
+    "    print_space()\n",
+    "    print_space()\n",
+    "    print_space()\n",
+    "    print_pipe()\n",
+    "    print_space()\n",
+    "    print_space()\n",
+    "    print_space()\n",
+    "    print_space()\n",
+    "    print_pipe()\n",
+    "    print()\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def print_rect():\n",
+    "    print_horz()\n",
+    "    print_vert()\n",
+    "    print_vert()\n",
+    "    print_vert()\n",
+    "    print_vert()\n",
+    "    print_horz()\n",
+    "    print_vert()\n",
+    "    print_vert()\n",
+    "    print_vert()\n",
+    "    print_vert()\n",
+    "    print_horz()\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "print_rect()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 67,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def drawGrid():\n",
+    "    line1 = '+ ' + '- '*4 + '+ ' + '- '*4 + '+'\n",
+    "    line2 = '|' + ' '*9 + '|'+ ' '*9 + '|'\n",
+    "    print(line1)\n",
+    "    print(line2)\n",
+    "    print(line2)\n",
+    "    print(line2)\n",
+    "    print(line2)\n",
+    "    print(line1)\n",
+    "    print(line2)\n",
+    "    print(line2)\n",
+    "    print(line2)\n",
+    "    print(line2)\n",
+    "    print(line1)\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "drawGrid()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 68,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "single_divider = '+ ' + '- ' * 4\n",
+    "single_body = '| ' + '  ' * 4\n",
+    "print(single_divider * 2 + '+')\n",
+    "print(single_body * 2 + '|')\n",
+    "print(single_body * 2 + '|')\n",
+    "print(single_body * 2 + '|')\n",
+    "print(single_body * 2 + '|')\n",
+    "print(single_divider * 2 + '+')\n",
+    "print(single_body * 2 + '|')\n",
+    "print(single_body * 2 + '|')\n",
+    "print(single_body * 2 + '|')\n",
+    "print(single_body * 2 + '|')\n",
+    "print(single_divider * 2 + '+')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 69,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "+ - - - -  + - - - -  +\n",
+      "|          |          |\n",
+      "|          |          |\n",
+      "|          |          |\n",
+      "|          |          |\n",
+      "+ - - - -  + - - - -  +\n",
+      "|          |          |\n",
+      "|          |          |\n",
+      "|          |          |\n",
+      "|          |          |\n",
+      "+ - - - -  + - - - -  +\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def grid():\n",
+    "    print('+','- '*4,'+','- '*4,'+')\n",
+    "    print('|', ' '*8,'|', ' '*8, '|')\n",
+    "    print('|', ' '*8,'|', ' '*8, '|')\n",
+    "    print('|', ' '*8,'|', ' '*8, '|')\n",
+    "    print('|', ' '*8,'|', ' '*8, '|')\n",
+    "    print('+','- '*4,'+','- '*4,'+')\n",
+    "    print('|', ' '*8,'|', ' '*8, '|')\n",
+    "    print('|', ' '*8,'|', ' '*8, '|')\n",
+    "    print('|', ' '*8,'|', ' '*8, '|')\n",
+    "    print('|', ' '*8,'|', ' '*8, '|')\n",
+    "    print('+','- '*4,'+','- '*4,'+')\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "grid()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 70,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def drawThisParticularGrid():\n",
+    "    lineType1 = 2*('+' + (4*' -') + ' ') + '+\\n'\n",
+    "    lineType2 = 2*('|'+9*' ')+'|\\n'\n",
+    "    drawing = 2*(lineType1 + 4*lineType2) + lineType1\n",
+    "    print(drawing)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "drawThisParticularGrid()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 71,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "+ - - - -  + - - - -  +\n",
+      "|          |          |\n",
+      "|          |          |\n",
+      "|          |          |\n",
+      "|          |          |\n",
+      "+ - - - -  + - - - -  +\n",
+      "|          |          |\n",
+      "|          |          |\n",
+      "|          |          |\n",
+      "|          |          |\n",
+      "+ - - - -  + - - - -  +\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#without loops I guess\n",
+    "def line():\n",
+    "    print('+', (\"- \" * 4),end=' ')\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def space():\n",
+    "    print('|', (\" \" * 8), end=' ')\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def linerow():\n",
+    "    line()\n",
+    "    line()\n",
+    "    print('+')\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def spacerow():\n",
+    "    space()\n",
+    "    space()\n",
+    "    print('|')\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def printrow():\n",
+    "    linerow()\n",
+    "    spacerow()\n",
+    "    spacerow()\n",
+    "    spacerow()\n",
+    "    spacerow()\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def printgrid():\n",
+    "    printrow()\n",
+    "    printrow()\n",
+    "    linerow()\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "printgrid()\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 72,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s1 = '+ - - - - + - - - - +'\n",
+    "s2 = '|         |         |'\n",
+    "print(s1)\n",
+    "print(s2)\n",
+    "print(s2)\n",
+    "print(s2)\n",
+    "print(s2)\n",
+    "print(s1)\n",
+    "print(s2)\n",
+    "print(s2)\n",
+    "print(s2)\n",
+    "print(s2)\n",
+    "print(s1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 73,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def grid1():\n",
+    "    p = '+' #plus\n",
+    "    m = '-' #minus\n",
+    "    l = '|' #line\n",
+    "    s = ' ' #space\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    hori = (p+s+m+s+m+s+m+s+m+s)*2 + p\n",
+    "    sp = (l + s*9)*2 +l\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    print(hori)\n",
+    "    print(sp)\n",
+    "    print(sp)\n",
+    "    print(sp)\n",
+    "    print(sp)\n",
+    "    print(hori)\n",
+    "    print(sp)\n",
+    "    print(sp)\n",
+    "    print(sp)\n",
+    "    print(sp)\n",
+    "    print(hori)\n",
+    "    return\n",
+    "#I'm sure theres a more efficient way to do this. \n",
+    "#If I have time I'll get back to it.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "grid1()\n",
+    "    "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 74,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def printyfunc():\n",
+    "    print('+', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('-', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('-', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('-', end=' ') \n",
+    "    print('-', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('+', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('-', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('-', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('-', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('-', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('+')\n",
+    "    print('|', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('|', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('|')\n",
+    "    print('|', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('|', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('|')\n",
+    "    print('|', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('|', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('|')\n",
+    "    print('|', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('|', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('|')\n",
+    "    print('+', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('-', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('-', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('-', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('-', end=' ') \n",
+    "    print('+', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('-', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('-', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('-', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('-', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('+')\n",
+    "    print('|', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('|', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('|')\n",
+    "    print('|', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('|', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('|')\n",
+    "    print('|', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('|', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('|')\n",
+    "    print('|', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('|', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print(' ', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('|')\n",
+    "    print('+', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('-', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('-', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('-', end=' ') \n",
+    "    print('-', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('+', end=' ') \n",
+    "    print('-', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('-', end=' ') \n",
+    "    print('-', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('-', end=' ')\n",
+    "    print('+') \n",
+    "printyfunc()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 75,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def horiz():\n",
+    "    print('+ - - - - + - - - - +')\n",
+    "def vert():\n",
+    "    print('|         |         |')\n",
+    "def box():\n",
+    "    horiz()\n",
+    "    vert()\n",
+    "    vert()\n",
+    "    vert()\n",
+    "    vert()\n",
+    "    horiz()\n",
+    "    vert()\n",
+    "    vert()\n",
+    "    vert()\n",
+    "    vert()\n",
+    "    horiz()\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "box()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 76,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def grid_function():\n",
+    "   print('+ - - - - + - - - - +')\n",
+    "   print('|'+' '*9+'|'+' '*9+'|')\n",
+    "   print('|'+' '*9+'|'+' '*9+'|')\n",
+    "   print('|'+' '*9+'|'+' '*9+'|')\n",
+    "   print('|'+' '*9+'|'+' '*9+'|')\n",
+    "   print('+ - - - - + - - - - +')\n",
+    "   print('|'+' '*9+'|'+' '*9+'|')\n",
+    "   print('|'+' '*9+'|'+' '*9+'|')\n",
+    "   print('|'+' '*9+'|'+' '*9+'|')\n",
+    "   print('|'+' '*9+'|'+' '*9+'|')\n",
+    "   print('+ - - - - + - - - - +')\n",
+    "grid_function()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 77,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "|         |         |\n",
+      "+ - - - - + - - - - +\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def draw_window():\n",
+    "    draw_plus();\n",
+    "    draw_lines();\n",
+    "    draw_lines();\n",
+    "    draw_lines();\n",
+    "    draw_lines();\n",
+    "    draw_plus();\n",
+    "    draw_lines();\n",
+    "    draw_lines();\n",
+    "    draw_lines();\n",
+    "    draw_lines();\n",
+    "    draw_plus();\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "def draw_lines():\n",
+    "    print('|' + ' '*9 + '|' + ' '*9 + '|')\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "def draw_plus():\n",
+    "    print('+ ' + '- '*4 + '+ ' + '- '*4 + '+')\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "draw_window();"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.6.3"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 1
+}
diff --git a/notebooks/caching-and-decorators.ipynb b/notebooks/caching-and-decorators.ipynb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2ca045e4..00000000
--- a/notebooks/caching-and-decorators.ipynb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1420 +0,0 @@
-{
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "# Caching and Decorators"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Instrumentation"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Consider the lowly Fibonacci function:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 128,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "55"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 128,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def fib(n):\n",
-    "    if n <= 2:\n",
-    "        return 1\n",
-    "    else:\n",
-    "        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "fib(10)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "This function is a straightforward translation of\n",
-    "\n",
-    "$$F(n)=\\left\\{\n",
-    "                \\begin{array}{ll}\n",
-    "                  1&n <= 2\\\\\n",
-    "                  F_{n-2} + F_{n-1}&n>2\n",
-    "                \\end{array}\n",
-    "              \\right.$$"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "`fib` is a *recursive* function. A single *external* call to `fib` can result in lots of *recursive* calls, where it calls itself.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Let's **instrument** `fib`, to report how many calls result from a single external call:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 1,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "fib(10) = 55; fib was called 109 times\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "count = 0\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def fib(n):\n",
-    "    global count\n",
-    "    count += 1\n",
-    "    if n <= 2:\n",
-    "        return 1\n",
-    "    else:\n",
-    "        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(\"fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times\".format(10, fib(10), count))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The number of calls increases (exponentially) as a function of the argument:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 129,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "fib(1) = 1; fib was called 1 times\n",
-      "fib(2) = 1; fib was called 1 times\n",
-      "fib(3) = 2; fib was called 3 times\n",
-      "fib(4) = 3; fib was called 5 times\n",
-      "fib(5) = 5; fib was called 9 times\n",
-      "fib(10) = 55; fib was called 109 times\n",
-      "fib(20) = 6765; fib was called 13,529 times\n",
-      "fib(30) = 832040; fib was called 1,664,079 times\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "count = 0\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def fib(n):\n",
-    "    global count\n",
-    "    count += 1\n",
-    "    if n <= 2:\n",
-    "        return 1\n",
-    "    else:\n",
-    "        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "for i in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, 30]:\n",
-    "    count = 0\n",
-    "    print(\"fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times\".format(i, fib(i), count))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The fact that it calls itself so many times has a direct affect on performance:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 130,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "10000 loops, best of 3: 25.9 µs per loop\n",
-      "100 loops, best of 3: 3.22 ms per loop\n",
-      "1 loop, best of 3: 414 ms per loop\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "%timeit fib(10)\n",
-    "%timeit fib(20)\n",
-    "%timeit fib(30)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Note the microseconds (µs) and milliseconds (ms) per loop. 500 ms is half a second, so it's getting pretty slow."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Let's instrument the function to print each time it's called. This way we that we can see more about what's going on."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 6,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Calling fib(6)\n",
-      "Calling fib(4)\n",
-      "Calling fib(2)\n",
-      "Calling fib(3)\n",
-      "Calling fib(1)\n",
-      "Calling fib(2)\n",
-      "Calling fib(5)\n",
-      "Calling fib(3)\n",
-      "Calling fib(1)\n",
-      "Calling fib(2)\n",
-      "Calling fib(4)\n",
-      "Calling fib(2)\n",
-      "Calling fib(3)\n",
-      "Calling fib(1)\n",
-      "Calling fib(2)\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "8"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 6,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def fib(n):\n",
-    "    print(\"Calling fib({})\".format(n))\n",
-    "    if n <= 2:\n",
-    "        return 1\n",
-    "    else:\n",
-    "        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "fib(6)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "This output shows that `fib` is called multiple times with the same arguments. For example, `fib(4)` is called a couple times. `fib(3)` is being called three times. `fib(2)` is called *five* times.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "The modified instrumentation below report how many times `fib` is applied to each argument value. (This is also a chance to learn about [defaultdict](https://docs.python.org/3/library/collections.html#collections.defaultdict).)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 11,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "fib(1) was called 3 times\n",
-      "fib(2) was called 5 times\n",
-      "fib(3) was called 3 times\n",
-      "fib(4) was called 2 times\n",
-      "fib(5) was called 1 times\n",
-      "fib(6) was called 1 times\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "from collections import defaultdict\n",
-    "counts = defaultdict(lambda: 0)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def fib(n):\n",
-    "    counts[n] += 1\n",
-    "    if n <= 2:\n",
-    "        return 1\n",
-    "    else:\n",
-    "        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "fib(6)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "for n, count in sorted(counts.items()):\n",
-    "    print(\"fib({}) was called {} times\".format(n, count))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### A Digression\n",
-    "\n",
-    "You might notice an interesting pattern in the sequence of call counts, above. Reading from the bottom (`fib(6)`), and skipping `fib(1)`, the number of times `fib` is called with each argument value from $6$ down to $2$ is $1, 1, 2, 3, 5$.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Let's see if this holds up:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 14,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "fib(1) was called 55 times\n",
-      "fib(2) was called 89 times\n",
-      "fib(3) was called 55 times\n",
-      "fib(4) was called 34 times\n",
-      "fib(5) was called 21 times\n",
-      "fib(6) was called 13 times\n",
-      "fib(7) was called 8 times\n",
-      "fib(8) was called 5 times\n",
-      "fib(9) was called 3 times\n",
-      "fib(10) was called 2 times\n",
-      "fib(11) was called 1 times\n",
-      "fib(12) was called 1 times\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "counts = defaultdict(lambda: 0)\n",
-    "fib(12)\n",
-    "for n, count in sorted(counts.items()):\n",
-    "    print(\"fib({}) was called {} times\".format(n, count))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Note the sequence: `fib` applied to $12, 11, 10, \\ldots, 4, 3, 2$ is $1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89$. What does this sequence remind you of? Harder: why does it happen?"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Caching"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Instead of *instrumenting* the code, to simply record how many times the function was called, we can modify it to *cache* the computation, and use this cached value.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "This is the same technique that we used to cache web requests, in the Text Mining project. There it avoided repeated *network requests*. Here it saves repeated *computation*. This reduces the function's **computational complexity**."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 23,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "fib(10) = 55; fib was computed 11 times\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "fib_cache = {}\n",
-    "count = 0\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def fib(n):\n",
-    "    global count\n",
-    "    if n in fib_cache:\n",
-    "        return fib_cache[n]\n",
-    "    count += 1\n",
-    "    if n <= 2:\n",
-    "        return 1\n",
-    "    else:\n",
-    "        result = fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)\n",
-    "        fib_cache[n] = result\n",
-    "        return result\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(\"fib({}) = {}; fib was computed {} times\".format(10, fib(10), count))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Compare this to the uncached `fib`, where `fib(10)` resulted in *109* calls to `fib`.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Savings are (exponentially) greater for greater values of $n$."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Let's re-run the timings. We'll time a wrapper for the cached `fib`, that resets `fib`'s cache each time."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 25,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "100000 loops, best of 3: 5.04 µs per loop\n",
-      "100000 loops, best of 3: 10.8 µs per loop\n",
-      "100000 loops, best of 3: 17.6 µs per loop\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def rfib(n):\n",
-    "    global fib_cache\n",
-    "    fib_cache = {}\n",
-    "    return fib(n)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "%timeit rfib(10)\n",
-    "%timeit rfib(20)\n",
-    "%timeit rfib(30)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "For reference, the un-cached timings looked like this:\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    10000 loops, best of 3: 25.9 µs per loop\n",
-    "    100 loops, best of 3: 3.22 ms per loop\n",
-    "    1 loop, best of 3: 414 ms per loop"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Separating concerns"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The code above takes a step *forwards* in terms of performance, but *backwards* in legibility. Half of it is concerned with doing the math, and half of it is concerned with caching. It violated **separation of concerns**.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Let's separate the first instrumented `fib`, that counts how often it's been called, into two functions. The *inner* function, `fib_`, does the computation. The *outer* function, `fib`, *wraps* `fib_`. It adds the instrumentation.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "(The underscore in `fib_` is used in Python the same way a prime $'$ is used in math. `fib_` corresponds to $\\textrm{fib}'$ or $F'$.)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 134,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "fib(10) = 55; fib was called 109 times\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "count = 0\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def fib_(n):\n",
-    "    if n <= 2:\n",
-    "        return 1\n",
-    "    else:\n",
-    "        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def fib(n):\n",
-    "    global count\n",
-    "    count += 1\n",
-    "    return fib_(n)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(\"fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times\".format(10, fib(10), count))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "We can change the outer function to add different instrumentation. We don't need to touch the inner function."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 19,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "fib(1) was called 21 times\n",
-      "fib(2) was called 34 times\n",
-      "fib(3) was called 21 times\n",
-      "fib(4) was called 13 times\n",
-      "fib(5) was called 8 times\n",
-      "fib(6) was called 5 times\n",
-      "fib(7) was called 3 times\n",
-      "fib(8) was called 2 times\n",
-      "fib(9) was called 1 times\n",
-      "fib(10) was called 1 times\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "from collections import defaultdict\n",
-    "counts = defaultdict(lambda: 0)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def fib(n):\n",
-    "    global count\n",
-    "    counts[n] += 1\n",
-    "    return fib_(n)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "fib(10)\n",
-    "for n, count in sorted(counts.items()):\n",
-    "    print(\"fib({}) was called {} times\".format(n, count))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Now let's define a different outer function, that adds caching. (We'll also keep some instrumentation, so we can see that the cache is working.) It can use the same inner function."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 20,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "fib(10) = 55; fib was called 10 times\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "count = 0\n",
-    "fib_cache = {}\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def fib(n):\n",
-    "    if n in fib_cache:\n",
-    "        return fib_cache[n]\n",
-    "    global count\n",
-    "    count += 1\n",
-    "    result = fib_(n)\n",
-    "    fib_cache[n] = result\n",
-    "    return result\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(\"fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times\".format(10, fib(10), count))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Higher-Order Programming"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The various out functions above – all named `fib` – didn't need to know anything about `fib_` specifically. The *name* `fib_` was included in their definitions, but they otherwise could have wrapped any other (unary) function instead.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Let's extract `fib_` from the function definition, and instead supply it as a *parameter*:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 136,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "fib(10) = 55; fib was called 109 times\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "count = 0\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def fib_(n):\n",
-    "    if n <= 2:\n",
-    "        return 1\n",
-    "    else:\n",
-    "        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def counting(fn):\n",
-    "    def wrapper(n):\n",
-    "        global count\n",
-    "        count += 1\n",
-    "        return fn(n)\n",
-    "    return wrapper\n",
-    "\n",
-    "fib = counting(fib_)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(\"fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times\".format(10, fib(10), count))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Above, `def fib_` defined `fib`, `counting(fib)` used that value, and `fib = …` (on the same line) defined `fib`.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "We don't need the value of `fib_` after we've used it as an argument to `counting`. We can therefore `def fib` instead of `def fib_`:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 27,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "fib(10) = 55; fib was called 109 times\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "count = 0\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def fib(n):\n",
-    "    if n <= 2:\n",
-    "        return 1\n",
-    "    else:\n",
-    "        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def counting(fn):\n",
-    "    def wrapper(n):\n",
-    "        global count\n",
-    "        count += 1\n",
-    "        return fn(n)\n",
-    "    return wrapper\n",
-    "\n",
-    "fib = counting(fib)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(\"fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times\".format(10, fib(10), count))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "This relieves us from have to come up separate names for `fib_` and `fib`.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "It also eliminates the inelegance where `fib_` had to know to call `fib` (that hasn't been defined yet).\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Previously, in order to recognize that `fib_` was actually recursive, we needed to know that `fib_` was going to be wrapped up and that the wrapped function would be called `fib`.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Now, you can read the functionality of `fib` straight from its definition. As a bonus, if we comment out the `fib = counting(fib)` line, `fib` still works – it just isn't instrumented."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "We can wrap a function multiple times. `fib` below has been wrapped by a function (`counting`) that adds counting instrumentation ,and then wrapped in a function (`cached`) that adds caching. The final value of `fib` is a function that both records how many times it's been called, *and* is cached."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 137,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "fib(10) = 55; fib was called 10 times\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "count = 0\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def cached(fn):\n",
-    "    cache = {}\n",
-    "    def wrapper(n):\n",
-    "        if n in cache:\n",
-    "            return cache[n]\n",
-    "        result = fn(n)\n",
-    "        cache[n] = result\n",
-    "        return result\n",
-    "    return wrapper\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def counting(fn):\n",
-    "    def wrapper(n):\n",
-    "        global count\n",
-    "        count += 1\n",
-    "        return fn(n)\n",
-    "    return wrapper\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def fib(n):\n",
-    "    if n <= 2:\n",
-    "        return 1\n",
-    "    else:\n",
-    "        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "fib = counting(fib)\n",
-    "fib = cached(fib)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(\"fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times\".format(10, fib(10), count))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Let's write one more wrapping function, for even more instrumentation:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 142,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "called fib(10)\n",
-      "called fib(8)\n",
-      "called fib(6)\n",
-      "called fib(4)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(3)\n",
-      "called fib(1)\n",
-      "called fib(5)\n",
-      "called fib(7)\n",
-      "called fib(9)\n",
-      "fib(10) = 55; fib was called 10 times\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "count = 0\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def cached(fn):\n",
-    "    cache = {}\n",
-    "    def wrapper(n):\n",
-    "        if n in cache:\n",
-    "            return cache[n]\n",
-    "        result = fn(n)\n",
-    "        cache[n] = result\n",
-    "        return result\n",
-    "    return wrapper\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def counting(fn):\n",
-    "    def wrapper(n):\n",
-    "        global count\n",
-    "        count += 1\n",
-    "        return fn(n)\n",
-    "    return wrapper\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def traced(fn):\n",
-    "    def wrapper(n):\n",
-    "        print('called {}({})'.format(fn.__name__, n))\n",
-    "        return fn(n)\n",
-    "    return wrapper\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def fib(n):\n",
-    "    if n <= 2:\n",
-    "        return 1\n",
-    "    else:\n",
-    "        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "fib = traced(fib)\n",
-    "fib = counting(fib)\n",
-    "fib = cached(fib)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(\"fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times\".format(10, fib(10), count))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Order matters! Above, the tracing wrapper is inside the wrapped the caching wrapper. Below, the tracing happens *outside* the cache."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 145,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "called wrapper(10)\n",
-      "called wrapper(8)\n",
-      "called wrapper(6)\n",
-      "called wrapper(4)\n",
-      "called wrapper(2)\n",
-      "called wrapper(3)\n",
-      "called wrapper(1)\n",
-      "called wrapper(2)\n",
-      "called wrapper(5)\n",
-      "called wrapper(3)\n",
-      "called wrapper(4)\n",
-      "called wrapper(7)\n",
-      "called wrapper(5)\n",
-      "called wrapper(6)\n",
-      "called wrapper(9)\n",
-      "called wrapper(7)\n",
-      "called wrapper(8)\n",
-      "fib(10) = 55; fib was called 17 times\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def fib(n):\n",
-    "    if n <= 2:\n",
-    "        return 1\n",
-    "    else:\n",
-    "        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "fib = cached(fib)\n",
-    "fib = counting(fib)\n",
-    "fib = traced(fib)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "count = 0\n",
-    "print(\"fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times\".format(10, fib(10), count))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The functions that do the wrapping can be applied to any (unary) function. Here, we'll apply it to a version of the exponentiation function that's been modified to take a single argumen: a tuple of $(\\textrm{base}, \\textrm{exp})$: `pow((b, e))` $= b^e$.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "(The forthcoming Appendix will show how to modify these wrappers for use on functions that take different numbers of arguments.)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 162,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "called pow((2, 15))\n",
-      "called pow((2, 7))\n",
-      "called pow((2, 3))\n",
-      "called pow((2, 1))\n",
-      "called pow((2, 2))\n",
-      "called pow((2, 4))\n",
-      "called pow((2, 8))\n",
-      "exp(2, 15) = 32768\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def pow(base_and_exp):\n",
-    "    base, exp = base_and_exp\n",
-    "    if exp == 0:\n",
-    "        return 1\n",
-    "    if exp == 1:\n",
-    "        return base\n",
-    "    half = exp // 2\n",
-    "    return pow((base, half)) * pow((base, exp - half))\n",
-    "\n",
-    "pow = traced(pow)\n",
-    "pow = cached(pow)\n",
-    "print('exp({}, {}) = {}'.format(2, 15, pow((2, 15))))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### Terminology\n",
-    "\n",
-    "A function that takes a function as an argument and returns a function as a value, is called a [**higher-order function**, **functor**, or **functional**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-order_function).\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Programming with higher-order functions is [**higher-order programming**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-order_programming).\n",
-    "\n",
-    "\"Functor\" and \"functional\" are also used in math, for meanings that aren't that different. For example, the (indefinite) integral $\\int$ takes an function $x \\rightarrow x^2 dx$ as an argument and returns another function $x \\rightarrow 3/2 x^3$ as a value: $\\int x^2 dx = 3/2 x^3$."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Decorator Syntax"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "`fib = counting(fib)` *after* `fib` has been defined, is equivalent to `@counting` written immediately *before* the function definition.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "This is the [Python decorator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics#Decorators) construct."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 138,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "fib(10) = 55; fib was called 109 times\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "count = 0\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def counting(fn):\n",
-    "    def wrapper(n):\n",
-    "        global count\n",
-    "        count += 1\n",
-    "        return fn(n)\n",
-    "    return wrapper\n",
-    "\n",
-    "@counting\n",
-    "def fib(n):\n",
-    "    if n <= 2:\n",
-    "        return 1\n",
-    "    else:\n",
-    "        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(\"fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times\".format(10, fib(10), count))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 139,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "fib(10) = 55; fib was called 10 times\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "count = 0\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def cached(fn):\n",
-    "    cache = {}\n",
-    "    def wrapper(n):\n",
-    "        if n in cache:\n",
-    "            return cache[n]\n",
-    "        result = fn(n)\n",
-    "        cache[n] = result\n",
-    "        return result\n",
-    "    return wrapper\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def counting(fn):\n",
-    "    def wrapper(n):\n",
-    "        global count\n",
-    "        count += 1\n",
-    "        return fn(n)\n",
-    "    return wrapper\n",
-    "\n",
-    "@cached\n",
-    "@counting\n",
-    "def fib(n):\n",
-    "    if n <= 2:\n",
-    "        return 1\n",
-    "    else:\n",
-    "        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(\"fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times\".format(10, fib(10), count))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 146,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "called fib(10)\n",
-      "called fib(8)\n",
-      "called fib(6)\n",
-      "called fib(4)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(3)\n",
-      "called fib(1)\n",
-      "called fib(5)\n",
-      "called fib(7)\n",
-      "called fib(9)\n",
-      "fib(10) = 55; fib was called 10 times\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "count = 0\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def cached(fn):\n",
-    "    cache = {}\n",
-    "    def wrapper(n):\n",
-    "        if n in cache:\n",
-    "            return cache[n]\n",
-    "        result = fn(n)\n",
-    "        cache[n] = result\n",
-    "        return result\n",
-    "    return wrapper\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def counting(fn):\n",
-    "    def wrapper(n):\n",
-    "        global count\n",
-    "        count += 1\n",
-    "        return fn(n)\n",
-    "    return wrapper\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def traced(fn):\n",
-    "    def wrapper(n):\n",
-    "        print('called {}({})'.format(fn.__name__, n))\n",
-    "        return fn(n)\n",
-    "    return wrapper\n",
-    "\n",
-    "@cached\n",
-    "@counting\n",
-    "@traced\n",
-    "def fib(n):\n",
-    "    if n <= 2:\n",
-    "        return 1\n",
-    "    else:\n",
-    "        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(\"fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times\".format(10, fib(10), count))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Additional Reading\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Glossary:\n",
-    "\n",
-    "* [Python decorators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics#Decorators)\n",
-    "* [Separation of concerns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_concerns)\n",
-    "* [Functional programming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming)\n",
-    "* [Higher-order function](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-order_function)\n",
-    "* [Higher-order programming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-order_programming)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Tutorials:\n",
-    "\n",
-    "* [Primer on Python decorators](https://realpython.com/blog/python/primer-on-python-decorators/), _Real Python_.\n",
-    "* [A guide to Python's function decorators](https://www.thecodeship.com/patterns/guide-to-python-function-decorators/), _The Code Ship_, Ayman Farhat.\n",
-    "* [Decorators](http://python-3-patterns-idioms-test.readthedocs.io/en/latest/PythonDecorators.html), _Python 3 Patterns, Recipes and Idioms_."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Appendix: Variadic Decorators\n",
-    "\n",
-    "The following higher-order functions apply to functions that take any number of arguments."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 171,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "count = 0\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def cached(fn):\n",
-    "    cache = {}\n",
-    "    def wrapper(*args):\n",
-    "        if n in cache:\n",
-    "            return cache[args]\n",
-    "        result = fn(*args)\n",
-    "        cache[args] = result\n",
-    "        return result\n",
-    "    return wrapper\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def counting(fn):\n",
-    "    def wrapper(*args):\n",
-    "        global count\n",
-    "        count += 1\n",
-    "        return fn(*args)\n",
-    "    return wrapper\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def traced(fn):\n",
-    "    def wrapper(*args):\n",
-    "        print('called {}({})'.format(fn.__name__, ', '.join(map(str, args))))\n",
-    "        return fn(*args)\n",
-    "    return wrapper"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "They can be used on `fib`, which has a single parameter:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 173,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "called fib(10)\n",
-      "called fib(8)\n",
-      "called fib(6)\n",
-      "called fib(4)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(3)\n",
-      "called fib(1)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(5)\n",
-      "called fib(3)\n",
-      "called fib(1)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(4)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(3)\n",
-      "called fib(1)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(7)\n",
-      "called fib(5)\n",
-      "called fib(3)\n",
-      "called fib(1)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(4)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(3)\n",
-      "called fib(1)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(6)\n",
-      "called fib(4)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(3)\n",
-      "called fib(1)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(5)\n",
-      "called fib(3)\n",
-      "called fib(1)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(4)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(3)\n",
-      "called fib(1)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(9)\n",
-      "called fib(7)\n",
-      "called fib(5)\n",
-      "called fib(3)\n",
-      "called fib(1)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(4)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(3)\n",
-      "called fib(1)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(6)\n",
-      "called fib(4)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(3)\n",
-      "called fib(1)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(5)\n",
-      "called fib(3)\n",
-      "called fib(1)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(4)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(3)\n",
-      "called fib(1)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(8)\n",
-      "called fib(6)\n",
-      "called fib(4)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(3)\n",
-      "called fib(1)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(5)\n",
-      "called fib(3)\n",
-      "called fib(1)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(4)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(3)\n",
-      "called fib(1)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(7)\n",
-      "called fib(5)\n",
-      "called fib(3)\n",
-      "called fib(1)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(4)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(3)\n",
-      "called fib(1)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(6)\n",
-      "called fib(4)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(3)\n",
-      "called fib(1)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(5)\n",
-      "called fib(3)\n",
-      "called fib(1)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(4)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "called fib(3)\n",
-      "called fib(1)\n",
-      "called fib(2)\n",
-      "fib(10) = 55; fib was called 218 times\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def fib(n):\n",
-    "    if n <= 2:\n",
-    "        return 1\n",
-    "    else:\n",
-    "        return fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "fib = traced(fib)\n",
-    "fib = counting(fib)\n",
-    "fib = cached(fib)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(\"fib({}) = {}; fib was called {:,} times\".format(10, fib(10), count))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "But unlike the original higher-order functions, they can also be used with a more natural definition of `pow`, that has *two* parameters:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 174,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "called pow(2, 15)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 7)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 3)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 2)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 4)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 2)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 2)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 8)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 4)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 2)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 2)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 4)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 2)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 2)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "exp(2, 15) = 32768\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def pow(base, exp):\n",
-    "    if exp == 0:\n",
-    "        return 1\n",
-    "    if exp == 1:\n",
-    "        return base\n",
-    "    half = exp // 2\n",
-    "    return pow(base, half) * pow(base, exp - half)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "pow = traced(pow)\n",
-    "pow = counting(pow)\n",
-    "pow = cached(pow)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print('exp({}, {}) = {}'.format(2, 15, pow(2, 15)))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "And like the original higher-order functions, these new functionals can also be used as decorators:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 170,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "called pow(2, 15)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 7)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 3)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 2)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 4)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 2)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 2)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 8)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 4)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 2)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 2)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 4)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 2)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 2)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "called pow(2, 1)\n",
-      "exp(2, 15) = 32768\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "@cached\n",
-    "@counting\n",
-    "@traced\n",
-    "def pow(base, exp):\n",
-    "    if exp == 0:\n",
-    "        return 1\n",
-    "    if exp == 1:\n",
-    "        return base\n",
-    "    half = exp // 2\n",
-    "    return pow(base, half) * pow(base, exp - half)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print('exp({}, {}) = {}'.format(2, 15, pow(2, 15)))"
-   ]
-  }
- ],
- "metadata": {
-  "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3",
-   "language": "python",
-   "name": "python3"
-  },
-  "language_info": {
-   "codemirror_mode": {
-    "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
-   },
-   "file_extension": ".py",
-   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
-   "name": "python",
-   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.5.2"
-  }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
-}
diff --git a/notebooks/caching.ipynb b/notebooks/caching.ipynb
deleted file mode 100644
index c8fc05f3..00000000
--- a/notebooks/caching.ipynb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,625 +0,0 @@
-{
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "# Caching web requests"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## HTTP requests (without caching)\n",
-    "First import the [requests package](http://docs.python-requests.org/en/master/)."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 1,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import requests"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## A diversion – one for the bugbook"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The following typo (`sofdes` for `softdes`, for a domain that doesn't exist) produced some error about address or nodeinfo the first time I ran it, and never terminated (Jupyter labels it with `In [*]`, where the `*` means \"curently executing\") each subsequent time. I'm adding both of those to my bug dictionary: \"if you see this symptom, it might be because you did a `request.get` on a domain name that doesn't exist\"."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "requests.get('https://sofdes.olin.build')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Back to the working request"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Fixed the URL (below). I'm only showing the first 500 characters of the response text."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 5,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'<!DOCTYPE html>\\n<html>\\n  <head>\\n    <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\\n    <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1\">\\n\\n    <title>\\n      \\n         &middot; Software Design | Fall 2017\\n      \\n    </title>\\n\\n    <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://unpkg.com/bulmaswatch/litera/bulmaswatch.min.css\">\\n    <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css\">\\n    <script type=\"text/x-mathjax-config\">\\n  MathJax.Hub.Config({\\n    TeX: {\\n  '"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 5,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "requests.get('https://softdes.olin.build').text[:500]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Create cache and analyze functions"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Let's turn that expression into an `analyze_page` function, that takes the URL as a parameter."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 6,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'<!DOCTYPE html>\\n<html>\\n  <head>\\n    <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\\n    <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1\">\\n\\n    <title>\\n      \\n         &middot; Software Design | Fall 2017\\n      \\n    </title>\\n\\n    <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://unpkg.com/bulmaswatch/litera/bulmaswatch.min.css\">\\n    <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css\">\\n    <script type=\"text/x-mathjax-config\">\\n  MathJax.Hub.Config({\\n    TeX: {\\n  '"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 6,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def analyze_page(url):\n",
-    "    return requests.get(url).text\n",
-    "\n",
-    "analyze_page('https://softdes.olin.build')[:500]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "…and actually do some analysis. (Here, just compute the length of the text.)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 7,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "8552"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 7,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def analyze_page(url):\n",
-    "    return len(requests.get(url).text)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "analyze_page('https://softdes.olin.build')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Introduce a temporary variable, and use it to factor the `requests.get(url).text` expression out from last line."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 8,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "8552"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 8,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def analyze_page(url):\n",
-    "    text = requests.get(url).text\n",
-    "    return len(text)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "analyze_page('https://softdes.olin.build')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Introduce a new function, and use it to factor the code that talks to the web out from the code that analyzes the responses.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "The function is *called* `cached_get` in anticipation of where we're going with it, but it doesn't yet do caching. The following code has the same *functionality* as the preceding code, it's just *organized* in a way that sets us up to to make the next change."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 9,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "8552"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 9,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def cached_get(url):\n",
-    "    return requests.get(url).text\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def analyze_page(url):\n",
-    "    text = cached_get(url)\n",
-    "    return len(text)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "analyze_page('https://softdes.olin.build')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Implement the cache"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Now we can get to work on actually adding the cache.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "The strategy is: create a dictionary whose keys are the function parameter value, and whose values are the function return values. For example, `cached_get` wraps a call to `requests.get(url).text` – it works with a dictionary whose keys are URLs, and whose values are the text responses to querying those URLs."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 10,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "cache miss\n",
-      "cache miss\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "8552"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 10,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def cached_get(url):\n",
-    "    cached_urls = {}\n",
-    "    if url in cached_urls:\n",
-    "        print('cache hit')\n",
-    "        return cached_urls[url]\n",
-    "    else:\n",
-    "        print('cache miss')\n",
-    "        text = requests.get(url).text\n",
-    "        cached_urls[url] = text\n",
-    "        return text\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def analyze_page(url):\n",
-    "    text = cached_get(url)\n",
-    "    return len(text)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "analyze_page('https://softdes.olin.build')\n",
-    "analyze_page('https://softdes.olin.build')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The returned value indicates that `cached_get` returns the correct value. The `print` statements reveal that the caching code didn't work. Each call to `cached_get` results in a cache miss (and therefore a fresh call to `requests.get`).\n",
-    "\n",
-    "The issue is that `cached_urls` is local variable to `cached_get`. Each call to `cached_get` creates a new local frame with a new entry `cached_get`, and creates a new, empty dictionary to assign to that variable.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "We fix this by making `cached_urls` a global variable:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 11,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "cache miss\n",
-      "cache hit\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "8552"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 11,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "cached_urls = {}\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def cached_get(url):\n",
-    "    if url in cached_urls:\n",
-    "        print('cache hit')\n",
-    "        return cached_urls[url]\n",
-    "    else:\n",
-    "        print('cache miss')\n",
-    "        text = requests.get(url).text\n",
-    "        cached_urls[url] = text\n",
-    "        return text\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def analyze_page(url):\n",
-    "    text = cached_get(url)\n",
-    "    return len(text)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "analyze_page('https://softdes.olin.build')\n",
-    "analyze_page('https://softdes.olin.build')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## A caveat about Jupyter"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The above is sufficient for a Python *script*.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "In Jupyter, each time I run the cell above, the first call to `analyze_page` is going to result in a cache miss. This is because running the cell assigns `cached_urls` from a new empty dict `{}`.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "If I'm iterating with `analyze_page` – modifying the function definition, running the cell again, and repeating – the caching doesn't buy me anything.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Fix this by putting the definition of `cached_urls` in one cell, and the code you're iterating on in another cell that you can run separately. In class, I put `cached_urls` in a cell by itself, the idea being initialize the global variables in their own cell. Below, I've put `cached_urls` and `cached_get` in a cell together (that's separate from `analyze_page`, the idea being to put the caching layer in its own cell that's separate from the code that uses it."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "cached_urls = {}\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def cached_get(url):\n",
-    "    if url in cached_urls:\n",
-    "        print('cache hit')\n",
-    "        return cached_urls[url]\n",
-    "    else:\n",
-    "        print('cache miss')\n",
-    "        text = requests.get(url).text\n",
-    "        cached_urls[url] = text\n",
-    "        return text"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 27,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "cache hit\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "8552"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 27,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def analyze_page(url):\n",
-    "    text = cached_get(url)\n",
-    "    return len(text)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "analyze_page('https://softdes.olin.build')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## `cached_get` final touches"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Here's another implementation of `cached_get`."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "cached_urls = {}\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def cached_get(url):\n",
-    "    if url not in cached_urls:\n",
-    "        print('cache miss')\n",
-    "        text = requests.get(url).text\n",
-    "        cached_urls[url] = text\n",
-    "    return cached_urls[url]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Finally, whichever version of `cached_get` I ended up with, I'd remove the `print` statements once I had it working."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "cached_urls = {}\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def cached_get(url):\n",
-    "    if url not in cached_urls:\n",
-    "        text = requests.get(url).text\n",
-    "        cached_urls[url] = text\n",
-    "    return cached_urls[url]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## More analysis"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "This beefed-up `analyze_page` counts the number of (lowercase) `e`s. It gets to use the same cache."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 12,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "cache hit\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "329"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 12,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def analyze_page(url):\n",
-    "    text = cached_get(url)\n",
-    "    n = 0\n",
-    "    for c in text:\n",
-    "        if c == 'e':\n",
-    "            n += 1\n",
-    "    return n\n",
-    "#     return len(text)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "analyze_page('https://softdes.olin.build')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Note that I left the original `return len(text)` line in, commented-out, as a reference to look at and easily revert to while I'm working on the lines that replace it. Once it's working, I would delete the commented-out lines."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "In class, I modified `analyze_page` to return a table (dictionary) listing how many upper case, and how many lower case, `e`s are in the text. Here, I'm writing a new function that does this. `analyze_page` (above) and `count_some_vowels` (below) can share the same cache – once either function is called for a given URL, applying the other function to the same URL can use the value from the cache, instead of hitting the web again."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 30,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "{'E': 4, 'e': 329}"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 30,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def analyze_page(url):\n",
-    "    text = cached_get(url)\n",
-    "    d = {'e': 0, 'E': 0}\n",
-    "    for c in text:\n",
-    "        if c in 'eE':\n",
-    "            d[c] += 1\n",
-    "    return d\n",
-    "\n",
-    "analyze_page('https://softdes.olin.build')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Caching and Pickle"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "This concludes the material that was covered in class. This caches the value while the current Python session is running.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "To save the cache *between* sessions, you will need to save it to disk. The structure of your code would look something like:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import os\n",
-    "import pickle\n",
-    "\n",
-    "cache_file_name = 'cache.pickle'\n",
-    "cached_urls = {}\n",
-    "if os.path.exists(cache_file_name):\n",
-    "    # use pickle.load to load the cache from disk\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def cached_get(url):\n",
-    "    if url not in cached_urls:\n",
-    "        text = requests.get(url).text\n",
-    "        cached_urls[url] = text\n",
-    "        # use pickle.dump to save the cache to disk\n",
-    "    return cached_urls[url]"
-   ]
-  }
- ],
- "metadata": {
-  "anaconda-cloud": {},
-  "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python [default]",
-   "language": "python",
-   "name": "python3"
-  },
-  "language_info": {
-   "codemirror_mode": {
-    "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
-   },
-   "file_extension": ".py",
-   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
-   "name": "python",
-   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.5.2"
-  }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
-}
diff --git a/notebooks/complexity-and-halting-teaser.ipynb b/notebooks/complexity-and-halting-teaser.ipynb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2aa45031..00000000
--- a/notebooks/complexity-and-halting-teaser.ipynb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,168 +0,0 @@
-{
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "# Order of Growth"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 6,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "1000000 loops, best of 3: 853 ns per loop\n",
-      "100000 loops, best of 3: 5.28 µs per loop\n",
-      "10000 loops, best of 3: 56.2 µs per loop\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def f1(n):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Return the sum of 0..(n-1).\"\"\"\n",
-    "    s = 0\n",
-    "    for i in range(n):\n",
-    "        s += i\n",
-    "    return s\n",
-    "\n",
-    "%timeit f1(10)\n",
-    "%timeit f1(100)\n",
-    "%timeit f1(1000)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 7,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "The slowest run took 8.10 times longer than the fastest. This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.\n",
-      "10000000 loops, best of 3: 161 ns per loop\n",
-      "The slowest run took 6.92 times longer than the fastest. This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.\n",
-      "10000000 loops, best of 3: 182 ns per loop\n",
-      "The slowest run took 6.06 times longer than the fastest. This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.\n",
-      "10000000 loops, best of 3: 191 ns per loop\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def f2(n):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Return the sum of 0..(n-1).\"\"\"\n",
-    "    return n * (n + 1) / 2\n",
-    "\n",
-    "%timeit f2(10)\n",
-    "%timeit f2(100)\n",
-    "%timeit f2(1000)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def f3(n):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"A shorter implementation of a program with many longer and less intentional implementations.\"\"\"\n",
-    "    while True:\n",
-    "        pass"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def f4(fname):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Count the newlines in the file. (This may be one less than the number of lines.)\"\"\"\n",
-    "    source = open(fname).read()\n",
-    "    s = 0\n",
-    "    for c in source:\n",
-    "        if c == '\\n':\n",
-    "            s += 1\n",
-    "    return s"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def f5(fname):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    Return true if and only if fname is a Python source file that halts when run.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    This could more mnemonically be named 'halts'.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    >>> halts('f1.py') # f1.py is a file that defines f1 above, and calls `f1(100)`\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> halts('f2.py') # f2.py is a file that defines f2 above, and calls `f2(100)`\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> halts('f3.py') # f3.py is a file that defines f2 above, and calls `f3(100)`\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    >>> halts('f4.py') # f3.py is a file that defines f2 above, and calls `f4('f4.py')`\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    source = open(fname).read()\n",
-    "    # TODO replace following line by code that sets `halts` to True\n",
-    "    # if and only if source is a python program that halts when run.\n",
-    "    halts = False\n",
-    "    return halts"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def f6(fname):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    This could more mnemonically be named 'doesnt_halt'.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    >>> halts('f1.py') # f1.py is a file that defines f1 above, and calls `f1(100)`\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    >>> halts('f2.py') # f2.py is a file that defines f2 above, and calls `f2(100)`\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    >>> halts('f3.py') # f3.py is a file that defines f2 above, and calls `f3(100)`\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> halts('f4.py') # f3.py is a file that defines f2 above, and calls `f4('f4.py')`\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    >>> halts('f6.py') # f6.py is a file that defines this function f6, and calls `f6('f6.py')`\n",
-    "    ???\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    return not f6(fname)"
-   ]
-  }
- ],
- "metadata": {
-  "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3",
-   "language": "python",
-   "name": "python3"
-  },
-  "language_info": {
-   "codemirror_mode": {
-    "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
-   },
-   "file_extension": ".py",
-   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
-   "name": "python",
-   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.5.2"
-  }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
-}
diff --git a/notebooks/day6_reading_journal_responses.ipynb b/notebooks/day6_reading_journal_responses.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3916a934
--- /dev/null
+++ b/notebooks/day6_reading_journal_responses.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,682 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "is_question": true,
+    "problem": "Exercise 6.6"
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "### Exercise 6  \n",
+    "\n",
+    "A palindrome is a word that is spelled the same backward and forward, like “noon” and “redivider”. Recursively, a word is a palindrome if the first and last letters are the same and the middle is a palindrome.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "You can use the `first`, `last`, and `middle` helper functions defined in Think Python, or do the string slices inside your function directly. Be sure to think about your base cases.\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "Write a function called `is_palindrome` that takes a string argument and returns `True` if it is a palindrome and `False` otherwise. Remember that you can use the built-in function `len` to check the length of a string.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Write some unit tests for your function (optionally using doctest) to show that it works as intended."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 27,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def first(word):\n",
+    "    return word[0]\n",
+    "def last(word):\n",
+    "    return word[-1]\n",
+    "def middle(word):\n",
+    "    return word[1:-1]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 28,
+   "metadata": {
+    "solution": "Exercise 6.6"
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# Palindrome Solution 1\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def is_palindrome(word):\n",
+    "    if first(word)==last(word):\n",
+    "        if len(word)<=2:\n",
+    "            return True\n",
+    "        else:\n",
+    "            return is_palindrome (middle(word)) \n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        return False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 29,
+   "metadata": {
+    "solution": "Exercise 6.6"
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# Palindrome Solution 2\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def is_palindrome(x):\n",
+    "    if len(x) >= 3: \n",
+    "        if x[0] == x[-1]:\n",
+    "            return is_palindrome(x[1:-1])\n",
+    "        else:\n",
+    "            return False\n",
+    "    elif x[0] == x[-1]:\n",
+    "        return True\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        return False        "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 33,
+   "metadata": {
+    "solution": "Exercise 6.6"
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# Palindrome Solution 3\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def is_palindrome (x):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    ">>> is_palindrome(\"cart\")\n",
+    "False\n",
+    ">>> is_palindrome(\"bobob\")\n",
+    "True\n",
+    ">>> is_palindrome(\"kayak\")\n",
+    "True\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    for i in range(len(x)):\n",
+    "        if x == x[::-1]:\n",
+    "            return True\n",
+    "    return False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 34,
+   "metadata": {
+    "solution": "Exercise 6.6"
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# Palindrome Solution 4\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def is_pallindrome(string):\n",
+    "    string = string.lower()\n",
+    "    if len(string)>1:\n",
+    "        if string[0] == string[len(string)-1]:\n",
+    "            string = string[1:len(string)-1]\n",
+    "            return True\n",
+    "        if string[0] != string[len(string)-1]:\n",
+    "            return False\n",
+    "    return is_pallindrome(string)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 35,
+   "metadata": {
+    "solution": "Exercise 6.6"
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# Palindrome Solution 5\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def is_palindrome(s):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    >>> is_palindrome(\"Go hand a salami Im a lasagna hog\") # even palindrome\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    >>> is_palindrome(\"Ah Satan sees Natasha\")\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    >>> is_palindrome(\"No melons no lemon\") # odd palindrome\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    >>> is_palindrome(\"Now I see bees I lost\") # not a palindrome\n",
+    "    False\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    s = s.strip().lower()\n",
+    "    if len(s) <= 1:\n",
+    "        return True\n",
+    "    if s[0] == s[len(s)-1]:\n",
+    "        return is_palindrome(s[1::len(s)-1])\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        return False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 126,
+   "metadata": {
+    "solution": "Exercise 6.6"
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# Palindrome Solution 6\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def is_palindrome(word):\n",
+    "    flag = True\n",
+    "    if len(word) == 1:\n",
+    "        return True\n",
+    "    if len(word) < 3: #when len == 2\n",
+    "        return first(word) == last(word)\n",
+    "    return (first(word) == last(word) and is_palindrome(middle(word)))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 128,
+   "metadata": {
+    "solution": "Exercise 6.6"
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# Palindrome Solution 7\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def is_palindrome(WoRd):\n",
+    "    \"\"\" Returns True/False for if input is a palindrome.\n",
+    "    >>> is_palindrome('word')\n",
+    "    False\n",
+    "    >>> is_palindrome('racecar')\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    >>> is_palindrome('Racecar')\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    >>> is_palindrome('l')\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    word = WoRd.lower()\n",
+    "    if len(word) < 3:\n",
+    "        if first(word) == last(word):\n",
+    "            return True\n",
+    "        else:\n",
+    "            return False\n",
+    "    if len(word) >= 3:\n",
+    "        if first(word) == last(word):\n",
+    "            return is_palindrome(middle(word))\n",
+    "        else:\n",
+    "            return False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 39,
+   "metadata": {
+    "solution": "Exercise 6.6"
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# Palindrome Solution 8\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def palindrome(word):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    Recursively looks through a string and determines if it is a palindrome.\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    >>> palindrome('racecar')\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    >>> palindrome('abba')\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    >>> palindrome('palindrome')\n",
+    "    False\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    if len(word) < 2:\n",
+    "        return True\n",
+    "    elif word[0] == word[-1]:\n",
+    "        return palindrome(word[1:-1])\n",
+    "    return False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 42,
+   "metadata": {
+    "solution": "Exercise 6.6"
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# Palindrome Solution 9\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def is_palindrome(word):\n",
+    "    '''\n",
+    ">>> is_palindrome(\"redivider\")\n",
+    "True\n",
+    ">>> is_palindrome(\"bob\")\n",
+    "True\n",
+    ">>> is_palindrome(\"ttta\")\n",
+    "False\n",
+    ">>> is_palindrome(\"aaaaaaa\")\n",
+    "True\n",
+    "\n",
+    "'''\n",
+    "    mid = middle(word)\n",
+    "    if first(word) == last(word):    \n",
+    "        if mid[:] == mid[::-1]:\n",
+    "            return True\n",
+    "    return False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 43,
+   "metadata": {
+    "solution": "Exercise 6.6"
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# Palindrome Solution 10\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def is_palindrome(word):\n",
+    "    word_list = list(word)\n",
+    "    length = len(word_list)\n",
+    "    if length <= 2:\n",
+    "        return False\n",
+    "    elif length > 2:\n",
+    "        for letters in word_list:\n",
+    "            if word_list[0] == word_list[-1]:\n",
+    "                del(word_list[0])\n",
+    "                del(word_list[-1])\n",
+    "    if len(word_list)== 0:\n",
+    "        return True\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        return False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 44,
+   "metadata": {
+    "solution": "Exercise 6.6"
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# Palindrome Solution 11\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def is_palindrome(word):\n",
+    "    forward = word\n",
+    "    backward = word[::-1]\n",
+    "    if forward == backward:\n",
+    "        return True\n",
+    "    return False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 130,
+   "metadata": {
+    "solution": "Exercise 6.6"
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 130,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "# Palindrome Solution 12\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def palindrome(a):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    Returns Boolean assignment True or False to determine if word is palindrome.\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    >>> palindrome('DogGOD')\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    >>> palindrome('RACE car')\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    >>> palindrome('allen')\n",
+    "    False\n",
+    "    >>> palindrome('PAul ruvOLo')\n",
+    "    False\n",
+    "    >>> palindrome('stanley YELnats')\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    a = a.lower() #converts all characters in a to lowercase\n",
+    "    a = a.rstrip() #strips all spaces from a\n",
+    "    if len(a) <= 1:\n",
+    "        return True\n",
+    "    elif first(a) != last(a):\n",
+    "        return False\n",
+    "    return palindrome(middle(a))\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#what do you know, it works\n",
+    "#fun with palindromes\n",
+    "palindrome('Borrow or Rob') #a moral dilemma\n",
+    "palindrome('Murder for a jar of red rum') #creepiest childhood game\n",
+    "palindrome('Yo Banana Boy') #it's Gabe\n",
+    "palindrome('satan oscillate my metallic sonatas') #that's unfortunate\n",
+    "palindrome('SolO GIGOLOS') #I am having altogether to much fun with this\n",
+    "palindrome('dammit Im mad')#lol not really but I bet whoever's reading this is"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "is_question": true,
+    "problem": "Exercise 6.6 challenge"
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "### Exercise 6.4  \n",
+    "\n",
+    "A number $a$ is a power of $b$ if it is divisible by $b$ and $a/b$ is a power of $b$. Write a function called `is_power` that takes parameters `a` and `b` and returns `True` if `a` is a power of `b`. Note: you will have to think about the base case."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 132,
+   "metadata": {
+    "solution": "Exercise 6.7"
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# is_power solution 1\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def is_power(a, b):\n",
+    "     if a < b: \n",
+    "        return False\n",
+    "     if a == b: \n",
+    "        return True\n",
+    "     else:\n",
+    "        return is_power(a / b, b)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 65,
+   "metadata": {
+    "solution": "Exercise 6.7"
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# is_power solution 2\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def is_power(a,b):\n",
+    "    if a == b:\n",
+    "        return True\n",
+    "    elif a > b:\n",
+    "        if a%b == 0:\n",
+    "            return is_power(a//b,b)\n",
+    "        else:\n",
+    "            return False\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        return False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 66,
+   "metadata": {
+    "solution": "Exercise 6.7"
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# is_power solution 3\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def is_power(a,b):\n",
+    "    if a>b:\n",
+    "        if a%b == 0:\n",
+    "            return True\n",
+    "        if a%b != 0:\n",
+    "            return False\n",
+    "    return is_power(a/b,b)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 133,
+   "metadata": {
+    "solution": "Exercise 6.7"
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# is_power solution 4\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def is_power(a,b):\n",
+    "    if a is b:\n",
+    "        return True\n",
+    "    elif a%b == 0:\n",
+    "        return is_power(a//b,b)\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        return False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 135,
+   "metadata": {
+    "solution": "Exercise 6.7"
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# is_power solution 5\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def is_power(a,b):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    >>> is_power(4,2)\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    >>> is_power(3,2)\n",
+    "    False\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    if a == 1:\n",
+    "        return True\n",
+    "    return a%b == 0 and is_power(a/b, b)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 70,
+   "metadata": {
+    "solution": "Exercise 6.7"
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# is_power solution 6\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def is_power(a,b):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"returns whether a is a power of b.\n",
+    "    doctests test for a is zeroeth power, a is first power, a is nth power, and a is not power.\n",
+    "    >>> is_power(1, 70)\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    >>> is_power(5, 5)\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    >>> is_power(128, 2)\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    >>> is_power(132, 2)\n",
+    "    False\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    if a == 1:\n",
+    "        return True\n",
+    "    elif a % b == 0:\n",
+    "        return is_power(a//b,b)\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        return False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 136,
+   "metadata": {
+    "solution": "Exercise 6.7"
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# is_power solution 7\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def is_power(a,b):\n",
+    "    \"\"\" Returns True/False for if a is a power of b.\n",
+    "    >>> is_power(3,2)\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    >>> is_power(1,5)\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    >>> is_power(6,6)\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    >>> is_power(2,0)\n",
+    "    False\n",
+    "    >>> is_power(6,1)\n",
+    "    False\n",
+    "    >>> is_power(6,3)\n",
+    "    False\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    if a == 0 or b == 0:\n",
+    "        return False\n",
+    "    elif b == 1:\n",
+    "        if a == 1:\n",
+    "            return True\n",
+    "        else:\n",
+    "            return False\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    if a==1 or (a/b)==1:\n",
+    "        result = True\n",
+    "    elif a % b == 0 and a!=0:\n",
+    "        result = is_power((a//b),b)\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        result = False\n",
+    "  \n",
+    "    return result"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 78,
+   "metadata": {
+    "solution": "Exercise 6.7"
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# is_power solution 8\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def is_power(a, b):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    Returns if A is a power of b. \n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    >>> power(10, 2)\n",
+    "    False\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    >>> power(32, 2)\n",
+    "    True\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    if not (a % b == 0):\n",
+    "        return False\n",
+    "    if a//b == 1:\n",
+    "        return True\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        return power(a//b, b)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 79,
+   "metadata": {
+    "solution": "Exercise 6.7"
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# is_power solution 9\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def is_power(a,b):\n",
+    "    if a == b:\n",
+    "        return True\n",
+    "    test1 = a%b\n",
+    "    a = a//b\n",
+    "    if test1 == 0 and is_power(a,b):\n",
+    "        return True\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        return False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 81,
+   "metadata": {
+    "solution": "Exercise 6.7"
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# is_power solution 10\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def is_power(a, b):\n",
+    "    if a % b == 0:\n",
+    "        if (a//b) % b == 0:\n",
+    "            return True\n",
+    "    return False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 86,
+   "metadata": {
+    "solution": "Exercise 6.7"
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# is_power solution 11\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def is_power(a, b):\n",
+    "    if a%b != 0:\n",
+    "        return False\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        return True\n",
+    "    c = a//b\n",
+    "    return is_power(c, b)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 103,
+   "metadata": {
+    "solution": "Exercise 6.7"
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# is_power solution 12\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def is_power(a,b):\n",
+    "    if a%b == 0:\n",
+    "        if a == b:\n",
+    "            return True\n",
+    "        a = a//b\n",
+    "        return is_power(a,b)\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        return False"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.6.3"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 1
+}
diff --git a/notebooks/dracula.txt b/notebooks/dracula.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..51ee313d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/notebooks/dracula.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15973 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Dracula, by Bram Stoker
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Dracula
+
+Author: Bram Stoker
+
+Release Date: August 16, 2013 [EBook #345]
+
+Language: English
+
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DRACULA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                DRACULA
+
+
+
+
+
+                                DRACULA
+
+                                  _by_
+
+                              Bram Stoker
+
+                        [Illustration: colophon]
+
+                                NEW YORK
+
+                            GROSSET & DUNLAP
+
+                              _Publishers_
+
+      Copyright, 1897, in the United States of America, according
+                   to Act of Congress, by Bram Stoker
+
+                        [_All rights reserved._]
+
+                      PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES
+                                   AT
+               THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS, GARDEN CITY, N.Y.
+
+
+
+
+                                   TO
+
+                             MY DEAR FRIEND
+
+                               HOMMY-BEG
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+                                                                    Page
+
+Jonathan Harker's Journal                                              1
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+Jonathan Harker's Journal                                             14
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+Jonathan Harker's Journal                                             26
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+Jonathan Harker's Journal                                             38
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+Letters--Lucy and Mina                                                51
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+Mina Murray's Journal                                                 59
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+Cutting from "The Dailygraph," 8 August                               71
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+Mina Murray's Journal                                                 84
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+Mina Murray's Journal                                                 98
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+Mina Murray's Journal                                                111
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+Lucy Westenra's Diary                                                124
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+Dr. Seward's Diary                                                   136
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+Dr. Seward's Diary                                                   152
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+Mina Harker's Journal                                                167
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+Dr. Seward's Diary                                                   181
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+Dr. Seward's Diary                                                   194
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+Dr. Seward's Diary                                                   204
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+Dr. Seward's Diary                                                   216
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+Jonathan Harker's Journal                                            231
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+Jonathan Harker's Journal                                            243
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+Dr. Seward's Diary                                                   256
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+Jonathan Harker's Journal                                            269
+
+CHAPTER XXIII
+
+Dr. Seward's Diary                                                   281
+
+CHAPTER XXIV
+
+Dr. Seward's Phonograph Diary, spoken by Van Helsing                 294
+
+CHAPTER XXV
+
+Dr. Seward's Diary                                                   308
+
+CHAPTER XXVI
+
+Dr. Seward's Diary                                                   322
+
+CHAPTER XXVII
+
+Mina Harker's Journal                                                338
+
+
+
+
+DRACULA
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+JONATHAN HARKER'S JOURNAL
+
+(_Kept in shorthand._)
+
+
+_3 May. Bistritz._--Left Munich at 8:35 P. M., on 1st May, arriving at
+Vienna early next morning; should have arrived at 6:46, but train was an
+hour late. Buda-Pesth seems a wonderful place, from the glimpse which I
+got of it from the train and the little I could walk through the
+streets. I feared to go very far from the station, as we had arrived
+late and would start as near the correct time as possible. The
+impression I had was that we were leaving the West and entering the
+East; the most western of splendid bridges over the Danube, which is
+here of noble width and depth, took us among the traditions of Turkish
+rule.
+
+We left in pretty good time, and came after nightfall to Klausenburgh.
+Here I stopped for the night at the Hotel Royale. I had for dinner, or
+rather supper, a chicken done up some way with red pepper, which was
+very good but thirsty. (_Mem._, get recipe for Mina.) I asked the
+waiter, and he said it was called "paprika hendl," and that, as it was a
+national dish, I should be able to get it anywhere along the
+Carpathians. I found my smattering of German very useful here; indeed, I
+don't know how I should be able to get on without it.
+
+Having had some time at my disposal when in London, I had visited the
+British Museum, and made search among the books and maps in the library
+regarding Transylvania; it had struck me that some foreknowledge of the
+country could hardly fail to have some importance in dealing with a
+nobleman of that country. I find that the district he named is in the
+extreme east of the country, just on the borders of three states,
+Transylvania, Moldavia and Bukovina, in the midst of the Carpathian
+mountains; one of the wildest and least known portions of Europe. I was
+not able to light on any map or work giving the exact locality of the
+Castle Dracula, as there are no maps of this country as yet to compare
+with our own Ordnance Survey maps; but I found that Bistritz, the post
+town named by Count Dracula, is a fairly well-known place. I shall enter
+here some of my notes, as they may refresh my memory when I talk over my
+travels with Mina.
+
+In the population of Transylvania there are four distinct nationalities:
+Saxons in the South, and mixed with them the Wallachs, who are the
+descendants of the Dacians; Magyars in the West, and Szekelys in the
+East and North. I am going among the latter, who claim to be descended
+from Attila and the Huns. This may be so, for when the Magyars conquered
+the country in the eleventh century they found the Huns settled in it. I
+read that every known superstition in the world is gathered into the
+horseshoe of the Carpathians, as if it were the centre of some sort of
+imaginative whirlpool; if so my stay may be very interesting. (_Mem._, I
+must ask the Count all about them.)
+
+I did not sleep well, though my bed was comfortable enough, for I had
+all sorts of queer dreams. There was a dog howling all night under my
+window, which may have had something to do with it; or it may have been
+the paprika, for I had to drink up all the water in my carafe, and was
+still thirsty. Towards morning I slept and was wakened by the continuous
+knocking at my door, so I guess I must have been sleeping soundly then.
+I had for breakfast more paprika, and a sort of porridge of maize flour
+which they said was "mamaliga," and egg-plant stuffed with forcemeat, a
+very excellent dish, which they call "impletata." (_Mem._, get recipe
+for this also.) I had to hurry breakfast, for the train started a little
+before eight, or rather it ought to have done so, for after rushing to
+the station at 7:30 I had to sit in the carriage for more than an hour
+before we began to move. It seems to me that the further east you go the
+more unpunctual are the trains. What ought they to be in China?
+
+All day long we seemed to dawdle through a country which was full of
+beauty of every kind. Sometimes we saw little towns or castles on the
+top of steep hills such as we see in old missals; sometimes we ran by
+rivers and streams which seemed from the wide stony margin on each side
+of them to be subject to great floods. It takes a lot of water, and
+running strong, to sweep the outside edge of a river clear. At every
+station there were groups of people, sometimes crowds, and in all sorts
+of attire. Some of them were just like the peasants at home or those I
+saw coming through France and Germany, with short jackets and round hats
+and home-made trousers; but others were very picturesque. The women
+looked pretty, except when you got near them, but they were very clumsy
+about the waist. They had all full white sleeves of some kind or other,
+and most of them had big belts with a lot of strips of something
+fluttering from them like the dresses in a ballet, but of course there
+were petticoats under them. The strangest figures we saw were the
+Slovaks, who were more barbarian than the rest, with their big cow-boy
+hats, great baggy dirty-white trousers, white linen shirts, and enormous
+heavy leather belts, nearly a foot wide, all studded over with brass
+nails. They wore high boots, with their trousers tucked into them, and
+had long black hair and heavy black moustaches. They are very
+picturesque, but do not look prepossessing. On the stage they would be
+set down at once as some old Oriental band of brigands. They are,
+however, I am told, very harmless and rather wanting in natural
+self-assertion.
+
+It was on the dark side of twilight when we got to Bistritz, which is a
+very interesting old place. Being practically on the frontier--for the
+Borgo Pass leads from it into Bukovina--it has had a very stormy
+existence, and it certainly shows marks of it. Fifty years ago a series
+of great fires took place, which made terrible havoc on five separate
+occasions. At the very beginning of the seventeenth century it underwent
+a siege of three weeks and lost 13,000 people, the casualties of war
+proper being assisted by famine and disease.
+
+Count Dracula had directed me to go to the Golden Krone Hotel, which I
+found, to my great delight, to be thoroughly old-fashioned, for of
+course I wanted to see all I could of the ways of the country. I was
+evidently expected, for when I got near the door I faced a
+cheery-looking elderly woman in the usual peasant dress--white
+undergarment with long double apron, front, and back, of coloured stuff
+fitting almost too tight for modesty. When I came close she bowed and
+said, "The Herr Englishman?" "Yes," I said, "Jonathan Harker." She
+smiled, and gave some message to an elderly man in white shirt-sleeves,
+who had followed her to the door. He went, but immediately returned with
+a letter:--
+
+     "My Friend.--Welcome to the Carpathians. I am anxiously expecting
+     you. Sleep well to-night. At three to-morrow the diligence will
+     start for Bukovina; a place on it is kept for you. At the Borgo
+     Pass my carriage will await you and will bring you to me. I trust
+     that your journey from London has been a happy one, and that you
+     will enjoy your stay in my beautiful land.
+
+"Your friend,
+
+"DRACULA."
+
+
+_4 May._--I found that my landlord had got a letter from the Count,
+directing him to secure the best place on the coach for me; but on
+making inquiries as to details he seemed somewhat reticent, and
+pretended that he could not understand my German. This could not be
+true, because up to then he had understood it perfectly; at least, he
+answered my questions exactly as if he did. He and his wife, the old
+lady who had received me, looked at each other in a frightened sort of
+way. He mumbled out that the money had been sent in a letter, and that
+was all he knew. When I asked him if he knew Count Dracula, and could
+tell me anything of his castle, both he and his wife crossed themselves,
+and, saying that they knew nothing at all, simply refused to speak
+further. It was so near the time of starting that I had no time to ask
+any one else, for it was all very mysterious and not by any means
+comforting.
+
+Just before I was leaving, the old lady came up to my room and said in a
+very hysterical way:
+
+"Must you go? Oh! young Herr, must you go?" She was in such an excited
+state that she seemed to have lost her grip of what German she knew, and
+mixed it all up with some other language which I did not know at all. I
+was just able to follow her by asking many questions. When I told her
+that I must go at once, and that I was engaged on important business,
+she asked again:
+
+"Do you know what day it is?" I answered that it was the fourth of May.
+She shook her head as she said again:
+
+"Oh, yes! I know that! I know that, but do you know what day it is?" On
+my saying that I did not understand, she went on:
+
+"It is the eve of St. George's Day. Do you not know that to-night, when
+the clock strikes midnight, all the evil things in the world will have
+full sway? Do you know where you are going, and what you are going to?"
+She was in such evident distress that I tried to comfort her, but
+without effect. Finally she went down on her knees and implored me not
+to go; at least to wait a day or two before starting. It was all very
+ridiculous but I did not feel comfortable. However, there was business
+to be done, and I could allow nothing to interfere with it. I therefore
+tried to raise her up, and said, as gravely as I could, that I thanked
+her, but my duty was imperative, and that I must go. She then rose and
+dried her eyes, and taking a crucifix from her neck offered it to me. I
+did not know what to do, for, as an English Churchman, I have been
+taught to regard such things as in some measure idolatrous, and yet it
+seemed so ungracious to refuse an old lady meaning so well and in such a
+state of mind. She saw, I suppose, the doubt in my face, for she put the
+rosary round my neck, and said, "For your mother's sake," and went out
+of the room. I am writing up this part of the diary whilst I am waiting
+for the coach, which is, of course, late; and the crucifix is still
+round my neck. Whether it is the old lady's fear, or the many ghostly
+traditions of this place, or the crucifix itself, I do not know, but I
+am not feeling nearly as easy in my mind as usual. If this book should
+ever reach Mina before I do, let it bring my good-bye. Here comes the
+coach!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_5 May. The Castle._--The grey of the morning has passed, and the sun is
+high over the distant horizon, which seems jagged, whether with trees or
+hills I know not, for it is so far off that big things and little are
+mixed. I am not sleepy, and, as I am not to be called till I awake,
+naturally I write till sleep comes. There are many odd things to put
+down, and, lest who reads them may fancy that I dined too well before I
+left Bistritz, let me put down my dinner exactly. I dined on what they
+called "robber steak"--bits of bacon, onion, and beef, seasoned with red
+pepper, and strung on sticks and roasted over the fire, in the simple
+style of the London cat's meat! The wine was Golden Mediasch, which
+produces a queer sting on the tongue, which is, however, not
+disagreeable. I had only a couple of glasses of this, and nothing else.
+
+When I got on the coach the driver had not taken his seat, and I saw him
+talking with the landlady. They were evidently talking of me, for every
+now and then they looked at me, and some of the people who were sitting
+on the bench outside the door--which they call by a name meaning
+"word-bearer"--came and listened, and then looked at me, most of them
+pityingly. I could hear a lot of words often repeated, queer words, for
+there were many nationalities in the crowd; so I quietly got my polyglot
+dictionary from my bag and looked them out. I must say they were not
+cheering to me, for amongst them were "Ordog"--Satan, "pokol"--hell,
+"stregoica"--witch, "vrolok" and "vlkoslak"--both of which mean the same
+thing, one being Slovak and the other Servian for something that is
+either were-wolf or vampire. (_Mem._, I must ask the Count about these
+superstitions)
+
+When we started, the crowd round the inn door, which had by this time
+swelled to a considerable size, all made the sign of the cross and
+pointed two fingers towards me. With some difficulty I got a
+fellow-passenger to tell me what they meant; he would not answer at
+first, but on learning that I was English, he explained that it was a
+charm or guard against the evil eye. This was not very pleasant for me,
+just starting for an unknown place to meet an unknown man; but every one
+seemed so kind-hearted, and so sorrowful, and so sympathetic that I
+could not but be touched. I shall never forget the last glimpse which I
+had of the inn-yard and its crowd of picturesque figures, all crossing
+themselves, as they stood round the wide archway, with its background of
+rich foliage of oleander and orange trees in green tubs clustered in the
+centre of the yard. Then our driver, whose wide linen drawers covered
+the whole front of the box-seat--"gotza" they call them--cracked his big
+whip over his four small horses, which ran abreast, and we set off on
+our journey.
+
+I soon lost sight and recollection of ghostly fears in the beauty of the
+scene as we drove along, although had I known the language, or rather
+languages, which my fellow-passengers were speaking, I might not have
+been able to throw them off so easily. Before us lay a green sloping
+land full of forests and woods, with here and there steep hills, crowned
+with clumps of trees or with farmhouses, the blank gable end to the
+road. There was everywhere a bewildering mass of fruit blossom--apple,
+plum, pear, cherry; and as we drove by I could see the green grass under
+the trees spangled with the fallen petals. In and out amongst these
+green hills of what they call here the "Mittel Land" ran the road,
+losing itself as it swept round the grassy curve, or was shut out by the
+straggling ends of pine woods, which here and there ran down the
+hillsides like tongues of flame. The road was rugged, but still we
+seemed to fly over it with a feverish haste. I could not understand then
+what the haste meant, but the driver was evidently bent on losing no
+time in reaching Borgo Prund. I was told that this road is in summertime
+excellent, but that it had not yet been put in order after the winter
+snows. In this respect it is different from the general run of roads in
+the Carpathians, for it is an old tradition that they are not to be kept
+in too good order. Of old the Hospadars would not repair them, lest the
+Turk should think that they were preparing to bring in foreign troops,
+and so hasten the war which was always really at loading point.
+
+Beyond the green swelling hills of the Mittel Land rose mighty slopes
+of forest up to the lofty steeps of the Carpathians themselves. Right
+and left of us they towered, with the afternoon sun falling full upon
+them and bringing out all the glorious colours of this beautiful range,
+deep blue and purple in the shadows of the peaks, green and brown where
+grass and rock mingled, and an endless perspective of jagged rock and
+pointed crags, till these were themselves lost in the distance, where
+the snowy peaks rose grandly. Here and there seemed mighty rifts in the
+mountains, through which, as the sun began to sink, we saw now and again
+the white gleam of falling water. One of my companions touched my arm as
+we swept round the base of a hill and opened up the lofty, snow-covered
+peak of a mountain, which seemed, as we wound on our serpentine way, to
+be right before us:--
+
+"Look! Isten szek!"--"God's seat!"--and he crossed himself reverently.
+
+As we wound on our endless way, and the sun sank lower and lower behind
+us, the shadows of the evening began to creep round us. This was
+emphasised by the fact that the snowy mountain-top still held the
+sunset, and seemed to glow out with a delicate cool pink. Here and there
+we passed Cszeks and Slovaks, all in picturesque attire, but I noticed
+that goitre was painfully prevalent. By the roadside were many crosses,
+and as we swept by, my companions all crossed themselves. Here and there
+was a peasant man or woman kneeling before a shrine, who did not even
+turn round as we approached, but seemed in the self-surrender of
+devotion to have neither eyes nor ears for the outer world. There were
+many things new to me: for instance, hay-ricks in the trees, and here
+and there very beautiful masses of weeping birch, their white stems
+shining like silver through the delicate green of the leaves. Now and
+again we passed a leiter-wagon--the ordinary peasant's cart--with its
+long, snake-like vertebra, calculated to suit the inequalities of the
+road. On this were sure to be seated quite a group of home-coming
+peasants, the Cszeks with their white, and the Slovaks with their
+coloured, sheepskins, the latter carrying lance-fashion their long
+staves, with axe at end. As the evening fell it began to get very cold,
+and the growing twilight seemed to merge into one dark mistiness the
+gloom of the trees, oak, beech, and pine, though in the valleys which
+ran deep between the spurs of the hills, as we ascended through the
+Pass, the dark firs stood out here and there against the background of
+late-lying snow. Sometimes, as the road was cut through the pine woods
+that seemed in the darkness to be closing down upon us, great masses of
+greyness, which here and there bestrewed the trees, produced a
+peculiarly weird and solemn effect, which carried on the thoughts and
+grim fancies engendered earlier in the evening, when the falling sunset
+threw into strange relief the ghost-like clouds which amongst the
+Carpathians seem to wind ceaselessly through the valleys. Sometimes the
+hills were so steep that, despite our driver's haste, the horses could
+only go slowly. I wished to get down and walk up them, as we do at home,
+but the driver would not hear of it. "No, no," he said; "you must not
+walk here; the dogs are too fierce"; and then he added, with what he
+evidently meant for grim pleasantry--for he looked round to catch the
+approving smile of the rest--"and you may have enough of such matters
+before you go to sleep." The only stop he would make was a moment's
+pause to light his lamps.
+
+When it grew dark there seemed to be some excitement amongst the
+passengers, and they kept speaking to him, one after the other, as
+though urging him to further speed. He lashed the horses unmercifully
+with his long whip, and with wild cries of encouragement urged them on
+to further exertions. Then through the darkness I could see a sort of
+patch of grey light ahead of us, as though there were a cleft in the
+hills. The excitement of the passengers grew greater; the crazy coach
+rocked on its great leather springs, and swayed like a boat tossed on a
+stormy sea. I had to hold on. The road grew more level, and we appeared
+to fly along. Then the mountains seemed to come nearer to us on each
+side and to frown down upon us; we were entering on the Borgo Pass. One
+by one several of the passengers offered me gifts, which they pressed
+upon me with an earnestness which would take no denial; these were
+certainly of an odd and varied kind, but each was given in simple good
+faith, with a kindly word, and a blessing, and that strange mixture of
+fear-meaning movements which I had seen outside the hotel at
+Bistritz--the sign of the cross and the guard against the evil eye.
+Then, as we flew along, the driver leaned forward, and on each side the
+passengers, craning over the edge of the coach, peered eagerly into the
+darkness. It was evident that something very exciting was either
+happening or expected, but though I asked each passenger, no one would
+give me the slightest explanation. This state of excitement kept on for
+some little time; and at last we saw before us the Pass opening out on
+the eastern side. There were dark, rolling clouds overhead, and in the
+air the heavy, oppressive sense of thunder. It seemed as though the
+mountain range had separated two atmospheres, and that now we had got
+into the thunderous one. I was now myself looking out for the conveyance
+which was to take me to the Count. Each moment I expected to see the
+glare of lamps through the blackness; but all was dark. The only light
+was the flickering rays of our own lamps, in which the steam from our
+hard-driven horses rose in a white cloud. We could see now the sandy
+road lying white before us, but there was on it no sign of a vehicle.
+The passengers drew back with a sigh of gladness, which seemed to mock
+my own disappointment. I was already thinking what I had best do, when
+the driver, looking at his watch, said to the others something which I
+could hardly hear, it was spoken so quietly and in so low a tone; I
+thought it was "An hour less than the time." Then turning to me, he said
+in German worse than my own:--
+
+"There is no carriage here. The Herr is not expected after all. He will
+now come on to Bukovina, and return to-morrow or the next day; better
+the next day." Whilst he was speaking the horses began to neigh and
+snort and plunge wildly, so that the driver had to hold them up. Then,
+amongst a chorus of screams from the peasants and a universal crossing
+of themselves, a calèche, with four horses, drove up behind us, overtook
+us, and drew up beside the coach. I could see from the flash of our
+lamps, as the rays fell on them, that the horses were coal-black and
+splendid animals. They were driven by a tall man, with a long brown
+beard and a great black hat, which seemed to hide his face from us. I
+could only see the gleam of a pair of very bright eyes, which seemed red
+in the lamplight, as he turned to us. He said to the driver:--
+
+"You are early to-night, my friend." The man stammered in reply:--
+
+"The English Herr was in a hurry," to which the stranger replied:--
+
+"That is why, I suppose, you wished him to go on to Bukovina. You cannot
+deceive me, my friend; I know too much, and my horses are swift." As he
+spoke he smiled, and the lamplight fell on a hard-looking mouth, with
+very red lips and sharp-looking teeth, as white as ivory. One of my
+companions whispered to another the line from Burger's "Lenore":--
+
+    "Denn die Todten reiten schnell"--
+    ("For the dead travel fast.")
+
+The strange driver evidently heard the words, for he looked up with a
+gleaming smile. The passenger turned his face away, at the same time
+putting out his two fingers and crossing himself. "Give me the Herr's
+luggage," said the driver; and with exceeding alacrity my bags were
+handed out and put in the calèche. Then I descended from the side of the
+coach, as the calèche was close alongside, the driver helping me with a
+hand which caught my arm in a grip of steel; his strength must have been
+prodigious. Without a word he shook his reins, the horses turned, and we
+swept into the darkness of the Pass. As I looked back I saw the steam
+from the horses of the coach by the light of the lamps, and projected
+against it the figures of my late companions crossing themselves. Then
+the driver cracked his whip and called to his horses, and off they swept
+on their way to Bukovina. As they sank into the darkness I felt a
+strange chill, and a lonely feeling came over me; but a cloak was thrown
+over my shoulders, and a rug across my knees, and the driver said in
+excellent German:--
+
+"The night is chill, mein Herr, and my master the Count bade me take all
+care of you. There is a flask of slivovitz (the plum brandy of the
+country) underneath the seat, if you should require it." I did not take
+any, but it was a comfort to know it was there all the same. I felt a
+little strangely, and not a little frightened. I think had there been
+any alternative I should have taken it, instead of prosecuting that
+unknown night journey. The carriage went at a hard pace straight along,
+then we made a complete turn and went along another straight road. It
+seemed to me that we were simply going over and over the same ground
+again; and so I took note of some salient point, and found that this was
+so. I would have liked to have asked the driver what this all meant, but
+I really feared to do so, for I thought that, placed as I was, any
+protest would have had no effect in case there had been an intention to
+delay. By-and-by, however, as I was curious to know how time was
+passing, I struck a match, and by its flame looked at my watch; it was
+within a few minutes of midnight. This gave me a sort of shock, for I
+suppose the general superstition about midnight was increased by my
+recent experiences. I waited with a sick feeling of suspense.
+
+Then a dog began to howl somewhere in a farmhouse far down the road--a
+long, agonised wailing, as if from fear. The sound was taken up by
+another dog, and then another and another, till, borne on the wind which
+now sighed softly through the Pass, a wild howling began, which seemed
+to come from all over the country, as far as the imagination could grasp
+it through the gloom of the night. At the first howl the horses began to
+strain and rear, but the driver spoke to them soothingly, and they
+quieted down, but shivered and sweated as though after a runaway from
+sudden fright. Then, far off in the distance, from the mountains on each
+side of us began a louder and a sharper howling--that of wolves--which
+affected both the horses and myself in the same way--for I was minded to
+jump from the calèche and run, whilst they reared again and plunged
+madly, so that the driver had to use all his great strength to keep them
+from bolting. In a few minutes, however, my own ears got accustomed to
+the sound, and the horses so far became quiet that the driver was able
+to descend and to stand before them. He petted and soothed them, and
+whispered something in their ears, as I have heard of horse-tamers
+doing, and with extraordinary effect, for under his caresses they became
+quite manageable again, though they still trembled. The driver again
+took his seat, and shaking his reins, started off at a great pace. This
+time, after going to the far side of the Pass, he suddenly turned down a
+narrow roadway which ran sharply to the right.
+
+Soon we were hemmed in with trees, which in places arched right over the
+roadway till we passed as through a tunnel; and again great frowning
+rocks guarded us boldly on either side. Though we were in shelter, we
+could hear the rising wind, for it moaned and whistled through the
+rocks, and the branches of the trees crashed together as we swept along.
+It grew colder and colder still, and fine, powdery snow began to fall,
+so that soon we and all around us were covered with a white blanket. The
+keen wind still carried the howling of the dogs, though this grew
+fainter as we went on our way. The baying of the wolves sounded nearer
+and nearer, as though they were closing round on us from every side. I
+grew dreadfully afraid, and the horses shared my fear. The driver,
+however, was not in the least disturbed; he kept turning his head to
+left and right, but I could not see anything through the darkness.
+
+Suddenly, away on our left, I saw a faint flickering blue flame. The
+driver saw it at the same moment; he at once checked the horses, and,
+jumping to the ground, disappeared into the darkness. I did not know
+what to do, the less as the howling of the wolves grew closer; but while
+I wondered the driver suddenly appeared again, and without a word took
+his seat, and we resumed our journey. I think I must have fallen asleep
+and kept dreaming of the incident, for it seemed to be repeated
+endlessly, and now looking back, it is like a sort of awful nightmare.
+Once the flame appeared so near the road, that even in the darkness
+around us I could watch the driver's motions. He went rapidly to where
+the blue flame arose--it must have been very faint, for it did not seem
+to illumine the place around it at all--and gathering a few stones,
+formed them into some device. Once there appeared a strange optical
+effect: when he stood between me and the flame he did not obstruct it,
+for I could see its ghostly flicker all the same. This startled me, but
+as the effect was only momentary, I took it that my eyes deceived me
+straining through the darkness. Then for a time there were no blue
+flames, and we sped onwards through the gloom, with the howling of the
+wolves around us, as though they were following in a moving circle.
+
+At last there came a time when the driver went further afield than he
+had yet gone, and during his absence, the horses began to tremble worse
+than ever and to snort and scream with fright. I could not see any cause
+for it, for the howling of the wolves had ceased altogether; but just
+then the moon, sailing through the black clouds, appeared behind the
+jagged crest of a beetling, pine-clad rock, and by its light I saw
+around us a ring of wolves, with white teeth and lolling red tongues,
+with long, sinewy limbs and shaggy hair. They were a hundred times more
+terrible in the grim silence which held them than even when they howled.
+For myself, I felt a sort of paralysis of fear. It is only when a man
+feels himself face to face with such horrors that he can understand
+their true import.
+
+All at once the wolves began to howl as though the moonlight had had
+some peculiar effect on them. The horses jumped about and reared, and
+looked helplessly round with eyes that rolled in a way painful to see;
+but the living ring of terror encompassed them on every side; and they
+had perforce to remain within it. I called to the coachman to come, for
+it seemed to me that our only chance was to try to break out through the
+ring and to aid his approach. I shouted and beat the side of the
+calèche, hoping by the noise to scare the wolves from that side, so as
+to give him a chance of reaching the trap. How he came there, I know
+not, but I heard his voice raised in a tone of imperious command, and
+looking towards the sound, saw him stand in the roadway. As he swept his
+long arms, as though brushing aside some impalpable obstacle, the wolves
+fell back and back further still. Just then a heavy cloud passed across
+the face of the moon, so that we were again in darkness.
+
+When I could see again the driver was climbing into the calèche, and the
+wolves had disappeared. This was all so strange and uncanny that a
+dreadful fear came upon me, and I was afraid to speak or move. The time
+seemed interminable as we swept on our way, now in almost complete
+darkness, for the rolling clouds obscured the moon. We kept on
+ascending, with occasional periods of quick descent, but in the main
+always ascending. Suddenly, I became conscious of the fact that the
+driver was in the act of pulling up the horses in the courtyard of a
+vast ruined castle, from whose tall black windows came no ray of light,
+and whose broken battlements showed a jagged line against the moonlit
+sky.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+JONATHAN HARKER'S JOURNAL--_continued_
+
+
+_5 May._--I must have been asleep, for certainly if I had been fully
+awake I must have noticed the approach of such a remarkable place. In
+the gloom the courtyard looked of considerable size, and as several dark
+ways led from it under great round arches, it perhaps seemed bigger than
+it really is. I have not yet been able to see it by daylight.
+
+When the calèche stopped, the driver jumped down and held out his hand
+to assist me to alight. Again I could not but notice his prodigious
+strength. His hand actually seemed like a steel vice that could have
+crushed mine if he had chosen. Then he took out my traps, and placed
+them on the ground beside me as I stood close to a great door, old and
+studded with large iron nails, and set in a projecting doorway of
+massive stone. I could see even in the dim light that the stone was
+massively carved, but that the carving had been much worn by time and
+weather. As I stood, the driver jumped again into his seat and shook the
+reins; the horses started forward, and trap and all disappeared down one
+of the dark openings.
+
+I stood in silence where I was, for I did not know what to do. Of bell
+or knocker there was no sign; through these frowning walls and dark
+window openings it was not likely that my voice could penetrate. The
+time I waited seemed endless, and I felt doubts and fears crowding upon
+me. What sort of place had I come to, and among what kind of people?
+What sort of grim adventure was it on which I had embarked? Was this a
+customary incident in the life of a solicitor's clerk sent out to
+explain the purchase of a London estate to a foreigner? Solicitor's
+clerk! Mina would not like that. Solicitor--for just before leaving
+London I got word that my examination was successful; and I am now a
+full-blown solicitor! I began to rub my eyes and pinch myself to see if
+I were awake. It all seemed like a horrible nightmare to me, and I
+expected that I should suddenly awake, and find myself at home, with
+the dawn struggling in through the windows, as I had now and again felt
+in the morning after a day of overwork. But my flesh answered the
+pinching test, and my eyes were not to be deceived. I was indeed awake
+and among the Carpathians. All I could do now was to be patient, and to
+wait the coming of the morning.
+
+Just as I had come to this conclusion I heard a heavy step approaching
+behind the great door, and saw through the chinks the gleam of a coming
+light. Then there was the sound of rattling chains and the clanking of
+massive bolts drawn back. A key was turned with the loud grating noise
+of long disuse, and the great door swung back.
+
+Within, stood a tall old man, clean shaven save for a long white
+moustache, and clad in black from head to foot, without a single speck
+of colour about him anywhere. He held in his hand an antique silver
+lamp, in which the flame burned without chimney or globe of any kind,
+throwing long quivering shadows as it flickered in the draught of the
+open door. The old man motioned me in with his right hand with a courtly
+gesture, saying in excellent English, but with a strange intonation:--
+
+"Welcome to my house! Enter freely and of your own will!" He made no
+motion of stepping to meet me, but stood like a statue, as though his
+gesture of welcome had fixed him into stone. The instant, however, that
+I had stepped over the threshold, he moved impulsively forward, and
+holding out his hand grasped mine with a strength which made me wince,
+an effect which was not lessened by the fact that it seemed as cold as
+ice--more like the hand of a dead than a living man. Again he said:--
+
+"Welcome to my house. Come freely. Go safely; and leave something of the
+happiness you bring!" The strength of the handshake was so much akin to
+that which I had noticed in the driver, whose face I had not seen, that
+for a moment I doubted if it were not the same person to whom I was
+speaking; so to make sure, I said interrogatively:--
+
+"Count Dracula?" He bowed in a courtly way as he replied:--
+
+"I am Dracula; and I bid you welcome, Mr. Harker, to my house. Come in;
+the night air is chill, and you must need to eat and rest." As he was
+speaking, he put the lamp on a bracket on the wall, and stepping out,
+took my luggage; he had carried it in before I could forestall him. I
+protested but he insisted:--
+
+"Nay, sir, you are my guest. It is late, and my people are not
+available. Let me see to your comfort myself." He insisted on carrying
+my traps along the passage, and then up a great winding stair, and
+along another great passage, on whose stone floor our steps rang
+heavily. At the end of this he threw open a heavy door, and I rejoiced
+to see within a well-lit room in which a table was spread for supper,
+and on whose mighty hearth a great fire of logs, freshly replenished,
+flamed and flared.
+
+The Count halted, putting down my bags, closed the door, and crossing
+the room, opened another door, which led into a small octagonal room lit
+by a single lamp, and seemingly without a window of any sort. Passing
+through this, he opened another door, and motioned me to enter. It was a
+welcome sight; for here was a great bedroom well lighted and warmed with
+another log fire,--also added to but lately, for the top logs were
+fresh--which sent a hollow roar up the wide chimney. The Count himself
+left my luggage inside and withdrew, saying, before he closed the
+door:--
+
+"You will need, after your journey, to refresh yourself by making your
+toilet. I trust you will find all you wish. When you are ready, come
+into the other room, where you will find your supper prepared."
+
+The light and warmth and the Count's courteous welcome seemed to have
+dissipated all my doubts and fears. Having then reached my normal state,
+I discovered that I was half famished with hunger; so making a hasty
+toilet, I went into the other room.
+
+I found supper already laid out. My host, who stood on one side of the
+great fireplace, leaning against the stonework, made a graceful wave of
+his hand to the table, and said:--
+
+"I pray you, be seated and sup how you please. You will, I trust, excuse
+me that I do not join you; but I have dined already, and I do not sup."
+
+I handed to him the sealed letter which Mr. Hawkins had entrusted to me.
+He opened it and read it gravely; then, with a charming smile, he handed
+it to me to read. One passage of it, at least, gave me a thrill of
+pleasure.
+
+"I must regret that an attack of gout, from which malady I am a constant
+sufferer, forbids absolutely any travelling on my part for some time to
+come; but I am happy to say I can send a sufficient substitute, one in
+whom I have every possible confidence. He is a young man, full of energy
+and talent in his own way, and of a very faithful disposition. He is
+discreet and silent, and has grown into manhood in my service. He shall
+be ready to attend on you when you will during his stay, and shall take
+your instructions in all matters."
+
+The Count himself came forward and took off the cover of a dish, and I
+fell to at once on an excellent roast chicken. This, with some cheese
+and a salad and a bottle of old Tokay, of which I had two glasses, was
+my supper. During the time I was eating it the Count asked me many
+questions as to my journey, and I told him by degrees all I had
+experienced.
+
+By this time I had finished my supper, and by my host's desire had drawn
+up a chair by the fire and begun to smoke a cigar which he offered me,
+at the same time excusing himself that he did not smoke. I had now an
+opportunity of observing him, and found him of a very marked
+physiognomy.
+
+His face was a strong--a very strong--aquiline, with high bridge of the
+thin nose and peculiarly arched nostrils; with lofty domed forehead, and
+hair growing scantily round the temples but profusely elsewhere. His
+eyebrows were very massive, almost meeting over the nose, and with bushy
+hair that seemed to curl in its own profusion. The mouth, so far as I
+could see it under the heavy moustache, was fixed and rather
+cruel-looking, with peculiarly sharp white teeth; these protruded over
+the lips, whose remarkable ruddiness showed astonishing vitality in a
+man of his years. For the rest, his ears were pale, and at the tops
+extremely pointed; the chin was broad and strong, and the cheeks firm
+though thin. The general effect was one of extraordinary pallor.
+
+Hitherto I had noticed the backs of his hands as they lay on his knees
+in the firelight, and they had seemed rather white and fine; but seeing
+them now close to me, I could not but notice that they were rather
+coarse--broad, with squat fingers. Strange to say, there were hairs in
+the centre of the palm. The nails were long and fine, and cut to a sharp
+point. As the Count leaned over me and his hands touched me, I could not
+repress a shudder. It may have been that his breath was rank, but a
+horrible feeling of nausea came over me, which, do what I would, I could
+not conceal. The Count, evidently noticing it, drew back; and with a
+grim sort of smile, which showed more than he had yet done his
+protuberant teeth, sat himself down again on his own side of the
+fireplace. We were both silent for a while; and as I looked towards the
+window I saw the first dim streak of the coming dawn. There seemed a
+strange stillness over everything; but as I listened I heard as if from
+down below in the valley the howling of many wolves. The Count's eyes
+gleamed, and he said:--
+
+"Listen to them--the children of the night. What music they make!"
+Seeing, I suppose, some expression in my face strange to him, he
+added:--
+
+"Ah, sir, you dwellers in the city cannot enter into the feelings of the
+hunter." Then he rose and said:--
+
+"But you must be tired. Your bedroom is all ready, and to-morrow you
+shall sleep as late as you will. I have to be away till the afternoon;
+so sleep well and dream well!" With a courteous bow, he opened for me
+himself the door to the octagonal room, and I entered my bedroom....
+
+I am all in a sea of wonders. I doubt; I fear; I think strange things,
+which I dare not confess to my own soul. God keep me, if only for the
+sake of those dear to me!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_7 May._--It is again early morning, but I have rested and enjoyed the
+last twenty-four hours. I slept till late in the day, and awoke of my
+own accord. When I had dressed myself I went into the room where we had
+supped, and found a cold breakfast laid out, with coffee kept hot by the
+pot being placed on the hearth. There was a card on the table, on which
+was written:--
+
+"I have to be absent for a while. Do not wait for me.--D." I set to and
+enjoyed a hearty meal. When I had done, I looked for a bell, so that I
+might let the servants know I had finished; but I could not find one.
+There are certainly odd deficiencies in the house, considering the
+extraordinary evidences of wealth which are round me. The table service
+is of gold, and so beautifully wrought that it must be of immense value.
+The curtains and upholstery of the chairs and sofas and the hangings of
+my bed are of the costliest and most beautiful fabrics, and must have
+been of fabulous value when they were made, for they are centuries old,
+though in excellent order. I saw something like them in Hampton Court,
+but there they were worn and frayed and moth-eaten. But still in none of
+the rooms is there a mirror. There is not even a toilet glass on my
+table, and I had to get the little shaving glass from my bag before I
+could either shave or brush my hair. I have not yet seen a servant
+anywhere, or heard a sound near the castle except the howling of wolves.
+Some time after I had finished my meal--I do not know whether to call it
+breakfast or dinner, for it was between five and six o'clock when I had
+it--I looked about for something to read, for I did not like to go about
+the castle until I had asked the Count's permission. There was
+absolutely nothing in the room, book, newspaper, or even writing
+materials; so I opened another door in the room and found a sort of
+library. The door opposite mine I tried, but found it locked.
+
+In the library I found, to my great delight, a vast number of English
+books, whole shelves full of them, and bound volumes of magazines and
+newspapers. A table in the centre was littered with English magazines
+and newspapers, though none of them were of very recent date. The books
+were of the most varied kind--history, geography, politics, political
+economy, botany, geology, law--all relating to England and English life
+and customs and manners. There were even such books of reference as the
+London Directory, the "Red" and "Blue" books, Whitaker's Almanac, the
+Army and Navy Lists, and--it somehow gladdened my heart to see it--the
+Law List.
+
+Whilst I was looking at the books, the door opened, and the Count
+entered. He saluted me in a hearty way, and hoped that I had had a good
+night's rest. Then he went on:--
+
+"I am glad you found your way in here, for I am sure there is much that
+will interest you. These companions"--and he laid his hand on some of
+the books--"have been good friends to me, and for some years past, ever
+since I had the idea of going to London, have given me many, many hours
+of pleasure. Through them I have come to know your great England; and to
+know her is to love her. I long to go through the crowded streets of
+your mighty London, to be in the midst of the whirl and rush of
+humanity, to share its life, its change, its death, and all that makes
+it what it is. But alas! as yet I only know your tongue through books.
+To you, my friend, I look that I know it to speak."
+
+"But, Count," I said, "you know and speak English thoroughly!" He bowed
+gravely.
+
+"I thank you, my friend, for your all too-flattering estimate, but yet I
+fear that I am but a little way on the road I would travel. True, I know
+the grammar and the words, but yet I know not how to speak them."
+
+"Indeed," I said, "you speak excellently."
+
+"Not so," he answered. "Well, I know that, did I move and speak in your
+London, none there are who would not know me for a stranger. That is not
+enough for me. Here I am noble; I am _boyar_; the common people know me,
+and I am master. But a stranger in a strange land, he is no one; men
+know him not--and to know not is to care not for. I am content if I am
+like the rest, so that no man stops if he see me, or pause in his
+speaking if he hear my words, 'Ha, ha! a stranger!' I have been so long
+master that I would be master still--or at least that none other should
+be master of me. You come to me not alone as agent of my friend Peter
+Hawkins, of Exeter, to tell me all about my new estate in London. You
+shall, I trust, rest here with me awhile, so that by our talking I may
+learn the English intonation; and I would that you tell me when I make
+error, even of the smallest, in my speaking. I am sorry that I had to be
+away so long to-day; but you will, I know, forgive one who has so many
+important affairs in hand."
+
+Of course I said all I could about being willing, and asked if I might
+come into that room when I chose. He answered: "Yes, certainly," and
+added:--
+
+"You may go anywhere you wish in the castle, except where the doors are
+locked, where of course you will not wish to go. There is reason that
+all things are as they are, and did you see with my eyes and know with
+my knowledge, you would perhaps better understand." I said I was sure of
+this, and then he went on:--
+
+"We are in Transylvania; and Transylvania is not England. Our ways are
+not your ways, and there shall be to you many strange things. Nay, from
+what you have told me of your experiences already, you know something of
+what strange things there may be."
+
+This led to much conversation; and as it was evident that he wanted to
+talk, if only for talking's sake, I asked him many questions regarding
+things that had already happened to me or come within my notice.
+Sometimes he sheered off the subject, or turned the conversation by
+pretending not to understand; but generally he answered all I asked most
+frankly. Then as time went on, and I had got somewhat bolder, I asked
+him of some of the strange things of the preceding night, as, for
+instance, why the coachman went to the places where he had seen the blue
+flames. He then explained to me that it was commonly believed that on a
+certain night of the year--last night, in fact, when all evil spirits
+are supposed to have unchecked sway--a blue flame is seen over any place
+where treasure has been concealed. "That treasure has been hidden," he
+went on, "in the region through which you came last night, there can be
+but little doubt; for it was the ground fought over for centuries by the
+Wallachian, the Saxon, and the Turk. Why, there is hardly a foot of soil
+in all this region that has not been enriched by the blood of men,
+patriots or invaders. In old days there were stirring times, when the
+Austrian and the Hungarian came up in hordes, and the patriots went out
+to meet them--men and women, the aged and the children too--and waited
+their coming on the rocks above the passes, that they might sweep
+destruction on them with their artificial avalanches. When the invader
+was triumphant he found but little, for whatever there was had been
+sheltered in the friendly soil."
+
+"But how," said I, "can it have remained so long undiscovered, when
+there is a sure index to it if men will but take the trouble to look?"
+The Count smiled, and as his lips ran back over his gums, the long,
+sharp, canine teeth showed out strangely; he answered:--
+
+"Because your peasant is at heart a coward and a fool! Those flames only
+appear on one night; and on that night no man of this land will, if he
+can help it, stir without his doors. And, dear sir, even if he did he
+would not know what to do. Why, even the peasant that you tell me of who
+marked the place of the flame would not know where to look in daylight
+even for his own work. Even you would not, I dare be sworn, be able to
+find these places again?"
+
+"There you are right," I said. "I know no more than the dead where even
+to look for them." Then we drifted into other matters.
+
+"Come," he said at last, "tell me of London and of the house which you
+have procured for me." With an apology for my remissness, I went into my
+own room to get the papers from my bag. Whilst I was placing them in
+order I heard a rattling of china and silver in the next room, and as I
+passed through, noticed that the table had been cleared and the lamp
+lit, for it was by this time deep into the dark. The lamps were also lit
+in the study or library, and I found the Count lying on the sofa,
+reading, of all things in the world, an English Bradshaw's Guide. When I
+came in he cleared the books and papers from the table; and with him I
+went into plans and deeds and figures of all sorts. He was interested in
+everything, and asked me a myriad questions about the place and its
+surroundings. He clearly had studied beforehand all he could get on the
+subject of the neighbourhood, for he evidently at the end knew very much
+more than I did. When I remarked this, he answered:--
+
+"Well, but, my friend, is it not needful that I should? When I go there
+I shall be all alone, and my friend Harker Jonathan--nay, pardon me, I
+fall into my country's habit of putting your patronymic first--my friend
+Jonathan Harker will not be by my side to correct and aid me. He will be
+in Exeter, miles away, probably working at papers of the law with my
+other friend, Peter Hawkins. So!"
+
+We went thoroughly into the business of the purchase of the estate at
+Purfleet. When I had told him the facts and got his signature to the
+necessary papers, and had written a letter with them ready to post to
+Mr. Hawkins, he began to ask me how I had come across so suitable a
+place. I read to him the notes which I had made at the time, and which I
+inscribe here:--
+
+"At Purfleet, on a by-road, I came across just such a place as seemed to
+be required, and where was displayed a dilapidated notice that the place
+was for sale. It is surrounded by a high wall, of ancient structure,
+built of heavy stones, and has not been repaired for a large number of
+years. The closed gates are of heavy old oak and iron, all eaten with
+rust.
+
+"The estate is called Carfax, no doubt a corruption of the old _Quatre
+Face_, as the house is four-sided, agreeing with the cardinal points of
+the compass. It contains in all some twenty acres, quite surrounded by
+the solid stone wall above mentioned. There are many trees on it, which
+make it in places gloomy, and there is a deep, dark-looking pond or
+small lake, evidently fed by some springs, as the water is clear and
+flows away in a fair-sized stream. The house is very large and of all
+periods back, I should say, to mediæval times, for one part is of stone
+immensely thick, with only a few windows high up and heavily barred with
+iron. It looks like part of a keep, and is close to an old chapel or
+church. I could not enter it, as I had not the key of the door leading
+to it from the house, but I have taken with my kodak views of it from
+various points. The house has been added to, but in a very straggling
+way, and I can only guess at the amount of ground it covers, which must
+be very great. There are but few houses close at hand, one being a very
+large house only recently added to and formed into a private lunatic
+asylum. It is not, however, visible from the grounds."
+
+When I had finished, he said:--
+
+"I am glad that it is old and big. I myself am of an old family, and to
+live in a new house would kill me. A house cannot be made habitable in a
+day; and, after all, how few days go to make up a century. I rejoice
+also that there is a chapel of old times. We Transylvanian nobles love
+not to think that our bones may lie amongst the common dead. I seek not
+gaiety nor mirth, not the bright voluptuousness of much sunshine and
+sparkling waters which please the young and gay. I am no longer young;
+and my heart, through weary years of mourning over the dead, is not
+attuned to mirth. Moreover, the walls of my castle are broken; the
+shadows are many, and the wind breathes cold through the broken
+battlements and casements. I love the shade and the shadow, and would
+be alone with my thoughts when I may." Somehow his words and his look
+did not seem to accord, or else it was that his cast of face made his
+smile look malignant and saturnine.
+
+Presently, with an excuse, he left me, asking me to put all my papers
+together. He was some little time away, and I began to look at some of
+the books around me. One was an atlas, which I found opened naturally at
+England, as if that map had been much used. On looking at it I found in
+certain places little rings marked, and on examining these I noticed
+that one was near London on the east side, manifestly where his new
+estate was situated; the other two were Exeter, and Whitby on the
+Yorkshire coast.
+
+It was the better part of an hour when the Count returned. "Aha!" he
+said; "still at your books? Good! But you must not work always. Come; I
+am informed that your supper is ready." He took my arm, and we went into
+the next room, where I found an excellent supper ready on the table. The
+Count again excused himself, as he had dined out on his being away from
+home. But he sat as on the previous night, and chatted whilst I ate.
+After supper I smoked, as on the last evening, and the Count stayed with
+me, chatting and asking questions on every conceivable subject, hour
+after hour. I felt that it was getting very late indeed, but I did not
+say anything, for I felt under obligation to meet my host's wishes in
+every way. I was not sleepy, as the long sleep yesterday had fortified
+me; but I could not help experiencing that chill which comes over one at
+the coming of the dawn, which is like, in its way, the turn of the tide.
+They say that people who are near death die generally at the change to
+the dawn or at the turn of the tide; any one who has when tired, and
+tied as it were to his post, experienced this change in the atmosphere
+can well believe it. All at once we heard the crow of a cock coming up
+with preternatural shrillness through the clear morning air; Count
+Dracula, jumping to his feet, said:--
+
+"Why, there is the morning again! How remiss I am to let you stay up so
+long. You must make your conversation regarding my dear new country of
+England less interesting, so that I may not forget how time flies by
+us," and, with a courtly bow, he quickly left me.
+
+I went into my own room and drew the curtains, but there was little to
+notice; my window opened into the courtyard, all I could see was the
+warm grey of quickening sky. So I pulled the curtains again, and have
+written of this day.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_8 May._--I began to fear as I wrote in this book that I was getting too
+diffuse; but now I am glad that I went into detail from the first, for
+there is something so strange about this place and all in it that I
+cannot but feel uneasy. I wish I were safe out of it, or that I had
+never come. It may be that this strange night-existence is telling on
+me; but would that that were all! If there were any one to talk to I
+could bear it, but there is no one. I have only the Count to speak with,
+and he!--I fear I am myself the only living soul within the place. Let
+me be prosaic so far as facts can be; it will help me to bear up, and
+imagination must not run riot with me. If it does I am lost. Let me say
+at once how I stand--or seem to.
+
+I only slept a few hours when I went to bed, and feeling that I could
+not sleep any more, got up. I had hung my shaving glass by the window,
+and was just beginning to shave. Suddenly I felt a hand on my shoulder,
+and heard the Count's voice saying to me, "Good-morning." I started, for
+it amazed me that I had not seen him, since the reflection of the glass
+covered the whole room behind me. In starting I had cut myself slightly,
+but did not notice it at the moment. Having answered the Count's
+salutation, I turned to the glass again to see how I had been mistaken.
+This time there could be no error, for the man was close to me, and I
+could see him over my shoulder. But there was no reflection of him in
+the mirror! The whole room behind me was displayed; but there was no
+sign of a man in it, except myself. This was startling, and, coming on
+the top of so many strange things, was beginning to increase that vague
+feeling of uneasiness which I always have when the Count is near; but at
+the instant I saw that the cut had bled a little, and the blood was
+trickling over my chin. I laid down the razor, turning as I did so half
+round to look for some sticking plaster. When the Count saw my face, his
+eyes blazed with a sort of demoniac fury, and he suddenly made a grab at
+my throat. I drew away, and his hand touched the string of beads which
+held the crucifix. It made an instant change in him, for the fury passed
+so quickly that I could hardly believe that it was ever there.
+
+"Take care," he said, "take care how you cut yourself. It is more
+dangerous than you think in this country." Then seizing the shaving
+glass, he went on: "And this is the wretched thing that has done the
+mischief. It is a foul bauble of man's vanity. Away with it!" and
+opening the heavy window with one wrench of his terrible hand, he flung
+out the glass, which was shattered into a thousand pieces on the stones
+of the courtyard far below. Then he withdrew without a word. It is very
+annoying, for I do not see how I am to shave, unless in my watch-case or
+the bottom of the shaving-pot, which is fortunately of metal.
+
+When I went into the dining-room, breakfast was prepared; but I could
+not find the Count anywhere. So I breakfasted alone. It is strange that
+as yet I have not seen the Count eat or drink. He must be a very
+peculiar man! After breakfast I did a little exploring in the castle. I
+went out on the stairs, and found a room looking towards the South. The
+view was magnificent, and from where I stood there was every opportunity
+of seeing it. The castle is on the very edge of a terrible precipice. A
+stone falling from the window would fall a thousand feet without
+touching anything! As far as the eye can reach is a sea of green tree
+tops, with occasionally a deep rift where there is a chasm. Here and
+there are silver threads where the rivers wind in deep gorges through
+the forests.
+
+But I am not in heart to describe beauty, for when I had seen the view I
+explored further; doors, doors, doors everywhere, and all locked and
+bolted. In no place save from the windows in the castle walls is there
+an available exit.
+
+The castle is a veritable prison, and I am a prisoner!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+JONATHAN HARKER'S JOURNAL--_continued_
+
+
+When I found that I was a prisoner a sort of wild feeling came over me.
+I rushed up and down the stairs, trying every door and peering out of
+every window I could find; but after a little the conviction of my
+helplessness overpowered all other feelings. When I look back after a
+few hours I think I must have been mad for the time, for I behaved much
+as a rat does in a trap. When, however, the conviction had come to me
+that I was helpless I sat down quietly--as quietly as I have ever done
+anything in my life--and began to think over what was best to be done. I
+am thinking still, and as yet have come to no definite conclusion. Of
+one thing only am I certain; that it is no use making my ideas known to
+the Count. He knows well that I am imprisoned; and as he has done it
+himself, and has doubtless his own motives for it, he would only deceive
+me if I trusted him fully with the facts. So far as I can see, my only
+plan will be to keep my knowledge and my fears to myself, and my eyes
+open. I am, I know, either being deceived, like a baby, by my own fears,
+or else I am in desperate straits; and if the latter be so, I need, and
+shall need, all my brains to get through.
+
+I had hardly come to this conclusion when I heard the great door below
+shut, and knew that the Count had returned. He did not come at once into
+the library, so I went cautiously to my own room and found him making
+the bed. This was odd, but only confirmed what I had all along
+thought--that there were no servants in the house. When later I saw him
+through the chink of the hinges of the door laying the table in the
+dining-room, I was assured of it; for if he does himself all these
+menial offices, surely it is proof that there is no one else to do them.
+This gave me a fright, for if there is no one else in the castle, it
+must have been the Count himself who was the driver of the coach that
+brought me here. This is a terrible thought; for if so, what does it
+mean that he could control the wolves, as he did, by only holding up his
+hand in silence. How was it that all the people at Bistritz and on the
+coach had some terrible fear for me? What meant the giving of the
+crucifix, of the garlic, of the wild rose, of the mountain ash? Bless
+that good, good woman who hung the crucifix round my neck! for it is a
+comfort and a strength to me whenever I touch it. It is odd that a thing
+which I have been taught to regard with disfavour and as idolatrous
+should in a time of loneliness and trouble be of help. Is it that there
+is something in the essence of the thing itself, or that it is a medium,
+a tangible help, in conveying memories of sympathy and comfort? Some
+time, if it may be, I must examine this matter and try to make up my
+mind about it. In the meantime I must find out all I can about Count
+Dracula, as it may help me to understand. To-night he may talk of
+himself, if I turn the conversation that way. I must be very careful,
+however, not to awake his suspicion.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Midnight._--I have had a long talk with the Count. I asked him a few
+questions on Transylvania history, and he warmed up to the subject
+wonderfully. In his speaking of things and people, and especially of
+battles, he spoke as if he had been present at them all. This he
+afterwards explained by saying that to a _boyar_ the pride of his house
+and name is his own pride, that their glory is his glory, that their
+fate is his fate. Whenever he spoke of his house he always said "we,"
+and spoke almost in the plural, like a king speaking. I wish I could put
+down all he said exactly as he said it, for to me it was most
+fascinating. It seemed to have in it a whole history of the country. He
+grew excited as he spoke, and walked about the room pulling his great
+white moustache and grasping anything on which he laid his hands as
+though he would crush it by main strength. One thing he said which I
+shall put down as nearly as I can; for it tells in its way the story of
+his race:--
+
+"We Szekelys have a right to be proud, for in our veins flows the blood
+of many brave races who fought as the lion fights, for lordship. Here,
+in the whirlpool of European races, the Ugric tribe bore down from
+Iceland the fighting spirit which Thor and Wodin gave them, which their
+Berserkers displayed to such fell intent on the seaboards of Europe, ay,
+and of Asia and Africa too, till the peoples thought that the
+were-wolves themselves had come. Here, too, when they came, they found
+the Huns, whose warlike fury had swept the earth like a living flame,
+till the dying peoples held that in their veins ran the blood of those
+old witches, who, expelled from Scythia had mated with the devils in the
+desert. Fools, fools! What devil or what witch was ever so great as
+Attila, whose blood is in these veins?" He held up his arms. "Is it a
+wonder that we were a conquering race; that we were proud; that when the
+Magyar, the Lombard, the Avar, the Bulgar, or the Turk poured his
+thousands on our frontiers, we drove them back? Is it strange that when
+Arpad and his legions swept through the Hungarian fatherland he found us
+here when he reached the frontier; that the Honfoglalas was completed
+there? And when the Hungarian flood swept eastward, the Szekelys were
+claimed as kindred by the victorious Magyars, and to us for centuries
+was trusted the guarding of the frontier of Turkey-land; ay, and more
+than that, endless duty of the frontier guard, for, as the Turks say,
+'water sleeps, and enemy is sleepless.' Who more gladly than we
+throughout the Four Nations received the 'bloody sword,' or at its
+warlike call flocked quicker to the standard of the King? When was
+redeemed that great shame of my nation, the shame of Cassova, when the
+flags of the Wallach and the Magyar went down beneath the Crescent? Who
+was it but one of my own race who as Voivode crossed the Danube and beat
+the Turk on his own ground? This was a Dracula indeed! Woe was it that
+his own unworthy brother, when he had fallen, sold his people to the
+Turk and brought the shame of slavery on them! Was it not this Dracula,
+indeed, who inspired that other of his race who in a later age again and
+again brought his forces over the great river into Turkey-land; who,
+when he was beaten back, came again, and again, and again, though he had
+to come alone from the bloody field where his troops were being
+slaughtered, since he knew that he alone could ultimately triumph! They
+said that he thought only of himself. Bah! what good are peasants
+without a leader? Where ends the war without a brain and heart to
+conduct it? Again, when, after the battle of Mohács, we threw off the
+Hungarian yoke, we of the Dracula blood were amongst their leaders, for
+our spirit would not brook that we were not free. Ah, young sir, the
+Szekelys--and the Dracula as their heart's blood, their brains, and
+their swords--can boast a record that mushroom growths like the
+Hapsburgs and the Romanoffs can never reach. The warlike days are over.
+Blood is too precious a thing in these days of dishonourable peace; and
+the glories of the great races are as a tale that is told."
+
+It was by this time close on morning, and we went to bed. (_Mem._, this
+diary seems horribly like the beginning of the "Arabian Nights," for
+everything has to break off at cockcrow--or like the ghost of Hamlet's
+father.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_12 May._--Let me begin with facts--bare, meagre facts, verified by
+books and figures, and of which there can be no doubt. I must not
+confuse them with experiences which will have to rest on my own
+observation, or my memory of them. Last evening when the Count came from
+his room he began by asking me questions on legal matters and on the
+doing of certain kinds of business. I had spent the day wearily over
+books, and, simply to keep my mind occupied, went over some of the
+matters I had been examined in at Lincoln's Inn. There was a certain
+method in the Count's inquiries, so I shall try to put them down in
+sequence; the knowledge may somehow or some time be useful to me.
+
+First, he asked if a man in England might have two solicitors or more. I
+told him he might have a dozen if he wished, but that it would not be
+wise to have more than one solicitor engaged in one transaction, as only
+one could act at a time, and that to change would be certain to militate
+against his interest. He seemed thoroughly to understand, and went on to
+ask if there would be any practical difficulty in having one man to
+attend, say, to banking, and another to look after shipping, in case
+local help were needed in a place far from the home of the banking
+solicitor. I asked him to explain more fully, so that I might not by any
+chance mislead him, so he said:--
+
+"I shall illustrate. Your friend and mine, Mr. Peter Hawkins, from under
+the shadow of your beautiful cathedral at Exeter, which is far from
+London, buys for me through your good self my place at London. Good! Now
+here let me say frankly, lest you should think it strange that I have
+sought the services of one so far off from London instead of some one
+resident there, that my motive was that no local interest might be
+served save my wish only; and as one of London residence might, perhaps,
+have some purpose of himself or friend to serve, I went thus afield to
+seek my agent, whose labours should be only to my interest. Now, suppose
+I, who have much of affairs, wish to ship goods, say, to Newcastle, or
+Durham, or Harwich, or Dover, might it not be that it could with more
+ease be done by consigning to one in these ports?" I answered that
+certainly it would be most easy, but that we solicitors had a system of
+agency one for the other, so that local work could be done locally on
+instruction from any solicitor, so that the client, simply placing
+himself in the hands of one man, could have his wishes carried out by
+him without further trouble.
+
+"But," said he, "I could be at liberty to direct myself. Is it not so?"
+
+"Of course," I replied; and "such is often done by men of business, who
+do not like the whole of their affairs to be known by any one person."
+
+"Good!" he said, and then went on to ask about the means of making
+consignments and the forms to be gone through, and of all sorts of
+difficulties which might arise, but by forethought could be guarded
+against. I explained all these things to him to the best of my ability,
+and he certainly left me under the impression that he would have made a
+wonderful solicitor, for there was nothing that he did not think of or
+foresee. For a man who was never in the country, and who did not
+evidently do much in the way of business, his knowledge and acumen were
+wonderful. When he had satisfied himself on these points of which he had
+spoken, and I had verified all as well as I could by the books
+available, he suddenly stood up and said:--
+
+"Have you written since your first letter to our friend Mr. Peter
+Hawkins, or to any other?" It was with some bitterness in my heart that
+I answered that I had not, that as yet I had not seen any opportunity of
+sending letters to anybody.
+
+"Then write now, my young friend," he said, laying a heavy hand on my
+shoulder: "write to our friend and to any other; and say, if it will
+please you, that you shall stay with me until a month from now."
+
+"Do you wish me to stay so long?" I asked, for my heart grew cold at the
+thought.
+
+"I desire it much; nay, I will take no refusal. When your master,
+employer, what you will, engaged that someone should come on his behalf,
+it was understood that my needs only were to be consulted. I have not
+stinted. Is it not so?"
+
+What could I do but bow acceptance? It was Mr. Hawkins's interest, not
+mine, and I had to think of him, not myself; and besides, while Count
+Dracula was speaking, there was that in his eyes and in his bearing
+which made me remember that I was a prisoner, and that if I wished it I
+could have no choice. The Count saw his victory in my bow, and his
+mastery in the trouble of my face, for he began at once to use them, but
+in his own smooth, resistless way:--
+
+"I pray you, my good young friend, that you will not discourse of things
+other than business in your letters. It will doubtless please your
+friends to know that you are well, and that you look forward to getting
+home to them. Is it not so?" As he spoke he handed me three sheets of
+note-paper and three envelopes. They were all of the thinnest foreign
+post, and looking at them, then at him, and noticing his quiet smile,
+with the sharp, canine teeth lying over the red underlip, I understood
+as well as if he had spoken that I should be careful what I wrote, for
+he would be able to read it. So I determined to write only formal notes
+now, but to write fully to Mr. Hawkins in secret, and also to Mina, for
+to her I could write in shorthand, which would puzzle the Count, if he
+did see it. When I had written my two letters I sat quiet, reading a
+book whilst the Count wrote several notes, referring as he wrote them to
+some books on his table. Then he took up my two and placed them with his
+own, and put by his writing materials, after which, the instant the door
+had closed behind him, I leaned over and looked at the letters, which
+were face down on the table. I felt no compunction in doing so, for
+under the circumstances I felt that I should protect myself in every way
+I could.
+
+One of the letters was directed to Samuel F. Billington, No. 7, The
+Crescent, Whitby, another to Herr Leutner, Varna; the third was to
+Coutts & Co., London, and the fourth to Herren Klopstock & Billreuth,
+bankers, Buda-Pesth. The second and fourth were unsealed. I was just
+about to look at them when I saw the door-handle move. I sank back in my
+seat, having just had time to replace the letters as they had been and
+to resume my book before the Count, holding still another letter in his
+hand, entered the room. He took up the letters on the table and stamped
+them carefully, and then turning to me, said:--
+
+"I trust you will forgive me, but I have much work to do in private this
+evening. You will, I hope, find all things as you wish." At the door he
+turned, and after a moment's pause said:--
+
+"Let me advise you, my dear young friend--nay, let me warn you with all
+seriousness, that should you leave these rooms you will not by any
+chance go to sleep in any other part of the castle. It is old, and has
+many memories, and there are bad dreams for those who sleep unwisely. Be
+warned! Should sleep now or ever overcome you, or be like to do, then
+haste to your own chamber or to these rooms, for your rest will then be
+safe. But if you be not careful in this respect, then"--He finished his
+speech in a gruesome way, for he motioned with his hands as if he were
+washing them. I quite understood; my only doubt was as to whether any
+dream could be more terrible than the unnatural, horrible net of gloom
+and mystery which seemed closing around me.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Later._--I endorse the last words written, but this time there is no
+doubt in question. I shall not fear to sleep in any place where he is
+not. I have placed the crucifix over the head of my bed--I imagine that
+my rest is thus freer from dreams; and there it shall remain.
+
+When he left me I went to my room. After a little while, not hearing any
+sound, I came out and went up the stone stair to where I could look out
+towards the South. There was some sense of freedom in the vast expanse,
+inaccessible though it was to me, as compared with the narrow darkness
+of the courtyard. Looking out on this, I felt that I was indeed in
+prison, and I seemed to want a breath of fresh air, though it were of
+the night. I am beginning to feel this nocturnal existence tell on me.
+It is destroying my nerve. I start at my own shadow, and am full of all
+sorts of horrible imaginings. God knows that there is ground for my
+terrible fear in this accursed place! I looked out over the beautiful
+expanse, bathed in soft yellow moonlight till it was almost as light as
+day. In the soft light the distant hills became melted, and the shadows
+in the valleys and gorges of velvety blackness. The mere beauty seemed
+to cheer me; there was peace and comfort in every breath I drew. As I
+leaned from the window my eye was caught by something moving a storey
+below me, and somewhat to my left, where I imagined, from the order of
+the rooms, that the windows of the Count's own room would look out. The
+window at which I stood was tall and deep, stone-mullioned, and though
+weatherworn, was still complete; but it was evidently many a day since
+the case had been there. I drew back behind the stonework, and looked
+carefully out.
+
+What I saw was the Count's head coming out from the window. I did not
+see the face, but I knew the man by the neck and the movement of his
+back and arms. In any case I could not mistake the hands which I had had
+so many opportunities of studying. I was at first interested and
+somewhat amused, for it is wonderful how small a matter will interest
+and amuse a man when he is a prisoner. But my very feelings changed to
+repulsion and terror when I saw the whole man slowly emerge from the
+window and begin to crawl down the castle wall over that dreadful abyss,
+_face down_ with his cloak spreading out around him like great wings. At
+first I could not believe my eyes. I thought it was some trick of the
+moonlight, some weird effect of shadow; but I kept looking, and it could
+be no delusion. I saw the fingers and toes grasp the corners of the
+stones, worn clear of the mortar by the stress of years, and by thus
+using every projection and inequality move downwards with considerable
+speed, just as a lizard moves along a wall.
+
+What manner of man is this, or what manner of creature is it in the
+semblance of man? I feel the dread of this horrible place overpowering
+me; I am in fear--in awful fear--and there is no escape for me; I am
+encompassed about with terrors that I dare not think of....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_15 May._--Once more have I seen the Count go out in his lizard fashion.
+He moved downwards in a sidelong way, some hundred feet down, and a good
+deal to the left. He vanished into some hole or window. When his head
+had disappeared, I leaned out to try and see more, but without
+avail--the distance was too great to allow a proper angle of sight. I
+knew he had left the castle now, and thought to use the opportunity to
+explore more than I had dared to do as yet. I went back to the room, and
+taking a lamp, tried all the doors. They were all locked, as I had
+expected, and the locks were comparatively new; but I went down the
+stone stairs to the hall where I had entered originally. I found I could
+pull back the bolts easily enough and unhook the great chains; but the
+door was locked, and the key was gone! That key must be in the Count's
+room; I must watch should his door be unlocked, so that I may get it and
+escape. I went on to make a thorough examination of the various stairs
+and passages, and to try the doors that opened from them. One or two
+small rooms near the hall were open, but there was nothing to see in
+them except old furniture, dusty with age and moth-eaten. At last,
+however, I found one door at the top of the stairway which, though it
+seemed to be locked, gave a little under pressure. I tried it harder,
+and found that it was not really locked, but that the resistance came
+from the fact that the hinges had fallen somewhat, and the heavy door
+rested on the floor. Here was an opportunity which I might not have
+again, so I exerted myself, and with many efforts forced it back so that
+I could enter. I was now in a wing of the castle further to the right
+than the rooms I knew and a storey lower down. From the windows I could
+see that the suite of rooms lay along to the south of the castle, the
+windows of the end room looking out both west and south. On the latter
+side, as well as to the former, there was a great precipice. The castle
+was built on the corner of a great rock, so that on three sides it was
+quite impregnable, and great windows were placed here where sling, or
+bow, or culverin could not reach, and consequently light and comfort,
+impossible to a position which had to be guarded, were secured. To the
+west was a great valley, and then, rising far away, great jagged
+mountain fastnesses, rising peak on peak, the sheer rock studded with
+mountain ash and thorn, whose roots clung in cracks and crevices and
+crannies of the stone. This was evidently the portion of the castle
+occupied by the ladies in bygone days, for the furniture had more air of
+comfort than any I had seen. The windows were curtainless, and the
+yellow moonlight, flooding in through the diamond panes, enabled one to
+see even colours, whilst it softened the wealth of dust which lay over
+all and disguised in some measure the ravages of time and the moth. My
+lamp seemed to be of little effect in the brilliant moonlight, but I was
+glad to have it with me, for there was a dread loneliness in the place
+which chilled my heart and made my nerves tremble. Still, it was better
+than living alone in the rooms which I had come to hate from the
+presence of the Count, and after trying a little to school my nerves, I
+found a soft quietude come over me. Here I am, sitting at a little oak
+table where in old times possibly some fair lady sat to pen, with much
+thought and many blushes, her ill-spelt love-letter, and writing in my
+diary in shorthand all that has happened since I closed it last. It is
+nineteenth century up-to-date with a vengeance. And yet, unless my
+senses deceive me, the old centuries had, and have, powers of their own
+which mere "modernity" cannot kill.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Later: the Morning of 16 May._--God preserve my sanity, for to this I
+am reduced. Safety and the assurance of safety are things of the past.
+Whilst I live on here there is but one thing to hope for, that I may not
+go mad, if, indeed, I be not mad already. If I be sane, then surely it
+is maddening to think that of all the foul things that lurk in this
+hateful place the Count is the least dreadful to me; that to him alone I
+can look for safety, even though this be only whilst I can serve his
+purpose. Great God! merciful God! Let me be calm, for out of that way
+lies madness indeed. I begin to get new lights on certain things which
+have puzzled me. Up to now I never quite knew what Shakespeare meant
+when he made Hamlet say:--
+
+    "My tablets! quick, my tablets!
+    'Tis meet that I put it down," etc.,
+
+for now, feeling as though my own brain were unhinged or as if the shock
+had come which must end in its undoing, I turn to my diary for repose.
+The habit of entering accurately must help to soothe me.
+
+The Count's mysterious warning frightened me at the time; it frightens
+me more now when I think of it, for in future he has a fearful hold upon
+me. I shall fear to doubt what he may say!
+
+When I had written in my diary and had fortunately replaced the book and
+pen in my pocket I felt sleepy. The Count's warning came into my mind,
+but I took a pleasure in disobeying it. The sense of sleep was upon me,
+and with it the obstinacy which sleep brings as outrider. The soft
+moonlight soothed, and the wide expanse without gave a sense of freedom
+which refreshed me. I determined not to return to-night to the
+gloom-haunted rooms, but to sleep here, where, of old, ladies had sat
+and sung and lived sweet lives whilst their gentle breasts were sad for
+their menfolk away in the midst of remorseless wars. I drew a great
+couch out of its place near the corner, so that as I lay, I could look
+at the lovely view to east and south, and unthinking of and uncaring for
+the dust, composed myself for sleep. I suppose I must have fallen
+asleep; I hope so, but I fear, for all that followed was startlingly
+real--so real that now sitting here in the broad, full sunlight of the
+morning, I cannot in the least believe that it was all sleep.
+
+I was not alone. The room was the same, unchanged in any way since I
+came into it; I could see along the floor, in the brilliant moonlight,
+my own footsteps marked where I had disturbed the long accumulation of
+dust. In the moonlight opposite me were three young women, ladies by
+their dress and manner. I thought at the time that I must be dreaming
+when I saw them, for, though the moonlight was behind them, they threw
+no shadow on the floor. They came close to me, and looked at me for some
+time, and then whispered together. Two were dark, and had high aquiline
+noses, like the Count, and great dark, piercing eyes that seemed to be
+almost red when contrasted with the pale yellow moon. The other was
+fair, as fair as can be, with great wavy masses of golden hair and eyes
+like pale sapphires. I seemed somehow to know her face, and to know it
+in connection with some dreamy fear, but I could not recollect at the
+moment how or where. All three had brilliant white teeth that shone like
+pearls against the ruby of their voluptuous lips. There was something
+about them that made me uneasy, some longing and at the same time some
+deadly fear. I felt in my heart a wicked, burning desire that they would
+kiss me with those red lips. It is not good to note this down, lest some
+day it should meet Mina's eyes and cause her pain; but it is the truth.
+They whispered together, and then they all three laughed--such a
+silvery, musical laugh, but as hard as though the sound never could have
+come through the softness of human lips. It was like the intolerable,
+tingling sweetness of water-glasses when played on by a cunning hand.
+The fair girl shook her head coquettishly, and the other two urged her
+on. One said:--
+
+"Go on! You are first, and we shall follow; yours is the right to
+begin." The other added:--
+
+"He is young and strong; there are kisses for us all." I lay quiet,
+looking out under my eyelashes in an agony of delightful anticipation.
+The fair girl advanced and bent over me till I could feel the movement
+of her breath upon me. Sweet it was in one sense, honey-sweet, and sent
+the same tingling through the nerves as her voice, but with a bitter
+underlying the sweet, a bitter offensiveness, as one smells in blood.
+
+I was afraid to raise my eyelids, but looked out and saw perfectly under
+the lashes. The girl went on her knees, and bent over me, simply
+gloating. There was a deliberate voluptuousness which was both thrilling
+and repulsive, and as she arched her neck she actually licked her lips
+like an animal, till I could see in the moonlight the moisture shining
+on the scarlet lips and on the red tongue as it lapped the white sharp
+teeth. Lower and lower went her head as the lips went below the range of
+my mouth and chin and seemed about to fasten on my throat. Then she
+paused, and I could hear the churning sound of her tongue as it licked
+her teeth and lips, and could feel the hot breath on my neck. Then the
+skin of my throat began to tingle as one's flesh does when the hand that
+is to tickle it approaches nearer--nearer. I could feel the soft,
+shivering touch of the lips on the super-sensitive skin of my throat,
+and the hard dents of two sharp teeth, just touching and pausing there.
+I closed my eyes in a languorous ecstasy and waited--waited with beating
+heart.
+
+But at that instant, another sensation swept through me as quick as
+lightning. I was conscious of the presence of the Count, and of his
+being as if lapped in a storm of fury. As my eyes opened involuntarily I
+saw his strong hand grasp the slender neck of the fair woman and with
+giant's power draw it back, the blue eyes transformed with fury, the
+white teeth champing with rage, and the fair cheeks blazing red with
+passion. But the Count! Never did I imagine such wrath and fury, even to
+the demons of the pit. His eyes were positively blazing. The red light
+in them was lurid, as if the flames of hell-fire blazed behind them. His
+face was deathly pale, and the lines of it were hard like drawn wires;
+the thick eyebrows that met over the nose now seemed like a heaving bar
+of white-hot metal. With a fierce sweep of his arm, he hurled the woman
+from him, and then motioned to the others, as though he were beating
+them back; it was the same imperious gesture that I had seen used to the
+wolves. In a voice which, though low and almost in a whisper seemed to
+cut through the air and then ring round the room he said:--
+
+"How dare you touch him, any of you? How dare you cast eyes on him when
+I had forbidden it? Back, I tell you all! This man belongs to me! Beware
+how you meddle with him, or you'll have to deal with me." The fair girl,
+with a laugh of ribald coquetry, turned to answer him:--
+
+"You yourself never loved; you never love!" On this the other women
+joined, and such a mirthless, hard, soulless laughter rang through the
+room that it almost made me faint to hear; it seemed like the pleasure
+of fiends. Then the Count turned, after looking at my face attentively,
+and said in a soft whisper:--
+
+"Yes, I too can love; you yourselves can tell it from the past. Is it
+not so? Well, now I promise you that when I am done with him you shall
+kiss him at your will. Now go! go! I must awaken him, for there is work
+to be done."
+
+"Are we to have nothing to-night?" said one of them, with a low laugh,
+as she pointed to the bag which he had thrown upon the floor, and which
+moved as though there were some living thing within it. For answer he
+nodded his head. One of the women jumped forward and opened it. If my
+ears did not deceive me there was a gasp and a low wail, as of a
+half-smothered child. The women closed round, whilst I was aghast with
+horror; but as I looked they disappeared, and with them the dreadful
+bag. There was no door near them, and they could not have passed me
+without my noticing. They simply seemed to fade into the rays of the
+moonlight and pass out through the window, for I could see outside the
+dim, shadowy forms for a moment before they entirely faded away.
+
+Then the horror overcame me, and I sank down unconscious.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+JONATHAN HARKER'S JOURNAL--_continued_
+
+
+I awoke in my own bed. If it be that I had not dreamt, the Count must
+have carried me here. I tried to satisfy myself on the subject, but
+could not arrive at any unquestionable result. To be sure, there were
+certain small evidences, such as that my clothes were folded and laid by
+in a manner which was not my habit. My watch was still unwound, and I am
+rigorously accustomed to wind it the last thing before going to bed, and
+many such details. But these things are no proof, for they may have been
+evidences that my mind was not as usual, and, from some cause or
+another, I had certainly been much upset. I must watch for proof. Of one
+thing I am glad: if it was that the Count carried me here and undressed
+me, he must have been hurried in his task, for my pockets are intact. I
+am sure this diary would have been a mystery to him which he would not
+have brooked. He would have taken or destroyed it. As I look round this
+room, although it has been to me so full of fear, it is now a sort of
+sanctuary, for nothing can be more dreadful than those awful women, who
+were--who _are_--waiting to suck my blood.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_18 May._--I have been down to look at that room again in daylight, for
+I _must_ know the truth. When I got to the doorway at the top of the
+stairs I found it closed. It had been so forcibly driven against the
+jamb that part of the woodwork was splintered. I could see that the bolt
+of the lock had not been shot, but the door is fastened from the inside.
+I fear it was no dream, and must act on this surmise.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_19 May._--I am surely in the toils. Last night the Count asked me in
+the suavest tones to write three letters, one saying that my work here
+was nearly done, and that I should start for home within a few days,
+another that I was starting on the next morning from the time of the
+letter, and the third that I had left the castle and arrived at
+Bistritz. I would fain have rebelled, but felt that in the present state
+of things it would be madness to quarrel openly with the Count whilst I
+am so absolutely in his power; and to refuse would be to excite his
+suspicion and to arouse his anger. He knows that I know too much, and
+that I must not live, lest I be dangerous to him; my only chance is to
+prolong my opportunities. Something may occur which will give me a
+chance to escape. I saw in his eyes something of that gathering wrath
+which was manifest when he hurled that fair woman from him. He explained
+to me that posts were few and uncertain, and that my writing now would
+ensure ease of mind to my friends; and he assured me with so much
+impressiveness that he would countermand the later letters, which would
+be held over at Bistritz until due time in case chance would admit of my
+prolonging my stay, that to oppose him would have been to create new
+suspicion. I therefore pretended to fall in with his views, and asked
+him what dates I should put on the letters. He calculated a minute, and
+then said:--
+
+"The first should be June 12, the second June 19, and the third June
+29."
+
+I know now the span of my life. God help me!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_28 May._--There is a chance of escape, or at any rate of being able to
+send word home. A band of Szgany have come to the castle, and are
+encamped in the courtyard. These Szgany are gipsies; I have notes of
+them in my book. They are peculiar to this part of the world, though
+allied to the ordinary gipsies all the world over. There are thousands
+of them in Hungary and Transylvania, who are almost outside all law.
+They attach themselves as a rule to some great noble or _boyar_, and
+call themselves by his name. They are fearless and without religion,
+save superstition, and they talk only their own varieties of the Romany
+tongue.
+
+I shall write some letters home, and shall try to get them to have them
+posted. I have already spoken them through my window to begin
+acquaintanceship. They took their hats off and made obeisance and many
+signs, which, however, I could not understand any more than I could
+their spoken language....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I have written the letters. Mina's is in shorthand, and I simply ask Mr.
+Hawkins to communicate with her. To her I have explained my situation,
+but without the horrors which I may only surmise. It would shock and
+frighten her to death were I to expose my heart to her. Should the
+letters not carry, then the Count shall not yet know my secret or the
+extent of my knowledge....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I have given the letters; I threw them through the bars of my window
+with a gold piece, and made what signs I could to have them posted. The
+man who took them pressed them to his heart and bowed, and then put them
+in his cap. I could do no more. I stole back to the study, and began to
+read. As the Count did not come in, I have written here....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Count has come. He sat down beside me, and said in his smoothest
+voice as he opened two letters:--
+
+"The Szgany has given me these, of which, though I know not whence they
+come, I shall, of course, take care. See!"--he must have looked at
+it--"one is from you, and to my friend Peter Hawkins; the other"--here
+he caught sight of the strange symbols as he opened the envelope, and
+the dark look came into his face, and his eyes blazed wickedly--"the
+other is a vile thing, an outrage upon friendship and hospitality! It is
+not signed. Well! so it cannot matter to us." And he calmly held letter
+and envelope in the flame of the lamp till they were consumed. Then he
+went on:--
+
+"The letter to Hawkins--that I shall, of course, send on, since it is
+yours. Your letters are sacred to me. Your pardon, my friend, that
+unknowingly I did break the seal. Will you not cover it again?" He held
+out the letter to me, and with a courteous bow handed me a clean
+envelope. I could only redirect it and hand it to him in silence. When
+he went out of the room I could hear the key turn softly. A minute later
+I went over and tried it, and the door was locked.
+
+When, an hour or two after, the Count came quietly into the room, his
+coming awakened me, for I had gone to sleep on the sofa. He was very
+courteous and very cheery in his manner, and seeing that I had been
+sleeping, he said:--
+
+"So, my friend, you are tired? Get to bed. There is the surest rest. I
+may not have the pleasure to talk to-night, since there are many labours
+to me; but you will sleep, I pray." I passed to my room and went to bed,
+and, strange to say, slept without dreaming. Despair has its own calms.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_31 May._--This morning when I woke I thought I would provide myself
+with some paper and envelopes from my bag and keep them in my pocket, so
+that I might write in case I should get an opportunity, but again a
+surprise, again a shock!
+
+Every scrap of paper was gone, and with it all my notes, my memoranda,
+relating to railways and travel, my letter of credit, in fact all that
+might be useful to me were I once outside the castle. I sat and pondered
+awhile, and then some thought occurred to me, and I made search of my
+portmanteau and in the wardrobe where I had placed my clothes.
+
+The suit in which I had travelled was gone, and also my overcoat and
+rug; I could find no trace of them anywhere. This looked like some new
+scheme of villainy....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_17 June._--This morning, as I was sitting on the edge of my bed
+cudgelling my brains, I heard without a cracking of whips and pounding
+and scraping of horses' feet up the rocky path beyond the courtyard.
+With joy I hurried to the window, and saw drive into the yard two great
+leiter-wagons, each drawn by eight sturdy horses, and at the head of
+each pair a Slovak, with his wide hat, great nail-studded belt, dirty
+sheepskin, and high boots. They had also their long staves in hand. I
+ran to the door, intending to descend and try and join them through the
+main hall, as I thought that way might be opened for them. Again a
+shock: my door was fastened on the outside.
+
+Then I ran to the window and cried to them. They looked up at me
+stupidly and pointed, but just then the "hetman" of the Szgany came out,
+and seeing them pointing to my window, said something, at which they
+laughed. Henceforth no effort of mine, no piteous cry or agonised
+entreaty, would make them even look at me. They resolutely turned away.
+The leiter-wagons contained great, square boxes, with handles of thick
+rope; these were evidently empty by the ease with which the Slovaks
+handled them, and by their resonance as they were roughly moved. When
+they were all unloaded and packed in a great heap in one corner of the
+yard, the Slovaks were given some money by the Szgany, and spitting on
+it for luck, lazily went each to his horse's head. Shortly afterwards, I
+heard the cracking of their whips die away in the distance.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_24 June, before morning._--Last night the Count left me early, and
+locked himself into his own room. As soon as I dared I ran up the
+winding stair, and looked out of the window, which opened south. I
+thought I would watch for the Count, for there is something going on.
+The Szgany are quartered somewhere in the castle and are doing work of
+some kind. I know it, for now and then I hear a far-away muffled sound
+as of mattock and spade, and, whatever it is, it must be the end of some
+ruthless villainy.
+
+I had been at the window somewhat less than half an hour, when I saw
+something coming out of the Count's window. I drew back and watched
+carefully, and saw the whole man emerge. It was a new shock to me to
+find that he had on the suit of clothes which I had worn whilst
+travelling here, and slung over his shoulder the terrible bag which I
+had seen the women take away. There could be no doubt as to his quest,
+and in my garb, too! This, then, is his new scheme of evil: that he will
+allow others to see me, as they think, so that he may both leave
+evidence that I have been seen in the towns or villages posting my own
+letters, and that any wickedness which he may do shall by the local
+people be attributed to me.
+
+It makes me rage to think that this can go on, and whilst I am shut up
+here, a veritable prisoner, but without that protection of the law which
+is even a criminal's right and consolation.
+
+I thought I would watch for the Count's return, and for a long time sat
+doggedly at the window. Then I began to notice that there were some
+quaint little specks floating in the rays of the moonlight. They were
+like the tiniest grains of dust, and they whirled round and gathered in
+clusters in a nebulous sort of way. I watched them with a sense of
+soothing, and a sort of calm stole over me. I leaned back in the
+embrasure in a more comfortable position, so that I could enjoy more
+fully the aërial gambolling.
+
+Something made me start up, a low, piteous howling of dogs somewhere far
+below in the valley, which was hidden from my sight. Louder it seemed to
+ring in my ears, and the floating motes of dust to take new shapes to
+the sound as they danced in the moonlight. I felt myself struggling to
+awake to some call of my instincts; nay, my very soul was struggling,
+and my half-remembered sensibilities were striving to answer the call. I
+was becoming hypnotised! Quicker and quicker danced the dust; the
+moonbeams seemed to quiver as they went by me into the mass of gloom
+beyond. More and more they gathered till they seemed to take dim phantom
+shapes. And then I started, broad awake and in full possession of my
+senses, and ran screaming from the place. The phantom shapes, which were
+becoming gradually materialised from the moonbeams, were those of the
+three ghostly women to whom I was doomed. I fled, and felt somewhat
+safer in my own room, where there was no moonlight and where the lamp
+was burning brightly.
+
+When a couple of hours had passed I heard something stirring in the
+Count's room, something like a sharp wail quickly suppressed; and then
+there was silence, deep, awful silence, which chilled me. With a
+beating heart, I tried the door; but I was locked in my prison, and
+could do nothing. I sat down and simply cried.
+
+As I sat I heard a sound in the courtyard without--the agonised cry of a
+woman. I rushed to the window, and throwing it up, peered out between
+the bars. There, indeed, was a woman with dishevelled hair, holding her
+hands over her heart as one distressed with running. She was leaning
+against a corner of the gateway. When she saw my face at the window she
+threw herself forward, and shouted in a voice laden with menace:--
+
+"Monster, give me my child!"
+
+She threw herself on her knees, and raising up her hands, cried the same
+words in tones which wrung my heart. Then she tore her hair and beat her
+breast, and abandoned herself to all the violences of extravagant
+emotion. Finally, she threw herself forward, and, though I could not see
+her, I could hear the beating of her naked hands against the door.
+
+Somewhere high overhead, probably on the tower, I heard the voice of the
+Count calling in his harsh, metallic whisper. His call seemed to be
+answered from far and wide by the howling of wolves. Before many minutes
+had passed a pack of them poured, like a pent-up dam when liberated,
+through the wide entrance into the courtyard.
+
+There was no cry from the woman, and the howling of the wolves was but
+short. Before long they streamed away singly, licking their lips.
+
+I could not pity her, for I knew now what had become of her child, and
+she was better dead.
+
+What shall I do? what can I do? How can I escape from this dreadful
+thing of night and gloom and fear?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_25 June, morning._--No man knows till he has suffered from the night
+how sweet and how dear to his heart and eye the morning can be. When the
+sun grew so high this morning that it struck the top of the great
+gateway opposite my window, the high spot which it touched seemed to me
+as if the dove from the ark had lighted there. My fear fell from me as
+if it had been a vaporous garment which dissolved in the warmth. I must
+take action of some sort whilst the courage of the day is upon me. Last
+night one of my post-dated letters went to post, the first of that fatal
+series which is to blot out the very traces of my existence from the
+earth.
+
+Let me not think of it. Action!
+
+It has always been at night-time that I have been molested or
+threatened, or in some way in danger or in fear. I have not yet seen the
+Count in the daylight. Can it be that he sleeps when others wake, that
+he may be awake whilst they sleep? If I could only get into his room!
+But there is no possible way. The door is always locked, no way for me.
+
+Yes, there is a way, if one dares to take it. Where his body has gone
+why may not another body go? I have seen him myself crawl from his
+window. Why should not I imitate him, and go in by his window? The
+chances are desperate, but my need is more desperate still. I shall risk
+it. At the worst it can only be death; and a man's death is not a
+calf's, and the dreaded Hereafter may still be open to me. God help me
+in my task! Good-bye, Mina, if I fail; good-bye, my faithful friend and
+second father; good-bye, all, and last of all Mina!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Same day, later._--I have made the effort, and God, helping me, have
+come safely back to this room. I must put down every detail in order. I
+went whilst my courage was fresh straight to the window on the south
+side, and at once got outside on the narrow ledge of stone which runs
+around the building on this side. The stones are big and roughly cut,
+and the mortar has by process of time been washed away between them. I
+took off my boots, and ventured out on the desperate way. I looked down
+once, so as to make sure that a sudden glimpse of the awful depth would
+not overcome me, but after that kept my eyes away from it. I knew pretty
+well the direction and distance of the Count's window, and made for it
+as well as I could, having regard to the opportunities available. I did
+not feel dizzy--I suppose I was too excited--and the time seemed
+ridiculously short till I found myself standing on the window-sill and
+trying to raise up the sash. I was filled with agitation, however, when
+I bent down and slid feet foremost in through the window. Then I looked
+around for the Count, but, with surprise and gladness, made a discovery.
+The room was empty! It was barely furnished with odd things, which
+seemed to have never been used; the furniture was something the same
+style as that in the south rooms, and was covered with dust. I looked
+for the key, but it was not in the lock, and I could not find it
+anywhere. The only thing I found was a great heap of gold in one
+corner--gold of all kinds, Roman, and British, and Austrian, and
+Hungarian, and Greek and Turkish money, covered with a film of dust, as
+though it had lain long in the ground. None of it that I noticed was
+less than three hundred years old. There were also chains and ornaments,
+some jewelled, but all of them old and stained.
+
+At one corner of the room was a heavy door. I tried it, for, since I
+could not find the key of the room or the key of the outer door, which
+was the main object of my search, I must make further examination, or
+all my efforts would be in vain. It was open, and led through a stone
+passage to a circular stairway, which went steeply down. I descended,
+minding carefully where I went, for the stairs were dark, being only lit
+by loopholes in the heavy masonry. At the bottom there was a dark,
+tunnel-like passage, through which came a deathly, sickly odour, the
+odour of old earth newly turned. As I went through the passage the smell
+grew closer and heavier. At last I pulled open a heavy door which stood
+ajar, and found myself in an old, ruined chapel, which had evidently
+been used as a graveyard. The roof was broken, and in two places were
+steps leading to vaults, but the ground had recently been dug over, and
+the earth placed in great wooden boxes, manifestly those which had been
+brought by the Slovaks. There was nobody about, and I made search for
+any further outlet, but there was none. Then I went over every inch of
+the ground, so as not to lose a chance. I went down even into the
+vaults, where the dim light struggled, although to do so was a dread to
+my very soul. Into two of these I went, but saw nothing except fragments
+of old coffins and piles of dust; in the third, however, I made a
+discovery.
+
+There, in one of the great boxes, of which there were fifty in all, on a
+pile of newly dug earth, lay the Count! He was either dead or asleep, I
+could not say which--for the eyes were open and stony, but without the
+glassiness of death--and the cheeks had the warmth of life through all
+their pallor; the lips were as red as ever. But there was no sign of
+movement, no pulse, no breath, no beating of the heart. I bent over him,
+and tried to find any sign of life, but in vain. He could not have lain
+there long, for the earthy smell would have passed away in a few hours.
+By the side of the box was its cover, pierced with holes here and there.
+I thought he might have the keys on him, but when I went to search I saw
+the dead eyes, and in them, dead though they were, such a look of hate,
+though unconscious of me or my presence, that I fled from the place, and
+leaving the Count's room by the window, crawled again up the castle
+wall. Regaining my room, I threw myself panting upon the bed and tried
+to think....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_29 June._--To-day is the date of my last letter, and the Count has
+taken steps to prove that it was genuine, for again I saw him leave the
+castle by the same window, and in my clothes. As he went down the wall,
+lizard fashion, I wished I had a gun or some lethal weapon, that I might
+destroy him; but I fear that no weapon wrought alone by man's hand would
+have any effect on him. I dared not wait to see him return, for I feared
+to see those weird sisters. I came back to the library, and read there
+till I fell asleep.
+
+I was awakened by the Count, who looked at me as grimly as a man can
+look as he said:--
+
+"To-morrow, my friend, we must part. You return to your beautiful
+England, I to some work which may have such an end that we may never
+meet. Your letter home has been despatched; to-morrow I shall not be
+here, but all shall be ready for your journey. In the morning come the
+Szgany, who have some labours of their own here, and also come some
+Slovaks. When they have gone, my carriage shall come for you, and shall
+bear you to the Borgo Pass to meet the diligence from Bukovina to
+Bistritz. But I am in hopes that I shall see more of you at Castle
+Dracula." I suspected him, and determined to test his sincerity.
+Sincerity! It seems like a profanation of the word to write it in
+connection with such a monster, so asked him point-blank:--
+
+"Why may I not go to-night?"
+
+"Because, dear sir, my coachman and horses are away on a mission."
+
+"But I would walk with pleasure. I want to get away at once." He smiled,
+such a soft, smooth, diabolical smile that I knew there was some trick
+behind his smoothness. He said:--
+
+"And your baggage?"
+
+"I do not care about it. I can send for it some other time."
+
+The Count stood up, and said, with a sweet courtesy which made me rub my
+eyes, it seemed so real:--
+
+"You English have a saying which is close to my heart, for its spirit is
+that which rules our _boyars_: 'Welcome the coming; speed the parting
+guest.' Come with me, my dear young friend. Not an hour shall you wait
+in my house against your will, though sad am I at your going, and that
+you so suddenly desire it. Come!" With a stately gravity, he, with the
+lamp, preceded me down the stairs and along the hall. Suddenly he
+stopped.
+
+"Hark!"
+
+Close at hand came the howling of many wolves. It was almost as if the
+sound sprang up at the rising of his hand, just as the music of a great
+orchestra seems to leap under the bâton of the conductor. After a pause
+of a moment, he proceeded, in his stately way, to the door, drew back
+the ponderous bolts, unhooked the heavy chains, and began to draw it
+open.
+
+To my intense astonishment I saw that it was unlocked. Suspiciously, I
+looked all round, but could see no key of any kind.
+
+As the door began to open, the howling of the wolves without grew louder
+and angrier; their red jaws, with champing teeth, and their blunt-clawed
+feet as they leaped, came in through the opening door. I knew then that
+to struggle at the moment against the Count was useless. With such
+allies as these at his command, I could do nothing. But still the door
+continued slowly to open, and only the Count's body stood in the gap.
+Suddenly it struck me that this might be the moment and means of my
+doom; I was to be given to the wolves, and at my own instigation. There
+was a diabolical wickedness in the idea great enough for the Count, and
+as a last chance I cried out:--
+
+"Shut the door; I shall wait till morning!" and covered my face with my
+hands to hide my tears of bitter disappointment. With one sweep of his
+powerful arm, the Count threw the door shut, and the great bolts clanged
+and echoed through the hall as they shot back into their places.
+
+In silence we returned to the library, and after a minute or two I went
+to my own room. The last I saw of Count Dracula was his kissing his hand
+to me; with a red light of triumph in his eyes, and with a smile that
+Judas in hell might be proud of.
+
+When I was in my room and about to lie down, I thought I heard a
+whispering at my door. I went to it softly and listened. Unless my ears
+deceived me, I heard the voice of the Count:--
+
+"Back, back, to your own place! Your time is not yet come. Wait! Have
+patience! To-night is mine. To-morrow night is yours!" There was a low,
+sweet ripple of laughter, and in a rage I threw open the door, and saw
+without the three terrible women licking their lips. As I appeared they
+all joined in a horrible laugh, and ran away.
+
+I came back to my room and threw myself on my knees. It is then so near
+the end? To-morrow! to-morrow! Lord, help me, and those to whom I am
+dear!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_30 June, morning._--These may be the last words I ever write in this
+diary. I slept till just before the dawn, and when I woke threw myself
+on my knees, for I determined that if Death came he should find me
+ready.
+
+At last I felt that subtle change in the air, and knew that the morning
+had come. Then came the welcome cock-crow, and I felt that I was safe.
+With a glad heart, I opened my door and ran down to the hall. I had seen
+that the door was unlocked, and now escape was before me. With hands
+that trembled with eagerness, I unhooked the chains and drew back the
+massive bolts.
+
+But the door would not move. Despair seized me. I pulled, and pulled, at
+the door, and shook it till, massive as it was, it rattled in its
+casement. I could see the bolt shot. It had been locked after I left the
+Count.
+
+Then a wild desire took me to obtain that key at any risk, and I
+determined then and there to scale the wall again and gain the Count's
+room. He might kill me, but death now seemed the happier choice of
+evils. Without a pause I rushed up to the east window, and scrambled
+down the wall, as before, into the Count's room. It was empty, but that
+was as I expected. I could not see a key anywhere, but the heap of gold
+remained. I went through the door in the corner and down the winding
+stair and along the dark passage to the old chapel. I knew now well
+enough where to find the monster I sought.
+
+The great box was in the same place, close against the wall, but the lid
+was laid on it, not fastened down, but with the nails ready in their
+places to be hammered home. I knew I must reach the body for the key, so
+I raised the lid, and laid it back against the wall; and then I saw
+something which filled my very soul with horror. There lay the Count,
+but looking as if his youth had been half renewed, for the white hair
+and moustache were changed to dark iron-grey; the cheeks were fuller,
+and the white skin seemed ruby-red underneath; the mouth was redder than
+ever, for on the lips were gouts of fresh blood, which trickled from the
+corners of the mouth and ran over the chin and neck. Even the deep,
+burning eyes seemed set amongst swollen flesh, for the lids and pouches
+underneath were bloated. It seemed as if the whole awful creature were
+simply gorged with blood. He lay like a filthy leech, exhausted with his
+repletion. I shuddered as I bent over to touch him, and every sense in
+me revolted at the contact; but I had to search, or I was lost. The
+coming night might see my own body a banquet in a similar way to those
+horrid three. I felt all over the body, but no sign could I find of the
+key. Then I stopped and looked at the Count. There was a mocking smile
+on the bloated face which seemed to drive me mad. This was the being I
+was helping to transfer to London, where, perhaps, for centuries to come
+he might, amongst its teeming millions, satiate his lust for blood, and
+create a new and ever-widening circle of semi-demons to batten on the
+helpless. The very thought drove me mad. A terrible desire came upon me
+to rid the world of such a monster. There was no lethal weapon at hand,
+but I seized a shovel which the workmen had been using to fill the
+cases, and lifting it high, struck, with the edge downward, at the
+hateful face. But as I did so the head turned, and the eyes fell full
+upon me, with all their blaze of basilisk horror. The sight seemed to
+paralyse me, and the shovel turned in my hand and glanced from the face,
+merely making a deep gash above the forehead. The shovel fell from my
+hand across the box, and as I pulled it away the flange of the blade
+caught the edge of the lid which fell over again, and hid the horrid
+thing from my sight. The last glimpse I had was of the bloated face,
+blood-stained and fixed with a grin of malice which would have held its
+own in the nethermost hell.
+
+I thought and thought what should be my next move, but my brain seemed
+on fire, and I waited with a despairing feeling growing over me. As I
+waited I heard in the distance a gipsy song sung by merry voices coming
+closer, and through their song the rolling of heavy wheels and the
+cracking of whips; the Szgany and the Slovaks of whom the Count had
+spoken were coming. With a last look around and at the box which
+contained the vile body, I ran from the place and gained the Count's
+room, determined to rush out at the moment the door should be opened.
+With strained ears, I listened, and heard downstairs the grinding of the
+key in the great lock and the falling back of the heavy door. There must
+have been some other means of entry, or some one had a key for one of
+the locked doors. Then there came the sound of many feet tramping and
+dying away in some passage which sent up a clanging echo. I turned to
+run down again towards the vault, where I might find the new entrance;
+but at the moment there seemed to come a violent puff of wind, and the
+door to the winding stair blew to with a shock that set the dust from
+the lintels flying. When I ran to push it open, I found that it was
+hopelessly fast. I was again a prisoner, and the net of doom was closing
+round me more closely.
+
+As I write there is in the passage below a sound of many tramping feet
+and the crash of weights being set down heavily, doubtless the boxes,
+with their freight of earth. There is a sound of hammering; it is the
+box being nailed down. Now I can hear the heavy feet tramping again
+along the hall, with many other idle feet coming behind them.
+
+The door is shut, and the chains rattle; there is a grinding of the key
+in the lock; I can hear the key withdraw: then another door opens and
+shuts; I hear the creaking of lock and bolt.
+
+Hark! in the courtyard and down the rocky way the roll of heavy wheels,
+the crack of whips, and the chorus of the Szgany as they pass into the
+distance.
+
+I am alone in the castle with those awful women. Faugh! Mina is a woman,
+and there is nought in common. They are devils of the Pit!
+
+I shall not remain alone with them; I shall try to scale the castle wall
+farther than I have yet attempted. I shall take some of the gold with
+me, lest I want it later. I may find a way from this dreadful place.
+
+And then away for home! away to the quickest and nearest train! away
+from this cursed spot, from this cursed land, where the devil and his
+children still walk with earthly feet!
+
+At least God's mercy is better than that of these monsters, and the
+precipice is steep and high. At its foot a man may sleep--as a man.
+Good-bye, all! Mina!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+_Letter from Miss Mina Murray to Miss Lucy Westenra._
+
+
+"_9 May._
+
+"My dearest Lucy,--
+
+"Forgive my long delay in writing, but I have been simply overwhelmed
+with work. The life of an assistant schoolmistress is sometimes trying.
+I am longing to be with you, and by the sea, where we can talk together
+freely and build our castles in the air. I have been working very hard
+lately, because I want to keep up with Jonathan's studies, and I have
+been practising shorthand very assiduously. When we are married I shall
+be able to be useful to Jonathan, and if I can stenograph well enough I
+can take down what he wants to say in this way and write it out for
+him on the typewriter, at which also I am practising very hard. He
+and I sometimes write letters in shorthand, and he is keeping a
+stenographic journal of his travels abroad. When I am with you I
+shall keep a diary in the same way. I don't mean one of those
+two-pages-to-the-week-with-Sunday-squeezed-in-a-corner diaries, but a
+sort of journal which I can write in whenever I feel inclined. I do not
+suppose there will be much of interest to other people; but it is not
+intended for them. I may show it to Jonathan some day if there is in it
+anything worth sharing, but it is really an exercise book. I shall try
+to do what I see lady journalists do: interviewing and writing
+descriptions and trying to remember conversations. I am told that, with
+a little practice, one can remember all that goes on or that one hears
+said during a day. However, we shall see. I will tell you of my little
+plans when we meet. I have just had a few hurried lines from Jonathan
+from Transylvania. He is well, and will be returning in about a week. I
+am longing to hear all his news. It must be so nice to see strange
+countries. I wonder if we--I mean Jonathan and I--shall ever see them
+together. There is the ten o'clock bell ringing. Good-bye.
+
+"Your loving
+
+"MINA.
+
+"Tell me all the news when you write. You have not told me anything for
+a long time. I hear rumours, and especially of a tall, handsome,
+curly-haired man???"
+
+
+_Letter, Lucy Westenra to Mina Murray_.
+
+"_17, Chatham Street_,
+
+"_Wednesday_.
+
+"My dearest Mina,--
+
+"I must say you tax me _very_ unfairly with being a bad correspondent. I
+wrote to you _twice_ since we parted, and your last letter was only your
+_second_. Besides, I have nothing to tell you. There is really nothing
+to interest you. Town is very pleasant just now, and we go a good deal
+to picture-galleries and for walks and rides in the park. As to the
+tall, curly-haired man, I suppose it was the one who was with me at the
+last Pop. Some one has evidently been telling tales. That was Mr.
+Holmwood. He often comes to see us, and he and mamma get on very well
+together; they have so many things to talk about in common. We met some
+time ago a man that would just _do for you_, if you were not already
+engaged to Jonathan. He is an excellent _parti_, being handsome, well
+off, and of good birth. He is a doctor and really clever. Just fancy! He
+is only nine-and-twenty, and he has an immense lunatic asylum all under
+his own care. Mr. Holmwood introduced him to me, and he called here to
+see us, and often comes now. I think he is one of the most resolute men
+I ever saw, and yet the most calm. He seems absolutely imperturbable. I
+can fancy what a wonderful power he must have over his patients. He has
+a curious habit of looking one straight in the face, as if trying to
+read one's thoughts. He tries this on very much with me, but I flatter
+myself he has got a tough nut to crack. I know that from my glass. Do
+you ever try to read your own face? _I do_, and I can tell you it is not
+a bad study, and gives you more trouble than you can well fancy if you
+have never tried it. He says that I afford him a curious psychological
+study, and I humbly think I do. I do not, as you know, take sufficient
+interest in dress to be able to describe the new fashions. Dress is a
+bore. That is slang again, but never mind; Arthur says that every day.
+There, it is all out. Mina, we have told all our secrets to each other
+since we were _children_; we have slept together and eaten together, and
+laughed and cried together; and now, though I have spoken, I would like
+to speak more. Oh, Mina, couldn't you guess? I love him. I am blushing
+as I write, for although I _think_ he loves me, he has not told me so in
+words. But oh, Mina, I love him; I love him; I love him! There, that
+does me good. I wish I were with you, dear, sitting by the fire
+undressing, as we used to sit; and I would try to tell you what I feel.
+I do not know how I am writing this even to you. I am afraid to stop,
+or I should tear up the letter, and I don't want to stop, for I _do_ so
+want to tell you all. Let me hear from you _at once_, and tell me all
+that you think about it. Mina, I must stop. Good-night. Bless me in your
+prayers; and, Mina, pray for my happiness.
+
+"LUCY.
+
+"P.S.--I need not tell you this is a secret. Good-night again.
+
+"L."
+
+_Letter, Lucy Westenra to Mina Murray_.
+
+"_24 May_.
+
+"My dearest Mina,--
+
+"Thanks, and thanks, and thanks again for your sweet letter. It was so
+nice to be able to tell you and to have your sympathy.
+
+"My dear, it never rains but it pours. How true the old proverbs are.
+Here am I, who shall be twenty in September, and yet I never had a
+proposal till to-day, not a real proposal, and to-day I have had three.
+Just fancy! THREE proposals in one day! Isn't it awful! I feel sorry,
+really and truly sorry, for two of the poor fellows. Oh, Mina, I am so
+happy that I don't know what to do with myself. And three proposals!
+But, for goodness' sake, don't tell any of the girls, or they would be
+getting all sorts of extravagant ideas and imagining themselves injured
+and slighted if in their very first day at home they did not get six at
+least. Some girls are so vain! You and I, Mina dear, who are engaged and
+are going to settle down soon soberly into old married women, can
+despise vanity. Well, I must tell you about the three, but you must keep
+it a secret, dear, from _every one_, except, of course, Jonathan. You
+will tell him, because I would, if I were in your place, certainly tell
+Arthur. A woman ought to tell her husband everything--don't you think
+so, dear?--and I must be fair. Men like women, certainly their wives, to
+be quite as fair as they are; and women, I am afraid, are not always
+quite as fair as they should be. Well, my dear, number One came just
+before lunch. I told you of him, Dr. John Seward, the lunatic-asylum
+man, with the strong jaw and the good forehead. He was very cool
+outwardly, but was nervous all the same. He had evidently been schooling
+himself as to all sorts of little things, and remembered them; but he
+almost managed to sit down on his silk hat, which men don't generally do
+when they are cool, and then when he wanted to appear at ease he kept
+playing with a lancet in a way that made me nearly scream. He spoke to
+me, Mina, very straightforwardly. He told me how dear I was to him,
+though he had known me so little, and what his life would be with me to
+help and cheer him. He was going to tell me how unhappy he would be if I
+did not care for him, but when he saw me cry he said that he was a brute
+and would not add to my present trouble. Then he broke off and asked if
+I could love him in time; and when I shook my head his hands trembled,
+and then with some hesitation he asked me if I cared already for any one
+else. He put it very nicely, saying that he did not want to wring my
+confidence from me, but only to know, because if a woman's heart was
+free a man might have hope. And then, Mina, I felt a sort of duty to
+tell him that there was some one. I only told him that much, and then he
+stood up, and he looked very strong and very grave as he took both my
+hands in his and said he hoped I would be happy, and that if I ever
+wanted a friend I must count him one of my best. Oh, Mina dear, I can't
+help crying: and you must excuse this letter being all blotted. Being
+proposed to is all very nice and all that sort of thing, but it isn't at
+all a happy thing when you have to see a poor fellow, whom you know
+loves you honestly, going away and looking all broken-hearted, and to
+know that, no matter what he may say at the moment, you are passing
+quite out of his life. My dear, I must stop here at present, I feel so
+miserable, though I am so happy.
+
+"_Evening._
+
+"Arthur has just gone, and I feel in better spirits than when I left
+off, so I can go on telling you about the day. Well, my dear, number Two
+came after lunch. He is such a nice fellow, an American from Texas, and
+he looks so young and so fresh that it seems almost impossible that he
+has been to so many places and has had such adventures. I sympathise
+with poor Desdemona when she had such a dangerous stream poured in her
+ear, even by a black man. I suppose that we women are such cowards that
+we think a man will save us from fears, and we marry him. I know now
+what I would do if I were a man and wanted to make a girl love me. No, I
+don't, for there was Mr. Morris telling us his stories, and Arthur never
+told any, and yet---- My dear, I am somewhat previous. Mr. Quincey P.
+Morris found me alone. It seems that a man always does find a girl
+alone. No, he doesn't, for Arthur tried twice to _make_ a chance, and I
+helping him all I could; I am not ashamed to say it now. I must tell you
+beforehand that Mr. Morris doesn't always speak slang--that is to say,
+he never does so to strangers or before them, for he is really well
+educated and has exquisite manners--but he found out that it amused me
+to hear him talk American slang, and whenever I was present, and there
+was no one to be shocked, he said such funny things. I am afraid, my
+dear, he has to invent it all, for it fits exactly into whatever else he
+has to say. But this is a way slang has. I do not know myself if I shall
+ever speak slang; I do not know if Arthur likes it, as I have never
+heard him use any as yet. Well, Mr. Morris sat down beside me and looked
+as happy and jolly as he could, but I could see all the same that he was
+very nervous. He took my hand in his, and said ever so sweetly:--
+
+"'Miss Lucy, I know I ain't good enough to regulate the fixin's of your
+little shoes, but I guess if you wait till you find a man that is you
+will go join them seven young women with the lamps when you quit. Won't
+you just hitch up alongside of me and let us go down the long road
+together, driving in double harness?'
+
+"Well, he did look so good-humoured and so jolly that it didn't seem
+half so hard to refuse him as it did poor Dr. Seward; so I said, as
+lightly as I could, that I did not know anything of hitching, and that I
+wasn't broken to harness at all yet. Then he said that he had spoken in
+a light manner, and he hoped that if he had made a mistake in doing so
+on so grave, so momentous, an occasion for him, I would forgive him. He
+really did look serious when he was saying it, and I couldn't help
+feeling a bit serious too--I know, Mina, you will think me a horrid
+flirt--though I couldn't help feeling a sort of exultation that he was
+number two in one day. And then, my dear, before I could say a word he
+began pouring out a perfect torrent of love-making, laying his very
+heart and soul at my feet. He looked so earnest over it that I shall
+never again think that a man must be playful always, and never earnest,
+because he is merry at times. I suppose he saw something in my face
+which checked him, for he suddenly stopped, and said with a sort of
+manly fervour that I could have loved him for if I had been free:--
+
+"'Lucy, you are an honest-hearted girl, I know. I should not be here
+speaking to you as I am now if I did not believe you clean grit, right
+through to the very depths of your soul. Tell me, like one good fellow
+to another, is there any one else that you care for? And if there is
+I'll never trouble you a hair's breadth again, but will be, if you will
+let me, a very faithful friend.'
+
+"My dear Mina, why are men so noble when we women are so little worthy
+of them? Here was I almost making fun of this great-hearted, true
+gentleman. I burst into tears--I am afraid, my dear, you will think
+this a very sloppy letter in more ways than one--and I really felt very
+badly. Why can't they let a girl marry three men, or as many as want
+her, and save all this trouble? But this is heresy, and I must not say
+it. I am glad to say that, though I was crying, I was able to look into
+Mr. Morris's brave eyes, and I told him out straight:--
+
+"'Yes, there is some one I love, though he has not told me yet that he
+even loves me.' I was right to speak to him so frankly, for quite a
+light came into his face, and he put out both his hands and took mine--I
+think I put them into his--and said in a hearty way:--
+
+"'That's my brave girl. It's better worth being late for a chance of
+winning you than being in time for any other girl in the world. Don't
+cry, my dear. If it's for me, I'm a hard nut to crack; and I take it
+standing up. If that other fellow doesn't know his happiness, well, he'd
+better look for it soon, or he'll have to deal with me. Little girl,
+your honesty and pluck have made me a friend, and that's rarer than a
+lover; it's more unselfish anyhow. My dear, I'm going to have a pretty
+lonely walk between this and Kingdom Come. Won't you give me one kiss?
+It'll be something to keep off the darkness now and then. You can, you
+know, if you like, for that other good fellow--he must be a good fellow,
+my dear, and a fine fellow, or you could not love him--hasn't spoken
+yet.' That quite won me, Mina, for it _was_ brave and sweet of him, and
+noble, too, to a rival--wasn't it?--and he so sad; so I leant over and
+kissed him. He stood up with my two hands in his, and as he looked down
+into my face--I am afraid I was blushing very much--he said:--
+
+"'Little girl, I hold your hand, and you've kissed me, and if these
+things don't make us friends nothing ever will. Thank you for your sweet
+honesty to me, and good-bye.' He wrung my hand, and taking up his hat,
+went straight out of the room without looking back, without a tear or a
+quiver or a pause; and I am crying like a baby. Oh, why must a man like
+that be made unhappy when there are lots of girls about who would
+worship the very ground he trod on? I know I would if I were free--only
+I don't want to be free. My dear, this quite upset me, and I feel I
+cannot write of happiness just at once, after telling you of it; and I
+don't wish to tell of the number three until it can be all happy.
+
+"Ever your loving
+
+"LUCY.
+
+"P.S.--Oh, about number Three--I needn't tell you of number Three, need
+I? Besides, it was all so confused; it seemed only a moment from his
+coming into the room till both his arms were round me, and he was
+kissing me. I am very, very happy, and I don't know what I have done to
+deserve it. I must only try in the future to show that I am not
+ungrateful to God for all His goodness to me in sending to me such a
+lover, such a husband, and such a friend.
+
+"Good-bye."
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary._
+
+(Kept in phonograph)
+
+_25 May._--Ebb tide in appetite to-day. Cannot eat, cannot rest, so
+diary instead. Since my rebuff of yesterday I have a sort of empty
+feeling; nothing in the world seems of sufficient importance to be worth
+the doing.... As I knew that the only cure for this sort of thing was
+work, I went down amongst the patients. I picked out one who has
+afforded me a study of much interest. He is so quaint that I am
+determined to understand him as well as I can. To-day I seemed to get
+nearer than ever before to the heart of his mystery.
+
+I questioned him more fully than I had ever done, with a view to making
+myself master of the facts of his hallucination. In my manner of doing
+it there was, I now see, something of cruelty. I seemed to wish to keep
+him to the point of his madness--a thing which I avoid with the patients
+as I would the mouth of hell.
+
+(_Mem._, under what circumstances would I _not_ avoid the pit of hell?)
+_Omnia Romæ venalia sunt._ Hell has its price! _verb. sap._ If there be
+anything behind this instinct it will be valuable to trace it afterwards
+_accurately_, so I had better commence to do so, therefore--
+
+R. M. Renfield, ætat 59.--Sanguine temperament; great physical strength;
+morbidly excitable; periods of gloom, ending in some fixed idea which I
+cannot make out. I presume that the sanguine temperament itself and the
+disturbing influence end in a mentally-accomplished finish; a possibly
+dangerous man, probably dangerous if unselfish. In selfish men caution
+is as secure an armour for their foes as for themselves. What I think of
+on this point is, when self is the fixed point the centripetal force is
+balanced with the centrifugal; when duty, a cause, etc., is the fixed
+point, the latter force is paramount, and only accident or a series of
+accidents can balance it.
+
+
+_Letter, Quincey P. Morris to Hon. Arthur Holmwood._
+
+"_25 May._
+
+"My dear Art,--
+
+"We've told yarns by the camp-fire in the prairies; and dressed one
+another's wounds after trying a landing at the Marquesas; and drunk
+healths on the shore of Titicaca. There are more yarns to be told, and
+other wounds to be healed, and another health to be drunk. Won't you let
+this be at my camp-fire to-morrow night? I have no hesitation in asking
+you, as I know a certain lady is engaged to a certain dinner-party, and
+that you are free. There will only be one other, our old pal at the
+Korea, Jack Seward. He's coming, too, and we both want to mingle our
+weeps over the wine-cup, and to drink a health with all our hearts to
+the happiest man in all the wide world, who has won the noblest heart
+that God has made and the best worth winning. We promise you a hearty
+welcome, and a loving greeting, and a health as true as your own right
+hand. We shall both swear to leave you at home if you drink too deep to
+a certain pair of eyes. Come!
+
+"Yours, as ever and always,
+
+"QUINCEY P. MORRIS."
+
+
+_Telegram from Arthur Holmwood to Quincey P. Morris._
+
+"_26 May._
+
+"Count me in every time. I bear messages which will make both your ears
+tingle.
+
+"ART."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+MINA MURRAY'S JOURNAL
+
+
+_24 July. Whitby._--Lucy met me at the station, looking sweeter and
+lovelier than ever, and we drove up to the house at the Crescent in
+which they have rooms. This is a lovely place. The little river, the
+Esk, runs through a deep valley, which broadens out as it comes near the
+harbour. A great viaduct runs across, with high piers, through which the
+view seems somehow further away than it really is. The valley is
+beautifully green, and it is so steep that when you are on the high land
+on either side you look right across it, unless you are near enough to
+see down. The houses of the old town--the side away from us--are all
+red-roofed, and seem piled up one over the other anyhow, like the
+pictures we see of Nuremberg. Right over the town is the ruin of Whitby
+Abbey, which was sacked by the Danes, and which is the scene of part of
+"Marmion," where the girl was built up in the wall. It is a most noble
+ruin, of immense size, and full of beautiful and romantic bits; there is
+a legend that a white lady is seen in one of the windows. Between it and
+the town there is another church, the parish one, round which is a big
+graveyard, all full of tombstones. This is to my mind the nicest spot in
+Whitby, for it lies right over the town, and has a full view of the
+harbour and all up the bay to where the headland called Kettleness
+stretches out into the sea. It descends so steeply over the harbour that
+part of the bank has fallen away, and some of the graves have been
+destroyed. In one place part of the stonework of the graves stretches
+out over the sandy pathway far below. There are walks, with seats beside
+them, through the churchyard; and people go and sit there all day long
+looking at the beautiful view and enjoying the breeze. I shall come and
+sit here very often myself and work. Indeed, I am writing now, with my
+book on my knee, and listening to the talk of three old men who are
+sitting beside me. They seem to do nothing all day but sit up here and
+talk.
+
+The harbour lies below me, with, on the far side, one long granite wall
+stretching out into the sea, with a curve outwards at the end of it, in
+the middle of which is a lighthouse. A heavy sea-wall runs along outside
+of it. On the near side, the sea-wall makes an elbow crooked inversely,
+and its end too has a lighthouse. Between the two piers there is a
+narrow opening into the harbour, which then suddenly widens.
+
+It is nice at high water; but when the tide is out it shoals away to
+nothing, and there is merely the stream of the Esk, running between
+banks of sand, with rocks here and there. Outside the harbour on this
+side there rises for about half a mile a great reef, the sharp edge of
+which runs straight out from behind the south lighthouse. At the end of
+it is a buoy with a bell, which swings in bad weather, and sends in a
+mournful sound on the wind. They have a legend here that when a ship is
+lost bells are heard out at sea. I must ask the old man about this; he
+is coming this way....
+
+He is a funny old man. He must be awfully old, for his face is all
+gnarled and twisted like the bark of a tree. He tells me that he is
+nearly a hundred, and that he was a sailor in the Greenland fishing
+fleet when Waterloo was fought. He is, I am afraid, a very sceptical
+person, for when I asked him about the bells at sea and the White Lady
+at the abbey he said very brusquely:--
+
+"I wouldn't fash masel' about them, miss. Them things be all wore out.
+Mind, I don't say that they never was, but I do say that they wasn't in
+my time. They be all very well for comers and trippers, an' the like,
+but not for a nice young lady like you. Them feet-folks from York and
+Leeds that be always eatin' cured herrin's an' drinkin' tea an' lookin'
+out to buy cheap jet would creed aught. I wonder masel' who'd be
+bothered tellin' lies to them--even the newspapers, which is full of
+fool-talk." I thought he would be a good person to learn interesting
+things from, so I asked him if he would mind telling me something about
+the whale-fishing in the old days. He was just settling himself to begin
+when the clock struck six, whereupon he laboured to get up, and said:--
+
+"I must gang ageeanwards home now, miss. My grand-daughter doesn't like
+to be kept waitin' when the tea is ready, for it takes me time to
+crammle aboon the grees, for there be a many of 'em; an', miss, I lack
+belly-timber sairly by the clock."
+
+He hobbled away, and I could see him hurrying, as well as he could, down
+the steps. The steps are a great feature on the place. They lead from
+the town up to the church, there are hundreds of them--I do not know how
+many--and they wind up in a delicate curve; the slope is so gentle that
+a horse could easily walk up and down them. I think they must originally
+have had something to do with the abbey. I shall go home too. Lucy went
+out visiting with her mother, and as they were only duty calls, I did
+not go. They will be home by this.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_1 August._--I came up here an hour ago with Lucy, and we had a most
+interesting talk with my old friend and the two others who always come
+and join him. He is evidently the Sir Oracle of them, and I should think
+must have been in his time a most dictatorial person. He will not admit
+anything, and downfaces everybody. If he can't out-argue them he bullies
+them, and then takes their silence for agreement with his views. Lucy
+was looking sweetly pretty in her white lawn frock; she has got a
+beautiful colour since she has been here. I noticed that the old men did
+not lose any time in coming up and sitting near her when we sat down.
+She is so sweet with old people; I think they all fell in love with her
+on the spot. Even my old man succumbed and did not contradict her, but
+gave me double share instead. I got him on the subject of the legends,
+and he went off at once into a sort of sermon. I must try to remember it
+and put it down:--
+
+"It be all fool-talk, lock, stock, and barrel; that's what it be, an'
+nowt else. These bans an' wafts an' boh-ghosts an' barguests an' bogles
+an' all anent them is only fit to set bairns an' dizzy women
+a-belderin'. They be nowt but air-blebs. They, an' all grims an' signs
+an' warnin's, be all invented by parsons an' illsome beuk-bodies an'
+railway touters to skeer an' scunner hafflin's, an' to get folks to do
+somethin' that they don't other incline to. It makes me ireful to think
+o' them. Why, it's them that, not content with printin' lies on paper
+an' preachin' them out of pulpits, does want to be cuttin' them on the
+tombstones. Look here all around you in what airt ye will; all them
+steans, holdin' up their heads as well as they can out of their pride,
+is acant--simply tumblin' down with the weight o' the lies wrote on
+them, 'Here lies the body' or 'Sacred to the memory' wrote on all of
+them, an' yet in nigh half of them there bean't no bodies at all; an'
+the memories of them bean't cared a pinch of snuff about, much less
+sacred. Lies all of them, nothin' but lies of one kind or another! My
+gog, but it'll be a quare scowderment at the Day of Judgment when they
+come tumblin' up in their death-sarks, all jouped together an' tryin' to
+drag their tombsteans with them to prove how good they was; some of them
+trimmlin' and ditherin', with their hands that dozzened an' slippy from
+lyin' in the sea that they can't even keep their grup o' them."
+
+I could see from the old fellow's self-satisfied air and the way in
+which he looked round for the approval of his cronies that he was
+"showing off," so I put in a word to keep him going:--
+
+"Oh, Mr. Swales, you can't be serious. Surely these tombstones are not
+all wrong?"
+
+"Yabblins! There may be a poorish few not wrong, savin' where they make
+out the people too good; for there be folk that do think a balm-bowl be
+like the sea, if only it be their own. The whole thing be only lies. Now
+look you here; you come here a stranger, an' you see this kirk-garth." I
+nodded, for I thought it better to assent, though I did not quite
+understand his dialect. I knew it had something to do with the church.
+He went on: "And you consate that all these steans be aboon folk that be
+happed here, snod an' snog?" I assented again. "Then that be just where
+the lie comes in. Why, there be scores of these lay-beds that be toom as
+old Dun's 'bacca-box on Friday night." He nudged one of his companions,
+and they all laughed. "And my gog! how could they be otherwise? Look at
+that one, the aftest abaft the bier-bank: read it!" I went over and
+read:--
+
+"Edward Spencelagh, master mariner, murdered by pirates off the coast of
+Andres, April, 1854, æt. 30." When I came back Mr. Swales went on:--
+
+"Who brought him home, I wonder, to hap him here? Murdered off the coast
+of Andres! an' you consated his body lay under! Why, I could name ye a
+dozen whose bones lie in the Greenland seas above"--he pointed
+northwards--"or where the currents may have drifted them. There be the
+steans around ye. Ye can, with your young eyes, read the small-print of
+the lies from here. This Braithwaite Lowrey--I knew his father, lost in
+the _Lively_ off Greenland in '20; or Andrew Woodhouse, drowned in the
+same seas in 1777; or John Paxton, drowned off Cape Farewell a year
+later; or old John Rawlings, whose grandfather sailed with me, drowned
+in the Gulf of Finland in '50. Do ye think that all these men will have
+to make a rush to Whitby when the trumpet sounds? I have me antherums
+aboot it! I tell ye that when they got here they'd be jommlin' an'
+jostlin' one another that way that it 'ud be like a fight up on the ice
+in the old days, when we'd be at one another from daylight to dark, an'
+tryin' to tie up our cuts by the light of the aurora borealis." This was
+evidently local pleasantry, for the old man cackled over it, and his
+cronies joined in with gusto.
+
+"But," I said, "surely you are not quite correct, for you start on the
+assumption that all the poor people, or their spirits, will have to
+take their tombstones with them on the Day of Judgment. Do you think
+that will be really necessary?"
+
+"Well, what else be they tombstones for? Answer me that, miss!"
+
+"To please their relatives, I suppose."
+
+"To please their relatives, you suppose!" This he said with intense
+scorn. "How will it pleasure their relatives to know that lies is wrote
+over them, and that everybody in the place knows that they be lies?" He
+pointed to a stone at our feet which had been laid down as a slab, on
+which the seat was rested, close to the edge of the cliff. "Read the
+lies on that thruff-stean," he said. The letters were upside down to me
+from where I sat, but Lucy was more opposite to them, so she leant over
+and read:--
+
+"Sacred to the memory of George Canon, who died, in the hope of a
+glorious resurrection, on July, 29, 1873, falling from the rocks at
+Kettleness. This tomb was erected by his sorrowing mother to her dearly
+beloved son. 'He was the only son of his mother, and she was a widow.'
+Really, Mr. Swales, I don't see anything very funny in that!" She spoke
+her comment very gravely and somewhat severely.
+
+"Ye don't see aught funny! Ha! ha! But that's because ye don't gawm the
+sorrowin' mother was a hell-cat that hated him because he was
+acrewk'd--a regular lamiter he was--an' he hated her so that he
+committed suicide in order that she mightn't get an insurance she put on
+his life. He blew nigh the top of his head off with an old musket that
+they had for scarin' the crows with. 'Twarn't for crows then, for it
+brought the clegs and the dowps to him. That's the way he fell off the
+rocks. And, as to hopes of a glorious resurrection, I've often heard him
+say masel' that he hoped he'd go to hell, for his mother was so pious
+that she'd be sure to go to heaven, an' he didn't want to addle where
+she was. Now isn't that stean at any rate"--he hammered it with his
+stick as he spoke--"a pack of lies? and won't it make Gabriel keckle
+when Geordie comes pantin' up the grees with the tombstean balanced on
+his hump, and asks it to be took as evidence!"
+
+I did not know what to say, but Lucy turned the conversation as she
+said, rising up:--
+
+"Oh, why did you tell us of this? It is my favourite seat, and I cannot
+leave it; and now I find I must go on sitting over the grave of a
+suicide."
+
+"That won't harm ye, my pretty; an' it may make poor Geordie gladsome to
+have so trim a lass sittin' on his lap. That won't hurt ye. Why, I've
+sat here off an' on for nigh twenty years past, an' it hasn't done me
+no harm. Don't ye fash about them as lies under ye, or that doesn' lie
+there either! It'll be time for ye to be getting scart when ye see the
+tombsteans all run away with, and the place as bare as a stubble-field.
+There's the clock, an' I must gang. My service to ye, ladies!" And off
+he hobbled.
+
+Lucy and I sat awhile, and it was all so beautiful before us that we
+took hands as we sat; and she told me all over again about Arthur and
+their coming marriage. That made me just a little heart-sick, for I
+haven't heard from Jonathan for a whole month.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_The same day._ I came up here alone, for I am very sad. There was no
+letter for me. I hope there cannot be anything the matter with Jonathan.
+The clock has just struck nine. I see the lights scattered all over the
+town, sometimes in rows where the streets are, and sometimes singly;
+they run right up the Esk and die away in the curve of the valley. To my
+left the view is cut off by a black line of roof of the old house next
+the abbey. The sheep and lambs are bleating in the fields away behind
+me, and there is a clatter of a donkey's hoofs up the paved road below.
+The band on the pier is playing a harsh waltz in good time, and further
+along the quay there is a Salvation Army meeting in a back street.
+Neither of the bands hears the other, but up here I hear and see them
+both. I wonder where Jonathan is and if he is thinking of me! I wish he
+were here.
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary._
+
+_5 June._--The case of Renfield grows more interesting the more I get to
+understand the man. He has certain qualities very largely developed;
+selfishness, secrecy, and purpose. I wish I could get at what is the
+object of the latter. He seems to have some settled scheme of his own,
+but what it is I do not yet know. His redeeming quality is a love of
+animals, though, indeed, he has such curious turns in it that I
+sometimes imagine he is only abnormally cruel. His pets are of odd
+sorts. Just now his hobby is catching flies. He has at present such a
+quantity that I have had myself to expostulate. To my astonishment, he
+did not break out into a fury, as I expected, but took the matter in
+simple seriousness. He thought for a moment, and then said: "May I have
+three days? I shall clear them away." Of course, I said that would do. I
+must watch him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_18 June._--He has turned his mind now to spiders, and has got several
+very big fellows in a box. He keeps feeding them with his flies, and
+the number of the latter is becoming sensibly diminished, although he
+has used half his food in attracting more flies from outside to his
+room.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_1 July._--His spiders are now becoming as great a nuisance as his
+flies, and to-day I told him that he must get rid of them. He looked
+very sad at this, so I said that he must clear out some of them, at all
+events. He cheerfully acquiesced in this, and I gave him the same time
+as before for reduction. He disgusted me much while with him, for when a
+horrid blow-fly, bloated with some carrion food, buzzed into the room,
+he caught it, held it exultantly for a few moments between his finger
+and thumb, and, before I knew what he was going to do, put it in his
+mouth and ate it. I scolded him for it, but he argued quietly that it
+was very good and very wholesome; that it was life, strong life, and
+gave life to him. This gave me an idea, or the rudiment of one. I must
+watch how he gets rid of his spiders. He has evidently some deep problem
+in his mind, for he keeps a little note-book in which he is always
+jotting down something. Whole pages of it are filled with masses of
+figures, generally single numbers added up in batches, and then the
+totals added in batches again, as though he were "focussing" some
+account, as the auditors put it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_8 July._--There is a method in his madness, and the rudimentary idea in
+my mind is growing. It will be a whole idea soon, and then, oh,
+unconscious cerebration! you will have to give the wall to your
+conscious brother. I kept away from my friend for a few days, so that I
+might notice if there were any change. Things remain as they were except
+that he has parted with some of his pets and got a new one. He has
+managed to get a sparrow, and has already partially tamed it. His means
+of taming is simple, for already the spiders have diminished. Those that
+do remain, however, are well fed, for he still brings in the flies by
+tempting them with his food.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_19 July._--We are progressing. My friend has now a whole colony of
+sparrows, and his flies and spiders are almost obliterated. When I came
+in he ran to me and said he wanted to ask me a great favour--a very,
+very great favour; and as he spoke he fawned on me like a dog. I asked
+him what it was, and he said, with a sort of rapture in his voice and
+bearing:--
+
+"A kitten, a nice little, sleek playful kitten, that I can play with,
+and teach, and feed--and feed--and feed!" I was not unprepared for this
+request, for I had noticed how his pets went on increasing in size and
+vivacity, but I did not care that his pretty family of tame sparrows
+should be wiped out in the same manner as the flies and the spiders; so
+I said I would see about it, and asked him if he would not rather have a
+cat than a kitten. His eagerness betrayed him as he answered:--
+
+"Oh, yes, I would like a cat! I only asked for a kitten lest you should
+refuse me a cat. No one would refuse me a kitten, would they?" I shook
+my head, and said that at present I feared it would not be possible, but
+that I would see about it. His face fell, and I could see a warning of
+danger in it, for there was a sudden fierce, sidelong look which meant
+killing. The man is an undeveloped homicidal maniac. I shall test him
+with his present craving and see how it will work out; then I shall know
+more.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_10 p. m._--I have visited him again and found him sitting in a corner
+brooding. When I came in he threw himself on his knees before me and
+implored me to let him have a cat; that his salvation depended upon it.
+I was firm, however, and told him that he could not have it, whereupon
+he went without a word, and sat down, gnawing his fingers, in the corner
+where I had found him. I shall see him in the morning early.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_20 July._--Visited Renfield very early, before the attendant went his
+rounds. Found him up and humming a tune. He was spreading out his sugar,
+which he had saved, in the window, and was manifestly beginning his
+fly-catching again; and beginning it cheerfully and with a good grace. I
+looked around for his birds, and not seeing them, asked him where they
+were. He replied, without turning round, that they had all flown away.
+There were a few feathers about the room and on his pillow a drop of
+blood. I said nothing, but went and told the keeper to report to me if
+there were anything odd about him during the day.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_11 a. m._--The attendant has just been to me to say that Renfield has
+been very sick and has disgorged a whole lot of feathers. "My belief is,
+doctor," he said, "that he has eaten his birds, and that he just took
+and ate them raw!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_11 p. m._--I gave Renfield a strong opiate to-night, enough to make
+even him sleep, and took away his pocket-book to look at it. The thought
+that has been buzzing about my brain lately is complete, and the theory
+proved. My homicidal maniac is of a peculiar kind. I shall have to
+invent a new classification for him, and call him a zoöphagous
+(life-eating) maniac; what he desires is to absorb as many lives as he
+can, and he has laid himself out to achieve it in a cumulative way. He
+gave many flies to one spider and many spiders to one bird, and then
+wanted a cat to eat the many birds. What would have been his later
+steps? It would almost be worth while to complete the experiment. It
+might be done if there were only a sufficient cause. Men sneered at
+vivisection, and yet look at its results to-day! Why not advance science
+in its most difficult and vital aspect--the knowledge of the brain? Had
+I even the secret of one such mind--did I hold the key to the fancy of
+even one lunatic--I might advance my own branch of science to a pitch
+compared with which Burdon-Sanderson's physiology or Ferrier's
+brain-knowledge would be as nothing. If only there were a sufficient
+cause! I must not think too much of this, or I may be tempted; a good
+cause might turn the scale with me, for may not I too be of an
+exceptional brain, congenitally?
+
+How well the man reasoned; lunatics always do within their own scope. I
+wonder at how many lives he values a man, or if at only one. He has
+closed the account most accurately, and to-day begun a new record. How
+many of us begin a new record with each day of our lives?
+
+To me it seems only yesterday that my whole life ended with my new hope,
+and that truly I began a new record. So it will be until the Great
+Recorder sums me up and closes my ledger account with a balance to
+profit or loss. Oh, Lucy, Lucy, I cannot be angry with you, nor can I be
+angry with my friend whose happiness is yours; but I must only wait on
+hopeless and work. Work! work!
+
+If I only could have as strong a cause as my poor mad friend there--a
+good, unselfish cause to make me work--that would be indeed happiness.
+
+
+_Mina Murray's Journal._
+
+_26 July._--I am anxious, and it soothes me to express myself here; it
+is like whispering to one's self and listening at the same time. And
+there is also something about the shorthand symbols that makes it
+different from writing. I am unhappy about Lucy and about Jonathan. I
+had not heard from Jonathan for some time, and was very concerned; but
+yesterday dear Mr. Hawkins, who is always so kind, sent me a letter from
+him. I had written asking him if he had heard, and he said the enclosed
+had just been received. It is only a line dated from Castle Dracula,
+and says that he is just starting for home. That is not like Jonathan;
+I do not understand it, and it makes me uneasy. Then, too, Lucy,
+although she is so well, has lately taken to her old habit of walking in
+her sleep. Her mother has spoken to me about it, and we have decided
+that I am to lock the door of our room every night. Mrs. Westenra has
+got an idea that sleep-walkers always go out on roofs of houses and
+along the edges of cliffs and then get suddenly wakened and fall over
+with a despairing cry that echoes all over the place. Poor dear, she is
+naturally anxious about Lucy, and she tells me that her husband, Lucy's
+father, had the same habit; that he would get up in the night and dress
+himself and go out, if he were not stopped. Lucy is to be married in the
+autumn, and she is already planning out her dresses and how her house is
+to be arranged. I sympathise with her, for I do the same, only Jonathan
+and I will start in life in a very simple way, and shall have to try to
+make both ends meet. Mr. Holmwood--he is the Hon. Arthur Holmwood, only
+son of Lord Godalming--is coming up here very shortly--as soon as he can
+leave town, for his father is not very well, and I think dear Lucy is
+counting the moments till he comes. She wants to take him up to the seat
+on the churchyard cliff and show him the beauty of Whitby. I daresay it
+is the waiting which disturbs her; she will be all right when he
+arrives.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_27 July._--No news from Jonathan. I am getting quite uneasy about him,
+though why I should I do not know; but I do wish that he would write, if
+it were only a single line. Lucy walks more than ever, and each night I
+am awakened by her moving about the room. Fortunately, the weather is so
+hot that she cannot get cold; but still the anxiety and the perpetually
+being wakened is beginning to tell on me, and I am getting nervous and
+wakeful myself. Thank God, Lucy's health keeps up. Mr. Holmwood has been
+suddenly called to Ring to see his father, who has been taken seriously
+ill. Lucy frets at the postponement of seeing him, but it does not touch
+her looks; she is a trifle stouter, and her cheeks are a lovely
+rose-pink. She has lost that anæmic look which she had. I pray it will
+all last.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_3 August._--Another week gone, and no news from Jonathan, not even to
+Mr. Hawkins, from whom I have heard. Oh, I do hope he is not ill. He
+surely would have written. I look at that last letter of his, but
+somehow it does not satisfy me. It does not read like him, and yet it is
+his writing. There is no mistake of that. Lucy has not walked much in
+her sleep the last week, but there is an odd concentration about her
+which I do not understand; even in her sleep she seems to be watching
+me. She tries the door, and finding it locked, goes about the room
+searching for the key.
+
+_6 August._--Another three days, and no news. This suspense is getting
+dreadful. If I only knew where to write to or where to go to, I should
+feel easier; but no one has heard a word of Jonathan since that last
+letter. I must only pray to God for patience. Lucy is more excitable
+than ever, but is otherwise well. Last night was very threatening, and
+the fishermen say that we are in for a storm. I must try to watch it and
+learn the weather signs. To-day is a grey day, and the sun as I write is
+hidden in thick clouds, high over Kettleness. Everything is grey--except
+the green grass, which seems like emerald amongst it; grey earthy rock;
+grey clouds, tinged with the sunburst at the far edge, hang over the
+grey sea, into which the sand-points stretch like grey fingers. The sea
+is tumbling in over the shallows and the sandy flats with a roar,
+muffled in the sea-mists drifting inland. The horizon is lost in a grey
+mist. All is vastness; the clouds are piled up like giant rocks, and
+there is a "brool" over the sea that sounds like some presage of doom.
+Dark figures are on the beach here and there, sometimes half shrouded in
+the mist, and seem "men like trees walking." The fishing-boats are
+racing for home, and rise and dip in the ground swell as they sweep into
+the harbour, bending to the scuppers. Here comes old Mr. Swales. He is
+making straight for me, and I can see, by the way he lifts his hat, that
+he wants to talk....
+
+I have been quite touched by the change in the poor old man. When he sat
+down beside me, he said in a very gentle way:--
+
+"I want to say something to you, miss." I could see he was not at ease,
+so I took his poor old wrinkled hand in mine and asked him to speak
+fully; so he said, leaving his hand in mine:--
+
+"I'm afraid, my deary, that I must have shocked you by all the wicked
+things I've been sayin' about the dead, and such like, for weeks past;
+but I didn't mean them, and I want ye to remember that when I'm gone. We
+aud folks that be daffled, and with one foot abaft the krok-hooal, don't
+altogether like to think of it, and we don't want to feel scart of it;
+an' that's why I've took to makin' light of it, so that I'd cheer up my
+own heart a bit. But, Lord love ye, miss, I ain't afraid of dyin', not a
+bit; only I don't want to die if I can help it. My time must be nigh at
+hand now, for I be aud, and a hundred years is too much for any man to
+expect; and I'm so nigh it that the Aud Man is already whettin' his
+scythe. Ye see, I can't get out o' the habit of caffin' about it all at
+once; the chafts will wag as they be used to. Some day soon the Angel of
+Death will sound his trumpet for me. But don't ye dooal an' greet, my
+deary!"--for he saw that I was crying--"if he should come this very
+night I'd not refuse to answer his call. For life be, after all, only a
+waitin' for somethin' else than what we're doin'; and death be all that
+we can rightly depend on. But I'm content, for it's comin' to me, my
+deary, and comin' quick. It may be comin' while we be lookin' and
+wonderin'. Maybe it's in that wind out over the sea that's bringin' with
+it loss and wreck, and sore distress, and sad hearts. Look! look!" he
+cried suddenly. "There's something in that wind and in the hoast beyont
+that sounds, and looks, and tastes, and smells like death. It's in the
+air; I feel it comin'. Lord, make me answer cheerful when my call
+comes!" He held up his arms devoutly, and raised his hat. His mouth
+moved as though he were praying. After a few minutes' silence, he got
+up, shook hands with me, and blessed me, and said good-bye, and hobbled
+off. It all touched me, and upset me very much.
+
+I was glad when the coastguard came along, with his spy-glass under his
+arm. He stopped to talk with me, as he always does, but all the time
+kept looking at a strange ship.
+
+"I can't make her out," he said; "she's a Russian, by the look of her;
+but she's knocking about in the queerest way. She doesn't know her mind
+a bit; she seems to see the storm coming, but can't decide whether to
+run up north in the open, or to put in here. Look there again! She is
+steered mighty strangely, for she doesn't mind the hand on the wheel;
+changes about with every puff of wind. We'll hear more of her before
+this time to-morrow."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+CUTTING FROM "THE DAILYGRAPH," 8 AUGUST
+
+
+(_Pasted in Mina Murray's Journal._)
+
+From a Correspondent.
+
+_Whitby_.
+
+One of the greatest and suddenest storms on record has just been
+experienced here, with results both strange and unique. The weather had
+been somewhat sultry, but not to any degree uncommon in the month of
+August. Saturday evening was as fine as was ever known, and the great
+body of holiday-makers laid out yesterday for visits to Mulgrave Woods,
+Robin Hood's Bay, Rig Mill, Runswick, Staithes, and the various trips in
+the neighbourhood of Whitby. The steamers _Emma_ and _Scarborough_ made
+trips up and down the coast, and there was an unusual amount of
+"tripping" both to and from Whitby. The day was unusually fine till the
+afternoon, when some of the gossips who frequent the East Cliff
+churchyard, and from that commanding eminence watch the wide sweep of
+sea visible to the north and east, called attention to a sudden show of
+"mares'-tails" high in the sky to the north-west. The wind was then
+blowing from the south-west in the mild degree which in barometrical
+language is ranked "No. 2: light breeze." The coastguard on duty at once
+made report, and one old fisherman, who for more than half a century has
+kept watch on weather signs from the East Cliff, foretold in an emphatic
+manner the coming of a sudden storm. The approach of sunset was so very
+beautiful, so grand in its masses of splendidly-coloured clouds, that
+there was quite an assemblage on the walk along the cliff in the old
+churchyard to enjoy the beauty. Before the sun dipped below the black
+mass of Kettleness, standing boldly athwart the western sky, its
+downward way was marked by myriad clouds of every sunset-colour--flame,
+purple, pink, green, violet, and all the tints of gold; with here and
+there masses not large, but of seemingly absolute blackness, in all
+sorts of shapes, as well outlined as colossal silhouettes. The
+experience was not lost on the painters, and doubtless some of the
+sketches of the "Prelude to the Great Storm" will grace the R. A. and R.
+I. walls in May next. More than one captain made up his mind then and
+there that his "cobble" or his "mule," as they term the different
+classes of boats, would remain in the harbour till the storm had passed.
+The wind fell away entirely during the evening, and at midnight there
+was a dead calm, a sultry heat, and that prevailing intensity which, on
+the approach of thunder, affects persons of a sensitive nature. There
+were but few lights in sight at sea, for even the coasting steamers,
+which usually "hug" the shore so closely, kept well to seaward, and but
+few fishing-boats were in sight. The only sail noticeable was a foreign
+schooner with all sails set, which was seemingly going westwards. The
+foolhardiness or ignorance of her officers was a prolific theme for
+comment whilst she remained in sight, and efforts were made to signal
+her to reduce sail in face of her danger. Before the night shut down she
+was seen with sails idly flapping as she gently rolled on the undulating
+swell of the sea,
+
+    "As idle as a painted ship upon a painted ocean."
+
+Shortly before ten o'clock the stillness of the air grew quite
+oppressive, and the silence was so marked that the bleating of a sheep
+inland or the barking of a dog in the town was distinctly heard, and the
+band on the pier, with its lively French air, was like a discord in the
+great harmony of nature's silence. A little after midnight came a
+strange sound from over the sea, and high overhead the air began to
+carry a strange, faint, hollow booming.
+
+Then without warning the tempest broke. With a rapidity which, at the
+time, seemed incredible, and even afterwards is impossible to realize,
+the whole aspect of nature at once became convulsed. The waves rose in
+growing fury, each overtopping its fellow, till in a very few minutes
+the lately glassy sea was like a roaring and devouring monster.
+White-crested waves beat madly on the level sands and rushed up the
+shelving cliffs; others broke over the piers, and with their spume swept
+the lanthorns of the lighthouses which rise from the end of either pier
+of Whitby Harbour. The wind roared like thunder, and blew with such
+force that it was with difficulty that even strong men kept their feet,
+or clung with grim clasp to the iron stanchions. It was found necessary
+to clear the entire piers from the mass of onlookers, or else the
+fatalities of the night would have been increased manifold. To add to
+the difficulties and dangers of the time, masses of sea-fog came
+drifting inland--white, wet clouds, which swept by in ghostly fashion,
+so dank and damp and cold that it needed but little effort of
+imagination to think that the spirits of those lost at sea were
+touching their living brethren with the clammy hands of death, and many
+a one shuddered as the wreaths of sea-mist swept by. At times the mist
+cleared, and the sea for some distance could be seen in the glare of the
+lightning, which now came thick and fast, followed by such sudden peals
+of thunder that the whole sky overhead seemed trembling under the shock
+of the footsteps of the storm.
+
+Some of the scenes thus revealed were of immeasurable grandeur and of
+absorbing interest--the sea, running mountains high, threw skywards with
+each wave mighty masses of white foam, which the tempest seemed to
+snatch at and whirl away into space; here and there a fishing-boat, with
+a rag of sail, running madly for shelter before the blast; now and again
+the white wings of a storm-tossed sea-bird. On the summit of the East
+Cliff the new searchlight was ready for experiment, but had not yet been
+tried. The officers in charge of it got it into working order, and in
+the pauses of the inrushing mist swept with it the surface of the sea.
+Once or twice its service was most effective, as when a fishing-boat,
+with gunwale under water, rushed into the harbour, able, by the guidance
+of the sheltering light, to avoid the danger of dashing against the
+piers. As each boat achieved the safety of the port there was a shout of
+joy from the mass of people on shore, a shout which for a moment seemed
+to cleave the gale and was then swept away in its rush.
+
+Before long the searchlight discovered some distance away a schooner
+with all sails set, apparently the same vessel which had been noticed
+earlier in the evening. The wind had by this time backed to the east,
+and there was a shudder amongst the watchers on the cliff as they
+realized the terrible danger in which she now was. Between her and the
+port lay the great flat reef on which so many good ships have from time
+to time suffered, and, with the wind blowing from its present quarter,
+it would be quite impossible that she should fetch the entrance of the
+harbour. It was now nearly the hour of high tide, but the waves were so
+great that in their troughs the shallows of the shore were almost
+visible, and the schooner, with all sails set, was rushing with such
+speed that, in the words of one old salt, "she must fetch up somewhere,
+if it was only in hell." Then came another rush of sea-fog, greater than
+any hitherto--a mass of dank mist, which seemed to close on all things
+like a grey pall, and left available to men only the organ of hearing,
+for the roar of the tempest, and the crash of the thunder, and the
+booming of the mighty billows came through the damp oblivion even louder
+than before. The rays of the searchlight were kept fixed on the harbour
+mouth across the East Pier, where the shock was expected, and men waited
+breathless. The wind suddenly shifted to the north-east, and the remnant
+of the sea-fog melted in the blast; and then, _mirabile dictu_, between
+the piers, leaping from wave to wave as it rushed at headlong speed,
+swept the strange schooner before the blast, with all sail set, and
+gained the safety of the harbour. The searchlight followed her, and a
+shudder ran through all who saw her, for lashed to the helm was a
+corpse, with drooping head, which swung horribly to and fro at each
+motion of the ship. No other form could be seen on deck at all. A great
+awe came on all as they realised that the ship, as if by a miracle, had
+found the harbour, unsteered save by the hand of a dead man! However,
+all took place more quickly than it takes to write these words. The
+schooner paused not, but rushing across the harbour, pitched herself on
+that accumulation of sand and gravel washed by many tides and many
+storms into the south-east corner of the pier jutting under the East
+Cliff, known locally as Tate Hill Pier.
+
+There was of course a considerable concussion as the vessel drove up on
+the sand heap. Every spar, rope, and stay was strained, and some of the
+"top-hammer" came crashing down. But, strangest of all, the very instant
+the shore was touched, an immense dog sprang up on deck from below, as
+if shot up by the concussion, and running forward, jumped from the bow
+on the sand. Making straight for the steep cliff, where the churchyard
+hangs over the laneway to the East Pier so steeply that some of the flat
+tombstones--"thruff-steans" or "through-stones," as they call them in
+the Whitby vernacular--actually project over where the sustaining cliff
+has fallen away, it disappeared in the darkness, which seemed
+intensified just beyond the focus of the searchlight.
+
+It so happened that there was no one at the moment on Tate Hill Pier, as
+all those whose houses are in close proximity were either in bed or were
+out on the heights above. Thus the coastguard on duty on the eastern
+side of the harbour, who at once ran down to the little pier, was the
+first to climb on board. The men working the searchlight, after scouring
+the entrance of the harbour without seeing anything, then turned the
+light on the derelict and kept it there. The coastguard ran aft, and
+when he came beside the wheel, bent over to examine it, and recoiled at
+once as though under some sudden emotion. This seemed to pique general
+curiosity, and quite a number of people began to run. It is a good way
+round from the West Cliff by the Drawbridge to Tate Hill Pier, but your
+correspondent is a fairly good runner, and came well ahead of the crowd.
+When I arrived, however, I found already assembled on the pier a crowd,
+whom the coastguard and police refused to allow to come on board. By the
+courtesy of the chief boatman, I was, as your correspondent, permitted
+to climb on deck, and was one of a small group who saw the dead seaman
+whilst actually lashed to the wheel.
+
+It was no wonder that the coastguard was surprised, or even awed, for
+not often can such a sight have been seen. The man was simply fastened
+by his hands, tied one over the other, to a spoke of the wheel. Between
+the inner hand and the wood was a crucifix, the set of beads on which it
+was fastened being around both wrists and wheel, and all kept fast by
+the binding cords. The poor fellow may have been seated at one time, but
+the flapping and buffeting of the sails had worked through the rudder of
+the wheel and dragged him to and fro, so that the cords with which he
+was tied had cut the flesh to the bone. Accurate note was made of the
+state of things, and a doctor--Surgeon J. M. Caffyn, of 33, East Elliot
+Place--who came immediately after me, declared, after making
+examination, that the man must have been dead for quite two days. In his
+pocket was a bottle, carefully corked, empty save for a little roll of
+paper, which proved to be the addendum to the log. The coastguard said
+the man must have tied up his own hands, fastening the knots with his
+teeth. The fact that a coastguard was the first on board may save some
+complications, later on, in the Admiralty Court; for coastguards cannot
+claim the salvage which is the right of the first civilian entering on a
+derelict. Already, however, the legal tongues are wagging, and one young
+law student is loudly asserting that the rights of the owner are already
+completely sacrificed, his property being held in contravention of the
+statutes of mortmain, since the tiller, as emblemship, if not proof, of
+delegated possession, is held in a _dead hand_. It is needless to say
+that the dead steersman has been reverently removed from the place where
+he held his honourable watch and ward till death--a steadfastness as
+noble as that of the young Casabianca--and placed in the mortuary to
+await inquest.
+
+Already the sudden storm is passing, and its fierceness is abating;
+crowds are scattering homeward, and the sky is beginning to redden over
+the Yorkshire wolds. I shall send, in time for your next issue, further
+details of the derelict ship which found her way so miraculously into
+harbour in the storm.
+
+_Whitby_
+
+_9 August._--The sequel to the strange arrival of the derelict in the
+storm last night is almost more startling than the thing itself. It
+turns out that the schooner is a Russian from Varna, and is called the
+_Demeter_. She is almost entirely in ballast of silver sand, with only a
+small amount of cargo--a number of great wooden boxes filled with mould.
+This cargo was consigned to a Whitby solicitor, Mr. S. F. Billington, of
+7, The Crescent, who this morning went aboard and formally took
+possession of the goods consigned to him. The Russian consul, too,
+acting for the charter-party, took formal possession of the ship, and
+paid all harbour dues, etc. Nothing is talked about here to-day except
+the strange coincidence; the officials of the Board of Trade have been
+most exacting in seeing that every compliance has been made with
+existing regulations. As the matter is to be a "nine days' wonder," they
+are evidently determined that there shall be no cause of after
+complaint. A good deal of interest was abroad concerning the dog which
+landed when the ship struck, and more than a few of the members of the
+S. P. C. A., which is very strong in Whitby, have tried to befriend the
+animal. To the general disappointment, however, it was not to be found;
+it seems to have disappeared entirely from the town. It may be that it
+was frightened and made its way on to the moors, where it is still
+hiding in terror. There are some who look with dread on such a
+possibility, lest later on it should in itself become a danger, for it
+is evidently a fierce brute. Early this morning a large dog, a half-bred
+mastiff belonging to a coal merchant close to Tate Hill Pier, was found
+dead in the roadway opposite to its master's yard. It had been fighting,
+and manifestly had had a savage opponent, for its throat was torn away,
+and its belly was slit open as if with a savage claw.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Later._--By the kindness of the Board of Trade inspector, I have been
+permitted to look over the log-book of the _Demeter_, which was in order
+up to within three days, but contained nothing of special interest
+except as to facts of missing men. The greatest interest, however, is
+with regard to the paper found in the bottle, which was to-day produced
+at the inquest; and a more strange narrative than the two between them
+unfold it has not been my lot to come across. As there is no motive for
+concealment, I am permitted to use them, and accordingly send you a
+rescript, simply omitting technical details of seamanship and
+supercargo. It almost seems as though the captain had been seized with
+some kind of mania before he had got well into blue water, and that
+this had developed persistently throughout the voyage. Of course my
+statement must be taken _cum grano_, since I am writing from the
+dictation of a clerk of the Russian consul, who kindly translated for
+me, time being short.
+
+                         LOG OF THE "DEMETER."
+
+
+_Varna to Whitby._
+
+_Written 18 July, things so strange happening, that I shall keep
+accurate note henceforth till we land._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On 6 July we finished taking in cargo, silver sand and boxes of earth.
+At noon set sail. East wind, fresh. Crew, five hands ... two mates,
+cook, and myself (captain).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On 11 July at dawn entered Bosphorus. Boarded by Turkish Customs
+officers. Backsheesh. All correct. Under way at 4 p. m.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On 12 July through Dardanelles. More Customs officers and flagboat of
+guarding squadron. Backsheesh again. Work of officers thorough, but
+quick. Want us off soon. At dark passed into Archipelago.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On 13 July passed Cape Matapan. Crew dissatisfied about something.
+Seemed scared, but would not speak out.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On 14 July was somewhat anxious about crew. Men all steady fellows, who
+sailed with me before. Mate could not make out what was wrong; they only
+told him there was _something_, and crossed themselves. Mate lost temper
+with one of them that day and struck him. Expected fierce quarrel, but
+all was quiet.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On 16 July mate reported in the morning that one of crew, Petrofsky, was
+missing. Could not account for it. Took larboard watch eight bells last
+night; was relieved by Abramoff, but did not go to bunk. Men more
+downcast than ever. All said they expected something of the kind, but
+would not say more than there was _something_ aboard. Mate getting very
+impatient with them; feared some trouble ahead.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On 17 July, yesterday, one of the men, Olgaren, came to my cabin, and in
+an awestruck way confided to me that he thought there was a strange man
+aboard the ship. He said that in his watch he had been sheltering
+behind the deck-house, as there was a rain-storm, when he saw a tall,
+thin man, who was not like any of the crew, come up the companion-way,
+and go along the deck forward, and disappear. He followed cautiously,
+but when he got to bows found no one, and the hatchways were all closed.
+He was in a panic of superstitious fear, and I am afraid the panic may
+spread. To allay it, I shall to-day search entire ship carefully from
+stem to stern.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Later in the day I got together the whole crew, and told them, as they
+evidently thought there was some one in the ship, we would search from
+stem to stern. First mate angry; said it was folly, and to yield to such
+foolish ideas would demoralise the men; said he would engage to keep
+them out of trouble with a handspike. I let him take the helm, while the
+rest began thorough search, all keeping abreast, with lanterns: we left
+no corner unsearched. As there were only the big wooden boxes, there
+were no odd corners where a man could hide. Men much relieved when
+search over, and went back to work cheerfully. First mate scowled, but
+said nothing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_22 July_.--Rough weather last three days, and all hands busy with
+sails--no time to be frightened. Men seem to have forgotten their dread.
+Mate cheerful again, and all on good terms. Praised men for work in bad
+weather. Passed Gibralter and out through Straits. All well.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_24 July_.--There seems some doom over this ship. Already a hand short,
+and entering on the Bay of Biscay with wild weather ahead, and yet last
+night another man lost--disappeared. Like the first, he came off his
+watch and was not seen again. Men all in a panic of fear; sent a round
+robin, asking to have double watch, as they fear to be alone. Mate
+angry. Fear there will be some trouble, as either he or the men will do
+some violence.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_28 July_.--Four days in hell, knocking about in a sort of maelstrom,
+and the wind a tempest. No sleep for any one. Men all worn out. Hardly
+know how to set a watch, since no one fit to go on. Second mate
+volunteered to steer and watch, and let men snatch a few hours' sleep.
+Wind abating; seas still terrific, but feel them less, as ship is
+steadier.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_29 July_.--Another tragedy. Had single watch to-night, as crew too
+tired to double. When morning watch came on deck could find no one
+except steersman. Raised outcry, and all came on deck. Thorough search,
+but no one found. Are now without second mate, and crew in a panic. Mate
+and I agreed to go armed henceforth and wait for any sign of cause.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_30 July_.--Last night. Rejoiced we are nearing England. Weather fine,
+all sails set. Retired worn out; slept soundly; awaked by mate telling
+me that both man of watch and steersman missing. Only self and mate and
+two hands left to work ship.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_1 August_.--Two days of fog, and not a sail sighted. Had hoped when in
+the English Channel to be able to signal for help or get in somewhere.
+Not having power to work sails, have to run before wind. Dare not lower,
+as could not raise them again. We seem to be drifting to some terrible
+doom. Mate now more demoralised than either of men. His stronger nature
+seems to have worked inwardly against himself. Men are beyond fear,
+working stolidly and patiently, with minds made up to worst. They are
+Russian, he Roumanian.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_2 August, midnight_.--Woke up from few minutes' sleep by hearing a cry,
+seemingly outside my port. Could see nothing in fog. Rushed on deck, and
+ran against mate. Tells me heard cry and ran, but no sign of man on
+watch. One more gone. Lord, help us! Mate says we must be past Straits
+of Dover, as in a moment of fog lifting he saw North Foreland, just as
+he heard the man cry out. If so we are now off in the North Sea, and
+only God can guide us in the fog, which seems to move with us; and God
+seems to have deserted us.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_3 August_.--At midnight I went to relieve the man at the wheel, and
+when I got to it found no one there. The wind was steady, and as we ran
+before it there was no yawing. I dared not leave it, so shouted for the
+mate. After a few seconds he rushed up on deck in his flannels. He
+looked wild-eyed and haggard, and I greatly fear his reason has given
+way. He came close to me and whispered hoarsely, with his mouth to my
+ear, as though fearing the very air might hear: "_It_ is here; I know
+it, now. On the watch last night I saw It, like a man, tall and thin,
+and ghastly pale. It was in the bows, and looking out. I crept behind
+It, and gave It my knife; but the knife went through It, empty as the
+air." And as he spoke he took his knife and drove it savagely into
+space. Then he went on: "But It is here, and I'll find It. It is in the
+hold, perhaps in one of those boxes. I'll unscrew them one by one and
+see. You work the helm." And, with a warning look and his finger on his
+lip, he went below. There was springing up a choppy wind, and I could
+not leave the helm. I saw him come out on deck again with a tool-chest
+and a lantern, and go down the forward hatchway. He is mad, stark,
+raving mad, and it's no use my trying to stop him. He can't hurt those
+big boxes: they are invoiced as "clay," and to pull them about is as
+harmless a thing as he can do. So here I stay, and mind the helm, and
+write these notes. I can only trust in God and wait till the fog clears.
+Then, if I can't steer to any harbour with the wind that is, I shall cut
+down sails and lie by, and signal for help....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It is nearly all over now. Just as I was beginning to hope that the mate
+would come out calmer--for I heard him knocking away at something in the
+hold, and work is good for him--there came up the hatchway a sudden,
+startled scream, which made my blood run cold, and up on the deck he
+came as if shot from a gun--a raging madman, with his eyes rolling and
+his face convulsed with fear. "Save me! save me!" he cried, and then
+looked round on the blanket of fog. His horror turned to despair, and in
+a steady voice he said: "You had better come too, captain, before it is
+too late. _He_ is there. I know the secret now. The sea will save me
+from Him, and it is all that is left!" Before I could say a word, or
+move forward to seize him, he sprang on the bulwark and deliberately
+threw himself into the sea. I suppose I know the secret too, now. It was
+this madman who had got rid of the men one by one, and now he has
+followed them himself. God help me! How am I to account for all these
+horrors when I get to port? _When_ I get to port! Will that ever be?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_4 August._--Still fog, which the sunrise cannot pierce. I know there is
+sunrise because I am a sailor, why else I know not. I dared not go
+below, I dared not leave the helm; so here all night I stayed, and in
+the dimness of the night I saw It--Him! God forgive me, but the mate was
+right to jump overboard. It was better to die like a man; to die like a
+sailor in blue water no man can object. But I am captain, and I must not
+leave my ship. But I shall baffle this fiend or monster, for I shall tie
+my hands to the wheel when my strength begins to fail, and along with
+them I shall tie that which He--It!--dare not touch; and then, come good
+wind or foul, I shall save my soul, and my honour as a captain. I am
+growing weaker, and the night is coming on. If He can look me in the
+face again, I may not have time to act.... If we are wrecked, mayhap
+this bottle may be found, and those who find it may understand; if not,
+... well, then all men shall know that I have been true to my trust. God
+and the Blessed Virgin and the saints help a poor ignorant soul trying
+to do his duty....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Of course the verdict was an open one. There is no evidence to adduce;
+and whether or not the man himself committed the murders there is now
+none to say. The folk here hold almost universally that the captain is
+simply a hero, and he is to be given a public funeral. Already it is
+arranged that his body is to be taken with a train of boats up the Esk
+for a piece and then brought back to Tate Hill Pier and up the abbey
+steps; for he is to be buried in the churchyard on the cliff. The owners
+of more than a hundred boats have already given in their names as
+wishing to follow him to the grave.
+
+No trace has ever been found of the great dog; at which there is much
+mourning, for, with public opinion in its present state, he would, I
+believe, be adopted by the town. To-morrow will see the funeral; and so
+will end this one more "mystery of the sea."
+
+
+_Mina Murray's Journal._
+
+_8 August._--Lucy was very restless all night, and I, too, could not
+sleep. The storm was fearful, and as it boomed loudly among the
+chimney-pots, it made me shudder. When a sharp puff came it seemed to be
+like a distant gun. Strangely enough, Lucy did not wake; but she got up
+twice and dressed herself. Fortunately, each time I awoke in time and
+managed to undress her without waking her, and got her back to bed. It
+is a very strange thing, this sleep-walking, for as soon as her will is
+thwarted in any physical way, her intention, if there be any,
+disappears, and she yields herself almost exactly to the routine of her
+life.
+
+Early in the morning we both got up and went down to the harbour to see
+if anything had happened in the night. There were very few people about,
+and though the sun was bright, and the air clear and fresh, the big,
+grim-looking waves, that seemed dark themselves because the foam that
+topped them was like snow, forced themselves in through the narrow mouth
+of the harbour--like a bullying man going through a crowd. Somehow I
+felt glad that Jonathan was not on the sea last night, but on land. But,
+oh, is he on land or sea? Where is he, and how? I am getting fearfully
+anxious about him. If I only knew what to do, and could do anything!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_10 August._--The funeral of the poor sea-captain to-day was most
+touching. Every boat in the harbour seemed to be there, and the coffin
+was carried by captains all the way from Tate Hill Pier up to the
+churchyard. Lucy came with me, and we went early to our old seat, whilst
+the cortège of boats went up the river to the Viaduct and came down
+again. We had a lovely view, and saw the procession nearly all the way.
+The poor fellow was laid to rest quite near our seat so that we stood on
+it when the time came and saw everything. Poor Lucy seemed much upset.
+She was restless and uneasy all the time, and I cannot but think that
+her dreaming at night is telling on her. She is quite odd in one thing:
+she will not admit to me that there is any cause for restlessness; or if
+there be, she does not understand it herself. There is an additional
+cause in that poor old Mr. Swales was found dead this morning on our
+seat, his neck being broken. He had evidently, as the doctor said,
+fallen back in the seat in some sort of fright, for there was a look of
+fear and horror on his face that the men said made them shudder. Poor
+dear old man! Perhaps he had seen Death with his dying eyes! Lucy is so
+sweet and sensitive that she feels influences more acutely than other
+people do. Just now she was quite upset by a little thing which I did
+not much heed, though I am myself very fond of animals. One of the men
+who came up here often to look for the boats was followed by his dog.
+The dog is always with him. They are both quiet persons, and I never saw
+the man angry, nor heard the dog bark. During the service the dog would
+not come to its master, who was on the seat with us, but kept a few
+yards off, barking and howling. Its master spoke to it gently, and then
+harshly, and then angrily; but it would neither come nor cease to make a
+noise. It was in a sort of fury, with its eyes savage, and all its hairs
+bristling out like a cat's tail when puss is on the war-path. Finally
+the man, too, got angry, and jumped down and kicked the dog, and then
+took it by the scruff of the neck and half dragged and half threw it on
+the tombstone on which the seat is fixed. The moment it touched the
+stone the poor thing became quiet and fell all into a tremble. It did
+not try to get away, but crouched down, quivering and cowering, and was
+in such a pitiable state of terror that I tried, though without effect,
+to comfort it. Lucy was full of pity, too, but she did not attempt to
+touch the dog, but looked at it in an agonised sort of way. I greatly
+fear that she is of too super-sensitive a nature to go through the world
+without trouble. She will be dreaming of this to-night, I am sure. The
+whole agglomeration of things--the ship steered into port by a dead
+man; his attitude, tied to the wheel with a crucifix and beads; the
+touching funeral; the dog, now furious and now in terror--will all
+afford material for her dreams.
+
+I think it will be best for her to go to bed tired out physically, so I
+shall take her for a long walk by the cliffs to Robin Hood's Bay and
+back. She ought not to have much inclination for sleep-walking then.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+MINA MURRAY'S JOURNAL
+
+
+_Same day, 11 o'clock p. m._--Oh, but I am tired! If it were not that I
+had made my diary a duty I should not open it to-night. We had a lovely
+walk. Lucy, after a while, was in gay spirits, owing, I think, to some
+dear cows who came nosing towards us in a field close to the lighthouse,
+and frightened the wits out of us. I believe we forgot everything
+except, of course, personal fear, and it seemed to wipe the slate clean
+and give us a fresh start. We had a capital "severe tea" at Robin Hood's
+Bay in a sweet little old-fashioned inn, with a bow-window right over
+the seaweed-covered rocks of the strand. I believe we should have
+shocked the "New Woman" with our appetites. Men are more tolerant, bless
+them! Then we walked home with some, or rather many, stoppages to rest,
+and with our hearts full of a constant dread of wild bulls. Lucy was
+really tired, and we intended to creep off to bed as soon as we could.
+The young curate came in, however, and Mrs. Westenra asked him to stay
+for supper. Lucy and I had both a fight for it with the dusty miller; I
+know it was a hard fight on my part, and I am quite heroic. I think that
+some day the bishops must get together and see about breeding up a new
+class of curates, who don't take supper, no matter how they may be
+pressed to, and who will know when girls are tired. Lucy is asleep and
+breathing softly. She has more colour in her cheeks than usual, and
+looks, oh, so sweet. If Mr. Holmwood fell in love with her seeing her
+only in the drawing-room, I wonder what he would say if he saw her now.
+Some of the "New Women" writers will some day start an idea that men and
+women should be allowed to see each other asleep before proposing or
+accepting. But I suppose the New Woman won't condescend in future to
+accept; she will do the proposing herself. And a nice job she will make
+of it, too! There's some consolation in that. I am so happy to-night,
+because dear Lucy seems better. I really believe she has turned the
+corner, and that we are over her troubles with dreaming. I should be
+quite happy if I only knew if Jonathan.... God bless and keep him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_11 August, 3 a. m._--Diary again. No sleep now, so I may as well write.
+I am too agitated to sleep. We have had such an adventure, such an
+agonising experience. I fell asleep as soon as I had closed my diary....
+Suddenly I became broad awake, and sat up, with a horrible sense of fear
+upon me, and of some feeling of emptiness around me. The room was dark,
+so I could not see Lucy's bed; I stole across and felt for her. The bed
+was empty. I lit a match and found that she was not in the room. The
+door was shut, but not locked, as I had left it. I feared to wake her
+mother, who has been more than usually ill lately, so threw on some
+clothes and got ready to look for her. As I was leaving the room it
+struck me that the clothes she wore might give me some clue to her
+dreaming intention. Dressing-gown would mean house; dress, outside.
+Dressing-gown and dress were both in their places. "Thank God," I said
+to myself, "she cannot be far, as she is only in her nightdress." I ran
+downstairs and looked in the sitting-room. Not there! Then I looked in
+all the other open rooms of the house, with an ever-growing fear
+chilling my heart. Finally I came to the hall door and found it open. It
+was not wide open, but the catch of the lock had not caught. The people
+of the house are careful to lock the door every night, so I feared that
+Lucy must have gone out as she was. There was no time to think of what
+might happen; a vague, overmastering fear obscured all details. I took a
+big, heavy shawl and ran out. The clock was striking one as I was in the
+Crescent, and there was not a soul in sight. I ran along the North
+Terrace, but could see no sign of the white figure which I expected. At
+the edge of the West Cliff above the pier I looked across the harbour to
+the East Cliff, in the hope or fear--I don't know which--of seeing Lucy
+in our favourite seat. There was a bright full moon, with heavy black,
+driving clouds, which threw the whole scene into a fleeting diorama of
+light and shade as they sailed across. For a moment or two I could see
+nothing, as the shadow of a cloud obscured St. Mary's Church and all
+around it. Then as the cloud passed I could see the ruins of the abbey
+coming into view; and as the edge of a narrow band of light as sharp as
+a sword-cut moved along, the church and the churchyard became gradually
+visible. Whatever my expectation was, it was not disappointed, for
+there, on our favourite seat, the silver light of the moon struck a
+half-reclining figure, snowy white. The coming of the cloud was too
+quick for me to see much, for shadow shut down on light almost
+immediately; but it seemed to me as though something dark stood behind
+the seat where the white figure shone, and bent over it. What it was,
+whether man or beast, I could not tell; I did not wait to catch another
+glance, but flew down the steep steps to the pier and along by the
+fish-market to the bridge, which was the only way to reach the East
+Cliff. The town seemed as dead, for not a soul did I see; I rejoiced
+that it was so, for I wanted no witness of poor Lucy's condition. The
+time and distance seemed endless, and my knees trembled and my breath
+came laboured as I toiled up the endless steps to the abbey. I must have
+gone fast, and yet it seemed to me as if my feet were weighted with
+lead, and as though every joint in my body were rusty. When I got almost
+to the top I could see the seat and the white figure, for I was now
+close enough to distinguish it even through the spells of shadow. There
+was undoubtedly something, long and black, bending over the
+half-reclining white figure. I called in fright, "Lucy! Lucy!" and
+something raised a head, and from where I was I could see a white face
+and red, gleaming eyes. Lucy did not answer, and I ran on to the
+entrance of the churchyard. As I entered, the church was between me and
+the seat, and for a minute or so I lost sight of her. When I came in
+view again the cloud had passed, and the moonlight struck so brilliantly
+that I could see Lucy half reclining with her head lying over the back
+of the seat. She was quite alone, and there was not a sign of any living
+thing about.
+
+When I bent over her I could see that she was still asleep. Her lips
+were parted, and she was breathing--not softly as usual with her, but in
+long, heavy gasps, as though striving to get her lungs full at every
+breath. As I came close, she put up her hand in her sleep and pulled the
+collar of her nightdress close around her throat. Whilst she did so
+there came a little shudder through her, as though she felt the cold. I
+flung the warm shawl over her, and drew the edges tight round her neck,
+for I dreaded lest she should get some deadly chill from the night air,
+unclad as she was. I feared to wake her all at once, so, in order to
+have my hands free that I might help her, I fastened the shawl at her
+throat with a big safety-pin; but I must have been clumsy in my anxiety
+and pinched or pricked her with it, for by-and-by, when her breathing
+became quieter, she put her hand to her throat again and moaned. When I
+had her carefully wrapped up I put my shoes on her feet and then began
+very gently to wake her. At first she did not respond; but gradually she
+became more and more uneasy in her sleep, moaning and sighing
+occasionally. At last, as time was passing fast, and, for many other
+reasons, I wished to get her home at once, I shook her more forcibly,
+till finally she opened her eyes and awoke. She did not seem surprised
+to see me, as, of course, she did not realise all at once where she was.
+Lucy always wakes prettily, and even at such a time, when her body must
+have been chilled with cold, and her mind somewhat appalled at waking
+unclad in a churchyard at night, she did not lose her grace. She
+trembled a little, and clung to me; when I told her to come at once with
+me home she rose without a word, with the obedience of a child. As we
+passed along, the gravel hurt my feet, and Lucy noticed me wince. She
+stopped and wanted to insist upon my taking my shoes; but I would not.
+However, when we got to the pathway outside the churchyard, where there
+was a puddle of water, remaining from the storm, I daubed my feet with
+mud, using each foot in turn on the other, so that as we went home, no
+one, in case we should meet any one, should notice my bare feet.
+
+Fortune favoured us, and we got home without meeting a soul. Once we saw
+a man, who seemed not quite sober, passing along a street in front of
+us; but we hid in a door till he had disappeared up an opening such as
+there are here, steep little closes, or "wynds," as they call them in
+Scotland. My heart beat so loud all the time that sometimes I thought I
+should faint. I was filled with anxiety about Lucy, not only for her
+health, lest she should suffer from the exposure, but for her reputation
+in case the story should get wind. When we got in, and had washed our
+feet, and had said a prayer of thankfulness together, I tucked her into
+bed. Before falling asleep she asked--even implored--me not to say a
+word to any one, even her mother, about her sleep-walking adventure. I
+hesitated at first to promise; but on thinking of the state of her
+mother's health, and how the knowledge of such a thing would fret her,
+and thinking, too, of how such a story might become distorted--nay,
+infallibly would--in case it should leak out, I thought it wiser to do
+so. I hope I did right. I have locked the door, and the key is tied to
+my wrist, so perhaps I shall not be again disturbed. Lucy is sleeping
+soundly; the reflex of the dawn is high and far over the sea....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Same day, noon._--All goes well. Lucy slept till I woke her and seemed
+not to have even changed her side. The adventure of the night does not
+seem to have harmed her; on the contrary, it has benefited her, for she
+looks better this morning than she has done for weeks. I was sorry to
+notice that my clumsiness with the safety-pin hurt her. Indeed, it might
+have been serious, for the skin of her throat was pierced. I must have
+pinched up a piece of loose skin and have transfixed it, for there are
+two little red points like pin-pricks, and on the band of her nightdress
+was a drop of blood. When I apologised and was concerned about it, she
+laughed and petted me, and said she did not even feel it. Fortunately it
+cannot leave a scar, as it is so tiny.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Same day, night._--We passed a happy day. The air was clear, and the
+sun bright, and there was a cool breeze. We took our lunch to Mulgrave
+Woods, Mrs. Westenra driving by the road and Lucy and I walking by the
+cliff-path and joining her at the gate. I felt a little sad myself, for
+I could not but feel how _absolutely_ happy it would have been had
+Jonathan been with me. But there! I must only be patient. In the evening
+we strolled in the Casino Terrace, and heard some good music by Spohr
+and Mackenzie, and went to bed early. Lucy seems more restful than she
+has been for some time, and fell asleep at once. I shall lock the door
+and secure the key the same as before, though I do not expect any
+trouble to-night.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_12 August._--My expectations were wrong, for twice during the night I
+was wakened by Lucy trying to get out. She seemed, even in her sleep, to
+be a little impatient at finding the door shut, and went back to bed
+under a sort of protest. I woke with the dawn, and heard the birds
+chirping outside of the window. Lucy woke, too, and, I was glad to see,
+was even better than on the previous morning. All her old gaiety of
+manner seemed to have come back, and she came and snuggled in beside me
+and told me all about Arthur. I told her how anxious I was about
+Jonathan, and then she tried to comfort me. Well, she succeeded
+somewhat, for, though sympathy can't alter facts, it can help to make
+them more bearable.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_13 August._--Another quiet day, and to bed with the key on my wrist as
+before. Again I awoke in the night, and found Lucy sitting up in bed,
+still asleep, pointing to the window. I got up quietly, and pulling
+aside the blind, looked out. It was brilliant moonlight, and the soft
+effect of the light over the sea and sky--merged together in one great,
+silent mystery--was beautiful beyond words. Between me and the moonlight
+flitted a great bat, coming and going in great whirling circles. Once or
+twice it came quite close, but was, I suppose, frightened at seeing me,
+and flitted away across the harbour towards the abbey. When I came back
+from the window Lucy had lain down again, and was sleeping peacefully.
+She did not stir again all night.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_14 August._--On the East Cliff, reading and writing all day. Lucy seems
+to have become as much in love with the spot as I am, and it is hard to
+get her away from it when it is time to come home for lunch or tea or
+dinner. This afternoon she made a funny remark. We were coming home for
+dinner, and had come to the top of the steps up from the West Pier and
+stopped to look at the view, as we generally do. The setting sun, low
+down in the sky, was just dropping behind Kettleness; the red light was
+thrown over on the East Cliff and the old abbey, and seemed to bathe
+everything in a beautiful rosy glow. We were silent for a while, and
+suddenly Lucy murmured as if to herself:--
+
+"His red eyes again! They are just the same." It was such an odd
+expression, coming _apropos_ of nothing, that it quite startled me. I
+slewed round a little, so as to see Lucy well without seeming to stare
+at her, and saw that she was in a half-dreamy state, with an odd look on
+her face that I could not quite make out; so I said nothing, but
+followed her eyes. She appeared to be looking over at our own seat,
+whereon was a dark figure seated alone. I was a little startled myself,
+for it seemed for an instant as if the stranger had great eyes like
+burning flames; but a second look dispelled the illusion. The red
+sunlight was shining on the windows of St. Mary's Church behind our
+seat, and as the sun dipped there was just sufficient change in the
+refraction and reflection to make it appear as if the light moved. I
+called Lucy's attention to the peculiar effect, and she became herself
+with a start, but she looked sad all the same; it may have been that she
+was thinking of that terrible night up there. We never refer to it; so I
+said nothing, and we went home to dinner. Lucy had a headache and went
+early to bed. I saw her asleep, and went out for a little stroll myself;
+I walked along the cliffs to the westward, and was full of sweet
+sadness, for I was thinking of Jonathan. When coming home--it was then
+bright moonlight, so bright that, though the front of our part of the
+Crescent was in shadow, everything could be well seen--I threw a glance
+up at our window, and saw Lucy's head leaning out. I thought that
+perhaps she was looking out for me, so I opened my handkerchief and
+waved it. She did not notice or make any movement whatever. Just then,
+the moonlight crept round an angle of the building, and the light fell
+on the window. There distinctly was Lucy with her head lying up against
+the side of the window-sill and her eyes shut. She was fast asleep, and
+by her, seated on the window-sill, was something that looked like a
+good-sized bird. I was afraid she might get a chill, so I ran upstairs,
+but as I came into the room she was moving back to her bed, fast
+asleep, and breathing heavily; she was holding her hand to her throat,
+as though to protect it from cold.
+
+I did not wake her, but tucked her up warmly; I have taken care that the
+door is locked and the window securely fastened.
+
+She looks so sweet as she sleeps; but she is paler than is her wont, and
+there is a drawn, haggard look under her eyes which I do not like. I
+fear she is fretting about something. I wish I could find out what it
+is.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_15 August._--Rose later than usual. Lucy was languid and tired, and
+slept on after we had been called. We had a happy surprise at breakfast.
+Arthur's father is better, and wants the marriage to come off soon. Lucy
+is full of quiet joy, and her mother is glad and sorry at once. Later on
+in the day she told me the cause. She is grieved to lose Lucy as her
+very own, but she is rejoiced that she is soon to have some one to
+protect her. Poor dear, sweet lady! She confided to me that she has got
+her death-warrant. She has not told Lucy, and made me promise secrecy;
+her doctor told her that within a few months, at most, she must die, for
+her heart is weakening. At any time, even now, a sudden shock would be
+almost sure to kill her. Ah, we were wise to keep from her the affair of
+the dreadful night of Lucy's sleep-walking.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_17 August._--No diary for two whole days. I have not had the heart to
+write. Some sort of shadowy pall seems to be coming over our happiness.
+No news from Jonathan, and Lucy seems to be growing weaker, whilst her
+mother's hours are numbering to a close. I do not understand Lucy's
+fading away as she is doing. She eats well and sleeps well, and enjoys
+the fresh air; but all the time the roses in her cheeks are fading, and
+she gets weaker and more languid day by day; at night I hear her gasping
+as if for air. I keep the key of our door always fastened to my wrist at
+night, but she gets up and walks about the room, and sits at the open
+window. Last night I found her leaning out when I woke up, and when I
+tried to wake her I could not; she was in a faint. When I managed to
+restore her she was as weak as water, and cried silently between long,
+painful struggles for breath. When I asked her how she came to be at the
+window she shook her head and turned away. I trust her feeling ill may
+not be from that unlucky prick of the safety-pin. I looked at her throat
+just now as she lay asleep, and the tiny wounds seem not to have healed.
+They are still open, and, if anything, larger than before, and the
+edges of them are faintly white. They are like little white dots with
+red centres. Unless they heal within a day or two, I shall insist on the
+doctor seeing about them.
+
+
+_Letter, Samuel F. Billington & Son, Solicitors, Whitby, to Messrs.
+Carter, Paterson & Co., London._
+
+"_17 August._
+
+"Dear Sirs,--
+
+"Herewith please receive invoice of goods sent by Great Northern
+Railway. Same are to be delivered at Carfax, near Purfleet, immediately
+on receipt at goods station King's Cross. The house is at present empty,
+but enclosed please find keys, all of which are labelled.
+
+"You will please deposit the boxes, fifty in number, which form the
+consignment, in the partially ruined building forming part of the house
+and marked 'A' on rough diagram enclosed. Your agent will easily
+recognise the locality, as it is the ancient chapel of the mansion. The
+goods leave by the train at 9:30 to-night, and will be due at King's
+Cross at 4:30 to-morrow afternoon. As our client wishes the delivery
+made as soon as possible, we shall be obliged by your having teams ready
+at King's Cross at the time named and forthwith conveying the goods to
+destination. In order to obviate any delays possible through any routine
+requirements as to payment in your departments, we enclose cheque
+herewith for ten pounds (£10), receipt of which please acknowledge.
+Should the charge be less than this amount, you can return balance; if
+greater, we shall at once send cheque for difference on hearing from
+you. You are to leave the keys on coming away in the main hall of the
+house, where the proprietor may get them on his entering the house by
+means of his duplicate key.
+
+"Pray do not take us as exceeding the bounds of business courtesy in
+pressing you in all ways to use the utmost expedition.
+
+_"We are, dear Sirs,
+
+"Faithfully yours,
+
+"SAMUEL F. BILLINGTON & SON."_
+
+
+_Letter, Messrs. Carter, Paterson & Co., London, to Messrs. Billington &
+Son, Whitby._
+
+"_21 August._
+
+"Dear Sirs,--
+
+"We beg to acknowledge £10 received and to return cheque £1 17s. 9d,
+amount of overplus, as shown in receipted account herewith. Goods are
+delivered in exact accordance with instructions, and keys left in parcel
+in main hall, as directed.
+
+"We are, dear Sirs,
+
+"Yours respectfully.
+
+"_Pro_ CARTER, PATERSON & CO."
+
+
+_Mina Murray's Journal._
+
+_18 August._--I am happy to-day, and write sitting on the seat in the
+churchyard. Lucy is ever so much better. Last night she slept well all
+night, and did not disturb me once. The roses seem coming back already
+to her cheeks, though she is still sadly pale and wan-looking. If she
+were in any way anæmic I could understand it, but she is not. She is in
+gay spirits and full of life and cheerfulness. All the morbid reticence
+seems to have passed from her, and she has just reminded me, as if I
+needed any reminding, of _that_ night, and that it was here, on this
+very seat, I found her asleep. As she told me she tapped playfully with
+the heel of her boot on the stone slab and said:--
+
+"My poor little feet didn't make much noise then! I daresay poor old Mr.
+Swales would have told me that it was because I didn't want to wake up
+Geordie." As she was in such a communicative humour, I asked her if she
+had dreamed at all that night. Before she answered, that sweet, puckered
+look came into her forehead, which Arthur--I call him Arthur from her
+habit--says he loves; and, indeed, I don't wonder that he does. Then she
+went on in a half-dreaming kind of way, as if trying to recall it to
+herself:--
+
+"I didn't quite dream; but it all seemed to be real. I only wanted to be
+here in this spot--I don't know why, for I was afraid of something--I
+don't know what. I remember, though I suppose I was asleep, passing
+through the streets and over the bridge. A fish leaped as I went by, and
+I leaned over to look at it, and I heard a lot of dogs howling--the
+whole town seemed as if it must be full of dogs all howling at once--as
+I went up the steps. Then I had a vague memory of something long and
+dark with red eyes, just as we saw in the sunset, and something very
+sweet and very bitter all around me at once; and then I seemed sinking
+into deep green water, and there was a singing in my ears, as I have
+heard there is to drowning men; and then everything seemed passing away
+from me; my soul seemed to go out from my body and float about the air.
+I seem to remember that once the West Lighthouse was right under me,
+and then there was a sort of agonising feeling, as if I were in an
+earthquake, and I came back and found you shaking my body. I saw you do
+it before I felt you."
+
+Then she began to laugh. It seemed a little uncanny to me, and I
+listened to her breathlessly. I did not quite like it, and thought it
+better not to keep her mind on the subject, so we drifted on to other
+subjects, and Lucy was like her old self again. When we got home the
+fresh breeze had braced her up, and her pale cheeks were really more
+rosy. Her mother rejoiced when she saw her, and we all spent a very
+happy evening together.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_19 August._--Joy, joy, joy! although not all joy. At last, news of
+Jonathan. The dear fellow has been ill; that is why he did not write. I
+am not afraid to think it or say it, now that I know. Mr. Hawkins sent
+me on the letter, and wrote himself, oh, so kindly. I am to leave in the
+morning and go over to Jonathan, and to help to nurse him if necessary,
+and to bring him home. Mr. Hawkins says it would not be a bad thing if
+we were to be married out there. I have cried over the good Sister's
+letter till I can feel it wet against my bosom, where it lies. It is of
+Jonathan, and must be next my heart, for he is _in_ my heart. My journey
+is all mapped out, and my luggage ready. I am only taking one change of
+dress; Lucy will bring my trunk to London and keep it till I send for
+it, for it may be that ... I must write no more; I must keep it to say
+to Jonathan, my husband. The letter that he has seen and touched must
+comfort me till we meet.
+
+
+_Letter, Sister Agatha, Hospital of St. Joseph and Ste. Mary,
+Buda-Pesth, to Miss Wilhelmina Murray._
+
+"_12 August._
+
+"Dear Madam,--
+
+"I write by desire of Mr. Jonathan Harker, who is himself not strong
+enough to write, though progressing well, thanks to God and St. Joseph
+and Ste. Mary. He has been under our care for nearly six weeks,
+suffering from a violent brain fever. He wishes me to convey his love,
+and to say that by this post I write for him to Mr. Peter Hawkins,
+Exeter, to say, with his dutiful respects, that he is sorry for his
+delay, and that all of his work is completed. He will require some few
+weeks' rest in our sanatorium in the hills, but will then return. He
+wishes me to say that he has not sufficient money with him, and that he
+would like to pay for his staying here, so that others who need shall
+not be wanting for help.
+
+"Believe me,
+
+"Yours, with sympathy and all blessings,
+
+"SISTER AGATHA.
+
+"P. S.--My patient being asleep, I open this to let you know something
+more. He has told me all about you, and that you are shortly to be his
+wife. All blessings to you both! He has had some fearful shock--so says
+our doctor--and in his delirium his ravings have been dreadful; of
+wolves and poison and blood; of ghosts and demons; and I fear to say of
+what. Be careful with him always that there may be nothing to excite him
+of this kind for a long time to come; the traces of such an illness as
+his do not lightly die away. We should have written long ago, but we
+knew nothing of his friends, and there was on him nothing that any one
+could understand. He came in the train from Klausenburg, and the guard
+was told by the station-master there that he rushed into the station
+shouting for a ticket for home. Seeing from his violent demeanour that
+he was English, they gave him a ticket for the furthest station on the
+way thither that the train reached.
+
+"Be assured that he is well cared for. He has won all hearts by his
+sweetness and gentleness. He is truly getting on well, and I have no
+doubt will in a few weeks be all himself. But be careful of him for
+safety's sake. There are, I pray God and St. Joseph and Ste. Mary, many,
+many, happy years for you both."
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary._
+
+_19 August._--Strange and sudden change in Renfield last night. About
+eight o'clock he began to get excited and sniff about as a dog does when
+setting. The attendant was struck by his manner, and knowing my interest
+in him, encouraged him to talk. He is usually respectful to the
+attendant and at times servile; but to-night, the man tells me, he was
+quite haughty. Would not condescend to talk with him at all. All he
+would say was:--
+
+     "I don't want to talk to you: you don't count now; the Master is at
+     hand."
+
+The attendant thinks it is some sudden form of religious mania which has
+seized him. If so, we must look out for squalls, for a strong man with
+homicidal and religious mania at once might be dangerous. The
+combination is a dreadful one. At nine o'clock I visited him myself. His
+attitude to me was the same as that to the attendant; in his sublime
+self-feeling the difference between myself and attendant seemed to him
+as nothing. It looks like religious mania, and he will soon think that
+he himself is God. These infinitesimal distinctions between man and man
+are too paltry for an Omnipotent Being. How these madmen give themselves
+away! The real God taketh heed lest a sparrow fall; but the God created
+from human vanity sees no difference between an eagle and a sparrow. Oh,
+if men only knew!
+
+For half an hour or more Renfield kept getting excited in greater and
+greater degree. I did not pretend to be watching him, but I kept strict
+observation all the same. All at once that shifty look came into his
+eyes which we always see when a madman has seized an idea, and with it
+the shifty movement of the head and back which asylum attendants come to
+know so well. He became quite quiet, and went and sat on the edge of his
+bed resignedly, and looked into space with lack-lustre eyes. I thought I
+would find out if his apathy were real or only assumed, and tried to
+lead him to talk of his pets, a theme which had never failed to excite
+his attention. At first he made no reply, but at length said testily:--
+
+"Bother them all! I don't care a pin about them."
+
+"What?" I said. "You don't mean to tell me you don't care about
+spiders?" (Spiders at present are his hobby and the note-book is filling
+up with columns of small figures.) To this he answered enigmatically:--
+
+"The bride-maidens rejoice the eyes that wait the coming of the bride;
+but when the bride draweth nigh, then the maidens shine not to the eyes
+that are filled."
+
+He would not explain himself, but remained obstinately seated on his bed
+all the time I remained with him.
+
+I am weary to-night and low in spirits. I cannot but think of Lucy, and
+how different things might have been. If I don't sleep at once, chloral,
+the modern Morpheus--C_{2}HCl_{3}O. H_{2}O! I must be careful not to let
+it grow into a habit. No, I shall take none to-night! I have thought of
+Lucy, and I shall not dishonour her by mixing the two. If need be,
+to-night shall be sleepless....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Later._--Glad I made the resolution; gladder that I kept to it. I had
+lain tossing about, and had heard the clock strike only twice, when the
+night-watchman came to me, sent up from the ward, to say that Renfield
+had escaped. I threw on my clothes and ran down at once; my patient is
+too dangerous a person to be roaming about. Those ideas of his might
+work out dangerously with strangers. The attendant was waiting for me.
+He said he had seen him not ten minutes before, seemingly asleep in his
+bed, when he had looked through the observation-trap in the door. His
+attention was called by the sound of the window being wrenched out. He
+ran back and saw his feet disappear through the window, and had at once
+sent up for me. He was only in his night-gear, and cannot be far off.
+The attendant thought it would be more useful to watch where he should
+go than to follow him, as he might lose sight of him whilst getting out
+of the building by the door. He is a bulky man, and couldn't get through
+the window. I am thin, so, with his aid, I got out, but feet foremost,
+and, as we were only a few feet above ground, landed unhurt. The
+attendant told me the patient had gone to the left, and had taken a
+straight line, so I ran as quickly as I could. As I got through the belt
+of trees I saw a white figure scale the high wall which separates our
+grounds from those of the deserted house.
+
+I ran back at once, told the watchman to get three or four men
+immediately and follow me into the grounds of Carfax, in case our friend
+might be dangerous. I got a ladder myself, and crossing the wall,
+dropped down on the other side. I could see Renfield's figure just
+disappearing behind the angle of the house, so I ran after him. On the
+far side of the house I found him pressed close against the old
+ironbound oak door of the chapel. He was talking, apparently to some
+one, but I was afraid to go near enough to hear what he was saying, lest
+I might frighten him, and he should run off. Chasing an errant swarm of
+bees is nothing to following a naked lunatic, when the fit of escaping
+is upon him! After a few minutes, however, I could see that he did not
+take note of anything around him, and so ventured to draw nearer to
+him--the more so as my men had now crossed the wall and were closing him
+in. I heard him say:--
+
+"I am here to do Your bidding, Master. I am Your slave, and You will
+reward me, for I shall be faithful. I have worshipped You long and afar
+off. Now that You are near, I await Your commands, and You will not pass
+me by, will You, dear Master, in Your distribution of good things?"
+
+He _is_ a selfish old beggar anyhow. He thinks of the loaves and fishes
+even when he believes he is in a Real Presence. His manias make a
+startling combination. When we closed in on him he fought like a tiger.
+He is immensely strong, for he was more like a wild beast than a man. I
+never saw a lunatic in such a paroxysm of rage before; and I hope I
+shall not again. It is a mercy that we have found out his strength and
+his danger in good time. With strength and determination like his, he
+might have done wild work before he was caged. He is safe now at any
+rate. Jack Sheppard himself couldn't get free from the strait-waistcoat
+that keeps him restrained, and he's chained to the wall in the padded
+room. His cries are at times awful, but the silences that follow are
+more deadly still, for he means murder in every turn and movement.
+
+Just now he spoke coherent words for the first time:--
+
+"I shall be patient, Master. It is coming--coming--coming!"
+
+So I took the hint, and came too. I was too excited to sleep, but this
+diary has quieted me, and I feel I shall get some sleep to-night.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+
+_Letter, Mina Harker to Lucy Westenra._
+
+"_Buda-Pesth, 24 August._
+
+"My dearest Lucy,--
+
+"I know you will be anxious to hear all that has happened since we
+parted at the railway station at Whitby. Well, my dear, I got to Hull
+all right, and caught the boat to Hamburg, and then the train on here. I
+feel that I can hardly recall anything of the journey, except that I
+knew I was coming to Jonathan, and, that as I should have to do some
+nursing, I had better get all the sleep I could.... I found my dear one,
+oh, so thin and pale and weak-looking. All the resolution has gone out
+of his dear eyes, and that quiet dignity which I told you was in his
+face has vanished. He is only a wreck of himself, and he does not
+remember anything that has happened to him for a long time past. At
+least, he wants me to believe so, and I shall never ask. He has had some
+terrible shock, and I fear it might tax his poor brain if he were to try
+to recall it. Sister Agatha, who is a good creature and a born nurse,
+tells me that he raved of dreadful things whilst he was off his head. I
+wanted her to tell me what they were; but she would only cross herself,
+and say she would never tell; that the ravings of the sick were the
+secrets of God, and that if a nurse through her vocation should hear
+them, she should respect her trust. She is a sweet, good soul, and the
+next day, when she saw I was troubled, she opened up the subject again,
+and after saying that she could never mention what my poor dear raved
+about, added: 'I can tell you this much, my dear: that it was not about
+anything which he has done wrong himself; and you, as his wife to be,
+have no cause to be concerned. He has not forgotten you or what he owes
+to you. His fear was of great and terrible things, which no mortal can
+treat of.' I do believe the dear soul thought I might be jealous lest my
+poor dear should have fallen in love with any other girl. The idea of
+_my_ being jealous about Jonathan! And yet, my dear, let me whisper, I
+felt a thrill of joy through me when I _knew_ that no other woman was a
+cause of trouble. I am now sitting by his bedside, where I can see his
+face while he sleeps. He is waking!...
+
+"When he woke he asked me for his coat, as he wanted to get something
+from the pocket; I asked Sister Agatha, and she brought all his things.
+I saw that amongst them was his note-book, and was going to ask him to
+let me look at it--for I knew then that I might find some clue to his
+trouble--but I suppose he must have seen my wish in my eyes, for he sent
+me over to the window, saying he wanted to be quite alone for a moment.
+Then he called me back, and when I came he had his hand over the
+note-book, and he said to me very solemnly:--
+
+"'Wilhelmina'--I knew then that he was in deadly earnest, for he has
+never called me by that name since he asked me to marry him--'you know,
+dear, my ideas of the trust between husband and wife: there should be no
+secret, no concealment. I have had a great shock, and when I try to
+think of what it is I feel my head spin round, and I do not know if it
+was all real or the dreaming of a madman. You know I have had brain
+fever, and that is to be mad. The secret is here, and I do not want to
+know it. I want to take up my life here, with our marriage.' For, my
+dear, we had decided to be married as soon as the formalities are
+complete. 'Are you willing, Wilhelmina, to share my ignorance? Here is
+the book. Take it and keep it, read it if you will, but never let me
+know; unless, indeed, some solemn duty should come upon me to go back to
+the bitter hours, asleep or awake, sane or mad, recorded here.' He fell
+back exhausted, and I put the book under his pillow, and kissed him. I
+have asked Sister Agatha to beg the Superior to let our wedding be this
+afternoon, and am waiting her reply....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"She has come and told me that the chaplain of the English mission
+church has been sent for. We are to be married in an hour, or as soon
+after as Jonathan awakes....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Lucy, the time has come and gone. I feel very solemn, but very, very
+happy. Jonathan woke a little after the hour, and all was ready, and he
+sat up in bed, propped up with pillows. He answered his 'I will' firmly
+and strongly. I could hardly speak; my heart was so full that even those
+words seemed to choke me. The dear sisters were so kind. Please God, I
+shall never, never forget them, nor the grave and sweet responsibilities
+I have taken upon me. I must tell you of my wedding present. When the
+chaplain and the sisters had left me alone with my husband--oh, Lucy, it
+is the first time I have written the words 'my husband'--left me alone
+with my husband, I took the book from under his pillow, and wrapped it
+up in white paper, and tied it with a little bit of pale blue ribbon
+which was round my neck, and sealed it over the knot with sealing-wax,
+and for my seal I used my wedding ring. Then I kissed it and showed it
+to my husband, and told him that I would keep it so, and then it would
+be an outward and visible sign for us all our lives that we trusted each
+other; that I would never open it unless it were for his own dear sake
+or for the sake of some stern duty. Then he took my hand in his, and oh,
+Lucy, it was the first time he took _his wife's_ hand, and said that it
+was the dearest thing in all the wide world, and that he would go
+through all the past again to win it, if need be. The poor dear meant to
+have said a part of the past, but he cannot think of time yet, and I
+shall not wonder if at first he mixes up not only the month, but the
+year.
+
+"Well, my dear, what could I say? I could only tell him that I was the
+happiest woman in all the wide world, and that I had nothing to give him
+except myself, my life, and my trust, and that with these went my love
+and duty for all the days of my life. And, my dear, when he kissed me,
+and drew me to him with his poor weak hands, it was like a very solemn
+pledge between us....
+
+"Lucy dear, do you know why I tell you all this? It is not only because
+it is all sweet to me, but because you have been, and are, very dear to
+me. It was my privilege to be your friend and guide when you came from
+the schoolroom to prepare for the world of life. I want you to see now,
+and with the eyes of a very happy wife, whither duty has led me; so that
+in your own married life you too may be all happy as I am. My dear,
+please Almighty God, your life may be all it promises: a long day of
+sunshine, with no harsh wind, no forgetting duty, no distrust. I must
+not wish you no pain, for that can never be; but I do hope you will be
+_always_ as happy as I am _now_. Good-bye, my dear. I shall post this at
+once, and, perhaps, write you very soon again. I must stop, for Jonathan
+is waking--I must attend to my husband!
+
+"Your ever-loving
+
+"MINA HARKER."
+
+
+_Letter, Lucy Westenra to Mina Harker._
+
+"_Whitby, 30 August._
+
+"My dearest Mina,--
+
+"Oceans of love and millions of kisses, and may you soon be in your own
+home with your husband. I wish you could be coming home soon enough to
+stay with us here. The strong air would soon restore Jonathan; it has
+quite restored me. I have an appetite like a cormorant, am full of
+life, and sleep well. You will be glad to know that I have quite given
+up walking in my sleep. I think I have not stirred out of my bed for a
+week, that is when I once got into it at night. Arthur says I am getting
+fat. By the way, I forgot to tell you that Arthur is here. We have such
+walks and drives, and rides, and rowing, and tennis, and fishing
+together; and I love him more than ever. He _tells_ me that he loves me
+more, but I doubt that, for at first he told me that he couldn't love me
+more than he did then. But this is nonsense. There he is, calling to me.
+So no more just at present from your loving
+
+"LUCY.
+
+"P. S.--Mother sends her love. She seems better, poor dear. "P. P.
+S.--We are to be married on 28 September."
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary._
+
+_20 August._--The case of Renfield grows even more interesting. He has
+now so far quieted that there are spells of cessation from his passion.
+For the first week after his attack he was perpetually violent. Then one
+night, just as the moon rose, he grew quiet, and kept murmuring to
+himself: "Now I can wait; now I can wait." The attendant came to tell
+me, so I ran down at once to have a look at him. He was still in the
+strait-waistcoat and in the padded room, but the suffused look had gone
+from his face, and his eyes had something of their old pleading--I might
+almost say, "cringing"--softness. I was satisfied with his present
+condition, and directed him to be relieved. The attendants hesitated,
+but finally carried out my wishes without protest. It was a strange
+thing that the patient had humour enough to see their distrust, for,
+coming close to me, he said in a whisper, all the while looking
+furtively at them:--
+
+"They think I could hurt you! Fancy _me_ hurting _you_! The fools!"
+
+It was soothing, somehow, to the feelings to find myself dissociated
+even in the mind of this poor madman from the others; but all the same I
+do not follow his thought. Am I to take it that I have anything in
+common with him, so that we are, as it were, to stand together; or has
+he to gain from me some good so stupendous that my well-being is needful
+to him? I must find out later on. To-night he will not speak. Even the
+offer of a kitten or even a full-grown cat will not tempt him. He will
+only say: "I don't take any stock in cats. I have more to think of now,
+and I can wait; I can wait."
+
+After a while I left him. The attendant tells me that he was quiet
+until just before dawn, and that then he began to get uneasy, and at
+length violent, until at last he fell into a paroxysm which exhausted
+him so that he swooned into a sort of coma.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+... Three nights has the same thing happened--violent all day then quiet
+from moonrise to sunrise. I wish I could get some clue to the cause. It
+would almost seem as if there was some influence which came and went.
+Happy thought! We shall to-night play sane wits against mad ones. He
+escaped before without our help; to-night he shall escape with it. We
+shall give him a chance, and have the men ready to follow in case they
+are required....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_23 August._--"The unexpected always happens." How well Disraeli knew
+life. Our bird when he found the cage open would not fly, so all our
+subtle arrangements were for nought. At any rate, we have proved one
+thing; that the spells of quietness last a reasonable time. We shall in
+future be able to ease his bonds for a few hours each day. I have given
+orders to the night attendant merely to shut him in the padded room,
+when once he is quiet, until an hour before sunrise. The poor soul's
+body will enjoy the relief even if his mind cannot appreciate it. Hark!
+The unexpected again! I am called; the patient has once more escaped.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Later._--Another night adventure. Renfield artfully waited until the
+attendant was entering the room to inspect. Then he dashed out past him
+and flew down the passage. I sent word for the attendants to follow.
+Again he went into the grounds of the deserted house, and we found him
+in the same place, pressed against the old chapel door. When he saw me
+he became furious, and had not the attendants seized him in time, he
+would have tried to kill me. As we were holding him a strange thing
+happened. He suddenly redoubled his efforts, and then as suddenly grew
+calm. I looked round instinctively, but could see nothing. Then I caught
+the patient's eye and followed it, but could trace nothing as it looked
+into the moonlit sky except a big bat, which was flapping its silent and
+ghostly way to the west. Bats usually wheel and flit about, but this one
+seemed to go straight on, as if it knew where it was bound for or had
+some intention of its own. The patient grew calmer every instant, and
+presently said:--
+
+"You needn't tie me; I shall go quietly!" Without trouble we came back
+to the house. I feel there is something ominous in his calm, and shall
+not forget this night....
+
+
+_Lucy Westenra's Diary_
+
+_Hillingham, 24 August._--I must imitate Mina, and keep writing things
+down. Then we can have long talks when we do meet. I wonder when it will
+be. I wish she were with me again, for I feel so unhappy. Last night I
+seemed to be dreaming again just as I was at Whitby. Perhaps it is the
+change of air, or getting home again. It is all dark and horrid to me,
+for I can remember nothing; but I am full of vague fear, and I feel so
+weak and worn out. When Arthur came to lunch he looked quite grieved
+when he saw me, and I hadn't the spirit to try to be cheerful. I wonder
+if I could sleep in mother's room to-night. I shall make an excuse and
+try.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_25 August._--Another bad night. Mother did not seem to take to my
+proposal. She seems not too well herself, and doubtless she fears to
+worry me. I tried to keep awake, and succeeded for a while; but when the
+clock struck twelve it waked me from a doze, so I must have been falling
+asleep. There was a sort of scratching or flapping at the window, but I
+did not mind it, and as I remember no more, I suppose I must then have
+fallen asleep. More bad dreams. I wish I could remember them. This
+morning I am horribly weak. My face is ghastly pale, and my throat pains
+me. It must be something wrong with my lungs, for I don't seem ever to
+get air enough. I shall try to cheer up when Arthur comes, or else I
+know he will be miserable to see me so.
+
+
+_Letter, Arthur Holmwood to Dr. Seward._
+
+"_Albemarle Hotel, 31 August._
+
+"My dear Jack,--
+
+"I want you to do me a favour. Lucy is ill; that is, she has no special
+disease, but she looks awful, and is getting worse every day. I have
+asked her if there is any cause; I do not dare to ask her mother, for to
+disturb the poor lady's mind about her daughter in her present state of
+health would be fatal. Mrs. Westenra has confided to me that her doom is
+spoken--disease of the heart--though poor Lucy does not know it yet. I
+am sure that there is something preying on my dear girl's mind. I am
+almost distracted when I think of her; to look at her gives me a pang. I
+told her I should ask you to see her, and though she demurred at
+first--I know why, old fellow--she finally consented. It will be a
+painful task for you, I know, old friend, but it is for _her_ sake, and
+I must not hesitate to ask, or you to act. You are to come to lunch at
+Hillingham to-morrow, two o'clock, so as not to arouse any suspicion in
+Mrs. Westenra, and after lunch Lucy will take an opportunity of being
+alone with you. I shall come in for tea, and we can go away together; I
+am filled with anxiety, and want to consult with you alone as soon as I
+can after you have seen her. Do not fail!
+
+"ARTHUR."
+
+
+_Telegram, Arthur Holmwood to Seward._
+
+"_1 September._
+
+"Am summoned to see my father, who is worse. Am writing. Write me fully
+by to-night's post to Ring. Wire me if necessary."
+
+
+_Letter from Dr. Seward to Arthur Holmwood._
+
+"_2 September._
+
+"My dear old fellow,--
+
+"With regard to Miss Westenra's health I hasten to let you know at once
+that in my opinion there is not any functional disturbance or any malady
+that I know of. At the same time, I am not by any means satisfied with
+her appearance; she is woefully different from what she was when I saw
+her last. Of course you must bear in mind that I did not have full
+opportunity of examination such as I should wish; our very friendship
+makes a little difficulty which not even medical science or custom can
+bridge over. I had better tell you exactly what happened, leaving you to
+draw, in a measure, your own conclusions. I shall then say what I have
+done and propose doing.
+
+"I found Miss Westenra in seemingly gay spirits. Her mother was present,
+and in a few seconds I made up my mind that she was trying all she knew
+to mislead her mother and prevent her from being anxious. I have no
+doubt she guesses, if she does not know, what need of caution there is.
+We lunched alone, and as we all exerted ourselves to be cheerful, we
+got, as some kind of reward for our labours, some real cheerfulness
+amongst us. Then Mrs. Westenra went to lie down, and Lucy was left with
+me. We went into her boudoir, and till we got there her gaiety remained,
+for the servants were coming and going. As soon as the door was closed,
+however, the mask fell from her face, and she sank down into a chair
+with a great sigh, and hid her eyes with her hand. When I saw that her
+high spirits had failed, I at once took advantage of her reaction to
+make a diagnosis. She said to me very sweetly:--
+
+"'I cannot tell you how I loathe talking about myself.' I reminded her
+that a doctor's confidence was sacred, but that you were grievously
+anxious about her. She caught on to my meaning at once, and settled that
+matter in a word. 'Tell Arthur everything you choose. I do not care for
+myself, but all for him!' So I am quite free.
+
+"I could easily see that she is somewhat bloodless, but I could not see
+the usual anæmic signs, and by a chance I was actually able to test the
+quality of her blood, for in opening a window which was stiff a cord
+gave way, and she cut her hand slightly with broken glass. It was a
+slight matter in itself, but it gave me an evident chance, and I secured
+a few drops of the blood and have analysed them. The qualitative
+analysis gives a quite normal condition, and shows, I should infer, in
+itself a vigorous state of health. In other physical matters I was quite
+satisfied that there is no need for anxiety; but as there must be a
+cause somewhere, I have come to the conclusion that it must be something
+mental. She complains of difficulty in breathing satisfactorily at
+times, and of heavy, lethargic sleep, with dreams that frighten her, but
+regarding which she can remember nothing. She says that as a child she
+used to walk in her sleep, and that when in Whitby the habit came back,
+and that once she walked out in the night and went to East Cliff, where
+Miss Murray found her; but she assures me that of late the habit has not
+returned. I am in doubt, and so have done the best thing I know of; I
+have written to my old friend and master, Professor Van Helsing, of
+Amsterdam, who knows as much about obscure diseases as any one in the
+world. I have asked him to come over, and as you told me that all things
+were to be at your charge, I have mentioned to him who you are and your
+relations to Miss Westenra. This, my dear fellow, is in obedience to
+your wishes, for I am only too proud and happy to do anything I can for
+her. Van Helsing would, I know, do anything for me for a personal
+reason, so, no matter on what ground he comes, we must accept his
+wishes. He is a seemingly arbitrary man, but this is because he knows
+what he is talking about better than any one else. He is a philosopher
+and a metaphysician, and one of the most advanced scientists of his day;
+and he has, I believe, an absolutely open mind. This, with an iron
+nerve, a temper of the ice-brook, an indomitable resolution,
+self-command, and toleration exalted from virtues to blessings, and the
+kindliest and truest heart that beats--these form his equipment for the
+noble work that he is doing for mankind--work both in theory and
+practice, for his views are as wide as his all-embracing sympathy. I
+tell you these facts that you may know why I have such confidence in
+him. I have asked him to come at once. I shall see Miss Westenra
+to-morrow again. She is to meet me at the Stores, so that I may not
+alarm her mother by too early a repetition of my call.
+
+"Yours always,
+
+"JOHN SEWARD."
+
+
+_Letter, Abraham Van Helsing, M. D., D. Ph., D. Lit., etc., etc., to Dr.
+Seward._
+
+"_2 September._
+
+"My good Friend,--
+
+"When I have received your letter I am already coming to you. By good
+fortune I can leave just at once, without wrong to any of those who have
+trusted me. Were fortune other, then it were bad for those who have
+trusted, for I come to my friend when he call me to aid those he holds
+dear. Tell your friend that when that time you suck from my wound so
+swiftly the poison of the gangrene from that knife that our other
+friend, too nervous, let slip, you did more for him when he wants my
+aids and you call for them than all his great fortune could do. But it
+is pleasure added to do for him, your friend; it is to you that I come.
+Have then rooms for me at the Great Eastern Hotel, so that I may be near
+to hand, and please it so arrange that we may see the young lady not too
+late on to-morrow, for it is likely that I may have to return here that
+night. But if need be I shall come again in three days, and stay longer
+if it must. Till then good-bye, my friend John.
+
+ "VAN HELSING."
+
+
+_Letter, Dr. Seward to Hon. Arthur Holmwood._
+
+"_3 September._
+
+"My dear Art,--
+
+"Van Helsing has come and gone. He came on with me to Hillingham, and
+found that, by Lucy's discretion, her mother was lunching out, so that
+we were alone with her. Van Helsing made a very careful examination of
+the patient. He is to report to me, and I shall advise you, for of
+course I was not present all the time. He is, I fear, much concerned,
+but says he must think. When I told him of our friendship and how you
+trust to me in the matter, he said: 'You must tell him all you think.
+Tell him what I think, if you can guess it, if you will. Nay, I am not
+jesting. This is no jest, but life and death, perhaps more.' I asked
+what he meant by that, for he was very serious. This was when we had
+come back to town, and he was having a cup of tea before starting on his
+return to Amsterdam. He would not give me any further clue. You must not
+be angry with me, Art, because his very reticence means that all his
+brains are working for her good. He will speak plainly enough when the
+time comes, be sure. So I told him I would simply write an account of
+our visit, just as if I were doing a descriptive special article for
+_The Daily Telegraph_. He seemed not to notice, but remarked that the
+smuts in London were not quite so bad as they used to be when he was a
+student here. I am to get his report to-morrow if he can possibly make
+it. In any case I am to have a letter.
+
+"Well, as to the visit. Lucy was more cheerful than on the day I first
+saw her, and certainly looked better. She had lost something of the
+ghastly look that so upset you, and her breathing was normal. She was
+very sweet to the professor (as she always is), and tried to make him
+feel at ease; though I could see that the poor girl was making a hard
+struggle for it. I believe Van Helsing saw it, too, for I saw the quick
+look under his bushy brows that I knew of old. Then he began to chat of
+all things except ourselves and diseases and with such an infinite
+geniality that I could see poor Lucy's pretense of animation merge into
+reality. Then, without any seeming change, he brought the conversation
+gently round to his visit, and suavely said:--
+
+"'My dear young miss, I have the so great pleasure because you are so
+much beloved. That is much, my dear, ever were there that which I do not
+see. They told me you were down in the spirit, and that you were of a
+ghastly pale. To them I say: "Pouf!"' And he snapped his fingers at me
+and went on: 'But you and I shall show them how wrong they are. How can
+he'--and he pointed at me with the same look and gesture as that with
+which once he pointed me out to his class, on, or rather after, a
+particular occasion which he never fails to remind me of--'know anything
+of a young ladies? He has his madams to play with, and to bring them
+back to happiness, and to those that love them. It is much to do, and,
+oh, but there are rewards, in that we can bestow such happiness. But the
+young ladies! He has no wife nor daughter, and the young do not tell
+themselves to the young, but to the old, like me, who have known so many
+sorrows and the causes of them. So, my dear, we will send him away to
+smoke the cigarette in the garden, whiles you and I have little talk all
+to ourselves.' I took the hint, and strolled about, and presently the
+professor came to the window and called me in. He looked grave, but
+said: 'I have made careful examination, but there is no functional
+cause. With you I agree that there has been much blood lost; it has
+been, but is not. But the conditions of her are in no way anæmic. I have
+asked her to send me her maid, that I may ask just one or two question,
+that so I may not chance to miss nothing. I know well what she will say.
+And yet there is cause; there is always cause for everything. I must go
+back home and think. You must send to me the telegram every day; and if
+there be cause I shall come again. The disease--for not to be all well
+is a disease--interest me, and the sweet young dear, she interest me
+too. She charm me, and for her, if not for you or disease, I come.'
+
+"As I tell you, he would not say a word more, even when we were alone.
+And so now, Art, you know all I know. I shall keep stern watch. I trust
+your poor father is rallying. It must be a terrible thing to you, my
+dear old fellow, to be placed in such a position between two people who
+are both so dear to you. I know your idea of duty to your father, and
+you are right to stick to it; but, if need be, I shall send you word to
+come at once to Lucy; so do not be over-anxious unless you hear from
+me."
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary._
+
+_4 September._--Zoöphagous patient still keeps up our interest in him.
+He had only one outburst and that was yesterday at an unusual time. Just
+before the stroke of noon he began to grow restless. The attendant knew
+the symptoms, and at once summoned aid. Fortunately the men came at a
+run, and were just in time, for at the stroke of noon he became so
+violent that it took all their strength to hold him. In about five
+minutes, however, he began to get more and more quiet, and finally sank
+into a sort of melancholy, in which state he has remained up to now. The
+attendant tells me that his screams whilst in the paroxysm were really
+appalling; I found my hands full when I got in, attending to some of the
+other patients who were frightened by him. Indeed, I can quite
+understand the effect, for the sounds disturbed even me, though I was
+some distance away. It is now after the dinner-hour of the asylum, and
+as yet my patient sits in a corner brooding, with a dull, sullen,
+woe-begone look in his face, which seems rather to indicate than to show
+something directly. I cannot quite understand it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Later._--Another change in my patient. At five o'clock I looked in on
+him, and found him seemingly as happy and contented as he used to be. He
+was catching flies and eating them, and was keeping note of his capture
+by making nail-marks on the edge of the door between the ridges of
+padding. When he saw me, he came over and apologised for his bad
+conduct, and asked me in a very humble, cringing way to be led back to
+his own room and to have his note-book again. I thought it well to
+humour him: so he is back in his room with the window open. He has the
+sugar of his tea spread out on the window-sill, and is reaping quite a
+harvest of flies. He is not now eating them, but putting them into a
+box, as of old, and is already examining the corners of his room to find
+a spider. I tried to get him to talk about the past few days, for any
+clue to his thoughts would be of immense help to me; but he would not
+rise. For a moment or two he looked very sad, and said in a sort of
+far-away voice, as though saying it rather to himself than to me:--
+
+"All over! all over! He has deserted me. No hope for me now unless I do
+it for myself!" Then suddenly turning to me in a resolute way, he said:
+"Doctor, won't you be very good to me and let me have a little more
+sugar? I think it would be good for me."
+
+"And the flies?" I said.
+
+"Yes! The flies like it, too, and I like the flies; therefore I like
+it." And there are people who know so little as to think that madmen do
+not argue. I procured him a double supply, and left him as happy a man
+as, I suppose, any in the world. I wish I could fathom his mind.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Midnight._--Another change in him. I had been to see Miss Westenra,
+whom I found much better, and had just returned, and was standing at our
+own gate looking at the sunset, when once more I heard him yelling. As
+his room is on this side of the house, I could hear it better than in
+the morning. It was a shock to me to turn from the wonderful smoky
+beauty of a sunset over London, with its lurid lights and inky shadows
+and all the marvellous tints that come on foul clouds even as on foul
+water, and to realise all the grim sternness of my own cold stone
+building, with its wealth of breathing misery, and my own desolate heart
+to endure it all. I reached him just as the sun was going down, and from
+his window saw the red disc sink. As it sank he became less and less
+frenzied; and just as it dipped he slid from the hands that held him, an
+inert mass, on the floor. It is wonderful, however, what intellectual
+recuperative power lunatics have, for within a few minutes he stood up
+quite calmly and looked around him. I signalled to the attendants not to
+hold him, for I was anxious to see what he would do. He went straight
+over to the window and brushed out the crumbs of sugar; then he took his
+fly-box, and emptied it outside, and threw away the box; then he shut
+the window, and crossing over, sat down on his bed. All this surprised
+me, so I asked him: "Are you not going to keep flies any more?"
+
+"No," said he; "I am sick of all that rubbish!" He certainly is a
+wonderfully interesting study. I wish I could get some glimpse of his
+mind or of the cause of his sudden passion. Stop; there may be a clue
+after all, if we can find why to-day his paroxysms came on at high noon
+and at sunset. Can it be that there is a malign influence of the sun at
+periods which affects certain natures--as at times the moon does others?
+We shall see.
+
+
+_Telegram, Seward, London, to Van Helsing, Amsterdam._
+
+"_4 September._--Patient still better to-day."
+
+
+_Telegram, Seward, London, to Van Helsing, Amsterdam._
+
+"_5 September._--Patient greatly improved. Good appetite; sleeps
+naturally; good spirits; colour coming back."
+
+
+_Telegram, Seward, London, to Van Helsing, Amsterdam._
+
+"_6 September._--Terrible change for the worse. Come at once; do not
+lose an hour. I hold over telegram to Holmwood till have seen you."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+
+_Letter, Dr. Seward to Hon. Arthur Holmwood._
+
+"_6 September._
+
+"My dear Art,--
+
+"My news to-day is not so good. Lucy this morning had gone back a bit.
+There is, however, one good thing which has arisen from it; Mrs.
+Westenra was naturally anxious concerning Lucy, and has consulted me
+professionally about her. I took advantage of the opportunity, and told
+her that my old master, Van Helsing, the great specialist, was coming to
+stay with me, and that I would put her in his charge conjointly with
+myself; so now we can come and go without alarming her unduly, for a
+shock to her would mean sudden death, and this, in Lucy's weak
+condition, might be disastrous to her. We are hedged in with
+difficulties, all of us, my poor old fellow; but, please God, we shall
+come through them all right. If any need I shall write, so that, if you
+do not hear from me, take it for granted that I am simply waiting for
+news. In haste
+
+Yours ever,
+
+"JOHN SEWARD."
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary._
+
+_7 September._--The first thing Van Helsing said to me when we met at
+Liverpool Street was:--
+
+"Have you said anything to our young friend the lover of her?"
+
+"No," I said. "I waited till I had seen you, as I said in my telegram. I
+wrote him a letter simply telling him that you were coming, as Miss
+Westenra was not so well, and that I should let him know if need be."
+
+"Right, my friend," he said, "quite right! Better he not know as yet;
+perhaps he shall never know. I pray so; but if it be needed, then he
+shall know all. And, my good friend John, let me caution you. You deal
+with the madmen. All men are mad in some way or the other; and inasmuch
+as you deal discreetly with your madmen, so deal with God's madmen,
+too--the rest of the world. You tell not your madmen what you do nor why
+you do it; you tell them not what you think. So you shall keep knowledge
+in its place, where it may rest--where it may gather its kind around it
+and breed. You and I shall keep as yet what we know here, and here." He
+touched me on the heart and on the forehead, and then touched himself
+the same way. "I have for myself thoughts at the present. Later I shall
+unfold to you."
+
+"Why not now?" I asked. "It may do some good; we may arrive at some
+decision." He stopped and looked at me, and said:--
+
+"My friend John, when the corn is grown, even before it has
+ripened--while the milk of its mother-earth is in him, and the sunshine
+has not yet begun to paint him with his gold, the husbandman he pull the
+ear and rub him between his rough hands, and blow away the green chaff,
+and say to you: 'Look! he's good corn; he will make good crop when the
+time comes.'" I did not see the application, and told him so. For reply
+he reached over and took my ear in his hand and pulled it playfully, as
+he used long ago to do at lectures, and said: "The good husbandman tell
+you so then because he knows, but not till then. But you do not find the
+good husbandman dig up his planted corn to see if he grow; that is for
+the children who play at husbandry, and not for those who take it as of
+the work of their life. See you now, friend John? I have sown my corn,
+and Nature has her work to do in making it sprout; if he sprout at all,
+there's some promise; and I wait till the ear begins to swell." He broke
+off, for he evidently saw that I understood. Then he went on, and very
+gravely:--
+
+"You were always a careful student, and your case-book was ever more
+full than the rest. You were only student then; now you are master, and
+I trust that good habit have not fail. Remember, my friend, that
+knowledge is stronger than memory, and we should not trust the weaker.
+Even if you have not kept the good practise, let me tell you that this
+case of our dear miss is one that may be--mind, I say _may be_--of such
+interest to us and others that all the rest may not make him kick the
+beam, as your peoples say. Take then good note of it. Nothing is too
+small. I counsel you, put down in record even your doubts and surmises.
+Hereafter it may be of interest to you to see how true you guess. We
+learn from failure, not from success!"
+
+When I described Lucy's symptoms--the same as before, but infinitely
+more marked--he looked very grave, but said nothing. He took with him a
+bag in which were many instruments and drugs, "the ghastly paraphernalia
+of our beneficial trade," as he once called, in one of his lectures, the
+equipment of a professor of the healing craft. When we were shown in,
+Mrs. Westenra met us. She was alarmed, but not nearly so much as I
+expected to find her. Nature in one of her beneficent moods has ordained
+that even death has some antidote to its own terrors. Here, in a case
+where any shock may prove fatal, matters are so ordered that, from some
+cause or other, the things not personal--even the terrible change in her
+daughter to whom she is so attached--do not seem to reach her. It is
+something like the way Dame Nature gathers round a foreign body an
+envelope of some insensitive tissue which can protect from evil that
+which it would otherwise harm by contact. If this be an ordered
+selfishness, then we should pause before we condemn any one for the vice
+of egoism, for there may be deeper root for its causes than we have
+knowledge of.
+
+I used my knowledge of this phase of spiritual pathology, and laid down
+a rule that she should not be present with Lucy or think of her illness
+more than was absolutely required. She assented readily, so readily that
+I saw again the hand of Nature fighting for life. Van Helsing and I were
+shown up to Lucy's room. If I was shocked when I saw her yesterday, I
+was horrified when I saw her to-day. She was ghastly, chalkily pale; the
+red seemed to have gone even from her lips and gums, and the bones of
+her face stood out prominently; her breathing was painful to see or
+hear. Van Helsing's face grew set as marble, and his eyebrows converged
+till they almost touched over his nose. Lucy lay motionless, and did not
+seem to have strength to speak, so for a while we were all silent. Then
+Van Helsing beckoned to me, and we went gently out of the room. The
+instant we had closed the door he stepped quickly along the passage to
+the next door, which was open. Then he pulled me quickly in with him and
+closed the door. "My God!" he said; "this is dreadful. There is no time
+to be lost. She will die for sheer want of blood to keep the heart's
+action as it should be. There must be transfusion of blood at once. Is
+it you or me?"
+
+"I am younger and stronger, Professor. It must be me."
+
+"Then get ready at once. I will bring up my bag. I am prepared."
+
+I went downstairs with him, and as we were going there was a knock at
+the hall-door. When we reached the hall the maid had just opened the
+door, and Arthur was stepping quickly in. He rushed up to me, saying in
+an eager whisper:--
+
+"Jack, I was so anxious. I read between the lines of your letter, and
+have been in an agony. The dad was better, so I ran down here to see for
+myself. Is not that gentleman Dr. Van Helsing? I am so thankful to you,
+sir, for coming." When first the Professor's eye had lit upon him he had
+been angry at his interruption at such a time; but now, as he took in
+his stalwart proportions and recognised the strong young manhood which
+seemed to emanate from him, his eyes gleamed. Without a pause he said to
+him gravely as he held out his hand:--
+
+"Sir, you have come in time. You are the lover of our dear miss. She is
+bad, very, very bad. Nay, my child, do not go like that." For he
+suddenly grew pale and sat down in a chair almost fainting. "You are to
+help her. You can do more than any that live, and your courage is your
+best help."
+
+"What can I do?" asked Arthur hoarsely. "Tell me, and I shall do it. My
+life is hers, and I would give the last drop of blood in my body for
+her." The Professor has a strongly humorous side, and I could from old
+knowledge detect a trace of its origin in his answer:--
+
+"My young sir, I do not ask so much as that--not the last!"
+
+"What shall I do?" There was fire in his eyes, and his open nostril
+quivered with intent. Van Helsing slapped him on the shoulder. "Come!"
+he said. "You are a man, and it is a man we want. You are better than
+me, better than my friend John." Arthur looked bewildered, and the
+Professor went on by explaining in a kindly way:--
+
+"Young miss is bad, very bad. She wants blood, and blood she must have
+or die. My friend John and I have consulted; and we are about to perform
+what we call transfusion of blood--to transfer from full veins of one to
+the empty veins which pine for him. John was to give his blood, as he is
+the more young and strong than me"--here Arthur took my hand and wrung
+it hard in silence--"but, now you are here, you are more good than us,
+old or young, who toil much in the world of thought. Our nerves are not
+so calm and our blood not so bright than yours!" Arthur turned to him
+and said:--
+
+"If you only knew how gladly I would die for her you would
+understand----"
+
+He stopped, with a sort of choke in his voice.
+
+"Good boy!" said Van Helsing. "In the not-so-far-off you will be happy
+that you have done all for her you love. Come now and be silent. You
+shall kiss her once before it is done, but then you must go; and you
+must leave at my sign. Say no word to Madame; you know how it is with
+her! There must be no shock; any knowledge of this would be one. Come!"
+
+We all went up to Lucy's room. Arthur by direction remained outside.
+Lucy turned her head and looked at us, but said nothing. She was not
+asleep, but she was simply too weak to make the effort. Her eyes spoke
+to us; that was all. Van Helsing took some things from his bag and laid
+them on a little table out of sight. Then he mixed a narcotic, and
+coming over to the bed, said cheerily:--
+
+"Now, little miss, here is your medicine. Drink it off, like a good
+child. See, I lift you so that to swallow is easy. Yes." She had made
+the effort with success.
+
+It astonished me how long the drug took to act. This, in fact, marked
+the extent of her weakness. The time seemed endless until sleep began to
+flicker in her eyelids. At last, however, the narcotic began to manifest
+its potency; and she fell into a deep sleep. When the Professor was
+satisfied he called Arthur into the room, and bade him strip off his
+coat. Then he added: "You may take that one little kiss whiles I bring
+over the table. Friend John, help to me!" So neither of us looked whilst
+he bent over her.
+
+Van Helsing turning to me, said:
+
+"He is so young and strong and of blood so pure that we need not
+defibrinate it."
+
+Then with swiftness, but with absolute method, Van Helsing performed the
+operation. As the transfusion went on something like life seemed to come
+back to poor Lucy's cheeks, and through Arthur's growing pallor the joy
+of his face seemed absolutely to shine. After a bit I began to grow
+anxious, for the loss of blood was telling on Arthur, strong man as he
+was. It gave me an idea of what a terrible strain Lucy's system must
+have undergone that what weakened Arthur only partially restored her.
+But the Professor's face was set, and he stood watch in hand and with
+his eyes fixed now on the patient and now on Arthur. I could hear my own
+heart beat. Presently he said in a soft voice: "Do not stir an instant.
+It is enough. You attend him; I will look to her." When all was over I
+could see how much Arthur was weakened. I dressed the wound and took his
+arm to bring him away, when Van Helsing spoke without turning round--the
+man seems to have eyes in the back of his head:--
+
+"The brave lover, I think, deserve another kiss, which he shall have
+presently." And as he had now finished his operation, he adjusted the
+pillow to the patient's head. As he did so the narrow black velvet band
+which she seems always to wear round her throat, buckled with an old
+diamond buckle which her lover had given her, was dragged a little up,
+and showed a red mark on her throat. Arthur did not notice it, but I
+could hear the deep hiss of indrawn breath which is one of Van Helsing's
+ways of betraying emotion. He said nothing at the moment, but turned to
+me, saying: "Now take down our brave young lover, give him of the port
+wine, and let him lie down a while. He must then go home and rest, sleep
+much and eat much, that he may be recruited of what he has so given to
+his love. He must not stay here. Hold! a moment. I may take it, sir,
+that you are anxious of result. Then bring it with you that in all ways
+the operation is successful. You have saved her life this time, and you
+can go home and rest easy in mind that all that can be is. I shall tell
+her all when she is well; she shall love you none the less for what you
+have done. Good-bye."
+
+When Arthur had gone I went back to the room. Lucy was sleeping gently,
+but her breathing was stronger; I could see the counterpane move as her
+breast heaved. By the bedside sat Van Helsing, looking at her intently.
+The velvet band again covered the red mark. I asked the Professor in a
+whisper:--
+
+"What do you make of that mark on her throat?"
+
+"What do you make of it?"
+
+"I have not examined it yet," I answered, and then and there proceeded
+to loose the band. Just over the external jugular vein there were two
+punctures, not large, but not wholesome-looking. There was no sign of
+disease, but the edges were white and worn-looking, as if by some
+trituration. It at once occurred to me that this wound, or whatever it
+was, might be the means of that manifest loss of blood; but I abandoned
+the idea as soon as formed, for such a thing could not be. The whole bed
+would have been drenched to a scarlet with the blood which the girl must
+have lost to leave such a pallor as she had before the transfusion.
+
+"Well?" said Van Helsing.
+
+"Well," said I, "I can make nothing of it." The Professor stood up. "I
+must go back to Amsterdam to-night," he said. "There are books and
+things there which I want. You must remain here all the night, and you
+must not let your sight pass from her."
+
+"Shall I have a nurse?" I asked.
+
+"We are the best nurses, you and I. You keep watch all night; see that
+she is well fed, and that nothing disturbs her. You must not sleep all
+the night. Later on we can sleep, you and I. I shall be back as soon as
+possible. And then we may begin."
+
+"May begin?" I said. "What on earth do you mean?"
+
+"We shall see!" he answered, as he hurried out. He came back a moment
+later and put his head inside the door and said with warning finger held
+up:--
+
+"Remember, she is your charge. If you leave her, and harm befall, you
+shall not sleep easy hereafter!"
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary--continued._
+
+_8 September._--I sat up all night with Lucy. The opiate worked itself
+off towards dusk, and she waked naturally; she looked a different being
+from what she had been before the operation. Her spirits even were good,
+and she was full of a happy vivacity, but I could see evidences of the
+absolute prostration which she had undergone. When I told Mrs. Westenra
+that Dr. Van Helsing had directed that I should sit up with her she
+almost pooh-poohed the idea, pointing out her daughter's renewed
+strength and excellent spirits. I was firm, however, and made
+preparations for my long vigil. When her maid had prepared her for the
+night I came in, having in the meantime had supper, and took a seat by
+the bedside. She did not in any way make objection, but looked at me
+gratefully whenever I caught her eye. After a long spell she seemed
+sinking off to sleep, but with an effort seemed to pull herself together
+and shook it off. This was repeated several times, with greater effort
+and with shorter pauses as the time moved on. It was apparent that she
+did not want to sleep, so I tackled the subject at once:--
+
+"You do not want to go to sleep?"
+
+"No; I am afraid."
+
+"Afraid to go to sleep! Why so? It is the boon we all crave for."
+
+"Ah, not if you were like me--if sleep was to you a presage of horror!"
+
+"A presage of horror! What on earth do you mean?"
+
+"I don't know; oh, I don't know. And that is what is so terrible. All
+this weakness comes to me in sleep; until I dread the very thought."
+
+"But, my dear girl, you may sleep to-night. I am here watching you, and
+I can promise that nothing will happen."
+
+"Ah, I can trust you!" I seized the opportunity, and said: "I promise
+you that if I see any evidence of bad dreams I will wake you at once."
+
+"You will? Oh, will you really? How good you are to me. Then I will
+sleep!" And almost at the word she gave a deep sigh of relief, and sank
+back, asleep.
+
+All night long I watched by her. She never stirred, but slept on and on
+in a deep, tranquil, life-giving, health-giving sleep. Her lips were
+slightly parted, and her breast rose and fell with the regularity of a
+pendulum. There was a smile on her face, and it was evident that no bad
+dreams had come to disturb her peace of mind.
+
+In the early morning her maid came, and I left her in her care and took
+myself back home, for I was anxious about many things. I sent a short
+wire to Van Helsing and to Arthur, telling them of the excellent result
+of the operation. My own work, with its manifold arrears, took me all
+day to clear off; it was dark when I was able to inquire about my
+zoöphagous patient. The report was good; he had been quite quiet for the
+past day and night. A telegram came from Van Helsing at Amsterdam whilst
+I was at dinner, suggesting that I should be at Hillingham to-night, as
+it might be well to be at hand, and stating that he was leaving by the
+night mail and would join me early in the morning.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_9 September_.--I was pretty tired and worn out when I got to
+Hillingham. For two nights I had hardly had a wink of sleep, and my
+brain was beginning to feel that numbness which marks cerebral
+exhaustion. Lucy was up and in cheerful spirits. When she shook hands
+with me she looked sharply in my face and said:--
+
+"No sitting up to-night for you. You are worn out. I am quite well
+again; indeed, I am; and if there is to be any sitting up, it is I who
+will sit up with you." I would not argue the point, but went and had my
+supper. Lucy came with me, and, enlivened by her charming presence, I
+made an excellent meal, and had a couple of glasses of the more than
+excellent port. Then Lucy took me upstairs, and showed me a room next
+her own, where a cozy fire was burning. "Now," she said, "you must stay
+here. I shall leave this door open and my door too. You can lie on the
+sofa for I know that nothing would induce any of you doctors to go to
+bed whilst there is a patient above the horizon. If I want anything I
+shall call out, and you can come to me at once." I could not but
+acquiesce, for I was "dog-tired," and could not have sat up had I tried.
+So, on her renewing her promise to call me if she should want anything,
+I lay on the sofa, and forgot all about everything.
+
+
+_Lucy Westenra's Diary._
+
+_9 September._--I feel so happy to-night. I have been so miserably weak,
+that to be able to think and move about is like feeling sunshine after
+a long spell of east wind out of a steel sky. Somehow Arthur feels very,
+very close to me. I seem to feel his presence warm about me. I suppose
+it is that sickness and weakness are selfish things and turn our inner
+eyes and sympathy on ourselves, whilst health and strength give Love
+rein, and in thought and feeling he can wander where he wills. I know
+where my thoughts are. If Arthur only knew! My dear, my dear, your ears
+must tingle as you sleep, as mine do waking. Oh, the blissful rest of
+last night! How I slept, with that dear, good Dr. Seward watching me.
+And to-night I shall not fear to sleep, since he is close at hand and
+within call. Thank everybody for being so good to me! Thank God!
+Good-night, Arthur.
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary._
+
+_10 September._--I was conscious of the Professor's hand on my head, and
+started awake all in a second. That is one of the things that we learn
+in an asylum, at any rate.
+
+"And how is our patient?"
+
+"Well, when I left her, or rather when she left me," I answered.
+
+"Come, let us see," he said. And together we went into the room.
+
+The blind was down, and I went over to raise it gently, whilst Van
+Helsing stepped, with his soft, cat-like tread, over to the bed.
+
+As I raised the blind, and the morning sunlight flooded the room, I
+heard the Professor's low hiss of inspiration, and knowing its rarity, a
+deadly fear shot through my heart. As I passed over he moved back, and
+his exclamation of horror, "Gott in Himmel!" needed no enforcement from
+his agonised face. He raised his hand and pointed to the bed, and his
+iron face was drawn and ashen white. I felt my knees begin to tremble.
+
+There on the bed, seemingly in a swoon, lay poor Lucy, more horribly
+white and wan-looking than ever. Even the lips were white, and the gums
+seemed to have shrunken back from the teeth, as we sometimes see in a
+corpse after a prolonged illness. Van Helsing raised his foot to stamp
+in anger, but the instinct of his life and all the long years of habit
+stood to him, and he put it down again softly. "Quick!" he said. "Bring
+the brandy." I flew to the dining-room, and returned with the decanter.
+He wetted the poor white lips with it, and together we rubbed palm and
+wrist and heart. He felt her heart, and after a few moments of agonising
+suspense said:--
+
+"It is not too late. It beats, though but feebly. All our work is
+undone; we must begin again. There is no young Arthur here now; I have
+to call on you yourself this time, friend John." As he spoke, he was
+dipping into his bag and producing the instruments for transfusion; I
+had taken off my coat and rolled up my shirt-sleeve. There was no
+possibility of an opiate just at present, and no need of one; and so,
+without a moment's delay, we began the operation. After a time--it did
+not seem a short time either, for the draining away of one's blood, no
+matter how willingly it be given, is a terrible feeling--Van Helsing
+held up a warning finger. "Do not stir," he said, "but I fear that with
+growing strength she may wake; and that would make danger, oh, so much
+danger. But I shall precaution take. I shall give hypodermic injection
+of morphia." He proceeded then, swiftly and deftly, to carry out his
+intent. The effect on Lucy was not bad, for the faint seemed to merge
+subtly into the narcotic sleep. It was with a feeling of personal pride
+that I could see a faint tinge of colour steal back into the pallid
+cheeks and lips. No man knows, till he experiences it, what it is to
+feel his own life-blood drawn away into the veins of the woman he loves.
+
+The Professor watched me critically. "That will do," he said. "Already?"
+I remonstrated. "You took a great deal more from Art." To which he
+smiled a sad sort of smile as he replied:--
+
+"He is her lover, her _fiancé_. You have work, much work, to do for her
+and for others; and the present will suffice."
+
+When we stopped the operation, he attended to Lucy, whilst I applied
+digital pressure to my own incision. I laid down, whilst I waited his
+leisure to attend to me, for I felt faint and a little sick. By-and-by
+he bound up my wound, and sent me downstairs to get a glass of wine for
+myself. As I was leaving the room, he came after me, and half
+whispered:--
+
+"Mind, nothing must be said of this. If our young lover should turn up
+unexpected, as before, no word to him. It would at once frighten him and
+enjealous him, too. There must be none. So!"
+
+When I came back he looked at me carefully, and then said:--
+
+"You are not much the worse. Go into the room, and lie on your sofa, and
+rest awhile; then have much breakfast, and come here to me."
+
+I followed out his orders, for I knew how right and wise they were. I
+had done my part, and now my next duty was to keep up my strength. I
+felt very weak, and in the weakness lost something of the amazement at
+what had occurred. I fell asleep on the sofa, however, wondering over
+and over again how Lucy had made such a retrograde movement, and how
+she could have been drained of so much blood with no sign anywhere to
+show for it. I think I must have continued my wonder in my dreams, for,
+sleeping and waking, my thoughts always came back to the little
+punctures in her throat and the ragged, exhausted appearance of their
+edges--tiny though they were.
+
+Lucy slept well into the day, and when she woke she was fairly well and
+strong, though not nearly so much so as the day before. When Van Helsing
+had seen her, he went out for a walk, leaving me in charge, with strict
+injunctions that I was not to leave her for a moment. I could hear his
+voice in the hall, asking the way to the nearest telegraph office.
+
+Lucy chatted with me freely, and seemed quite unconscious that anything
+had happened. I tried to keep her amused and interested. When her mother
+came up to see her, she did not seem to notice any change whatever, but
+said to me gratefully:--
+
+"We owe you so much, Dr. Seward, for all you have done, but you really
+must now take care not to overwork yourself. You are looking pale
+yourself. You want a wife to nurse and look after you a bit; that you
+do!" As she spoke, Lucy turned crimson, though it was only momentarily,
+for her poor wasted veins could not stand for long such an unwonted
+drain to the head. The reaction came in excessive pallor as she turned
+imploring eyes on me. I smiled and nodded, and laid my finger on my
+lips; with a sigh, she sank back amid her pillows.
+
+Van Helsing returned in a couple of hours, and presently said to me:
+"Now you go home, and eat much and drink enough. Make yourself strong. I
+stay here to-night, and I shall sit up with little miss myself. You and
+I must watch the case, and we must have none other to know. I have grave
+reasons. No, do not ask them; think what you will. Do not fear to think
+even the most not-probable. Good-night."
+
+In the hall two of the maids came to me, and asked if they or either of
+them might not sit up with Miss Lucy. They implored me to let them; and
+when I said it was Dr. Van Helsing's wish that either he or I should sit
+up, they asked me quite piteously to intercede with the "foreign
+gentleman." I was much touched by their kindness. Perhaps it is because
+I am weak at present, and perhaps because it was on Lucy's account, that
+their devotion was manifested; for over and over again have I seen
+similar instances of woman's kindness. I got back here in time for a
+late dinner; went my rounds--all well; and set this down whilst waiting
+for sleep. It is coming.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_11 September._--This afternoon I went over to Hillingham. Found Van
+Helsing in excellent spirits, and Lucy much better. Shortly after I had
+arrived, a big parcel from abroad came for the Professor. He opened it
+with much impressment--assumed, of course--and showed a great bundle of
+white flowers.
+
+"These are for you, Miss Lucy," he said.
+
+"For me? Oh, Dr. Van Helsing!"
+
+"Yes, my dear, but not for you to play with. These are medicines." Here
+Lucy made a wry face. "Nay, but they are not to take in a decoction or
+in nauseous form, so you need not snub that so charming nose, or I shall
+point out to my friend Arthur what woes he may have to endure in seeing
+so much beauty that he so loves so much distort. Aha, my pretty miss,
+that bring the so nice nose all straight again. This is medicinal, but
+you do not know how. I put him in your window, I make pretty wreath, and
+hang him round your neck, so that you sleep well. Oh yes! they, like the
+lotus flower, make your trouble forgotten. It smell so like the waters
+of Lethe, and of that fountain of youth that the Conquistadores sought
+for in the Floridas, and find him all too late."
+
+Whilst he was speaking, Lucy had been examining the flowers and smelling
+them. Now she threw them down, saying, with half-laughter, and
+half-disgust:--
+
+"Oh, Professor, I believe you are only putting up a joke on me. Why,
+these flowers are only common garlic."
+
+To my surprise, Van Helsing rose up and said with all his sternness, his
+iron jaw set and his bushy eyebrows meeting:--
+
+"No trifling with me! I never jest! There is grim purpose in all I do;
+and I warn you that you do not thwart me. Take care, for the sake of
+others if not for your own." Then seeing poor Lucy scared, as she might
+well be, he went on more gently: "Oh, little miss, my dear, do not fear
+me. I only do for your good; but there is much virtue to you in those so
+common flowers. See, I place them myself in your room. I make myself the
+wreath that you are to wear. But hush! no telling to others that make so
+inquisitive questions. We must obey, and silence is a part of obedience;
+and obedience is to bring you strong and well into loving arms that wait
+for you. Now sit still awhile. Come with me, friend John, and you shall
+help me deck the room with my garlic, which is all the way from Haarlem,
+where my friend Vanderpool raise herb in his glass-houses all the year.
+I had to telegraph yesterday, or they would not have been here."
+
+We went into the room, taking the flowers with us. The Professor's
+actions were certainly odd and not to be found in any pharmacopoeia
+that I ever heard of. First he fastened up the windows and latched them
+securely; next, taking a handful of the flowers, he rubbed them all over
+the sashes, as though to ensure that every whiff of air that might get
+in would be laden with the garlic smell. Then with the wisp he rubbed
+all over the jamb of the door, above, below, and at each side, and round
+the fireplace in the same way. It all seemed grotesque to me, and
+presently I said:--
+
+"Well, Professor, I know you always have a reason for what you do, but
+this certainly puzzles me. It is well we have no sceptic here, or he
+would say that you were working some spell to keep out an evil spirit."
+
+"Perhaps I am!" he answered quietly as he began to make the wreath which
+Lucy was to wear round her neck.
+
+We then waited whilst Lucy made her toilet for the night, and when she
+was in bed he came and himself fixed the wreath of garlic round her
+neck. The last words he said to her were:--
+
+"Take care you do not disturb it; and even if the room feel close, do
+not to-night open the window or the door."
+
+"I promise," said Lucy, "and thank you both a thousand times for all
+your kindness to me! Oh, what have I done to be blessed with such
+friends?"
+
+As we left the house in my fly, which was waiting, Van Helsing said:--
+
+"To-night I can sleep in peace, and sleep I want--two nights of travel,
+much reading in the day between, and much anxiety on the day to follow,
+and a night to sit up, without to wink. To-morrow in the morning early
+you call for me, and we come together to see our pretty miss, so much
+more strong for my 'spell' which I have work. Ho! ho!"
+
+He seemed so confident that I, remembering my own confidence two nights
+before and with the baneful result, felt awe and vague terror. It must
+have been my weakness that made me hesitate to tell it to my friend, but
+I felt it all the more, like unshed tears.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+_Lucy Westenra's Diary._
+
+
+_12 September._--How good they all are to me. I quite love that dear Dr.
+Van Helsing. I wonder why he was so anxious about these flowers. He
+positively frightened me, he was so fierce. And yet he must have been
+right, for I feel comfort from them already. Somehow, I do not dread
+being alone to-night, and I can go to sleep without fear. I shall not
+mind any flapping outside the window. Oh, the terrible struggle that I
+have had against sleep so often of late; the pain of the sleeplessness,
+or the pain of the fear of sleep, with such unknown horrors as it has
+for me! How blessed are some people, whose lives have no fears, no
+dreads; to whom sleep is a blessing that comes nightly, and brings
+nothing but sweet dreams. Well, here I am to-night, hoping for sleep,
+and lying like Ophelia in the play, with "virgin crants and maiden
+strewments." I never liked garlic before, but to-night it is delightful!
+There is peace in its smell; I feel sleep coming already. Good-night,
+everybody.
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary._
+
+_13 September._--Called at the Berkeley and found Van Helsing, as usual,
+up to time. The carriage ordered from the hotel was waiting. The
+Professor took his bag, which he always brings with him now.
+
+Let all be put down exactly. Van Helsing and I arrived at Hillingham at
+eight o'clock. It was a lovely morning; the bright sunshine and all the
+fresh feeling of early autumn seemed like the completion of nature's
+annual work. The leaves were turning to all kinds of beautiful colours,
+but had not yet begun to drop from the trees. When we entered we met
+Mrs. Westenra coming out of the morning room. She is always an early
+riser. She greeted us warmly and said:--
+
+"You will be glad to know that Lucy is better. The dear child is still
+asleep. I looked into her room and saw her, but did not go in, lest I
+should disturb her." The Professor smiled, and looked quite jubilant. He
+rubbed his hands together, and said:--
+
+"Aha! I thought I had diagnosed the case. My treatment is working," to
+which she answered:--
+
+"You must not take all the credit to yourself, doctor. Lucy's state this
+morning is due in part to me."
+
+"How you do mean, ma'am?" asked the Professor.
+
+"Well, I was anxious about the dear child in the night, and went into
+her room. She was sleeping soundly--so soundly that even my coming did
+not wake her. But the room was awfully stuffy. There were a lot of those
+horrible, strong-smelling flowers about everywhere, and she had actually
+a bunch of them round her neck. I feared that the heavy odour would be
+too much for the dear child in her weak state, so I took them all away
+and opened a bit of the window to let in a little fresh air. You will be
+pleased with her, I am sure."
+
+She moved off into her boudoir, where she usually breakfasted early. As
+she had spoken, I watched the Professor's face, and saw it turn ashen
+grey. He had been able to retain his self-command whilst the poor lady
+was present, for he knew her state and how mischievous a shock would be;
+he actually smiled on her as he held open the door for her to pass into
+her room. But the instant she had disappeared he pulled me, suddenly and
+forcibly, into the dining-room and closed the door.
+
+Then, for the first time in my life, I saw Van Helsing break down. He
+raised his hands over his head in a sort of mute despair, and then beat
+his palms together in a helpless way; finally he sat down on a chair,
+and putting his hands before his face, began to sob, with loud, dry sobs
+that seemed to come from the very racking of his heart. Then he raised
+his arms again, as though appealing to the whole universe. "God! God!
+God!" he said. "What have we done, what has this poor thing done, that
+we are so sore beset? Is there fate amongst us still, sent down from the
+pagan world of old, that such things must be, and in such way? This poor
+mother, all unknowing, and all for the best as she think, does such
+thing as lose her daughter body and soul; and we must not tell her, we
+must not even warn her, or she die, and then both die. Oh, how we are
+beset! How are all the powers of the devils against us!" Suddenly he
+jumped to his feet. "Come," he said, "come, we must see and act. Devils
+or no devils, or all the devils at once, it matters not; we fight him
+all the same." He went to the hall-door for his bag; and together we
+went up to Lucy's room.
+
+Once again I drew up the blind, whilst Van Helsing went towards the bed.
+This time he did not start as he looked on the poor face with the same
+awful, waxen pallor as before. He wore a look of stern sadness and
+infinite pity.
+
+"As I expected," he murmured, with that hissing inspiration of his which
+meant so much. Without a word he went and locked the door, and then
+began to set out on the little table the instruments for yet another
+operation of transfusion of blood. I had long ago recognised the
+necessity, and begun to take off my coat, but he stopped me with a
+warning hand. "No!" he said. "To-day you must operate. I shall provide.
+You are weakened already." As he spoke he took off his coat and rolled
+up his shirt-sleeve.
+
+Again the operation; again the narcotic; again some return of colour to
+the ashy cheeks, and the regular breathing of healthy sleep. This time I
+watched whilst Van Helsing recruited himself and rested.
+
+Presently he took an opportunity of telling Mrs. Westenra that she must
+not remove anything from Lucy's room without consulting him; that the
+flowers were of medicinal value, and that the breathing of their odour
+was a part of the system of cure. Then he took over the care of the case
+himself, saying that he would watch this night and the next and would
+send me word when to come.
+
+After another hour Lucy waked from her sleep, fresh and bright and
+seemingly not much the worse for her terrible ordeal.
+
+What does it all mean? I am beginning to wonder if my long habit of life
+amongst the insane is beginning to tell upon my own brain.
+
+
+_Lucy Westenra's Diary._
+
+_17 September._--Four days and nights of peace. I am getting so strong
+again that I hardly know myself. It is as if I had passed through some
+long nightmare, and had just awakened to see the beautiful sunshine and
+feel the fresh air of the morning around me. I have a dim
+half-remembrance of long, anxious times of waiting and fearing; darkness
+in which there was not even the pain of hope to make present distress
+more poignant: and then long spells of oblivion, and the rising back to
+life as a diver coming up through a great press of water. Since,
+however, Dr. Van Helsing has been with me, all this bad dreaming seems
+to have passed away; the noises that used to frighten me out of my
+wits--the flapping against the windows, the distant voices which seemed
+so close to me, the harsh sounds that came from I know not where and
+commanded me to do I know not what--have all ceased. I go to bed now
+without any fear of sleep. I do not even try to keep awake. I have grown
+quite fond of the garlic, and a boxful arrives for me every day from
+Haarlem. To-night Dr. Van Helsing is going away, as he has to be for a
+day in Amsterdam. But I need not be watched; I am well enough to be left
+alone. Thank God for mother's sake, and dear Arthur's, and for all our
+friends who have been so kind! I shall not even feel the change, for
+last night Dr. Van Helsing slept in his chair a lot of the time. I found
+him asleep twice when I awoke; but I did not fear to go to sleep again,
+although the boughs or bats or something napped almost angrily against
+the window-panes.
+
+
+_"The Pall Mall Gazette," 18 September._
+
+                           THE ESCAPED WOLF.
+
+         PERILOUS ADVENTURE OF OUR INTERVIEWER.
+
+         _Interview with the Keeper in the Zoölogical Gardens._
+
+After many inquiries and almost as many refusals, and perpetually using
+the words "Pall Mall Gazette" as a sort of talisman, I managed to find
+the keeper of the section of the Zoölogical Gardens in which the wolf
+department is included. Thomas Bilder lives in one of the cottages in
+the enclosure behind the elephant-house, and was just sitting down to
+his tea when I found him. Thomas and his wife are hospitable folk,
+elderly, and without children, and if the specimen I enjoyed of their
+hospitality be of the average kind, their lives must be pretty
+comfortable. The keeper would not enter on what he called "business"
+until the supper was over, and we were all satisfied. Then when the
+table was cleared, and he had lit his pipe, he said:--
+
+"Now, sir, you can go on and arsk me what you want. You'll excoose me
+refoosin' to talk of perfeshunal subjects afore meals. I gives the
+wolves and the jackals and the hyenas in all our section their tea afore
+I begins to arsk them questions."
+
+"How do you mean, ask them questions?" I queried, wishful to get him
+into a talkative humour.
+
+"'Ittin' of them over the 'ead with a pole is one way; scratchin' of
+their hears is another, when gents as is flush wants a bit of a show-orf
+to their gals. I don't so much mind the fust--the 'ittin' with a pole
+afore I chucks in their dinner; but I waits till they've 'ad their
+sherry and kawffee, so to speak, afore I tries on with the
+ear-scratchin'. Mind you," he added philosophically, "there's a deal of
+the same nature in us as in them theer animiles. Here's you a-comin' and
+arskin' of me questions about my business, and I that grumpy-like that
+only for your bloomin' 'arf-quid I'd 'a' seen you blowed fust 'fore I'd
+answer. Not even when you arsked me sarcastic-like if I'd like you to
+arsk the Superintendent if you might arsk me questions. Without offence
+did I tell yer to go to 'ell?"
+
+"You did."
+
+"An' when you said you'd report me for usin' of obscene language that
+was 'ittin' me over the 'ead; but the 'arf-quid made that all right. I
+weren't a-goin' to fight, so I waited for the food, and did with my 'owl
+as the wolves, and lions, and tigers does. But, Lor' love yer 'art, now
+that the old 'ooman has stuck a chunk of her tea-cake in me, an' rinsed
+me out with her bloomin' old teapot, and I've lit hup, you may scratch
+my ears for all you're worth, and won't git even a growl out of me.
+Drive along with your questions. I know what yer a-comin' at, that 'ere
+escaped wolf."
+
+"Exactly. I want you to give me your view of it. Just tell me how it
+happened; and when I know the facts I'll get you to say what you
+consider was the cause of it, and how you think the whole affair will
+end."
+
+"All right, guv'nor. This 'ere is about the 'ole story. That 'ere wolf
+what we called Bersicker was one of three grey ones that came from
+Norway to Jamrach's, which we bought off him four years ago. He was a
+nice well-behaved wolf, that never gave no trouble to talk of. I'm more
+surprised at 'im for wantin' to get out nor any other animile in the
+place. But, there, you can't trust wolves no more nor women."
+
+"Don't you mind him, sir!" broke in Mrs. Tom, with a cheery laugh. "'E's
+got mindin' the animiles so long that blest if he ain't like a old wolf
+'isself! But there ain't no 'arm in 'im."
+
+"Well, sir, it was about two hours after feedin' yesterday when I first
+hear my disturbance. I was makin' up a litter in the monkey-house for a
+young puma which is ill; but when I heard the yelpin' and 'owlin' I kem
+away straight. There was Bersicker a-tearin' like a mad thing at the
+bars as if he wanted to get out. There wasn't much people about that
+day, and close at hand was only one man, a tall, thin chap, with a 'ook
+nose and a pointed beard, with a few white hairs runnin' through it. He
+had a 'ard, cold look and red eyes, and I took a sort of mislike to him,
+for it seemed as if it was 'im as they was hirritated at. He 'ad white
+kid gloves on 'is 'ands, and he pointed out the animiles to me and says:
+'Keeper, these wolves seem upset at something.'
+
+"'Maybe it's you,' says I, for I did not like the airs as he give
+'isself. He didn't git angry, as I 'oped he would, but he smiled a kind
+of insolent smile, with a mouth full of white, sharp teeth. 'Oh no, they
+wouldn't like me,' 'e says.
+
+"'Ow yes, they would,' says I, a-imitatin' of him. 'They always likes a
+bone or two to clean their teeth on about tea-time, which you 'as a
+bagful.'
+
+"Well, it was a odd thing, but when the animiles see us a-talkin' they
+lay down, and when I went over to Bersicker he let me stroke his ears
+same as ever. That there man kem over, and blessed but if he didn't put
+in his hand and stroke the old wolf's ears too!
+
+"'Tyke care,' says I. 'Bersicker is quick.'
+
+"'Never mind,' he says. 'I'm used to 'em!'
+
+"'Are you in the business yourself?' I says, tyking off my 'at, for a
+man what trades in wolves, anceterer, is a good friend to keepers.
+
+"'No' says he, 'not exactly in the business, but I 'ave made pets of
+several.' And with that he lifts his 'at as perlite as a lord, and walks
+away. Old Bersicker kep' a-lookin' arter 'im till 'e was out of sight,
+and then went and lay down in a corner and wouldn't come hout the 'ole
+hevening. Well, larst night, so soon as the moon was hup, the wolves
+here all began a-'owling. There warn't nothing for them to 'owl at.
+There warn't no one near, except some one that was evidently a-callin' a
+dog somewheres out back of the gardings in the Park road. Once or twice
+I went out to see that all was right, and it was, and then the 'owling
+stopped. Just before twelve o'clock I just took a look round afore
+turnin' in, an', bust me, but when I kem opposite to old Bersicker's
+cage I see the rails broken and twisted about and the cage empty. And
+that's all I know for certing."
+
+"Did any one else see anything?"
+
+"One of our gard'ners was a-comin' 'ome about that time from a 'armony,
+when he sees a big grey dog comin' out through the garding 'edges. At
+least, so he says, but I don't give much for it myself, for if he did 'e
+never said a word about it to his missis when 'e got 'ome, and it was
+only after the escape of the wolf was made known, and we had been up all
+night-a-huntin' of the Park for Bersicker, that he remembered seein'
+anything. My own belief was that the 'armony 'ad got into his 'ead."
+
+"Now, Mr. Bilder, can you account in any way for the escape of the
+wolf?"
+
+"Well, sir," he said, with a suspicious sort of modesty, "I think I can;
+but I don't know as 'ow you'd be satisfied with the theory."
+
+"Certainly I shall. If a man like you, who knows the animals from
+experience, can't hazard a good guess at any rate, who is even to try?"
+
+"Well then, sir, I accounts for it this way; it seems to me that 'ere
+wolf escaped--simply because he wanted to get out."
+
+From the hearty way that both Thomas and his wife laughed at the joke I
+could see that it had done service before, and that the whole
+explanation was simply an elaborate sell. I couldn't cope in badinage
+with the worthy Thomas, but I thought I knew a surer way to his heart,
+so I said:--
+
+"Now, Mr. Bilder, we'll consider that first half-sovereign worked off,
+and this brother of his is waiting to be claimed when you've told me
+what you think will happen."
+
+"Right y'are, sir," he said briskly. "Ye'll excoose me, I know, for
+a-chaffin' of ye, but the old woman here winked at me, which was as much
+as telling me to go on."
+
+"Well, I never!" said the old lady.
+
+"My opinion is this: that 'ere wolf is a-'idin' of, somewheres. The
+gard'ner wot didn't remember said he was a-gallopin' northward faster
+than a horse could go; but I don't believe him, for, yer see, sir,
+wolves don't gallop no more nor dogs does, they not bein' built that
+way. Wolves is fine things in a storybook, and I dessay when they gets
+in packs and does be chivyin' somethin' that's more afeared than they is
+they can make a devil of a noise and chop it up, whatever it is. But,
+Lor' bless you, in real life a wolf is only a low creature, not half so
+clever or bold as a good dog; and not half a quarter so much fight in
+'im. This one ain't been used to fightin' or even to providin' for
+hisself, and more like he's somewhere round the Park a-'idin' an'
+a-shiverin' of, and, if he thinks at all, wonderin' where he is to get
+his breakfast from; or maybe he's got down some area and is in a
+coal-cellar. My eye, won't some cook get a rum start when she sees his
+green eyes a-shining at her out of the dark! If he can't get food he's
+bound to look for it, and mayhap he may chance to light on a butcher's
+shop in time. If he doesn't, and some nursemaid goes a-walkin' orf with
+a soldier, leavin' of the hinfant in the perambulator--well, then I
+shouldn't be surprised if the census is one babby the less. That's
+all."
+
+I was handing him the half-sovereign, when something came bobbing up
+against the window, and Mr. Bilder's face doubled its natural length
+with surprise.
+
+"God bless me!" he said. "If there ain't old Bersicker come back by
+'isself!"
+
+He went to the door and opened it; a most unnecessary proceeding it
+seemed to me. I have always thought that a wild animal never looks so
+well as when some obstacle of pronounced durability is between us; a
+personal experience has intensified rather than diminished that idea.
+
+After all, however, there is nothing like custom, for neither Bilder nor
+his wife thought any more of the wolf than I should of a dog. The animal
+itself was as peaceful and well-behaved as that father of all
+picture-wolves--Red Riding Hood's quondam friend, whilst moving her
+confidence in masquerade.
+
+The whole scene was an unutterable mixture of comedy and pathos. The
+wicked wolf that for half a day had paralysed London and set all the
+children in the town shivering in their shoes, was there in a sort of
+penitent mood, and was received and petted like a sort of vulpine
+prodigal son. Old Bilder examined him all over with most tender
+solicitude, and when he had finished with his penitent said:--
+
+"There, I knew the poor old chap would get into some kind of trouble;
+didn't I say it all along? Here's his head all cut and full of broken
+glass. 'E's been a-gettin' over some bloomin' wall or other. It's a
+shyme that people are allowed to top their walls with broken bottles.
+This 'ere's what comes of it. Come along, Bersicker."
+
+He took the wolf and locked him up in a cage, with a piece of meat that
+satisfied, in quantity at any rate, the elementary conditions of the
+fatted calf, and went off to report.
+
+I came off, too, to report the only exclusive information that is given
+to-day regarding the strange escapade at the Zoo.
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary._
+
+_17 September._--I was engaged after dinner in my study posting up my
+books, which, through press of other work and the many visits to Lucy,
+had fallen sadly into arrear. Suddenly the door was burst open, and in
+rushed my patient, with his face distorted with passion. I was
+thunderstruck, for such a thing as a patient getting of his own accord
+into the Superintendent's study is almost unknown. Without an instant's
+pause he made straight at me. He had a dinner-knife in his hand, and,
+as I saw he was dangerous, I tried to keep the table between us. He was
+too quick and too strong for me, however; for before I could get my
+balance he had struck at me and cut my left wrist rather severely.
+Before he could strike again, however, I got in my right and he was
+sprawling on his back on the floor. My wrist bled freely, and quite a
+little pool trickled on to the carpet. I saw that my friend was not
+intent on further effort, and occupied myself binding up my wrist,
+keeping a wary eye on the prostrate figure all the time. When the
+attendants rushed in, and we turned our attention to him, his employment
+positively sickened me. He was lying on his belly on the floor licking
+up, like a dog, the blood which had fallen from my wounded wrist. He was
+easily secured, and, to my surprise, went with the attendants quite
+placidly, simply repeating over and over again: "The blood is the life!
+The blood is the life!"
+
+I cannot afford to lose blood just at present; I have lost too much of
+late for my physical good, and then the prolonged strain of Lucy's
+illness and its horrible phases is telling on me. I am over-excited and
+weary, and I need rest, rest, rest. Happily Van Helsing has not summoned
+me, so I need not forego my sleep; to-night I could not well do without
+it.
+
+
+_Telegram, Van Helsing, Antwerp, to Seward, Carfax._
+
+(Sent to Carfax, Sussex, as no county given; delivered late by
+twenty-two hours.)
+
+"_17 September._--Do not fail to be at Hillingham to-night. If not
+watching all the time frequently, visit and see that flowers are as
+placed; very important; do not fail. Shall be with you as soon as
+possible after arrival."
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary._
+
+_18 September._--Just off for train to London. The arrival of Van
+Helsing's telegram filled me with dismay. A whole night lost, and I know
+by bitter experience what may happen in a night. Of course it is
+possible that all may be well, but what _may_ have happened? Surely
+there is some horrible doom hanging over us that every possible accident
+should thwart us in all we try to do. I shall take this cylinder with
+me, and then I can complete my entry on Lucy's phonograph.
+
+
+_Memorandum left by Lucy Westenra._
+
+_17 September. Night._--I write this and leave it to be seen, so that no
+one may by any chance get into trouble through me. This is an exact
+record of what took place to-night. I feel I am dying of weakness, and
+have barely strength to write, but it must be done if I die in the
+doing.
+
+I went to bed as usual, taking care that the flowers were placed as Dr.
+Van Helsing directed, and soon fell asleep.
+
+I was waked by the flapping at the window, which had begun after that
+sleep-walking on the cliff at Whitby when Mina saved me, and which now I
+know so well. I was not afraid, but I did wish that Dr. Seward was in
+the next room--as Dr. Van Helsing said he would be--so that I might have
+called him. I tried to go to sleep, but could not. Then there came to me
+the old fear of sleep, and I determined to keep awake. Perversely sleep
+would try to come then when I did not want it; so, as I feared to be
+alone, I opened my door and called out: "Is there anybody there?" There
+was no answer. I was afraid to wake mother, and so closed my door again.
+Then outside in the shrubbery I heard a sort of howl like a dog's, but
+more fierce and deeper. I went to the window and looked out, but could
+see nothing, except a big bat, which had evidently been buffeting its
+wings against the window. So I went back to bed again, but determined
+not to go to sleep. Presently the door opened, and mother looked in;
+seeing by my moving that I was not asleep, came in, and sat by me. She
+said to me even more sweetly and softly than her wont:--
+
+"I was uneasy about you, darling, and came in to see that you were all
+right."
+
+I feared she might catch cold sitting there, and asked her to come in
+and sleep with me, so she came into bed, and lay down beside me; she did
+not take off her dressing gown, for she said she would only stay a while
+and then go back to her own bed. As she lay there in my arms, and I in
+hers, the flapping and buffeting came to the window again. She was
+startled and a little frightened, and cried out: "What is that?" I tried
+to pacify her, and at last succeeded, and she lay quiet; but I could
+hear her poor dear heart still beating terribly. After a while there was
+the low howl again out in the shrubbery, and shortly after there was a
+crash at the window, and a lot of broken glass was hurled on the floor.
+The window blind blew back with the wind that rushed in, and in the
+aperture of the broken panes there was the head of a great, gaunt grey
+wolf. Mother cried out in a fright, and struggled up into a sitting
+posture, and clutched wildly at anything that would help her. Amongst
+other things, she clutched the wreath of flowers that Dr. Van Helsing
+insisted on my wearing round my neck, and tore it away from me. For a
+second or two she sat up, pointing at the wolf, and there was a strange
+and horrible gurgling in her throat; then she fell over--as if struck
+with lightning, and her head hit my forehead and made me dizzy for a
+moment or two. The room and all round seemed to spin round. I kept my
+eyes fixed on the window, but the wolf drew his head back, and a whole
+myriad of little specks seemed to come blowing in through the broken
+window, and wheeling and circling round like the pillar of dust that
+travellers describe when there is a simoon in the desert. I tried to
+stir, but there was some spell upon me, and dear mother's poor body,
+which seemed to grow cold already--for her dear heart had ceased to
+beat--weighed me down; and I remembered no more for a while.
+
+The time did not seem long, but very, very awful, till I recovered
+consciousness again. Somewhere near, a passing bell was tolling; the
+dogs all round the neighbourhood were howling; and in our shrubbery,
+seemingly just outside, a nightingale was singing. I was dazed and
+stupid with pain and terror and weakness, but the sound of the
+nightingale seemed like the voice of my dead mother come back to comfort
+me. The sounds seemed to have awakened the maids, too, for I could hear
+their bare feet pattering outside my door. I called to them, and they
+came in, and when they saw what had happened, and what it was that lay
+over me on the bed, they screamed out. The wind rushed in through the
+broken window, and the door slammed to. They lifted off the body of my
+dear mother, and laid her, covered up with a sheet, on the bed after I
+had got up. They were all so frightened and nervous that I directed them
+to go to the dining-room and have each a glass of wine. The door flew
+open for an instant and closed again. The maids shrieked, and then went
+in a body to the dining-room; and I laid what flowers I had on my dear
+mother's breast. When they were there I remembered what Dr. Van Helsing
+had told me, but I didn't like to remove them, and, besides, I would
+have some of the servants to sit up with me now. I was surprised that
+the maids did not come back. I called them, but got no answer, so I went
+to the dining-room to look for them.
+
+My heart sank when I saw what had happened. They all four lay helpless
+on the floor, breathing heavily. The decanter of sherry was on the table
+half full, but there was a queer, acrid smell about. I was suspicious,
+and examined the decanter. It smelt of laudanum, and looking on the
+sideboard, I found that the bottle which mother's doctor uses for
+her--oh! did use--was empty. What am I to do? what am I to do? I am back
+in the room with mother. I cannot leave her, and I am alone, save for
+the sleeping servants, whom some one has drugged. Alone with the dead! I
+dare not go out, for I can hear the low howl of the wolf through the
+broken window.
+
+The air seems full of specks, floating and circling in the draught from
+the window, and the lights burn blue and dim. What am I to do? God
+shield me from harm this night! I shall hide this paper in my breast,
+where they shall find it when they come to lay me out. My dear mother
+gone! It is time that I go too. Good-bye, dear Arthur, if I should not
+survive this night. God keep you, dear, and God help me!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+DR. SEWARD'S DIARY
+
+
+_18 September._--I drove at once to Hillingham and arrived early.
+Keeping my cab at the gate, I went up the avenue alone. I knocked gently
+and rang as quietly as possible, for I feared to disturb Lucy or her
+mother, and hoped to only bring a servant to the door. After a while,
+finding no response, I knocked and rang again; still no answer. I cursed
+the laziness of the servants that they should lie abed at such an
+hour--for it was now ten o'clock--and so rang and knocked again, but
+more impatiently, but still without response. Hitherto I had blamed only
+the servants, but now a terrible fear began to assail me. Was this
+desolation but another link in the chain of doom which seemed drawing
+tight around us? Was it indeed a house of death to which I had come, too
+late? I knew that minutes, even seconds of delay, might mean hours of
+danger to Lucy, if she had had again one of those frightful relapses;
+and I went round the house to try if I could find by chance an entry
+anywhere.
+
+I could find no means of ingress. Every window and door was fastened and
+locked, and I returned baffled to the porch. As I did so, I heard the
+rapid pit-pat of a swiftly driven horse's feet. They stopped at the
+gate, and a few seconds later I met Van Helsing running up the avenue.
+When he saw me, he gasped out:--
+
+"Then it was you, and just arrived. How is she? Are we too late? Did you
+not get my telegram?"
+
+I answered as quickly and coherently as I could that I had only got his
+telegram early in the morning, and had not lost a minute in coming here,
+and that I could not make any one in the house hear me. He paused and
+raised his hat as he said solemnly:--
+
+"Then I fear we are too late. God's will be done!" With his usual
+recuperative energy, he went on: "Come. If there be no way open to get
+in, we must make one. Time is all in all to us now."
+
+We went round to the back of the house, where there was a kitchen
+window. The Professor took a small surgical saw from his case, and
+handing it to me, pointed to the iron bars which guarded the window. I
+attacked them at once and had very soon cut through three of them. Then
+with a long, thin knife we pushed back the fastening of the sashes and
+opened the window. I helped the Professor in, and followed him. There
+was no one in the kitchen or in the servants' rooms, which were close at
+hand. We tried all the rooms as we went along, and in the dining-room,
+dimly lit by rays of light through the shutters, found four
+servant-women lying on the floor. There was no need to think them dead,
+for their stertorous breathing and the acrid smell of laudanum in the
+room left no doubt as to their condition. Van Helsing and I looked at
+each other, and as we moved away he said: "We can attend to them later."
+Then we ascended to Lucy's room. For an instant or two we paused at the
+door to listen, but there was no sound that we could hear. With white
+faces and trembling hands, we opened the door gently, and entered the
+room.
+
+How shall I describe what we saw? On the bed lay two women, Lucy and her
+mother. The latter lay farthest in, and she was covered with a white
+sheet, the edge of which had been blown back by the draught through the
+broken window, showing the drawn, white face, with a look of terror
+fixed upon it. By her side lay Lucy, with face white and still more
+drawn. The flowers which had been round her neck we found upon her
+mother's bosom, and her throat was bare, showing the two little wounds
+which we had noticed before, but looking horribly white and mangled.
+Without a word the Professor bent over the bed, his head almost touching
+poor Lucy's breast; then he gave a quick turn of his head, as of one who
+listens, and leaping to his feet, he cried out to me:--
+
+"It is not yet too late! Quick! quick! Bring the brandy!"
+
+I flew downstairs and returned with it, taking care to smell and taste
+it, lest it, too, were drugged like the decanter of sherry which I found
+on the table. The maids were still breathing, but more restlessly, and I
+fancied that the narcotic was wearing off. I did not stay to make sure,
+but returned to Van Helsing. He rubbed the brandy, as on another
+occasion, on her lips and gums and on her wrists and the palms of her
+hands. He said to me:--
+
+"I can do this, all that can be at the present. You go wake those maids.
+Flick them in the face with a wet towel, and flick them hard. Make them
+get heat and fire and a warm bath. This poor soul is nearly as cold as
+that beside her. She will need be heated before we can do anything
+more."
+
+I went at once, and found little difficulty in waking three of the
+women. The fourth was only a young girl, and the drug had evidently
+affected her more strongly, so I lifted her on the sofa and let her
+sleep. The others were dazed at first, but as remembrance came back to
+them they cried and sobbed in a hysterical manner. I was stern with
+them, however, and would not let them talk. I told them that one life
+was bad enough to lose, and that if they delayed they would sacrifice
+Miss Lucy. So, sobbing and crying, they went about their way, half clad
+as they were, and prepared fire and water. Fortunately, the kitchen and
+boiler fires were still alive, and there was no lack of hot water. We
+got a bath and carried Lucy out as she was and placed her in it. Whilst
+we were busy chafing her limbs there was a knock at the hall door. One
+of the maids ran off, hurried on some more clothes, and opened it. Then
+she returned and whispered to us that there was a gentleman who had come
+with a message from Mr. Holmwood. I bade her simply tell him that he
+must wait, for we could see no one now. She went away with the message,
+and, engrossed with our work, I clean forgot all about him.
+
+I never saw in all my experience the Professor work in such deadly
+earnest. I knew--as he knew--that it was a stand-up fight with death,
+and in a pause told him so. He answered me in a way that I did not
+understand, but with the sternest look that his face could wear:--
+
+"If that were all, I would stop here where we are now, and let her fade
+away into peace, for I see no light in life over her horizon." He went
+on with his work with, if possible, renewed and more frenzied vigour.
+
+Presently we both began to be conscious that the heat was beginning to
+be of some effect. Lucy's heart beat a trifle more audibly to the
+stethoscope, and her lungs had a perceptible movement. Van Helsing's
+face almost beamed, and as we lifted her from the bath and rolled her in
+a hot sheet to dry her he said to me:--
+
+"The first gain is ours! Check to the King!"
+
+We took Lucy into another room, which had by now been prepared, and laid
+her in bed and forced a few drops of brandy down her throat. I noticed
+that Van Helsing tied a soft silk handkerchief round her throat. She was
+still unconscious, and was quite as bad as, if not worse than, we had
+ever seen her.
+
+Van Helsing called in one of the women, and told her to stay with her
+and not to take her eyes off her till we returned, and then beckoned me
+out of the room.
+
+"We must consult as to what is to be done," he said as we descended the
+stairs. In the hall he opened the dining-room door, and we passed in, he
+closing the door carefully behind him. The shutters had been opened, but
+the blinds were already down, with that obedience to the etiquette of
+death which the British woman of the lower classes always rigidly
+observes. The room was, therefore, dimly dark. It was, however, light
+enough for our purposes. Van Helsing's sternness was somewhat relieved
+by a look of perplexity. He was evidently torturing his mind about
+something, so I waited for an instant, and he spoke:--
+
+"What are we to do now? Where are we to turn for help? We must have
+another transfusion of blood, and that soon, or that poor girl's life
+won't be worth an hour's purchase. You are exhausted already; I am
+exhausted too. I fear to trust those women, even if they would have
+courage to submit. What are we to do for some one who will open his
+veins for her?"
+
+"What's the matter with me, anyhow?"
+
+The voice came from the sofa across the room, and its tones brought
+relief and joy to my heart, for they were those of Quincey Morris. Van
+Helsing started angrily at the first sound, but his face softened and a
+glad look came into his eyes as I cried out: "Quincey Morris!" and
+rushed towards him with outstretched hands.
+
+"What brought you here?" I cried as our hands met.
+
+"I guess Art is the cause."
+
+He handed me a telegram:--
+
+"Have not heard from Seward for three days, and am terribly anxious.
+Cannot leave. Father still in same condition. Send me word how Lucy is.
+Do not delay.--HOLMWOOD."
+
+"I think I came just in the nick of time. You know you have only to tell
+me what to do."
+
+Van Helsing strode forward, and took his hand, looking him straight in
+the eyes as he said:--
+
+"A brave man's blood is the best thing on this earth when a woman is in
+trouble. You're a man and no mistake. Well, the devil may work against
+us for all he's worth, but God sends us men when we want them."
+
+Once again we went through that ghastly operation. I have not the heart
+to go through with the details. Lucy had got a terrible shock and it
+told on her more than before, for though plenty of blood went into her
+veins, her body did not respond to the treatment as well as on the other
+occasions. Her struggle back into life was something frightful to see
+and hear. However, the action of both heart and lungs improved, and Van
+Helsing made a subcutaneous injection of morphia, as before, and with
+good effect. Her faint became a profound slumber. The Professor watched
+whilst I went downstairs with Quincey Morris, and sent one of the maids
+to pay off one of the cabmen who were waiting. I left Quincey lying down
+after having a glass of wine, and told the cook to get ready a good
+breakfast. Then a thought struck me, and I went back to the room where
+Lucy now was. When I came softly in, I found Van Helsing with a sheet or
+two of note-paper in his hand. He had evidently read it, and was
+thinking it over as he sat with his hand to his brow. There was a look
+of grim satisfaction in his face, as of one who has had a doubt solved.
+He handed me the paper saying only: "It dropped from Lucy's breast when
+we carried her to the bath."
+
+When I had read it, I stood looking at the Professor, and after a pause
+asked him: "In God's name, what does it all mean? Was she, or is she,
+mad; or what sort of horrible danger is it?" I was so bewildered that I
+did not know what to say more. Van Helsing put out his hand and took the
+paper, saying:--
+
+"Do not trouble about it now. Forget it for the present. You shall know
+and understand it all in good time; but it will be later. And now what
+is it that you came to me to say?" This brought me back to fact, and I
+was all myself again.
+
+"I came to speak about the certificate of death. If we do not act
+properly and wisely, there may be an inquest, and that paper would have
+to be produced. I am in hopes that we need have no inquest, for if we
+had it would surely kill poor Lucy, if nothing else did. I know, and you
+know, and the other doctor who attended her knows, that Mrs. Westenra
+had disease of the heart, and we can certify that she died of it. Let us
+fill up the certificate at once, and I shall take it myself to the
+registrar and go on to the undertaker."
+
+"Good, oh my friend John! Well thought of! Truly Miss Lucy, if she be
+sad in the foes that beset her, is at least happy in the friends that
+love her. One, two, three, all open their veins for her, besides one old
+man. Ah yes, I know, friend John; I am not blind! I love you all the
+more for it! Now go."
+
+In the hall I met Quincey Morris, with a telegram for Arthur telling him
+that Mrs. Westenra was dead; that Lucy also had been ill, but was now
+going on better; and that Van Helsing and I were with her. I told him
+where I was going, and he hurried me out, but as I was going said:--
+
+"When you come back, Jack, may I have two words with you all to
+ourselves?" I nodded in reply and went out. I found no difficulty about
+the registration, and arranged with the local undertaker to come up in
+the evening to measure for the coffin and to make arrangements.
+
+When I got back Quincey was waiting for me. I told him I would see him
+as soon as I knew about Lucy, and went up to her room. She was still
+sleeping, and the Professor seemingly had not moved from his seat at her
+side. From his putting his finger to his lips, I gathered that he
+expected her to wake before long and was afraid of forestalling nature.
+So I went down to Quincey and took him into the breakfast-room, where
+the blinds were not drawn down, and which was a little more cheerful, or
+rather less cheerless, than the other rooms. When we were alone, he said
+to me:--
+
+"Jack Seward, I don't want to shove myself in anywhere where I've no
+right to be; but this is no ordinary case. You know I loved that girl
+and wanted to marry her; but, although that's all past and gone, I can't
+help feeling anxious about her all the same. What is it that's wrong
+with her? The Dutchman--and a fine old fellow he is; I can see
+that--said, that time you two came into the room, that you must have
+_another_ transfusion of blood, and that both you and he were exhausted.
+Now I know well that you medical men speak _in camera_, and that a man
+must not expect to know what they consult about in private. But this is
+no common matter, and, whatever it is, I have done my part. Is not that
+so?"
+
+"That's so," I said, and he went on:--
+
+"I take it that both you and Van Helsing had done already what I did
+to-day. Is not that so?"
+
+"That's so."
+
+"And I guess Art was in it too. When I saw him four days ago down at his
+own place he looked queer. I have not seen anything pulled down so quick
+since I was on the Pampas and had a mare that I was fond of go to grass
+all in a night. One of those big bats that they call vampires had got at
+her in the night, and what with his gorge and the vein left open, there
+wasn't enough blood in her to let her stand up, and I had to put a
+bullet through her as she lay. Jack, if you may tell me without
+betraying confidence, Arthur was the first, is not that so?" As he spoke
+the poor fellow looked terribly anxious. He was in a torture of suspense
+regarding the woman he loved, and his utter ignorance of the terrible
+mystery which seemed to surround her intensified his pain. His very
+heart was bleeding, and it took all the manhood of him--and there was a
+royal lot of it, too--to keep him from breaking down. I paused before
+answering, for I felt that I must not betray anything which the
+Professor wished kept secret; but already he knew so much, and guessed
+so much, that there could be no reason for not answering, so I answered
+in the same phrase: "That's so."
+
+"And how long has this been going on?"
+
+"About ten days."
+
+"Ten days! Then I guess, Jack Seward, that that poor pretty creature
+that we all love has had put into her veins within that time the blood
+of four strong men. Man alive, her whole body wouldn't hold it." Then,
+coming close to me, he spoke in a fierce half-whisper: "What took it
+out?"
+
+I shook my head. "That," I said, "is the crux. Van Helsing is simply
+frantic about it, and I am at my wits' end. I can't even hazard a guess.
+There has been a series of little circumstances which have thrown out
+all our calculations as to Lucy being properly watched. But these shall
+not occur again. Here we stay until all be well--or ill." Quincey held
+out his hand. "Count me in," he said. "You and the Dutchman will tell me
+what to do, and I'll do it."
+
+When she woke late in the afternoon, Lucy's first movement was to feel
+in her breast, and, to my surprise, produced the paper which Van Helsing
+had given me to read. The careful Professor had replaced it where it had
+come from, lest on waking she should be alarmed. Her eye then lit on Van
+Helsing and on me too, and gladdened. Then she looked around the room,
+and seeing where she was, shuddered; she gave a loud cry, and put her
+poor thin hands before her pale face. We both understood what that
+meant--that she had realised to the full her mother's death; so we tried
+what we could to comfort her. Doubtless sympathy eased her somewhat, but
+she was very low in thought and spirit, and wept silently and weakly for
+a long time. We told her that either or both of us would now remain with
+her all the time, and that seemed to comfort her. Towards dusk she fell
+into a doze. Here a very odd thing occurred. Whilst still asleep she
+took the paper from her breast and tore it in two. Van Helsing stepped
+over and took the pieces from her. All the same, however, she went on
+with the action of tearing, as though the material were still in her
+hands; finally she lifted her hands and opened them as though scattering
+the fragments. Van Helsing seemed surprised, and his brows gathered as
+if in thought, but he said nothing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_19 September._--All last night she slept fitfully, being always afraid
+to sleep, and something weaker when she woke from it. The Professor and
+I took it in turns to watch, and we never left her for a moment
+unattended. Quincey Morris said nothing about his intention, but I knew
+that all night long he patrolled round and round the house.
+
+When the day came, its searching light showed the ravages in poor Lucy's
+strength. She was hardly able to turn her head, and the little
+nourishment which she could take seemed to do her no good. At times she
+slept, and both Van Helsing and I noticed the difference in her, between
+sleeping and waking. Whilst asleep she looked stronger, although more
+haggard, and her breathing was softer; her open mouth showed the pale
+gums drawn back from the teeth, which thus looked positively longer and
+sharper than usual; when she woke the softness of her eyes evidently
+changed the expression, for she looked her own self, although a dying
+one. In the afternoon she asked for Arthur, and we telegraphed for him.
+Quincey went off to meet him at the station.
+
+When he arrived it was nearly six o'clock, and the sun was setting full
+and warm, and the red light streamed in through the window and gave more
+colour to the pale cheeks. When he saw her, Arthur was simply choking
+with emotion, and none of us could speak. In the hours that had passed,
+the fits of sleep, or the comatose condition that passed for it, had
+grown more frequent, so that the pauses when conversation was possible
+were shortened. Arthur's presence, however, seemed to act as a
+stimulant; she rallied a little, and spoke to him more brightly than she
+had done since we arrived. He too pulled himself together, and spoke as
+cheerily as he could, so that the best was made of everything.
+
+It was now nearly one o'clock, and he and Van Helsing are sitting with
+her. I am to relieve them in a quarter of an hour, and I am entering
+this on Lucy's phonograph. Until six o'clock they are to try to rest. I
+fear that to-morrow will end our watching, for the shock has been too
+great; the poor child cannot rally. God help us all.
+
+
+_Letter, Mina Harker to Lucy Westenra._
+
+(Unopened by her.)
+
+"_17 September._
+
+"My dearest Lucy,--
+
+"It seems _an age_ since I heard from you, or indeed since I wrote. You
+will pardon me, I know, for all my faults when you have read all my
+budget of news. Well, I got my husband back all right; when we arrived
+at Exeter there was a carriage waiting for us, and in it, though he had
+an attack of gout, Mr. Hawkins. He took us to his house, where there
+were rooms for us all nice and comfortable, and we dined together. After
+dinner Mr. Hawkins said:--
+
+"'My dears, I want to drink your health and prosperity; and may every
+blessing attend you both. I know you both from children, and have, with
+love and pride, seen you grow up. Now I want you to make your home here
+with me. I have left to me neither chick nor child; all are gone, and in
+my will I have left you everything.' I cried, Lucy dear, as Jonathan and
+the old man clasped hands. Our evening was a very, very happy one.
+
+"So here we are, installed in this beautiful old house, and from both my
+bedroom and the drawing-room I can see the great elms of the cathedral
+close, with their great black stems standing out against the old yellow
+stone of the cathedral and I can hear the rooks overhead cawing and
+cawing and chattering and gossiping all day, after the manner of
+rooks--and humans. I am busy, I need not tell you, arranging things and
+housekeeping. Jonathan and Mr. Hawkins are busy all day; for, now that
+Jonathan is a partner, Mr. Hawkins wants to tell him all about the
+clients.
+
+"How is your dear mother getting on? I wish I could run up to town for a
+day or two to see you, dear, but I dare not go yet, with so much on my
+shoulders; and Jonathan wants looking after still. He is beginning to
+put some flesh on his bones again, but he was terribly weakened by the
+long illness; even now he sometimes starts out of his sleep in a sudden
+way and awakes all trembling until I can coax him back to his usual
+placidity. However, thank God, these occasions grow less frequent as the
+days go on, and they will in time pass away altogether, I trust. And now
+I have told you my news, let me ask yours. When are you to be married,
+and where, and who is to perform the ceremony, and what are you to wear,
+and is it to be a public or a private wedding? Tell me all about it,
+dear; tell me all about everything, for there is nothing which interests
+you which will not be dear to me. Jonathan asks me to send his
+'respectful duty,' but I do not think that is good enough from the
+junior partner of the important firm Hawkins & Harker; and so, as you
+love me, and he loves me, and I love you with all the moods and tenses
+of the verb, I send you simply his 'love' instead. Good-bye, my dearest
+Lucy, and all blessings on you.
+
+"Yours,
+
+"MINA HARKER."
+
+
+_Report from Patrick Hennessey, M. D., M. R. C. S. L. K. Q. C. P. I.,
+etc., etc., to John Seward, M. D._
+
+"_20 September._
+
+"My dear Sir,--
+
+"In accordance with your wishes, I enclose report of the conditions of
+everything left in my charge.... With regard to patient, Renfield, there
+is more to say. He has had another outbreak, which might have had a
+dreadful ending, but which, as it fortunately happened, was unattended
+with any unhappy results. This afternoon a carrier's cart with two men
+made a call at the empty house whose grounds abut on ours--the house to
+which, you will remember, the patient twice ran away. The men stopped at
+our gate to ask the porter their way, as they were strangers. I was
+myself looking out of the study window, having a smoke after dinner, and
+saw one of them come up to the house. As he passed the window of
+Renfield's room, the patient began to rate him from within, and called
+him all the foul names he could lay his tongue to. The man, who seemed a
+decent fellow enough, contented himself by telling him to "shut up for a
+foul-mouthed beggar," whereon our man accused him of robbing him and
+wanting to murder him and said that he would hinder him if he were to
+swing for it. I opened the window and signed to the man not to notice,
+so he contented himself after looking the place over and making up his
+mind as to what kind of a place he had got to by saying: 'Lor' bless
+yer, sir, I wouldn't mind what was said to me in a bloomin' madhouse. I
+pity ye and the guv'nor for havin' to live in the house with a wild
+beast like that.' Then he asked his way civilly enough, and I told him
+where the gate of the empty house was; he went away, followed by threats
+and curses and revilings from our man. I went down to see if I could
+make out any cause for his anger, since he is usually such a
+well-behaved man, and except his violent fits nothing of the kind had
+ever occurred. I found him, to my astonishment, quite composed and most
+genial in his manner. I tried to get him to talk of the incident, but he
+blandly asked me questions as to what I meant, and led me to believe
+that he was completely oblivious of the affair. It was, I am sorry to
+say, however, only another instance of his cunning, for within half an
+hour I heard of him again. This time he had broken out through the
+window of his room, and was running down the avenue. I called to the
+attendants to follow me, and ran after him, for I feared he was intent
+on some mischief. My fear was justified when I saw the same cart which
+had passed before coming down the road, having on it some great wooden
+boxes. The men were wiping their foreheads, and were flushed in the
+face, as if with violent exercise. Before I could get up to him the
+patient rushed at them, and pulling one of them off the cart, began to
+knock his head against the ground. If I had not seized him just at the
+moment I believe he would have killed the man there and then. The other
+fellow jumped down and struck him over the head with the butt-end of his
+heavy whip. It was a terrible blow; but he did not seem to mind it, but
+seized him also, and struggled with the three of us, pulling us to and
+fro as if we were kittens. You know I am no light weight, and the others
+were both burly men. At first he was silent in his fighting; but as we
+began to master him, and the attendants were putting a strait-waistcoat
+on him, he began to shout: 'I'll frustrate them! They shan't rob me!
+they shan't murder me by inches! I'll fight for my Lord and Master!' and
+all sorts of similar incoherent ravings. It was with very considerable
+difficulty that they got him back to the house and put him in the padded
+room. One of the attendants, Hardy, had a finger broken. However, I set
+it all right; and he is going on well.
+
+"The two carriers were at first loud in their threats of actions for
+damages, and promised to rain all the penalties of the law on us. Their
+threats were, however, mingled with some sort of indirect apology for
+the defeat of the two of them by a feeble madman. They said that if it
+had not been for the way their strength had been spent in carrying and
+raising the heavy boxes to the cart they would have made short work of
+him. They gave as another reason for their defeat the extraordinary
+state of drouth to which they had been reduced by the dusty nature of
+their occupation and the reprehensible distance from the scene of their
+labours of any place of public entertainment. I quite understood their
+drift, and after a stiff glass of grog, or rather more of the same, and
+with each a sovereign in hand, they made light of the attack, and swore
+that they would encounter a worse madman any day for the pleasure of
+meeting so 'bloomin' good a bloke' as your correspondent. I took their
+names and addresses, in case they might be needed. They are as
+follows:--Jack Smollet, of Dudding's Rents, King George's Road, Great
+Walworth, and Thomas Snelling, Peter Farley's Row, Guide Court, Bethnal
+Green. They are both in the employment of Harris & Sons, Moving and
+Shipment Company, Orange Master's Yard, Soho.
+
+"I shall report to you any matter of interest occurring here, and shall
+wire you at once if there is anything of importance.
+
+"Believe me, dear Sir,
+
+"Yours faithfully,
+
+"PATRICK HENNESSEY."
+
+
+_Letter, Mina Harker to Lucy Westenra_.
+
+(Unopened by her.)
+
+"_18 September._
+
+"My dearest Lucy,--
+
+"Such a sad blow has befallen us. Mr. Hawkins has died very suddenly.
+Some may not think it so sad for us, but we had both come to so love him
+that it really seems as though we had lost a father. I never knew either
+father or mother, so that the dear old man's death is a real blow to me.
+Jonathan is greatly distressed. It is not only that he feels sorrow,
+deep sorrow, for the dear, good man who has befriended him all his life,
+and now at the end has treated him like his own son and left him a
+fortune which to people of our modest bringing up is wealth beyond the
+dream of avarice, but Jonathan feels it on another account. He says the
+amount of responsibility which it puts upon him makes him nervous. He
+begins to doubt himself. I try to cheer him up, and _my_ belief in _him_
+helps him to have a belief in himself. But it is here that the grave
+shock that he experienced tells upon him the most. Oh, it is too hard
+that a sweet, simple, noble, strong nature such as his--a nature which
+enabled him by our dear, good friend's aid to rise from clerk to master
+in a few years--should be so injured that the very essence of its
+strength is gone. Forgive me, dear, if I worry you with my troubles in
+the midst of your own happiness; but, Lucy dear, I must tell some one,
+for the strain of keeping up a brave and cheerful appearance to Jonathan
+tries me, and I have no one here that I can confide in. I dread coming
+up to London, as we must do the day after to-morrow; for poor Mr.
+Hawkins left in his will that he was to be buried in the grave with his
+father. As there are no relations at all, Jonathan will have to be chief
+mourner. I shall try to run over to see you, dearest, if only for a few
+minutes. Forgive me for troubling you. With all blessings,
+
+"Your loving
+
+"MINA HARKER."
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary._
+
+_20 September._--Only resolution and habit can let me make an entry
+to-night. I am too miserable, too low-spirited, too sick of the world
+and all in it, including life itself, that I would not care if I heard
+this moment the flapping of the wings of the angel of death. And he has
+been flapping those grim wings to some purpose of late--Lucy's mother
+and Arthur's father, and now.... Let me get on with my work.
+
+I duly relieved Van Helsing in his watch over Lucy. We wanted Arthur to
+go to rest also, but he refused at first. It was only when I told him
+that we should want him to help us during the day, and that we must not
+all break down for want of rest, lest Lucy should suffer, that he agreed
+to go. Van Helsing was very kind to him. "Come, my child," he said;
+"come with me. You are sick and weak, and have had much sorrow and much
+mental pain, as well as that tax on your strength that we know of. You
+must not be alone; for to be alone is to be full of fears and alarms.
+Come to the drawing-room, where there is a big fire, and there are two
+sofas. You shall lie on one, and I on the other, and our sympathy will
+be comfort to each other, even though we do not speak, and even if we
+sleep." Arthur went off with him, casting back a longing look on Lucy's
+face, which lay in her pillow, almost whiter than the lawn. She lay
+quite still, and I looked round the room to see that all was as it
+should be. I could see that the Professor had carried out in this room,
+as in the other, his purpose of using the garlic; the whole of the
+window-sashes reeked with it, and round Lucy's neck, over the silk
+handkerchief which Van Helsing made her keep on, was a rough chaplet of
+the same odorous flowers. Lucy was breathing somewhat stertorously, and
+her face was at its worst, for the open mouth showed the pale gums. Her
+teeth, in the dim, uncertain light, seemed longer and sharper than they
+had been in the morning. In particular, by some trick of the light, the
+canine teeth looked longer and sharper than the rest. I sat down by her,
+and presently she moved uneasily. At the same moment there came a sort
+of dull flapping or buffeting at the window. I went over to it softly,
+and peeped out by the corner of the blind. There was a full moonlight,
+and I could see that the noise was made by a great bat, which wheeled
+round--doubtless attracted by the light, although so dim--and every now
+and again struck the window with its wings. When I came back to my seat,
+I found that Lucy had moved slightly, and had torn away the garlic
+flowers from her throat. I replaced them as well as I could, and sat
+watching her.
+
+Presently she woke, and I gave her food, as Van Helsing had prescribed.
+She took but a little, and that languidly. There did not seem to be with
+her now the unconscious struggle for life and strength that had hitherto
+so marked her illness. It struck me as curious that the moment she
+became conscious she pressed the garlic flowers close to her. It was
+certainly odd that whenever she got into that lethargic state, with the
+stertorous breathing, she put the flowers from her; but that when she
+waked she clutched them close. There was no possibility of making any
+mistake about this, for in the long hours that followed, she had many
+spells of sleeping and waking and repeated both actions many times.
+
+At six o'clock Van Helsing came to relieve me. Arthur had then fallen
+into a doze, and he mercifully let him sleep on. When he saw Lucy's face
+I could hear the sissing indraw of his breath, and he said to me in a
+sharp whisper: "Draw up the blind; I want light!" Then he bent down,
+and, with his face almost touching Lucy's, examined her carefully. He
+removed the flowers and lifted the silk handkerchief from her throat. As
+he did so he started back, and I could hear his ejaculation, "Mein
+Gott!" as it was smothered in his throat. I bent over and looked, too,
+and as I noticed some queer chill came over me.
+
+The wounds on the throat had absolutely disappeared.
+
+For fully five minutes Van Helsing stood looking at her, with his face
+at its sternest. Then he turned to me and said calmly:--
+
+"She is dying. It will not be long now. It will be much difference, mark
+me, whether she dies conscious or in her sleep. Wake that poor boy, and
+let him come and see the last; he trusts us, and we have promised him."
+
+I went to the dining-room and waked him. He was dazed for a moment, but
+when he saw the sunlight streaming in through the edges of the shutters
+he thought he was late, and expressed his fear. I assured him that Lucy
+was still asleep, but told him as gently as I could that both Van
+Helsing and I feared that the end was near. He covered his face with his
+hands, and slid down on his knees by the sofa, where he remained,
+perhaps a minute, with his head buried, praying, whilst his shoulders
+shook with grief. I took him by the hand and raised him up. "Come," I
+said, "my dear old fellow, summon all your fortitude: it will be best
+and easiest for her."
+
+When we came into Lucy's room I could see that Van Helsing had, with
+his usual forethought, been putting matters straight and making
+everything look as pleasing as possible. He had even brushed Lucy's
+hair, so that it lay on the pillow in its usual sunny ripples. When we
+came into the room she opened her eyes, and seeing him, whispered
+softly:--
+
+"Arthur! Oh, my love, I am so glad you have come!" He was stooping to
+kiss her, when Van Helsing motioned him back. "No," he whispered, "not
+yet! Hold her hand; it will comfort her more."
+
+So Arthur took her hand and knelt beside her, and she looked her best,
+with all the soft lines matching the angelic beauty of her eyes. Then
+gradually her eyes closed, and she sank to sleep. For a little bit her
+breast heaved softly, and her breath came and went like a tired child's.
+
+And then insensibly there came the strange change which I had noticed in
+the night. Her breathing grew stertorous, the mouth opened, and the pale
+gums, drawn back, made the teeth look longer and sharper than ever. In a
+sort of sleep-waking, vague, unconscious way she opened her eyes, which
+were now dull and hard at once, and said in a soft, voluptuous voice,
+such as I had never heard from her lips:--
+
+"Arthur! Oh, my love, I am so glad you have come! Kiss me!" Arthur bent
+eagerly over to kiss her; but at that instant Van Helsing, who, like me,
+had been startled by her voice, swooped upon him, and catching him by
+the neck with both hands, dragged him back with a fury of strength which
+I never thought he could have possessed, and actually hurled him almost
+across the room.
+
+"Not for your life!" he said; "not for your living soul and hers!" And
+he stood between them like a lion at bay.
+
+Arthur was so taken aback that he did not for a moment know what to do
+or say; and before any impulse of violence could seize him he realised
+the place and the occasion, and stood silent, waiting.
+
+I kept my eyes fixed on Lucy, as did Van Helsing, and we saw a spasm as
+of rage flit like a shadow over her face; the sharp teeth champed
+together. Then her eyes closed, and she breathed heavily.
+
+Very shortly after she opened her eyes in all their softness, and
+putting out her poor, pale, thin hand, took Van Helsing's great brown
+one; drawing it to her, she kissed it. "My true friend," she said, in a
+faint voice, but with untellable pathos, "My true friend, and his! Oh,
+guard him, and give me peace!"
+
+"I swear it!" he said solemnly, kneeling beside her and holding up his
+hand, as one who registers an oath. Then he turned to Arthur, and said
+to him: "Come, my child, take her hand in yours, and kiss her on the
+forehead, and only once."
+
+Their eyes met instead of their lips; and so they parted.
+
+Lucy's eyes closed; and Van Helsing, who had been watching closely, took
+Arthur's arm, and drew him away.
+
+And then Lucy's breathing became stertorous again, and all at once it
+ceased.
+
+"It is all over," said Van Helsing. "She is dead!"
+
+I took Arthur by the arm, and led him away to the drawing-room, where he
+sat down, and covered his face with his hands, sobbing in a way that
+nearly broke me down to see.
+
+I went back to the room, and found Van Helsing looking at poor Lucy, and
+his face was sterner than ever. Some change had come over her body.
+Death had given back part of her beauty, for her brow and cheeks had
+recovered some of their flowing lines; even the lips had lost their
+deadly pallor. It was as if the blood, no longer needed for the working
+of the heart, had gone to make the harshness of death as little rude as
+might be.
+
+    "We thought her dying whilst she slept,
+        And sleeping when she died."
+
+I stood beside Van Helsing, and said:--
+
+"Ah, well, poor girl, there is peace for her at last. It is the end!"
+
+He turned to me, and said with grave solemnity:--
+
+"Not so; alas! not so. It is only the beginning!"
+
+When I asked him what he meant, he only shook his head and answered:--
+
+"We can do nothing as yet. Wait and see."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+DR. SEWARD'S DIARY--_continued_.
+
+
+The funeral was arranged for the next succeeding day, so that Lucy and
+her mother might be buried together. I attended to all the ghastly
+formalities, and the urbane undertaker proved that his staff were
+afflicted--or blessed--with something of his own obsequious suavity.
+Even the woman who performed the last offices for the dead remarked to
+me, in a confidential, brother-professional way, when she had come out
+from the death-chamber:--
+
+"She makes a very beautiful corpse, sir. It's quite a privilege to
+attend on her. It's not too much to say that she will do credit to our
+establishment!"
+
+I noticed that Van Helsing never kept far away. This was possible from
+the disordered state of things in the household. There were no relatives
+at hand; and as Arthur had to be back the next day to attend at his
+father's funeral, we were unable to notify any one who should have been
+bidden. Under the circumstances, Van Helsing and I took it upon
+ourselves to examine papers, etc. He insisted upon looking over Lucy's
+papers himself. I asked him why, for I feared that he, being a
+foreigner, might not be quite aware of English legal requirements, and
+so might in ignorance make some unnecessary trouble. He answered me:--
+
+"I know; I know. You forget that I am a lawyer as well as a doctor. But
+this is not altogether for the law. You knew that, when you avoided the
+coroner. I have more than him to avoid. There may be papers more--such
+as this."
+
+As he spoke he took from his pocket-book the memorandum which had been
+in Lucy's breast, and which she had torn in her sleep.
+
+"When you find anything of the solicitor who is for the late Mrs.
+Westenra, seal all her papers, and write him to-night. For me, I watch
+here in the room and in Miss Lucy's old room all night, and I myself
+search for what may be. It is not well that her very thoughts go into
+the hands of strangers."
+
+I went on with my part of the work, and in another half hour had found
+the name and address of Mrs. Westenra's solicitor and had written to
+him. All the poor lady's papers were in order; explicit directions
+regarding the place of burial were given. I had hardly sealed the
+letter, when, to my surprise, Van Helsing walked into the room,
+saying:--
+
+"Can I help you, friend John? I am free, and if I may, my service is to
+you."
+
+"Have you got what you looked for?" I asked, to which he replied:--
+
+"I did not look for any specific thing. I only hoped to find, and find I
+have, all that there was--only some letters and a few memoranda, and a
+diary new begun. But I have them here, and we shall for the present say
+nothing of them. I shall see that poor lad to-morrow evening, and, with
+his sanction, I shall use some."
+
+When we had finished the work in hand, he said to me:--
+
+"And now, friend John, I think we may to bed. We want sleep, both you
+and I, and rest to recuperate. To-morrow we shall have much to do, but
+for the to-night there is no need of us. Alas!"
+
+Before turning in we went to look at poor Lucy. The undertaker had
+certainly done his work well, for the room was turned into a small
+_chapelle ardente_. There was a wilderness of beautiful white flowers,
+and death was made as little repulsive as might be. The end of the
+winding-sheet was laid over the face; when the Professor bent over and
+turned it gently back, we both started at the beauty before us, the tall
+wax candles showing a sufficient light to note it well. All Lucy's
+loveliness had come back to her in death, and the hours that had passed,
+instead of leaving traces of "decay's effacing fingers," had but
+restored the beauty of life, till positively I could not believe my eyes
+that I was looking at a corpse.
+
+The Professor looked sternly grave. He had not loved her as I had, and
+there was no need for tears in his eyes. He said to me: "Remain till I
+return," and left the room. He came back with a handful of wild garlic
+from the box waiting in the hall, but which had not been opened, and
+placed the flowers amongst the others on and around the bed. Then he
+took from his neck, inside his collar, a little gold crucifix, and
+placed it over the mouth. He restored the sheet to its place, and we
+came away.
+
+I was undressing in my own room, when, with a premonitory tap at the
+door, he entered, and at once began to speak:--
+
+"To-morrow I want you to bring me, before night, a set of post-mortem
+knives."
+
+"Must we make an autopsy?" I asked.
+
+"Yes and no. I want to operate, but not as you think. Let me tell you
+now, but not a word to another. I want to cut off her head and take out
+her heart. Ah! you a surgeon, and so shocked! You, whom I have seen with
+no tremble of hand or heart, do operations of life and death that make
+the rest shudder. Oh, but I must not forget, my dear friend John, that
+you loved her; and I have not forgotten it, for it is I that shall
+operate, and you must only help. I would like to do it to-night, but for
+Arthur I must not; he will be free after his father's funeral to-morrow,
+and he will want to see her--to see _it_. Then, when she is coffined
+ready for the next day, you and I shall come when all sleep. We shall
+unscrew the coffin-lid, and shall do our operation: and then replace
+all, so that none know, save we alone."
+
+"But why do it at all? The girl is dead. Why mutilate her poor body
+without need? And if there is no necessity for a post-mortem and nothing
+to gain by it--no good to her, to us, to science, to human
+knowledge--why do it? Without such it is monstrous."
+
+For answer he put his hand on my shoulder, and said, with infinite
+tenderness:--
+
+"Friend John, I pity your poor bleeding heart; and I love you the more
+because it does so bleed. If I could, I would take on myself the burden
+that you do bear. But there are things that you know not, but that you
+shall know, and bless me for knowing, though they are not pleasant
+things. John, my child, you have been my friend now many years, and yet
+did you ever know me to do any without good cause? I may err--I am but
+man; but I believe in all I do. Was it not for these causes that you
+send for me when the great trouble came? Yes! Were you not amazed, nay
+horrified, when I would not let Arthur kiss his love--though she was
+dying--and snatched him away by all my strength? Yes! And yet you saw
+how she thanked me, with her so beautiful dying eyes, her voice, too, so
+weak, and she kiss my rough old hand and bless me? Yes! And did you not
+hear me swear promise to her, that so she closed her eyes grateful? Yes!
+
+"Well, I have good reason now for all I want to do. You have for many
+years trust me; you have believe me weeks past, when there be things so
+strange that you might have well doubt. Believe me yet a little, friend
+John. If you trust me not, then I must tell what I think; and that is
+not perhaps well. And if I work--as work I shall, no matter trust or no
+trust--without my friend trust in me, I work with heavy heart and feel,
+oh! so lonely when I want all help and courage that may be!" He paused a
+moment and went on solemnly: "Friend John, there are strange and
+terrible days before us. Let us not be two, but one, that so we work to
+a good end. Will you not have faith in me?"
+
+I took his hand, and promised him. I held my door open as he went away,
+and watched him go into his room and close the door. As I stood without
+moving, I saw one of the maids pass silently along the passage--she had
+her back towards me, so did not see me--and go into the room where Lucy
+lay. The sight touched me. Devotion is so rare, and we are so grateful
+to those who show it unasked to those we love. Here was a poor girl
+putting aside the terrors which she naturally had of death to go watch
+alone by the bier of the mistress whom she loved, so that the poor clay
+might not be lonely till laid to eternal rest....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I must have slept long and soundly, for it was broad daylight when Van
+Helsing waked me by coming into my room. He came over to my bedside and
+said:--
+
+"You need not trouble about the knives; we shall not do it."
+
+"Why not?" I asked. For his solemnity of the night before had greatly
+impressed me.
+
+"Because," he said sternly, "it is too late--or too early. See!" Here he
+held up the little golden crucifix. "This was stolen in the night."
+
+"How, stolen," I asked in wonder, "since you have it now?"
+
+"Because I get it back from the worthless wretch who stole it, from the
+woman who robbed the dead and the living. Her punishment will surely
+come, but not through me; she knew not altogether what she did and thus
+unknowing, she only stole. Now we must wait."
+
+He went away on the word, leaving me with a new mystery to think of, a
+new puzzle to grapple with.
+
+The forenoon was a dreary time, but at noon the solicitor came: Mr.
+Marquand, of Wholeman, Sons, Marquand & Lidderdale. He was very genial
+and very appreciative of what we had done, and took off our hands all
+cares as to details. During lunch he told us that Mrs. Westenra had for
+some time expected sudden death from her heart, and had put her affairs
+in absolute order; he informed us that, with the exception of a certain
+entailed property of Lucy's father's which now, in default of direct
+issue, went back to a distant branch of the family, the whole estate,
+real and personal, was left absolutely to Arthur Holmwood. When he had
+told us so much he went on:--
+
+"Frankly we did our best to prevent such a testamentary disposition, and
+pointed out certain contingencies that might leave her daughter either
+penniless or not so free as she should be to act regarding a matrimonial
+alliance. Indeed, we pressed the matter so far that we almost came into
+collision, for she asked us if we were or were not prepared to carry out
+her wishes. Of course, we had then no alternative but to accept. We were
+right in principle, and ninety-nine times out of a hundred we should
+have proved, by the logic of events, the accuracy of our judgment.
+Frankly, however, I must admit that in this case any other form of
+disposition would have rendered impossible the carrying out of her
+wishes. For by her predeceasing her daughter the latter would have come
+into possession of the property, and, even had she only survived her
+mother by five minutes, her property would, in case there were no
+will--and a will was a practical impossibility in such a case--have been
+treated at her decease as under intestacy. In which case Lord Godalming,
+though so dear a friend, would have had no claim in the world; and the
+inheritors, being remote, would not be likely to abandon their just
+rights, for sentimental reasons regarding an entire stranger. I assure
+you, my dear sirs, I am rejoiced at the result, perfectly rejoiced."
+
+He was a good fellow, but his rejoicing at the one little part--in which
+he was officially interested--of so great a tragedy, was an
+object-lesson in the limitations of sympathetic understanding.
+
+He did not remain long, but said he would look in later in the day and
+see Lord Godalming. His coming, however, had been a certain comfort to
+us, since it assured us that we should not have to dread hostile
+criticism as to any of our acts. Arthur was expected at five o'clock, so
+a little before that time we visited the death-chamber. It was so in
+very truth, for now both mother and daughter lay in it. The undertaker,
+true to his craft, had made the best display he could of his goods, and
+there was a mortuary air about the place that lowered our spirits at
+once. Van Helsing ordered the former arrangement to be adhered to,
+explaining that, as Lord Godalming was coming very soon, it would be
+less harrowing to his feelings to see all that was left of his _fiancée_
+quite alone. The undertaker seemed shocked at his own stupidity and
+exerted himself to restore things to the condition in which we left them
+the night before, so that when Arthur came such shocks to his feelings
+as we could avoid were saved.
+
+Poor fellow! He looked desperately sad and broken; even his stalwart
+manhood seemed to have shrunk somewhat under the strain of his
+much-tried emotions. He had, I knew, been very genuinely and devotedly
+attached to his father; and to lose him, and at such a time, was a
+bitter blow to him. With me he was warm as ever, and to Van Helsing he
+was sweetly courteous; but I could not help seeing that there was some
+constraint with him. The Professor noticed it, too, and motioned me to
+bring him upstairs. I did so, and left him at the door of the room, as I
+felt he would like to be quite alone with her, but he took my arm and
+led me in, saying huskily:--
+
+"You loved her too, old fellow; she told me all about it, and there was
+no friend had a closer place in her heart than you. I don't know how to
+thank you for all you have done for her. I can't think yet...."
+
+Here he suddenly broke down, and threw his arms round my shoulders and
+laid his head on my breast, crying:--
+
+"Oh, Jack! Jack! What shall I do! The whole of life seems gone from me
+all at once, and there is nothing in the wide world for me to live for."
+
+I comforted him as well as I could. In such cases men do not need much
+expression. A grip of the hand, the tightening of an arm over the
+shoulder, a sob in unison, are expressions of sympathy dear to a man's
+heart. I stood still and silent till his sobs died away, and then I said
+softly to him:--
+
+"Come and look at her."
+
+Together we moved over to the bed, and I lifted the lawn from her face.
+God! how beautiful she was. Every hour seemed to be enhancing her
+loveliness. It frightened and amazed me somewhat; and as for Arthur, he
+fell a-trembling, and finally was shaken with doubt as with an ague. At
+last, after a long pause, he said to me in a faint whisper:--
+
+"Jack, is she really dead?"
+
+I assured him sadly that it was so, and went on to suggest--for I felt
+that such a horrible doubt should not have life for a moment longer than
+I could help--that it often happened that after death faces became
+softened and even resolved into their youthful beauty; that this was
+especially so when death had been preceded by any acute or prolonged
+suffering. It seemed to quite do away with any doubt, and, after
+kneeling beside the couch for a while and looking at her lovingly and
+long, he turned aside. I told him that that must be good-bye, as the
+coffin had to be prepared; so he went back and took her dead hand in his
+and kissed it, and bent over and kissed her forehead. He came away,
+fondly looking back over his shoulder at her as he came.
+
+I left him in the drawing-room, and told Van Helsing that he had said
+good-bye; so the latter went to the kitchen to tell the undertaker's men
+to proceed with the preparations and to screw up the coffin. When he
+came out of the room again I told him of Arthur's question, and he
+replied:--
+
+"I am not surprised. Just now I doubted for a moment myself!"
+
+We all dined together, and I could see that poor Art was trying to make
+the best of things. Van Helsing had been silent all dinner-time; but
+when we had lit our cigars he said--
+
+"Lord----"; but Arthur interrupted him:--
+
+"No, no, not that, for God's sake! not yet at any rate. Forgive me, sir:
+I did not mean to speak offensively; it is only because my loss is so
+recent."
+
+The Professor answered very sweetly:--
+
+"I only used that name because I was in doubt. I must not call you
+'Mr.,' and I have grown to love you--yes, my dear boy, to love you--as
+Arthur."
+
+Arthur held out his hand, and took the old man's warmly.
+
+"Call me what you will," he said. "I hope I may always have the title of
+a friend. And let me say that I am at a loss for words to thank you for
+your goodness to my poor dear." He paused a moment, and went on: "I know
+that she understood your goodness even better than I do; and if I was
+rude or in any way wanting at that time you acted so--you remember"--the
+Professor nodded--"you must forgive me."
+
+He answered with a grave kindness:--
+
+"I know it was hard for you to quite trust me then, for to trust such
+violence needs to understand; and I take it that you do not--that you
+cannot--trust me now, for you do not yet understand. And there may be
+more times when I shall want you to trust when you cannot--and may
+not--and must not yet understand. But the time will come when your trust
+shall be whole and complete in me, and when you shall understand as
+though the sunlight himself shone through. Then you shall bless me from
+first to last for your own sake, and for the sake of others and for her
+dear sake to whom I swore to protect."
+
+"And, indeed, indeed, sir," said Arthur warmly, "I shall in all ways
+trust you. I know and believe you have a very noble heart, and you are
+Jack's friend, and you were hers. You shall do what you like."
+
+The Professor cleared his throat a couple of times, as though about to
+speak, and finally said:--
+
+"May I ask you something now?"
+
+"Certainly."
+
+"You know that Mrs. Westenra left you all her property?"
+
+"No, poor dear; I never thought of it."
+
+"And as it is all yours, you have a right to deal with it as you will. I
+want you to give me permission to read all Miss Lucy's papers and
+letters. Believe me, it is no idle curiosity. I have a motive of which,
+be sure, she would have approved. I have them all here. I took them
+before we knew that all was yours, so that no strange hand might touch
+them--no strange eye look through words into her soul. I shall keep
+them, if I may; even you may not see them yet, but I shall keep them
+safe. No word shall be lost; and in the good time I shall give them back
+to you. It's a hard thing I ask, but you will do it, will you not, for
+Lucy's sake?"
+
+Arthur spoke out heartily, like his old self:--
+
+"Dr. Van Helsing, you may do what you will. I feel that in saying this I
+am doing what my dear one would have approved. I shall not trouble you
+with questions till the time comes."
+
+The old Professor stood up as he said solemnly:--
+
+"And you are right. There will be pain for us all; but it will not be
+all pain, nor will this pain be the last. We and you too--you most of
+all, my dear boy--will have to pass through the bitter water before we
+reach the sweet. But we must be brave of heart and unselfish, and do our
+duty, and all will be well!"
+
+I slept on a sofa in Arthur's room that night. Van Helsing did not go to
+bed at all. He went to and fro, as if patrolling the house, and was
+never out of sight of the room where Lucy lay in her coffin, strewn with
+the wild garlic flowers, which sent, through the odour of lily and rose,
+a heavy, overpowering smell into the night.
+
+
+_Mina Harker's Journal._
+
+_22 September._--In the train to Exeter. Jonathan sleeping.
+
+It seems only yesterday that the last entry was made, and yet how much
+between then, in Whitby and all the world before me, Jonathan away and
+no news of him; and now, married to Jonathan, Jonathan a solicitor, a
+partner, rich, master of his business, Mr. Hawkins dead and buried, and
+Jonathan with another attack that may harm him. Some day he may ask me
+about it. Down it all goes. I am rusty in my shorthand--see what
+unexpected prosperity does for us--so it may be as well to freshen it up
+again with an exercise anyhow....
+
+The service was very simple and very solemn. There were only ourselves
+and the servants there, one or two old friends of his from Exeter, his
+London agent, and a gentleman representing Sir John Paxton, the
+President of the Incorporated Law Society. Jonathan and I stood hand in
+hand, and we felt that our best and dearest friend was gone from us....
+
+We came back to town quietly, taking a 'bus to Hyde Park Corner.
+Jonathan thought it would interest me to go into the Row for a while, so
+we sat down; but there were very few people there, and it was
+sad-looking and desolate to see so many empty chairs. It made us think
+of the empty chair at home; so we got up and walked down Piccadilly.
+Jonathan was holding me by the arm, the way he used to in old days
+before I went to school. I felt it very improper, for you can't go on
+for some years teaching etiquette and decorum to other girls without the
+pedantry of it biting into yourself a bit; but it was Jonathan, and he
+was my husband, and we didn't know anybody who saw us--and we didn't
+care if they did--so on we walked. I was looking at a very beautiful
+girl, in a big cart-wheel hat, sitting in a victoria outside Guiliano's,
+when I felt Jonathan clutch my arm so tight that he hurt me, and he said
+under his breath: "My God!" I am always anxious about Jonathan, for I
+fear that some nervous fit may upset him again; so I turned to him
+quickly, and asked him what it was that disturbed him.
+
+He was very pale, and his eyes seemed bulging out as, half in terror and
+half in amazement, he gazed at a tall, thin man, with a beaky nose and
+black moustache and pointed beard, who was also observing the pretty
+girl. He was looking at her so hard that he did not see either of us,
+and so I had a good view of him. His face was not a good face; it was
+hard, and cruel, and sensual, and his big white teeth, that looked all
+the whiter because his lips were so red, were pointed like an animal's.
+Jonathan kept staring at him, till I was afraid he would notice. I
+feared he might take it ill, he looked so fierce and nasty. I asked
+Jonathan why he was disturbed, and he answered, evidently thinking that
+I knew as much about it as he did: "Do you see who it is?"
+
+"No, dear," I said; "I don't know him; who is it?" His answer seemed to
+shock and thrill me, for it was said as if he did not know that it was
+to me, Mina, to whom he was speaking:--
+
+"It is the man himself!"
+
+The poor dear was evidently terrified at something--very greatly
+terrified; I do believe that if he had not had me to lean on and to
+support him he would have sunk down. He kept staring; a man came out of
+the shop with a small parcel, and gave it to the lady, who then drove
+off. The dark man kept his eyes fixed on her, and when the carriage
+moved up Piccadilly he followed in the same direction, and hailed a
+hansom. Jonathan kept looking after him, and said, as if to himself:--
+
+"I believe it is the Count, but he has grown young. My God, if this be
+so! Oh, my God! my God! If I only knew! if I only knew!" He was
+distressing himself so much that I feared to keep his mind on the
+subject by asking him any questions, so I remained silent. I drew him
+away quietly, and he, holding my arm, came easily. We walked a little
+further, and then went in and sat for a while in the Green Park. It was
+a hot day for autumn, and there was a comfortable seat in a shady place.
+After a few minutes' staring at nothing, Jonathan's eyes closed, and he
+went quietly into a sleep, with his head on my shoulder. I thought it
+was the best thing for him, so did not disturb him. In about twenty
+minutes he woke up, and said to me quite cheerfully:--
+
+"Why, Mina, have I been asleep! Oh, do forgive me for being so rude.
+Come, and we'll have a cup of tea somewhere." He had evidently forgotten
+all about the dark stranger, as in his illness he had forgotten all that
+this episode had reminded him of. I don't like this lapsing into
+forgetfulness; it may make or continue some injury to the brain. I must
+not ask him, for fear I shall do more harm than good; but I must somehow
+learn the facts of his journey abroad. The time is come, I fear, when I
+must open that parcel, and know what is written. Oh, Jonathan, you will,
+I know, forgive me if I do wrong, but it is for your own dear sake.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Later._--A sad home-coming in every way--the house empty of the dear
+soul who was so good to us; Jonathan still pale and dizzy under a slight
+relapse of his malady; and now a telegram from Van Helsing, whoever he
+may be:--
+
+"You will be grieved to hear that Mrs. Westenra died five days ago, and
+that Lucy died the day before yesterday. They were both buried to-day."
+
+Oh, what a wealth of sorrow in a few words! Poor Mrs. Westenra! poor
+Lucy! Gone, gone, never to return to us! And poor, poor Arthur, to have
+lost such sweetness out of his life! God help us all to bear our
+troubles.
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary._
+
+_22 September._--It is all over. Arthur has gone back to Ring, and has
+taken Quincey Morris with him. What a fine fellow is Quincey! I believe
+in my heart of hearts that he suffered as much about Lucy's death as any
+of us; but he bore himself through it like a moral Viking. If America
+can go on breeding men like that, she will be a power in the world
+indeed. Van Helsing is lying down, having a rest preparatory to his
+journey. He goes over to Amsterdam to-night, but says he returns
+to-morrow night; that he only wants to make some arrangements which can
+only be made personally. He is to stop with me then, if he can; he says
+he has work to do in London which may take him some time. Poor old
+fellow! I fear that the strain of the past week has broken down even his
+iron strength. All the time of the burial he was, I could see, putting
+some terrible restraint on himself. When it was all over, we were
+standing beside Arthur, who, poor fellow, was speaking of his part in
+the operation where his blood had been transfused to his Lucy's veins; I
+could see Van Helsing's face grow white and purple by turns. Arthur was
+saying that he felt since then as if they two had been really married
+and that she was his wife in the sight of God. None of us said a word of
+the other operations, and none of us ever shall. Arthur and Quincey went
+away together to the station, and Van Helsing and I came on here. The
+moment we were alone in the carriage he gave way to a regular fit of
+hysterics. He has denied to me since that it was hysterics, and insisted
+that it was only his sense of humour asserting itself under very
+terrible conditions. He laughed till he cried, and I had to draw down
+the blinds lest any one should see us and misjudge; and then he cried,
+till he laughed again; and laughed and cried together, just as a woman
+does. I tried to be stern with him, as one is to a woman under the
+circumstances; but it had no effect. Men and women are so different in
+manifestations of nervous strength or weakness! Then when his face grew
+grave and stern again I asked him why his mirth, and why at such a time.
+His reply was in a way characteristic of him, for it was logical and
+forceful and mysterious. He said:--
+
+"Ah, you don't comprehend, friend John. Do not think that I am not sad,
+though I laugh. See, I have cried even when the laugh did choke me. But
+no more think that I am all sorry when I cry, for the laugh he come
+just the same. Keep it always with you that laughter who knock at your
+door and say, 'May I come in?' is not the true laughter. No! he is a
+king, and he come when and how he like. He ask no person; he choose no
+time of suitability. He say, 'I am here.' Behold, in example I grieve my
+heart out for that so sweet young girl; I give my blood for her, though
+I am old and worn; I give my time, my skill, my sleep; I let my other
+sufferers want that so she may have all. And yet I can laugh at her very
+grave--laugh when the clay from the spade of the sexton drop upon her
+coffin and say 'Thud! thud!' to my heart, till it send back the blood
+from my cheek. My heart bleed for that poor boy--that dear boy, so of
+the age of mine own boy had I been so blessed that he live, and with his
+hair and eyes the same. There, you know now why I love him so. And yet
+when he say things that touch my husband-heart to the quick, and make my
+father-heart yearn to him as to no other man--not even to you, friend
+John, for we are more level in experiences than father and son--yet even
+at such moment King Laugh he come to me and shout and bellow in my ear,
+'Here I am! here I am!' till the blood come dance back and bring some of
+the sunshine that he carry with him to my cheek. Oh, friend John, it is
+a strange world, a sad world, a world full of miseries, and woes, and
+troubles; and yet when King Laugh come he make them all dance to the
+tune he play. Bleeding hearts, and dry bones of the churchyard, and
+tears that burn as they fall--all dance together to the music that he
+make with that smileless mouth of him. And believe me, friend John, that
+he is good to come, and kind. Ah, we men and women are like ropes drawn
+tight with strain that pull us different ways. Then tears come; and,
+like the rain on the ropes, they brace us up, until perhaps the strain
+become too great, and we break. But King Laugh he come like the
+sunshine, and he ease off the strain again; and we bear to go on with
+our labour, what it may be."
+
+I did not like to wound him by pretending not to see his idea; but, as I
+did not yet understand the cause of his laughter, I asked him. As he
+answered me his face grew stern, and he said in quite a different
+tone:--
+
+"Oh, it was the grim irony of it all--this so lovely lady garlanded with
+flowers, that looked so fair as life, till one by one we wondered if she
+were truly dead; she laid in that so fine marble house in that lonely
+churchyard, where rest so many of her kin, laid there with the mother
+who loved her, and whom she loved; and that sacred bell going 'Toll!
+toll! toll!' so sad and slow; and those holy men, with the white
+garments of the angel, pretending to read books, and yet all the time
+their eyes never on the page; and all of us with the bowed head. And all
+for what? She is dead; so! Is it not?"
+
+"Well, for the life of me, Professor," I said, "I can't see anything to
+laugh at in all that. Why, your explanation makes it a harder puzzle
+than before. But even if the burial service was comic, what about poor
+Art and his trouble? Why, his heart was simply breaking."
+
+"Just so. Said he not that the transfusion of his blood to her veins had
+made her truly his bride?"
+
+"Yes, and it was a sweet and comforting idea for him."
+
+"Quite so. But there was a difficulty, friend John. If so that, then
+what about the others? Ho, ho! Then this so sweet maid is a polyandrist,
+and me, with my poor wife dead to me, but alive by Church's law, though
+no wits, all gone--even I, who am faithful husband to this now-no-wife,
+am bigamist."
+
+"I don't see where the joke comes in there either!" I said; and I did
+not feel particularly pleased with him for saying such things. He laid
+his hand on my arm, and said:--
+
+"Friend John, forgive me if I pain. I showed not my feeling to others
+when it would wound, but only to you, my old friend, whom I can trust.
+If you could have looked into my very heart then when I want to laugh;
+if you could have done so when the laugh arrived; if you could do so
+now, when King Laugh have pack up his crown, and all that is to him--for
+he go far, far away from me, and for a long, long time--maybe you would
+perhaps pity me the most of all."
+
+I was touched by the tenderness of his tone, and asked why.
+
+"Because I know!"
+
+And now we are all scattered; and for many a long day loneliness will
+sit over our roofs with brooding wings. Lucy lies in the tomb of her
+kin, a lordly death-house in a lonely churchyard, away from teeming
+London; where the air is fresh, and the sun rises over Hampstead Hill,
+and where wild flowers grow of their own accord.
+
+So I can finish this diary; and God only knows if I shall ever begin
+another. If I do, or if I even open this again, it will be to deal with
+different people and different themes; for here at the end, where the
+romance of my life is told, ere I go back to take up the thread of my
+life-work, I say sadly and without hope,
+
+                        "FINIS."
+
+
+_"The Westminster Gazette," 25 September._
+
+                          A HAMPSTEAD MYSTERY.
+
+
+The neighbourhood of Hampstead is just at present exercised with a
+series of events which seem to run on lines parallel to those of what
+was known to the writers of headlines as "The Kensington Horror," or
+"The Stabbing Woman," or "The Woman in Black." During the past two or
+three days several cases have occurred of young children straying from
+home or neglecting to return from their playing on the Heath. In all
+these cases the children were too young to give any properly
+intelligible account of themselves, but the consensus of their excuses
+is that they had been with a "bloofer lady." It has always been late in
+the evening when they have been missed, and on two occasions the
+children have not been found until early in the following morning. It is
+generally supposed in the neighbourhood that, as the first child missed
+gave as his reason for being away that a "bloofer lady" had asked him to
+come for a walk, the others had picked up the phrase and used it as
+occasion served. This is the more natural as the favourite game of the
+little ones at present is luring each other away by wiles. A
+correspondent writes us that to see some of the tiny tots pretending to
+be the "bloofer lady" is supremely funny. Some of our caricaturists
+might, he says, take a lesson in the irony of grotesque by comparing the
+reality and the picture. It is only in accordance with general
+principles of human nature that the "bloofer lady" should be the popular
+rôle at these _al fresco_ performances. Our correspondent naïvely says
+that even Ellen Terry could not be so winningly attractive as some of
+these grubby-faced little children pretend--and even imagine
+themselves--to be.
+
+There is, however, possibly a serious side to the question, for some of
+the children, indeed all who have been missed at night, have been
+slightly torn or wounded in the throat. The wounds seem such as might be
+made by a rat or a small dog, and although of not much importance
+individually, would tend to show that whatever animal inflicts them has
+a system or method of its own. The police of the division have been
+instructed to keep a sharp look-out for straying children, especially
+when very young, in and around Hampstead Heath, and for any stray dog
+which may be about.
+
+
+               _"The Westminster Gazette," 25 September._
+
+                            _Extra Special._
+
+                         THE HAMPSTEAD HORROR.
+
+                         ANOTHER CHILD INJURED.
+
+                         _The "Bloofer Lady."_
+
+We have just received intelligence that another child, missed last
+night, was only discovered late in the morning under a furze bush at the
+Shooter's Hill side of Hampstead Heath, which is, perhaps, less
+frequented than the other parts. It has the same tiny wound in the
+throat as has been noticed in other cases. It was terribly weak, and
+looked quite emaciated. It too, when partially restored, had the common
+story to tell of being lured away by the "bloofer lady."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+MINA HARKER'S JOURNAL
+
+
+_23 September_.--Jonathan is better after a bad night. I am so glad that
+he has plenty of work to do, for that keeps his mind off the terrible
+things; and oh, I am rejoiced that he is not now weighed down with the
+responsibility of his new position. I knew he would be true to himself,
+and now how proud I am to see my Jonathan rising to the height of his
+advancement and keeping pace in all ways with the duties that come upon
+him. He will be away all day till late, for he said he could not lunch
+at home. My household work is done, so I shall take his foreign journal,
+and lock myself up in my room and read it....
+
+
+_24 September_.--I hadn't the heart to write last night; that terrible
+record of Jonathan's upset me so. Poor dear! How he must have suffered,
+whether it be true or only imagination. I wonder if there is any truth
+in it at all. Did he get his brain fever, and then write all those
+terrible things, or had he some cause for it all? I suppose I shall
+never know, for I dare not open the subject to him.... And yet that man
+we saw yesterday! He seemed quite certain of him.... Poor fellow! I
+suppose it was the funeral upset him and sent his mind back on some
+train of thought.... He believes it all himself. I remember how on our
+wedding-day he said: "Unless some solemn duty come upon me to go back to
+the bitter hours, asleep or awake, mad or sane." There seems to be
+through it all some thread of continuity.... That fearful Count was
+coming to London.... If it should be, and he came to London, with his
+teeming millions.... There may be a solemn duty; and if it come we must
+not shrink from it.... I shall be prepared. I shall get my typewriter
+this very hour and begin transcribing. Then we shall be ready for other
+eyes if required. And if it be wanted; then, perhaps, if I am ready,
+poor Jonathan may not be upset, for I can speak for him and never let
+him be troubled or worried with it at all. If ever Jonathan quite gets
+over the nervousness he may want to tell me of it all, and I can ask him
+questions and find out things, and see how I may comfort him.
+
+
+_Letter, Van Helsing to Mrs. Harker._
+
+"_24 September._
+
+(_Confidence_)
+
+"Dear Madam,--
+
+"I pray you to pardon my writing, in that I am so far friend as that I
+sent to you sad news of Miss Lucy Westenra's death. By the kindness of
+Lord Godalming, I am empowered to read her letters and papers, for I am
+deeply concerned about certain matters vitally important. In them I find
+some letters from you, which show how great friends you were and how you
+love her. Oh, Madam Mina, by that love, I implore you, help me. It is
+for others' good that I ask--to redress great wrong, and to lift much
+and terrible troubles--that may be more great than you can know. May it
+be that I see you? You can trust me. I am friend of Dr. John Seward and
+of Lord Godalming (that was Arthur of Miss Lucy). I must keep it private
+for the present from all. I should come to Exeter to see you at once if
+you tell me I am privilege to come, and where and when. I implore your
+pardon, madam. I have read your letters to poor Lucy, and know how good
+you are and how your husband suffer; so I pray you, if it may be,
+enlighten him not, lest it may harm. Again your pardon, and forgive me.
+
+"VAN HELSING."
+
+
+_Telegram, Mrs. Harker to Van Helsing._
+
+"_25 September._--Come to-day by quarter-past ten train if you can catch
+it. Can see you any time you call.
+
+"WILHELMINA HARKER."
+
+MINA HARKER'S JOURNAL.
+
+_25 September._--I cannot help feeling terribly excited as the time
+draws near for the visit of Dr. Van Helsing, for somehow I expect that
+it will throw some light upon Jonathan's sad experience; and as he
+attended poor dear Lucy in her last illness, he can tell me all about
+her. That is the reason of his coming; it is concerning Lucy and her
+sleep-walking, and not about Jonathan. Then I shall never know the real
+truth now! How silly I am. That awful journal gets hold of my
+imagination and tinges everything with something of its own colour. Of
+course it is about Lucy. That habit came back to the poor dear, and that
+awful night on the cliff must have made her ill. I had almost forgotten
+in my own affairs how ill she was afterwards. She must have told him
+of her sleep-walking adventure on the cliff, and that I knew all about
+it; and now he wants me to tell him what she knows, so that he may
+understand. I hope I did right in not saying anything of it to Mrs.
+Westenra; I should never forgive myself if any act of mine, were it even
+a negative one, brought harm on poor dear Lucy. I hope, too, Dr. Van
+Helsing will not blame me; I have had so much trouble and anxiety of
+late that I feel I cannot bear more just at present.
+
+I suppose a cry does us all good at times--clears the air as other rain
+does. Perhaps it was reading the journal yesterday that upset me, and
+then Jonathan went away this morning to stay away from me a whole day
+and night, the first time we have been parted since our marriage. I do
+hope the dear fellow will take care of himself, and that nothing will
+occur to upset him. It is two o'clock, and the doctor will be here soon
+now. I shall say nothing of Jonathan's journal unless he asks me. I am
+so glad I have type-written out my own journal, so that, in case he asks
+about Lucy, I can hand it to him; it will save much questioning.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Later._--He has come and gone. Oh, what a strange meeting, and how it
+all makes my head whirl round! I feel like one in a dream. Can it be all
+possible, or even a part of it? If I had not read Jonathan's journal
+first, I should never have accepted even a possibility. Poor, poor, dear
+Jonathan! How he must have suffered. Please the good God, all this may
+not upset him again. I shall try to save him from it; but it may be even
+a consolation and a help to him--terrible though it be and awful in its
+consequences--to know for certain that his eyes and ears and brain did
+not deceive him, and that it is all true. It may be that it is the doubt
+which haunts him; that when the doubt is removed, no matter
+which--waking or dreaming--may prove the truth, he will be more
+satisfied and better able to bear the shock. Dr. Van Helsing must be a
+good man as well as a clever one if he is Arthur's friend and Dr.
+Seward's, and if they brought him all the way from Holland to look after
+Lucy. I feel from having seen him that he _is_ good and kind and of a
+noble nature. When he comes to-morrow I shall ask him about Jonathan;
+and then, please God, all this sorrow and anxiety may lead to a good
+end. I used to think I would like to practise interviewing; Jonathan's
+friend on "The Exeter News" told him that memory was everything in such
+work--that you must be able to put down exactly almost every word
+spoken, even if you had to refine some of it afterwards. Here was a rare
+interview; I shall try to record it _verbatim_.
+
+It was half-past two o'clock when the knock came. I took my courage _à
+deux mains_ and waited. In a few minutes Mary opened the door, and
+announced "Dr. Van Helsing."
+
+I rose and bowed, and he came towards me; a man of medium weight,
+strongly built, with his shoulders set back over a broad, deep chest and
+a neck well balanced on the trunk as the head is on the neck. The poise
+of the head strikes one at once as indicative of thought and power; the
+head is noble, well-sized, broad, and large behind the ears. The face,
+clean-shaven, shows a hard, square chin, a large, resolute, mobile
+mouth, a good-sized nose, rather straight, but with quick, sensitive
+nostrils, that seem to broaden as the big, bushy brows come down and the
+mouth tightens. The forehead is broad and fine, rising at first almost
+straight and then sloping back above two bumps or ridges wide apart;
+such a forehead that the reddish hair cannot possibly tumble over it,
+but falls naturally back and to the sides. Big, dark blue eyes are set
+widely apart, and are quick and tender or stern with the man's moods. He
+said to me:--
+
+"Mrs. Harker, is it not?" I bowed assent.
+
+"That was Miss Mina Murray?" Again I assented.
+
+"It is Mina Murray that I came to see that was friend of that poor dear
+child Lucy Westenra. Madam Mina, it is on account of the dead I come."
+
+"Sir," I said, "you could have no better claim on me than that you were
+a friend and helper of Lucy Westenra." And I held out my hand. He took
+it and said tenderly:--
+
+"Oh, Madam Mina, I knew that the friend of that poor lily girl must be
+good, but I had yet to learn----" He finished his speech with a courtly
+bow. I asked him what it was that he wanted to see me about, so he at
+once began:--
+
+"I have read your letters to Miss Lucy. Forgive me, but I had to begin
+to inquire somewhere, and there was none to ask. I know that you were
+with her at Whitby. She sometimes kept a diary--you need not look
+surprised, Madam Mina; it was begun after you had left, and was in
+imitation of you--and in that diary she traces by inference certain
+things to a sleep-walking in which she puts down that you saved her. In
+great perplexity then I come to you, and ask you out of your so much
+kindness to tell me all of it that you can remember."
+
+"I can tell you, I think, Dr. Van Helsing, all about it."
+
+"Ah, then you have good memory for facts, for details? It is not always
+so with young ladies."
+
+"No, doctor, but I wrote it all down at the time. I can show it to you
+if you like."
+
+"Oh, Madam Mina, I will be grateful; you will do me much favour." I
+could not resist the temptation of mystifying him a bit--I suppose it is
+some of the taste of the original apple that remains still in our
+mouths--so I handed him the shorthand diary. He took it with a grateful
+bow, and said:--
+
+"May I read it?"
+
+"If you wish," I answered as demurely as I could. He opened it, and for
+an instant his face fell. Then he stood up and bowed.
+
+"Oh, you so clever woman!" he said. "I knew long that Mr. Jonathan was a
+man of much thankfulness; but see, his wife have all the good things.
+And will you not so much honour me and so help me as to read it for me?
+Alas! I know not the shorthand." By this time my little joke was over,
+and I was almost ashamed; so I took the typewritten copy from my
+workbasket and handed it to him.
+
+"Forgive me," I said: "I could not help it; but I had been thinking that
+it was of dear Lucy that you wished to ask, and so that you might not
+have time to wait--not on my account, but because I know your time must
+be precious--I have written it out on the typewriter for you."
+
+He took it and his eyes glistened. "You are so good," he said. "And may
+I read it now? I may want to ask you some things when I have read."
+
+"By all means," I said, "read it over whilst I order lunch; and then you
+can ask me questions whilst we eat." He bowed and settled himself in a
+chair with his back to the light, and became absorbed in the papers,
+whilst I went to see after lunch chiefly in order that he might not be
+disturbed. When I came back, I found him walking hurriedly up and down
+the room, his face all ablaze with excitement. He rushed up to me and
+took me by both hands.
+
+"Oh, Madam Mina," he said, "how can I say what I owe to you? This paper
+is as sunshine. It opens the gate to me. I am daze, I am dazzle, with so
+much light, and yet clouds roll in behind the light every time. But that
+you do not, cannot, comprehend. Oh, but I am grateful to you, you so
+clever woman. Madam"--he said this very solemnly--"if ever Abraham Van
+Helsing can do anything for you or yours, I trust you will let me know.
+It will be pleasure and delight if I may serve you as a friend; as a
+friend, but all I have ever learned, all I can ever do, shall be for you
+and those you love. There are darknesses in life, and there are lights;
+you are one of the lights. You will have happy life and good life, and
+your husband will be blessed in you."
+
+"But, doctor, you praise me too much, and--and you do not know me."
+
+"Not know you--I, who am old, and who have studied all my life men and
+women; I, who have made my specialty the brain and all that belongs to
+him and all that follow from him! And I have read your diary that you
+have so goodly written for me, and which breathes out truth in every
+line. I, who have read your so sweet letter to poor Lucy of your
+marriage and your trust, not know you! Oh, Madam Mina, good women tell
+all their lives, and by day and by hour and by minute, such things that
+angels can read; and we men who wish to know have in us something of
+angels' eyes. Your husband is noble nature, and you are noble too, for
+you trust, and trust cannot be where there is mean nature. And your
+husband--tell me of him. Is he quite well? Is all that fever gone, and
+is he strong and hearty?" I saw here an opening to ask him about
+Jonathan, so I said:--
+
+"He was almost recovered, but he has been greatly upset by Mr. Hawkins's
+death." He interrupted:--
+
+"Oh, yes, I know, I know. I have read your last two letters." I went
+on:--
+
+"I suppose this upset him, for when we were in town on Thursday last he
+had a sort of shock."
+
+"A shock, and after brain fever so soon! That was not good. What kind of
+a shock was it?"
+
+"He thought he saw some one who recalled something terrible, something
+which led to his brain fever." And here the whole thing seemed to
+overwhelm me in a rush. The pity for Jonathan, the horror which he
+experienced, the whole fearful mystery of his diary, and the fear that
+has been brooding over me ever since, all came in a tumult. I suppose I
+was hysterical, for I threw myself on my knees and held up my hands to
+him, and implored him to make my husband well again. He took my hands
+and raised me up, and made me sit on the sofa, and sat by me; he held my
+hand in his, and said to me with, oh, such infinite sweetness:--
+
+"My life is a barren and lonely one, and so full of work that I have not
+had much time for friendships; but since I have been summoned to here by
+my friend John Seward I have known so many good people and seen such
+nobility that I feel more than ever--and it has grown with my advancing
+years--the loneliness of my life. Believe, me, then, that I come here
+full of respect for you, and you have given me hope--hope, not in what I
+am seeking of, but that there are good women still left to make life
+happy--good women, whose lives and whose truths may make good lesson for
+the children that are to be. I am glad, glad, that I may here be of some
+use to you; for if your husband suffer, he suffer within the range of my
+study and experience. I promise you that I will gladly do _all_ for him
+that I can--all to make his life strong and manly, and your life a happy
+one. Now you must eat. You are overwrought and perhaps over-anxious.
+Husband Jonathan would not like to see you so pale; and what he like not
+where he love, is not to his good. Therefore for his sake you must eat
+and smile. You have told me all about Lucy, and so now we shall not
+speak of it, lest it distress. I shall stay in Exeter to-night, for I
+want to think much over what you have told me, and when I have thought I
+will ask you questions, if I may. And then, too, you will tell me of
+husband Jonathan's trouble so far as you can, but not yet. You must eat
+now; afterwards you shall tell me all."
+
+After lunch, when we went back to the drawing-room, he said to me:--
+
+"And now tell me all about him." When it came to speaking to this great
+learned man, I began to fear that he would think me a weak fool, and
+Jonathan a madman--that journal is all so strange--and I hesitated to go
+on. But he was so sweet and kind, and he had promised to help, and I
+trusted him, so I said:--
+
+"Dr. Van Helsing, what I have to tell you is so queer that you must not
+laugh at me or at my husband. I have been since yesterday in a sort of
+fever of doubt; you must be kind to me, and not think me foolish that I
+have even half believed some very strange things." He reassured me by
+his manner as well as his words when he said:--
+
+"Oh, my dear, if you only know how strange is the matter regarding which
+I am here, it is you who would laugh. I have learned not to think little
+of any one's belief, no matter how strange it be. I have tried to keep
+an open mind; and it is not the ordinary things of life that could close
+it, but the strange things, the extraordinary things, the things that
+make one doubt if they be mad or sane."
+
+"Thank you, thank you, a thousand times! You have taken a weight off my
+mind. If you will let me, I shall give you a paper to read. It is long,
+but I have typewritten it out. It will tell you my trouble and
+Jonathan's. It is the copy of his journal when abroad, and all that
+happened. I dare not say anything of it; you will read for yourself and
+judge. And then when I see you, perhaps, you will be very kind and tell
+me what you think."
+
+"I promise," he said as I gave him the papers; "I shall in the morning,
+so soon as I can, come to see you and your husband, if I may."
+
+"Jonathan will be here at half-past eleven, and you must come to lunch
+with us and see him then; you could catch the quick 3:34 train, which
+will leave you at Paddington before eight." He was surprised at my
+knowledge of the trains off-hand, but he does not know that I have made
+up all the trains to and from Exeter, so that I may help Jonathan in
+case he is in a hurry.
+
+So he took the papers with him and went away, and I sit here
+thinking--thinking I don't know what.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Letter (by hand), Van Helsing to Mrs. Harker._
+
+"_25 September, 6 o'clock._
+
+"Dear Madam Mina,--
+
+"I have read your husband's so wonderful diary. You may sleep without
+doubt. Strange and terrible as it is, it is _true_! I will pledge my
+life on it. It may be worse for others; but for him and you there is no
+dread. He is a noble fellow; and let me tell you from experience of men,
+that one who would do as he did in going down that wall and to that
+room--ay, and going a second time--is not one to be injured in
+permanence by a shock. His brain and his heart are all right; this I
+swear, before I have even seen him; so be at rest. I shall have much to
+ask him of other things. I am blessed that to-day I come to see you, for
+I have learn all at once so much that again I am dazzle--dazzle more
+than ever, and I must think.
+
+"Yours the most faithful,
+
+"ABRAHAM VAN HELSING."
+
+
+_Letter, Mrs. Harker to Van Helsing._
+
+"_25 September, 6:30 p. m._
+
+"My dear Dr. Van Helsing,--
+
+"A thousand thanks for your kind letter, which has taken a great weight
+off my mind. And yet, if it be true, what terrible things there are in
+the world, and what an awful thing if that man, that monster, be really
+in London! I fear to think. I have this moment, whilst writing, had a
+wire from Jonathan, saying that he leaves by the 6:25 to-night from
+Launceston and will be here at 10:18, so that I shall have no fear
+to-night. Will you, therefore, instead of lunching with us, please come
+to breakfast at eight o'clock, if this be not too early for you? You can
+get away, if you are in a hurry, by the 10:30 train, which will bring
+you to Paddington by 2:35. Do not answer this, as I shall take it that,
+if I do not hear, you will come to breakfast.
+
+"Believe me,
+
+"Your faithful and grateful friend,
+
+"MINA HARKER."
+
+
+_Jonathan Harker's Journal._
+
+_26 September._--I thought never to write in this diary again, but the
+time has come. When I got home last night Mina had supper ready, and
+when we had supped she told me of Van Helsing's visit, and of her having
+given him the two diaries copied out, and of how anxious she has been
+about me. She showed me in the doctor's letter that all I wrote down was
+true. It seems to have made a new man of me. It was the doubt as to the
+reality of the whole thing that knocked me over. I felt impotent, and in
+the dark, and distrustful. But, now that I _know_, I am not afraid, even
+of the Count. He has succeeded after all, then, in his design in getting
+to London, and it was he I saw. He has got younger, and how? Van Helsing
+is the man to unmask him and hunt him out, if he is anything like what
+Mina says. We sat late, and talked it all over. Mina is dressing, and I
+shall call at the hotel in a few minutes and bring him over....
+
+He was, I think, surprised to see me. When I came into the room where he
+was, and introduced myself, he took me by the shoulder, and turned my
+face round to the light, and said, after a sharp scrutiny:--
+
+"But Madam Mina told me you were ill, that you had had a shock." It was
+so funny to hear my wife called "Madam Mina" by this kindly,
+strong-faced old man. I smiled, and said:--
+
+"I _was_ ill, I _have_ had a shock; but you have cured me already."
+
+"And how?"
+
+"By your letter to Mina last night. I was in doubt, and then everything
+took a hue of unreality, and I did not know what to trust, even the
+evidence of my own senses. Not knowing what to trust, I did not know
+what to do; and so had only to keep on working in what had hitherto been
+the groove of my life. The groove ceased to avail me, and I mistrusted
+myself. Doctor, you don't know what it is to doubt everything, even
+yourself. No, you don't; you couldn't with eyebrows like yours." He
+seemed pleased, and laughed as he said:--
+
+"So! You are physiognomist. I learn more here with each hour. I am with
+so much pleasure coming to you to breakfast; and, oh, sir, you will
+pardon praise from an old man, but you are blessed in your wife." I
+would listen to him go on praising Mina for a day, so I simply nodded
+and stood silent.
+
+"She is one of God's women, fashioned by His own hand to show us men and
+other women that there is a heaven where we can enter, and that its
+light can be here on earth. So true, so sweet, so noble, so little an
+egoist--and that, let me tell you, is much in this age, so sceptical and
+selfish. And you, sir--I have read all the letters to poor Miss Lucy,
+and some of them speak of you, so I know you since some days from the
+knowing of others; but I have seen your true self since last night. You
+will give me your hand, will you not? And let us be friends for all our
+lives."
+
+We shook hands, and he was so earnest and so kind that it made me quite
+choky.
+
+"And now," he said, "may I ask you for some more help? I have a great
+task to do, and at the beginning it is to know. You can help me here.
+Can you tell me what went before your going to Transylvania? Later on I
+may ask more help, and of a different kind; but at first this will do."
+
+"Look here, sir," I said, "does what you have to do concern the Count?"
+
+"It does," he said solemnly.
+
+"Then I am with you heart and soul. As you go by the 10:30 train, you
+will not have time to read them; but I shall get the bundle of papers.
+You can take them with you and read them in the train."
+
+After breakfast I saw him to the station. When we were parting he
+said:--
+
+"Perhaps you will come to town if I send to you, and take Madam Mina
+too."
+
+"We shall both come when you will," I said.
+
+I had got him the morning papers and the London papers of the previous
+night, and while we were talking at the carriage window, waiting for the
+train to start, he was turning them over. His eyes suddenly seemed to
+catch something in one of them, "The Westminster Gazette"--I knew it by
+the colour--and he grew quite white. He read something intently,
+groaning to himself: "Mein Gott! Mein Gott! So soon! so soon!" I do not
+think he remembered me at the moment. Just then the whistle blew, and
+the train moved off. This recalled him to himself, and he leaned out of
+the window and waved his hand, calling out: "Love to Madam Mina; I shall
+write so soon as ever I can."
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary._
+
+_26 September._--Truly there is no such thing as finality. Not a week
+since I said "Finis," and yet here I am starting fresh again, or rather
+going on with the same record. Until this afternoon I had no cause to
+think of what is done. Renfield had become, to all intents, as sane as
+he ever was. He was already well ahead with his fly business; and he had
+just started in the spider line also; so he had not been of any trouble
+to me. I had a letter from Arthur, written on Sunday, and from it I
+gather that he is bearing up wonderfully well. Quincey Morris is with
+him, and that is much of a help, for he himself is a bubbling well of
+good spirits. Quincey wrote me a line too, and from him I hear that
+Arthur is beginning to recover something of his old buoyancy; so as to
+them all my mind is at rest. As for myself, I was settling down to my
+work with the enthusiasm which I used to have for it, so that I might
+fairly have said that the wound which poor Lucy left on me was becoming
+cicatrised. Everything is, however, now reopened; and what is to be the
+end God only knows. I have an idea that Van Helsing thinks he knows,
+too, but he will only let out enough at a time to whet curiosity. He
+went to Exeter yesterday, and stayed there all night. To-day he came
+back, and almost bounded into the room at about half-past five o'clock,
+and thrust last night's "Westminster Gazette" into my hand.
+
+"What do you think of that?" he asked as he stood back and folded his
+arms.
+
+I looked over the paper, for I really did not know what he meant; but he
+took it from me and pointed out a paragraph about children being decoyed
+away at Hampstead. It did not convey much to me, until I reached a
+passage where it described small punctured wounds on their throats. An
+idea struck me, and I looked up. "Well?" he said.
+
+"It is like poor Lucy's."
+
+"And what do you make of it?"
+
+"Simply that there is some cause in common. Whatever it was that injured
+her has injured them." I did not quite understand his answer:--
+
+"That is true indirectly, but not directly."
+
+"How do you mean, Professor?" I asked. I was a little inclined to take
+his seriousness lightly--for, after all, four days of rest and freedom
+from burning, harrowing anxiety does help to restore one's spirits--but
+when I saw his face, it sobered me. Never, even in the midst of our
+despair about poor Lucy, had he looked more stern.
+
+"Tell me!" I said. "I can hazard no opinion. I do not know what to
+think, and I have no data on which to found a conjecture."
+
+"Do you mean to tell me, friend John, that you have no suspicion as to
+what poor Lucy died of; not after all the hints given, not only by
+events, but by me?"
+
+"Of nervous prostration following on great loss or waste of blood."
+
+"And how the blood lost or waste?" I shook my head. He stepped over and
+sat down beside me, and went on:--
+
+"You are clever man, friend John; you reason well, and your wit is bold;
+but you are too prejudiced. You do not let your eyes see nor your ears
+hear, and that which is outside your daily life is not of account to
+you. Do you not think that there are things which you cannot understand,
+and yet which are; that some people see things that others cannot? But
+there are things old and new which must not be contemplate by men's
+eyes, because they know--or think they know--some things which other men
+have told them. Ah, it is the fault of our science that it wants to
+explain all; and if it explain not, then it says there is nothing to
+explain. But yet we see around us every day the growth of new beliefs,
+which think themselves new; and which are yet but the old, which pretend
+to be young--like the fine ladies at the opera. I suppose now you do not
+believe in corporeal transference. No? Nor in materialisation. No? Nor
+in astral bodies. No? Nor in the reading of thought. No? Nor in
+hypnotism----"
+
+"Yes," I said. "Charcot has proved that pretty well." He smiled as he
+went on: "Then you are satisfied as to it. Yes? And of course then you
+understand how it act, and can follow the mind of the great
+Charcot--alas that he is no more!--into the very soul of the patient
+that he influence. No? Then, friend John, am I to take it that you
+simply accept fact, and are satisfied to let from premise to conclusion
+be a blank? No? Then tell me--for I am student of the brain--how you
+accept the hypnotism and reject the thought reading. Let me tell you, my
+friend, that there are things done to-day in electrical science which
+would have been deemed unholy by the very men who discovered
+electricity--who would themselves not so long before have been burned
+as wizards. There are always mysteries in life. Why was it that
+Methuselah lived nine hundred years, and 'Old Parr' one hundred and
+sixty-nine, and yet that poor Lucy, with four men's blood in her poor
+veins, could not live even one day? For, had she live one more day, we
+could have save her. Do you know all the mystery of life and death? Do
+you know the altogether of comparative anatomy and can say wherefore the
+qualities of brutes are in some men, and not in others? Can you tell me
+why, when other spiders die small and soon, that one great spider lived
+for centuries in the tower of the old Spanish church and grew and grew,
+till, on descending, he could drink the oil of all the church lamps? Can
+you tell me why in the Pampas, ay and elsewhere, there are bats that
+come at night and open the veins of cattle and horses and suck dry their
+veins; how in some islands of the Western seas there are bats which hang
+on the trees all day, and those who have seen describe as like giant
+nuts or pods, and that when the sailors sleep on the deck, because that
+it is hot, flit down on them, and then--and then in the morning are
+found dead men, white as even Miss Lucy was?"
+
+"Good God, Professor!" I said, starting up. "Do you mean to tell me that
+Lucy was bitten by such a bat; and that such a thing is here in London
+in the nineteenth century?" He waved his hand for silence, and went
+on:--
+
+"Can you tell me why the tortoise lives more long than generations of
+men; why the elephant goes on and on till he have seen dynasties; and
+why the parrot never die only of bite of cat or dog or other complaint?
+Can you tell me why men believe in all ages and places that there are
+some few who live on always if they be permit; that there are men and
+women who cannot die? We all know--because science has vouched for the
+fact--that there have been toads shut up in rocks for thousands of
+years, shut in one so small hole that only hold him since the youth of
+the world. Can you tell me how the Indian fakir can make himself to die
+and have been buried, and his grave sealed and corn sowed on it, and the
+corn reaped and be cut and sown and reaped and cut again, and then men
+come and take away the unbroken seal and that there lie the Indian
+fakir, not dead, but that rise up and walk amongst them as before?" Here
+I interrupted him. I was getting bewildered; he so crowded on my mind
+his list of nature's eccentricities and possible impossibilities that my
+imagination was getting fired. I had a dim idea that he was teaching me
+some lesson, as long ago he used to do in his study at Amsterdam; but
+he used then to tell me the thing, so that I could have the object of
+thought in mind all the time. But now I was without this help, yet I
+wanted to follow him, so I said:--
+
+"Professor, let me be your pet student again. Tell me the thesis, so
+that I may apply your knowledge as you go on. At present I am going in
+my mind from point to point as a mad man, and not a sane one, follows an
+idea. I feel like a novice lumbering through a bog in a mist, jumping
+from one tussock to another in the mere blind effort to move on without
+knowing where I am going."
+
+"That is good image," he said. "Well, I shall tell you. My thesis is
+this: I want you to believe."
+
+"To believe what?"
+
+"To believe in things that you cannot. Let me illustrate. I heard once
+of an American who so defined faith: 'that faculty which enables us to
+believe things which we know to be untrue.' For one, I follow that man.
+He meant that we shall have an open mind, and not let a little bit of
+truth check the rush of a big truth, like a small rock does a railway
+truck. We get the small truth first. Good! We keep him, and we value
+him; but all the same we must not let him think himself all the truth in
+the universe."
+
+"Then you want me not to let some previous conviction injure the
+receptivity of my mind with regard to some strange matter. Do I read
+your lesson aright?"
+
+"Ah, you are my favourite pupil still. It is worth to teach you. Now
+that you are willing to understand, you have taken the first step to
+understand. You think then that those so small holes in the children's
+throats were made by the same that made the hole in Miss Lucy?"
+
+"I suppose so." He stood up and said solemnly:--
+
+"Then you are wrong. Oh, would it were so! but alas! no. It is worse,
+far, far worse."
+
+"In God's name, Professor Van Helsing, what do you mean?" I cried.
+
+He threw himself with a despairing gesture into a chair, and placed his
+elbows on the table, covering his face with his hands as he spoke:--
+
+"They were made by Miss Lucy!"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+DR. SEWARD'S DIARY--_continued_.
+
+
+For a while sheer anger mastered me; it was as if he had during her life
+struck Lucy on the face. I smote the table hard and rose up as I said to
+him:--
+
+"Dr. Van Helsing, are you mad?" He raised his head and looked at me, and
+somehow the tenderness of his face calmed me at once. "Would I were!" he
+said. "Madness were easy to bear compared with truth like this. Oh, my
+friend, why, think you, did I go so far round, why take so long to tell
+you so simple a thing? Was it because I hate you and have hated you all
+my life? Was it because I wished to give you pain? Was it that I wanted,
+now so late, revenge for that time when you saved my life, and from a
+fearful death? Ah no!"
+
+"Forgive me," said I. He went on:--
+
+"My friend, it was because I wished to be gentle in the breaking to you,
+for I know you have loved that so sweet lady. But even yet I do not
+expect you to believe. It is so hard to accept at once any abstract
+truth, that we may doubt such to be possible when we have always
+believed the 'no' of it; it is more hard still to accept so sad a
+concrete truth, and of such a one as Miss Lucy. To-night I go to prove
+it. Dare you come with me?"
+
+This staggered me. A man does not like to prove such a truth; Byron
+excepted from the category, jealousy.
+
+    "And prove the very truth he most abhorred."
+
+He saw my hesitation, and spoke:--
+
+"The logic is simple, no madman's logic this time, jumping from tussock
+to tussock in a misty bog. If it be not true, then proof will be relief;
+at worst it will not harm. If it be true! Ah, there is the dread; yet
+very dread should help my cause, for in it is some need of belief. Come,
+I tell you what I propose: first, that we go off now and see that child
+in the hospital. Dr. Vincent, of the North Hospital, where the papers
+say the child is, is friend of mine, and I think of yours since you were
+in class at Amsterdam. He will let two scientists see his case, if he
+will not let two friends. We shall tell him nothing, but only that we
+wish to learn. And then----"
+
+"And then?" He took a key from his pocket and held it up. "And then we
+spend the night, you and I, in the churchyard where Lucy lies. This is
+the key that lock the tomb. I had it from the coffin-man to give to
+Arthur." My heart sank within me, for I felt that there was some fearful
+ordeal before us. I could do nothing, however, so I plucked up what
+heart I could and said that we had better hasten, as the afternoon was
+passing....
+
+We found the child awake. It had had a sleep and taken some food, and
+altogether was going on well. Dr. Vincent took the bandage from its
+throat, and showed us the punctures. There was no mistaking the
+similarity to those which had been on Lucy's throat. They were smaller,
+and the edges looked fresher; that was all. We asked Vincent to what he
+attributed them, and he replied that it must have been a bite of some
+animal, perhaps a rat; but, for his own part, he was inclined to think
+that it was one of the bats which are so numerous on the northern
+heights of London. "Out of so many harmless ones," he said, "there may
+be some wild specimen from the South of a more malignant species. Some
+sailor may have brought one home, and it managed to escape; or even from
+the Zoölogical Gardens a young one may have got loose, or one be bred
+there from a vampire. These things do occur, you know. Only ten days ago
+a wolf got out, and was, I believe, traced up in this direction. For a
+week after, the children were playing nothing but Red Riding Hood on the
+Heath and in every alley in the place until this 'bloofer lady' scare
+came along, since when it has been quite a gala-time with them. Even
+this poor little mite, when he woke up to-day, asked the nurse if he
+might go away. When she asked him why he wanted to go, he said he wanted
+to play with the 'bloofer lady.'"
+
+"I hope," said Van Helsing, "that when you are sending the child home
+you will caution its parents to keep strict watch over it. These fancies
+to stray are most dangerous; and if the child were to remain out another
+night, it would probably be fatal. But in any case I suppose you will
+not let it away for some days?"
+
+"Certainly not, not for a week at least; longer if the wound is not
+healed."
+
+Our visit to the hospital took more time than we had reckoned on, and
+the sun had dipped before we came out. When Van Helsing saw how dark it
+was, he said:--
+
+"There is no hurry. It is more late than I thought. Come, let us seek
+somewhere that we may eat, and then we shall go on our way."
+
+We dined at "Jack Straw's Castle" along with a little crowd of
+bicyclists and others who were genially noisy. About ten o'clock we
+started from the inn. It was then very dark, and the scattered lamps
+made the darkness greater when we were once outside their individual
+radius. The Professor had evidently noted the road we were to go, for he
+went on unhesitatingly; but, as for me, I was in quite a mixup as to
+locality. As we went further, we met fewer and fewer people, till at
+last we were somewhat surprised when we met even the patrol of horse
+police going their usual suburban round. At last we reached the wall of
+the churchyard, which we climbed over. With some little difficulty--for
+it was very dark, and the whole place seemed so strange to us--we found
+the Westenra tomb. The Professor took the key, opened the creaky door,
+and standing back, politely, but quite unconsciously, motioned me to
+precede him. There was a delicious irony in the offer, in the
+courtliness of giving preference on such a ghastly occasion. My
+companion followed me quickly, and cautiously drew the door to, after
+carefully ascertaining that the lock was a falling, and not a spring,
+one. In the latter case we should have been in a bad plight. Then he
+fumbled in his bag, and taking out a matchbox and a piece of candle,
+proceeded to make a light. The tomb in the day-time, and when wreathed
+with fresh flowers, had looked grim and gruesome enough; but now, some
+days afterwards, when the flowers hung lank and dead, their whites
+turning to rust and their greens to browns; when the spider and the
+beetle had resumed their accustomed dominance; when time-discoloured
+stone, and dust-encrusted mortar, and rusty, dank iron, and tarnished
+brass, and clouded silver-plating gave back the feeble glimmer of a
+candle, the effect was more miserable and sordid than could have been
+imagined. It conveyed irresistibly the idea that life--animal life--was
+not the only thing which could pass away.
+
+Van Helsing went about his work systematically. Holding his candle so
+that he could read the coffin plates, and so holding it that the sperm
+dropped in white patches which congealed as they touched the metal, he
+made assurance of Lucy's coffin. Another search in his bag, and he took
+out a turnscrew.
+
+"What are you going to do?" I asked.
+
+"To open the coffin. You shall yet be convinced." Straightway he began
+taking out the screws, and finally lifted off the lid, showing the
+casing of lead beneath. The sight was almost too much for me. It seemed
+to be as much an affront to the dead as it would have been to have
+stripped off her clothing in her sleep whilst living; I actually took
+hold of his hand to stop him. He only said: "You shall see," and again
+fumbling in his bag, took out a tiny fret-saw. Striking the turnscrew
+through the lead with a swift downward stab, which made me wince, he
+made a small hole, which was, however, big enough to admit the point of
+the saw. I had expected a rush of gas from the week-old corpse. We
+doctors, who have had to study our dangers, have to become accustomed to
+such things, and I drew back towards the door. But the Professor never
+stopped for a moment; he sawed down a couple of feet along one side of
+the lead coffin, and then across, and down the other side. Taking the
+edge of the loose flange, he bent it back towards the foot of the
+coffin, and holding up the candle into the aperture, motioned to me to
+look.
+
+I drew near and looked. The coffin was empty.
+
+It was certainly a surprise to me, and gave me a considerable shock, but
+Van Helsing was unmoved. He was now more sure than ever of his ground,
+and so emboldened to proceed in his task. "Are you satisfied now, friend
+John?" he asked.
+
+I felt all the dogged argumentativeness of my nature awake within me as
+I answered him:--
+
+"I am satisfied that Lucy's body is not in that coffin; but that only
+proves one thing."
+
+"And what is that, friend John?"
+
+"That it is not there."
+
+"That is good logic," he said, "so far as it goes. But how do you--how
+can you--account for it not being there?"
+
+"Perhaps a body-snatcher," I suggested. "Some of the undertaker's people
+may have stolen it." I felt that I was speaking folly, and yet it was
+the only real cause which I could suggest. The Professor sighed. "Ah
+well!" he said, "we must have more proof. Come with me."
+
+He put on the coffin-lid again, gathered up all his things and placed
+them in the bag, blew out the light, and placed the candle also in the
+bag. We opened the door, and went out. Behind us he closed the door and
+locked it. He handed me the key, saying: "Will you keep it? You had
+better be assured." I laughed--it was not a very cheerful laugh, I am
+bound to say--as I motioned him to keep it. "A key is nothing," I said;
+"there may be duplicates; and anyhow it is not difficult to pick a lock
+of that kind." He said nothing, but put the key in his pocket. Then he
+told me to watch at one side of the churchyard whilst he would watch at
+the other. I took up my place behind a yew-tree, and I saw his dark
+figure move until the intervening headstones and trees hid it from my
+sight.
+
+It was a lonely vigil. Just after I had taken my place I heard a distant
+clock strike twelve, and in time came one and two. I was chilled and
+unnerved, and angry with the Professor for taking me on such an errand
+and with myself for coming. I was too cold and too sleepy to be keenly
+observant, and not sleepy enough to betray my trust so altogether I had
+a dreary, miserable time.
+
+Suddenly, as I turned round, I thought I saw something like a white
+streak, moving between two dark yew-trees at the side of the churchyard
+farthest from the tomb; at the same time a dark mass moved from the
+Professor's side of the ground, and hurriedly went towards it. Then I
+too moved; but I had to go round headstones and railed-off tombs, and I
+stumbled over graves. The sky was overcast, and somewhere far off an
+early cock crew. A little way off, beyond a line of scattered
+juniper-trees, which marked the pathway to the church, a white, dim
+figure flitted in the direction of the tomb. The tomb itself was hidden
+by trees, and I could not see where the figure disappeared. I heard the
+rustle of actual movement where I had first seen the white figure, and
+coming over, found the Professor holding in his arms a tiny child. When
+he saw me he held it out to me, and said:--
+
+"Are you satisfied now?"
+
+"No," I said, in a way that I felt was aggressive.
+
+"Do you not see the child?"
+
+"Yes, it is a child, but who brought it here? And is it wounded?" I
+asked.
+
+"We shall see," said the Professor, and with one impulse we took our way
+out of the churchyard, he carrying the sleeping child.
+
+When we had got some little distance away, we went into a clump of
+trees, and struck a match, and looked at the child's throat. It was
+without a scratch or scar of any kind.
+
+"Was I right?" I asked triumphantly.
+
+"We were just in time," said the Professor thankfully.
+
+We had now to decide what we were to do with the child, and so consulted
+about it. If we were to take it to a police-station we should have to
+give some account of our movements during the night; at least, we should
+have had to make some statement as to how we had come to find the child.
+So finally we decided that we would take it to the Heath, and when we
+heard a policeman coming, would leave it where he could not fail to find
+it; we would then seek our way home as quickly as we could. All fell out
+well. At the edge of Hampstead Heath we heard a policeman's heavy
+tramp, and laying the child on the pathway, we waited and watched until
+he saw it as he flashed his lantern to and fro. We heard his exclamation
+of astonishment, and then we went away silently. By good chance we got a
+cab near the "Spaniards," and drove to town.
+
+I cannot sleep, so I make this entry. But I must try to get a few hours'
+sleep, as Van Helsing is to call for me at noon. He insists that I shall
+go with him on another expedition.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_27 September._--It was two o'clock before we found a suitable
+opportunity for our attempt. The funeral held at noon was all completed,
+and the last stragglers of the mourners had taken themselves lazily
+away, when, looking carefully from behind a clump of alder-trees, we saw
+the sexton lock the gate after him. We knew then that we were safe till
+morning did we desire it; but the Professor told me that we should not
+want more than an hour at most. Again I felt that horrid sense of the
+reality of things, in which any effort of imagination seemed out of
+place; and I realised distinctly the perils of the law which we were
+incurring in our unhallowed work. Besides, I felt it was all so useless.
+Outrageous as it was to open a leaden coffin, to see if a woman dead
+nearly a week were really dead, it now seemed the height of folly to
+open the tomb again, when we knew, from the evidence of our own
+eyesight, that the coffin was empty. I shrugged my shoulders, however,
+and rested silent, for Van Helsing had a way of going on his own road,
+no matter who remonstrated. He took the key, opened the vault, and again
+courteously motioned me to precede. The place was not so gruesome as
+last night, but oh, how unutterably mean-looking when the sunshine
+streamed in. Van Helsing walked over to Lucy's coffin, and I followed.
+He bent over and again forced back the leaden flange; and then a shock
+of surprise and dismay shot through me.
+
+There lay Lucy, seemingly just as we had seen her the night before her
+funeral. She was, if possible, more radiantly beautiful than ever; and I
+could not believe that she was dead. The lips were red, nay redder than
+before; and on the cheeks was a delicate bloom.
+
+"Is this a juggle?" I said to him.
+
+"Are you convinced now?" said the Professor in response, and as he spoke
+he put over his hand, and in a way that made me shudder, pulled back the
+dead lips and showed the white teeth.
+
+"See," he went on, "see, they are even sharper than before. With this
+and this"--and he touched one of the canine teeth and that below
+it--"the little children can be bitten. Are you of belief now, friend
+John?" Once more, argumentative hostility woke within me. I _could_ not
+accept such an overwhelming idea as he suggested; so, with an attempt to
+argue of which I was even at the moment ashamed, I said:--
+
+"She may have been placed here since last night."
+
+"Indeed? That is so, and by whom?"
+
+"I do not know. Some one has done it."
+
+"And yet she has been dead one week. Most peoples in that time would not
+look so." I had no answer for this, so was silent. Van Helsing did not
+seem to notice my silence; at any rate, he showed neither chagrin nor
+triumph. He was looking intently at the face of the dead woman, raising
+the eyelids and looking at the eyes, and once more opening the lips and
+examining the teeth. Then he turned to me and said:--
+
+"Here, there is one thing which is different from all recorded; here is
+some dual life that is not as the common. She was bitten by the vampire
+when she was in a trance, sleep-walking--oh, you start; you do not know
+that, friend John, but you shall know it all later--and in trance could
+he best come to take more blood. In trance she died, and in trance she
+is Un-Dead, too. So it is that she differ from all other. Usually when
+the Un-Dead sleep at home"--as he spoke he made a comprehensive sweep of
+his arm to designate what to a vampire was "home"--"their face show what
+they are, but this so sweet that was when she not Un-Dead she go back to
+the nothings of the common dead. There is no malign there, see, and so
+it make hard that I must kill her in her sleep." This turned my blood
+cold, and it began to dawn upon me that I was accepting Van Helsing's
+theories; but if she were really dead, what was there of terror in the
+idea of killing her? He looked up at me, and evidently saw the change in
+my face, for he said almost joyously:--
+
+"Ah, you believe now?"
+
+I answered: "Do not press me too hard all at once. I am willing to
+accept. How will you do this bloody work?"
+
+"I shall cut off her head and fill her mouth with garlic, and I shall
+drive a stake through her body." It made me shudder to think of so
+mutilating the body of the woman whom I had loved. And yet the feeling
+was not so strong as I had expected. I was, in fact, beginning to
+shudder at the presence of this being, this Un-Dead, as Van Helsing
+called it, and to loathe it. Is it possible that love is all subjective,
+or all objective?
+
+I waited a considerable time for Van Helsing to begin, but he stood as
+if wrapped in thought. Presently he closed the catch of his bag with a
+snap, and said:--
+
+"I have been thinking, and have made up my mind as to what is best. If I
+did simply follow my inclining I would do now, at this moment, what is
+to be done; but there are other things to follow, and things that are
+thousand times more difficult in that them we do not know. This is
+simple. She have yet no life taken, though that is of time; and to act
+now would be to take danger from her for ever. But then we may have to
+want Arthur, and how shall we tell him of this? If you, who saw the
+wounds on Lucy's throat, and saw the wounds so similar on the child's at
+the hospital; if you, who saw the coffin empty last night and full
+to-day with a woman who have not change only to be more rose and more
+beautiful in a whole week, after she die--if you know of this and know
+of the white figure last night that brought the child to the churchyard,
+and yet of your own senses you did not believe, how, then, can I expect
+Arthur, who know none of those things, to believe? He doubted me when I
+took him from her kiss when she was dying. I know he has forgiven me
+because in some mistaken idea I have done things that prevent him say
+good-bye as he ought; and he may think that in some more mistaken idea
+this woman was buried alive; and that in most mistake of all we have
+killed her. He will then argue back that it is we, mistaken ones, that
+have killed her by our ideas; and so he will be much unhappy always. Yet
+he never can be sure; and that is the worst of all. And he will
+sometimes think that she he loved was buried alive, and that will paint
+his dreams with horrors of what she must have suffered; and again, he
+will think that we may be right, and that his so beloved was, after all,
+an Un-Dead. No! I told him once, and since then I learn much. Now, since
+I know it is all true, a hundred thousand times more do I know that he
+must pass through the bitter waters to reach the sweet. He, poor fellow,
+must have one hour that will make the very face of heaven grow black to
+him; then we can act for good all round and send him peace. My mind is
+made up. Let us go. You return home for to-night to your asylum, and see
+that all be well. As for me, I shall spend the night here in this
+churchyard in my own way. To-morrow night you will come to me to the
+Berkeley Hotel at ten of the clock. I shall send for Arthur to come too,
+and also that so fine young man of America that gave his blood. Later we
+shall all have work to do. I come with you so far as Piccadilly and
+there dine, for I must be back here before the sun set."
+
+So we locked the tomb and came away, and got over the wall of the
+churchyard, which was not much of a task, and drove back to Piccadilly.
+
+
+_Note left by Van Helsing in his portmanteau, Berkeley Hotel directed to
+John Seward, M. D._
+
+(Not delivered.)
+
+"_27 September._
+
+"Friend John,--
+
+"I write this in case anything should happen. I go alone to watch in
+that churchyard. It pleases me that the Un-Dead, Miss Lucy, shall not
+leave to-night, that so on the morrow night she may be more eager.
+Therefore I shall fix some things she like not--garlic and a
+crucifix--and so seal up the door of the tomb. She is young as Un-Dead,
+and will heed. Moreover, these are only to prevent her coming out; they
+may not prevail on her wanting to get in; for then the Un-Dead is
+desperate, and must find the line of least resistance, whatsoever it may
+be. I shall be at hand all the night from sunset till after the sunrise,
+and if there be aught that may be learned I shall learn it. For Miss
+Lucy or from her, I have no fear; but that other to whom is there that
+she is Un-Dead, he have now the power to seek her tomb and find shelter.
+He is cunning, as I know from Mr. Jonathan and from the way that all
+along he have fooled us when he played with us for Miss Lucy's life, and
+we lost; and in many ways the Un-Dead are strong. He have always the
+strength in his hand of twenty men; even we four who gave our strength
+to Miss Lucy it also is all to him. Besides, he can summon his wolf and
+I know not what. So if it be that he come thither on this night he shall
+find me; but none other shall--until it be too late. But it may be that
+he will not attempt the place. There is no reason why he should; his
+hunting ground is more full of game than the churchyard where the
+Un-Dead woman sleep, and the one old man watch.
+
+"Therefore I write this in case.... Take the papers that are with this,
+the diaries of Harker and the rest, and read them, and then find this
+great Un-Dead, and cut off his head and burn his heart or drive a stake
+through it, so that the world may rest from him.
+
+"If it be so, farewell.
+
+"VAN HELSING."
+
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary._
+
+_28 September._--It is wonderful what a good night's sleep will do for
+one. Yesterday I was almost willing to accept Van Helsing's monstrous
+ideas; but now they seem to start out lurid before me as outrages on
+common sense. I have no doubt that he believes it all. I wonder if his
+mind can have become in any way unhinged. Surely there must be _some_
+rational explanation of all these mysterious things. Is it possible that
+the Professor can have done it himself? He is so abnormally clever that
+if he went off his head he would carry out his intent with regard to
+some fixed idea in a wonderful way. I am loath to think it, and indeed
+it would be almost as great a marvel as the other to find that Van
+Helsing was mad; but anyhow I shall watch him carefully. I may get some
+light on the mystery.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_29 September, morning._.... Last night, at a little before ten o'clock,
+Arthur and Quincey came into Van Helsing's room; he told us all that he
+wanted us to do, but especially addressing himself to Arthur, as if all
+our wills were centred in his. He began by saying that he hoped we would
+all come with him too, "for," he said, "there is a grave duty to be done
+there. You were doubtless surprised at my letter?" This query was
+directly addressed to Lord Godalming.
+
+"I was. It rather upset me for a bit. There has been so much trouble
+around my house of late that I could do without any more. I have been
+curious, too, as to what you mean. Quincey and I talked it over; but the
+more we talked, the more puzzled we got, till now I can say for myself
+that I'm about up a tree as to any meaning about anything."
+
+"Me too," said Quincey Morris laconically.
+
+"Oh," said the Professor, "then you are nearer the beginning, both of
+you, than friend John here, who has to go a long way back before he can
+even get so far as to begin."
+
+It was evident that he recognised my return to my old doubting frame of
+mind without my saying a word. Then, turning to the other two, he said
+with intense gravity:--
+
+"I want your permission to do what I think good this night. It is, I
+know, much to ask; and when you know what it is I propose to do you will
+know, and only then, how much. Therefore may I ask that you promise me
+in the dark, so that afterwards, though you may be angry with me for a
+time--I must not disguise from myself the possibility that such may
+be--you shall not blame yourselves for anything."
+
+"That's frank anyhow," broke in Quincey. "I'll answer for the Professor.
+I don't quite see his drift, but I swear he's honest; and that's good
+enough for me."
+
+"I thank you, sir," said Van Helsing proudly. "I have done myself the
+honour of counting you one trusting friend, and such endorsement is dear
+to me." He held out a hand, which Quincey took.
+
+Then Arthur spoke out:--
+
+"Dr. Van Helsing, I don't quite like to 'buy a pig in a poke,' as they
+say in Scotland, and if it be anything in which my honour as a gentleman
+or my faith as a Christian is concerned, I cannot make such a promise.
+If you can assure me that what you intend does not violate either of
+these two, then I give my consent at once; though for the life of me, I
+cannot understand what you are driving at."
+
+"I accept your limitation," said Van Helsing, "and all I ask of you is
+that if you feel it necessary to condemn any act of mine, you will first
+consider it well and be satisfied that it does not violate your
+reservations."
+
+"Agreed!" said Arthur; "that is only fair. And now that the
+_pourparlers_ are over, may I ask what it is we are to do?"
+
+"I want you to come with me, and to come in secret, to the churchyard at
+Kingstead."
+
+Arthur's face fell as he said in an amazed sort of way:--
+
+"Where poor Lucy is buried?" The Professor bowed. Arthur went on: "And
+when there?"
+
+"To enter the tomb!" Arthur stood up.
+
+"Professor, are you in earnest; or it is some monstrous joke? Pardon me,
+I see that you are in earnest." He sat down again, but I could see that
+he sat firmly and proudly, as one who is on his dignity. There was
+silence until he asked again:--
+
+"And when in the tomb?"
+
+"To open the coffin."
+
+"This is too much!" he said, angrily rising again. "I am willing to be
+patient in all things that are reasonable; but in this--this desecration
+of the grave--of one who----" He fairly choked with indignation. The
+Professor looked pityingly at him.
+
+"If I could spare you one pang, my poor friend," he said, "God knows I
+would. But this night our feet must tread in thorny paths; or later, and
+for ever, the feet you love must walk in paths of flame!"
+
+Arthur looked up with set white face and said:--
+
+"Take care, sir, take care!"
+
+"Would it not be well to hear what I have to say?" said Van Helsing.
+"And then you will at least know the limit of my purpose. Shall I go
+on?"
+
+"That's fair enough," broke in Morris.
+
+After a pause Van Helsing went on, evidently with an effort:--
+
+"Miss Lucy is dead; is it not so? Yes! Then there can be no wrong to
+her. But if she be not dead----"
+
+Arthur jumped to his feet.
+
+"Good God!" he cried. "What do you mean? Has there been any mistake; has
+she been buried alive?" He groaned in anguish that not even hope could
+soften.
+
+"I did not say she was alive, my child; I did not think it. I go no
+further than to say that she might be Un-Dead."
+
+"Un-Dead! Not alive! What do you mean? Is this all a nightmare, or what
+is it?"
+
+"There are mysteries which men can only guess at, which age by age they
+may solve only in part. Believe me, we are now on the verge of one. But
+I have not done. May I cut off the head of dead Miss Lucy?"
+
+"Heavens and earth, no!" cried Arthur in a storm of passion. "Not for
+the wide world will I consent to any mutilation of her dead body. Dr.
+Van Helsing, you try me too far. What have I done to you that you should
+torture me so? What did that poor, sweet girl do that you should want to
+cast such dishonour on her grave? Are you mad that speak such things, or
+am I mad to listen to them? Don't dare to think more of such a
+desecration; I shall not give my consent to anything you do. I have a
+duty to do in protecting her grave from outrage; and, by God, I shall do
+it!"
+
+Van Helsing rose up from where he had all the time been seated, and
+said, gravely and sternly:--
+
+"My Lord Godalming, I, too, have a duty to do, a duty to others, a duty
+to you, a duty to the dead; and, by God, I shall do it! All I ask you
+now is that you come with me, that you look and listen; and if when
+later I make the same request you do not be more eager for its
+fulfilment even than I am, then--then I shall do my duty, whatever it
+may seem to me. And then, to follow of your Lordship's wishes I shall
+hold myself at your disposal to render an account to you, when and where
+you will." His voice broke a little, and he went on with a voice full of
+pity:--
+
+"But, I beseech you, do not go forth in anger with me. In a long life of
+acts which were often not pleasant to do, and which sometimes did wring
+my heart, I have never had so heavy a task as now. Believe me that if
+the time comes for you to change your mind towards me, one look from
+you will wipe away all this so sad hour, for I would do what a man can
+to save you from sorrow. Just think. For why should I give myself so
+much of labour and so much of sorrow? I have come here from my own land
+to do what I can of good; at the first to please my friend John, and
+then to help a sweet young lady, whom, too, I came to love. For her--I
+am ashamed to say so much, but I say it in kindness--I gave what you
+gave; the blood of my veins; I gave it, I, who was not, like you, her
+lover, but only her physician and her friend. I gave to her my nights
+and days--before death, after death; and if my death can do her good
+even now, when she is the dead Un-Dead, she shall have it freely." He
+said this with a very grave, sweet pride, and Arthur was much affected
+by it. He took the old man's hand and said in a broken voice:--
+
+"Oh, it is hard to think of it, and I cannot understand; but at least I
+shall go with you and wait."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+DR. SEWARD'S DIARY--_continued_
+
+
+It was just a quarter before twelve o'clock when we got into the
+churchyard over the low wall. The night was dark with occasional gleams
+of moonlight between the rents of the heavy clouds that scudded across
+the sky. We all kept somehow close together, with Van Helsing slightly
+in front as he led the way. When we had come close to the tomb I looked
+well at Arthur, for I feared that the proximity to a place laden with so
+sorrowful a memory would upset him; but he bore himself well. I took it
+that the very mystery of the proceeding was in some way a counteractant
+to his grief. The Professor unlocked the door, and seeing a natural
+hesitation amongst us for various reasons, solved the difficulty by
+entering first himself. The rest of us followed, and he closed the door.
+He then lit a dark lantern and pointed to the coffin. Arthur stepped
+forward hesitatingly; Van Helsing said to me:--
+
+"You were with me here yesterday. Was the body of Miss Lucy in that
+coffin?"
+
+"It was." The Professor turned to the rest saying:--
+
+"You hear; and yet there is no one who does not believe with me." He
+took his screwdriver and again took off the lid of the coffin. Arthur
+looked on, very pale but silent; when the lid was removed he stepped
+forward. He evidently did not know that there was a leaden coffin, or,
+at any rate, had not thought of it. When he saw the rent in the lead,
+the blood rushed to his face for an instant, but as quickly fell away
+again, so that he remained of a ghastly whiteness; he was still silent.
+Van Helsing forced back the leaden flange, and we all looked in and
+recoiled.
+
+The coffin was empty!
+
+For several minutes no one spoke a word. The silence was broken by
+Quincey Morris:--
+
+"Professor, I answered for you. Your word is all I want. I wouldn't ask
+such a thing ordinarily--I wouldn't so dishonour you as to imply a
+doubt; but this is a mystery that goes beyond any honour or dishonour.
+Is this your doing?"
+
+"I swear to you by all that I hold sacred that I have not removed nor
+touched her. What happened was this: Two nights ago my friend Seward and
+I came here--with good purpose, believe me. I opened that coffin, which
+was then sealed up, and we found it, as now, empty. We then waited, and
+saw something white come through the trees. The next day we came here in
+day-time, and she lay there. Did she not, friend John?"
+
+"Yes."
+
+"That night we were just in time. One more so small child was missing,
+and we find it, thank God, unharmed amongst the graves. Yesterday I came
+here before sundown, for at sundown the Un-Dead can move. I waited here
+all the night till the sun rose, but I saw nothing. It was most probable
+that it was because I had laid over the clamps of those doors garlic,
+which the Un-Dead cannot bear, and other things which they shun. Last
+night there was no exodus, so to-night before the sundown I took away my
+garlic and other things. And so it is we find this coffin empty. But
+bear with me. So far there is much that is strange. Wait you with me
+outside, unseen and unheard, and things much stranger are yet to be.
+So"--here he shut the dark slide of his lantern--"now to the outside."
+He opened the door, and we filed out, he coming last and locking the
+door behind him.
+
+Oh! but it seemed fresh and pure in the night air after the terror of
+that vault. How sweet it was to see the clouds race by, and the passing
+gleams of the moonlight between the scudding clouds crossing and
+passing--like the gladness and sorrow of a man's life; how sweet it was
+to breathe the fresh air, that had no taint of death and decay; how
+humanising to see the red lighting of the sky beyond the hill, and to
+hear far away the muffled roar that marks the life of a great city. Each
+in his own way was solemn and overcome. Arthur was silent, and was, I
+could see, striving to grasp the purpose and the inner meaning of the
+mystery. I was myself tolerably patient, and half inclined again to
+throw aside doubt and to accept Van Helsing's conclusions. Quincey
+Morris was phlegmatic in the way of a man who accepts all things, and
+accepts them in the spirit of cool bravery, with hazard of all he has to
+stake. Not being able to smoke, he cut himself a good-sized plug of
+tobacco and began to chew. As to Van Helsing, he was employed in a
+definite way. First he took from his bag a mass of what looked like
+thin, wafer-like biscuit, which was carefully rolled up in a white
+napkin; next he took out a double-handful of some whitish stuff, like
+dough or putty. He crumbled the wafer up fine and worked it into the
+mass between his hands. This he then took, and rolling it into thin
+strips, began to lay them into the crevices between the door and its
+setting in the tomb. I was somewhat puzzled at this, and being close,
+asked him what it was that he was doing. Arthur and Quincey drew near
+also, as they too were curious. He answered:--
+
+"I am closing the tomb, so that the Un-Dead may not enter."
+
+"And is that stuff you have put there going to do it?" asked Quincey.
+"Great Scott! Is this a game?"
+
+"It is."
+
+"What is that which you are using?" This time the question was by
+Arthur. Van Helsing reverently lifted his hat as he answered:--
+
+"The Host. I brought it from Amsterdam. I have an Indulgence." It was an
+answer that appalled the most sceptical of us, and we felt individually
+that in the presence of such earnest purpose as the Professor's, a
+purpose which could thus use the to him most sacred of things, it was
+impossible to distrust. In respectful silence we took the places
+assigned to us close round the tomb, but hidden from the sight of any
+one approaching. I pitied the others, especially Arthur. I had myself
+been apprenticed by my former visits to this watching horror; and yet I,
+who had up to an hour ago repudiated the proofs, felt my heart sink
+within me. Never did tombs look so ghastly white; never did cypress, or
+yew, or juniper so seem the embodiment of funereal gloom; never did tree
+or grass wave or rustle so ominously; never did bough creak so
+mysteriously; and never did the far-away howling of dogs send such a
+woeful presage through the night.
+
+There was a long spell of silence, a big, aching void, and then from the
+Professor a keen "S-s-s-s!" He pointed; and far down the avenue of yews
+we saw a white figure advance--a dim white figure, which held something
+dark at its breast. The figure stopped, and at the moment a ray of
+moonlight fell upon the masses of driving clouds and showed in startling
+prominence a dark-haired woman, dressed in the cerements of the grave.
+We could not see the face, for it was bent down over what we saw to be a
+fair-haired child. There was a pause and a sharp little cry, such as a
+child gives in sleep, or a dog as it lies before the fire and dreams. We
+were starting forward, but the Professor's warning hand, seen by us as
+he stood behind a yew-tree, kept us back; and then as we looked the
+white figure moved forwards again. It was now near enough for us to see
+clearly, and the moonlight still held. My own heart grew cold as ice,
+and I could hear the gasp of Arthur, as we recognised the features of
+Lucy Westenra. Lucy Westenra, but yet how changed. The sweetness was
+turned to adamantine, heartless cruelty, and the purity to voluptuous
+wantonness. Van Helsing stepped out, and, obedient to his gesture, we
+all advanced too; the four of us ranged in a line before the door of the
+tomb. Van Helsing raised his lantern and drew the slide; by the
+concentrated light that fell on Lucy's face we could see that the lips
+were crimson with fresh blood, and that the stream had trickled over her
+chin and stained the purity of her lawn death-robe.
+
+We shuddered with horror. I could see by the tremulous light that even
+Van Helsing's iron nerve had failed. Arthur was next to me, and if I had
+not seized his arm and held him up, he would have fallen.
+
+When Lucy--I call the thing that was before us Lucy because it bore her
+shape--saw us she drew back with an angry snarl, such as a cat gives
+when taken unawares; then her eyes ranged over us. Lucy's eyes in form
+and colour; but Lucy's eyes unclean and full of hell-fire, instead of
+the pure, gentle orbs we knew. At that moment the remnant of my love
+passed into hate and loathing; had she then to be killed, I could have
+done it with savage delight. As she looked, her eyes blazed with unholy
+light, and the face became wreathed with a voluptuous smile. Oh, God,
+how it made me shudder to see it! With a careless motion, she flung to
+the ground, callous as a devil, the child that up to now she had
+clutched strenuously to her breast, growling over it as a dog growls
+over a bone. The child gave a sharp cry, and lay there moaning. There
+was a cold-bloodedness in the act which wrung a groan from Arthur; when
+she advanced to him with outstretched arms and a wanton smile he fell
+back and hid his face in his hands.
+
+She still advanced, however, and with a languorous, voluptuous grace,
+said:--
+
+"Come to me, Arthur. Leave these others and come to me. My arms are
+hungry for you. Come, and we can rest together. Come, my husband, come!"
+
+There was something diabolically sweet in her tones--something of the
+tingling of glass when struck--which rang through the brains even of us
+who heard the words addressed to another. As for Arthur, he seemed under
+a spell; moving his hands from his face, he opened wide his arms. She
+was leaping for them, when Van Helsing sprang forward and held between
+them his little golden crucifix. She recoiled from it, and, with a
+suddenly distorted face, full of rage, dashed past him as if to enter
+the tomb.
+
+When within a foot or two of the door, however, she stopped, as if
+arrested by some irresistible force. Then she turned, and her face was
+shown in the clear burst of moonlight and by the lamp, which had now no
+quiver from Van Helsing's iron nerves. Never did I see such baffled
+malice on a face; and never, I trust, shall such ever be seen again by
+mortal eyes. The beautiful colour became livid, the eyes seemed to throw
+out sparks of hell-fire, the brows were wrinkled as though the folds of
+the flesh were the coils of Medusa's snakes, and the lovely,
+blood-stained mouth grew to an open square, as in the passion masks of
+the Greeks and Japanese. If ever a face meant death--if looks could
+kill--we saw it at that moment.
+
+And so for full half a minute, which seemed an eternity, she remained
+between the lifted crucifix and the sacred closing of her means of
+entry. Van Helsing broke the silence by asking Arthur:--
+
+"Answer me, oh my friend! Am I to proceed in my work?"
+
+Arthur threw himself on his knees, and hid his face in his hands, as he
+answered:--
+
+"Do as you will, friend; do as you will. There can be no horror like
+this ever any more;" and he groaned in spirit. Quincey and I
+simultaneously moved towards him, and took his arms. We could hear the
+click of the closing lantern as Van Helsing held it down; coming close
+to the tomb, he began to remove from the chinks some of the sacred
+emblem which he had placed there. We all looked on in horrified
+amazement as we saw, when he stood back, the woman, with a corporeal
+body as real at that moment as our own, pass in through the interstice
+where scarce a knife-blade could have gone. We all felt a glad sense of
+relief when we saw the Professor calmly restoring the strings of putty
+to the edges of the door.
+
+When this was done, he lifted the child and said:
+
+"Come now, my friends; we can do no more till to-morrow. There is a
+funeral at noon, so here we shall all come before long after that. The
+friends of the dead will all be gone by two, and when the sexton lock
+the gate we shall remain. Then there is more to do; but not like this of
+to-night. As for this little one, he is not much harm, and by to-morrow
+night he shall be well. We shall leave him where the police will find
+him, as on the other night; and then to home." Coming close to Arthur,
+he said:--
+
+"My friend Arthur, you have had a sore trial; but after, when you look
+back, you will see how it was necessary. You are now in the bitter
+waters, my child. By this time to-morrow you will, please God, have
+passed them, and have drunk of the sweet waters; so do not mourn
+overmuch. Till then I shall not ask you to forgive me."
+
+Arthur and Quincey came home with me, and we tried to cheer each other
+on the way. We had left the child in safety, and were tired; so we all
+slept with more or less reality of sleep.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_29 September, night._--A little before twelve o'clock we three--Arthur,
+Quincey Morris, and myself--called for the Professor. It was odd to
+notice that by common consent we had all put on black clothes. Of
+course, Arthur wore black, for he was in deep mourning, but the rest of
+us wore it by instinct. We got to the churchyard by half-past one, and
+strolled about, keeping out of official observation, so that when the
+gravediggers had completed their task and the sexton under the belief
+that every one had gone, had locked the gate, we had the place all to
+ourselves. Van Helsing, instead of his little black bag, had with him a
+long leather one, something like a cricketing bag; it was manifestly of
+fair weight.
+
+When we were alone and had heard the last of the footsteps die out up
+the road, we silently, and as if by ordered intention, followed the
+Professor to the tomb. He unlocked the door, and we entered, closing it
+behind us. Then he took from his bag the lantern, which he lit, and also
+two wax candles, which, when lighted, he stuck, by melting their own
+ends, on other coffins, so that they might give light sufficient to work
+by. When he again lifted the lid off Lucy's coffin we all looked--Arthur
+trembling like an aspen--and saw that the body lay there in all its
+death-beauty. But there was no love in my own heart, nothing but
+loathing for the foul Thing which had taken Lucy's shape without her
+soul. I could see even Arthur's face grow hard as he looked. Presently
+he said to Van Helsing:--
+
+"Is this really Lucy's body, or only a demon in her shape?"
+
+"It is her body, and yet not it. But wait a while, and you all see her
+as she was, and is."
+
+She seemed like a nightmare of Lucy as she lay there; the pointed teeth,
+the bloodstained, voluptuous mouth--which it made one shudder to
+see--the whole carnal and unspiritual appearance, seeming like a
+devilish mockery of Lucy's sweet purity. Van Helsing, with his usual
+methodicalness, began taking the various contents from his bag and
+placing them ready for use. First he took out a soldering iron and some
+plumbing solder, and then a small oil-lamp, which gave out, when lit in
+a corner of the tomb, gas which burned at fierce heat with a blue
+flame; then his operating knives, which he placed to hand; and last a
+round wooden stake, some two and a half or three inches thick and about
+three feet long. One end of it was hardened by charring in the fire, and
+was sharpened to a fine point. With this stake came a heavy hammer, such
+as in households is used in the coal-cellar for breaking the lumps. To
+me, a doctor's preparations for work of any kind are stimulating and
+bracing, but the effect of these things on both Arthur and Quincey was
+to cause them a sort of consternation. They both, however, kept their
+courage, and remained silent and quiet.
+
+When all was ready, Van Helsing said:--
+
+"Before we do anything, let me tell you this; it is out of the lore and
+experience of the ancients and of all those who have studied the powers
+of the Un-Dead. When they become such, there comes with the change the
+curse of immortality; they cannot die, but must go on age after age
+adding new victims and multiplying the evils of the world; for all that
+die from the preying of the Un-Dead becomes themselves Un-Dead, and prey
+on their kind. And so the circle goes on ever widening, like as the
+ripples from a stone thrown in the water. Friend Arthur, if you had met
+that kiss which you know of before poor Lucy die; or again, last night
+when you open your arms to her, you would in time, when you had died,
+have become _nosferatu_, as they call it in Eastern Europe, and would
+all time make more of those Un-Deads that so have fill us with horror.
+The career of this so unhappy dear lady is but just begun. Those
+children whose blood she suck are not as yet so much the worse; but if
+she live on, Un-Dead, more and more they lose their blood and by her
+power over them they come to her; and so she draw their blood with that
+so wicked mouth. But if she die in truth, then all cease; the tiny
+wounds of the throats disappear, and they go back to their plays
+unknowing ever of what has been. But of the most blessed of all, when
+this now Un-Dead be made to rest as true dead, then the soul of the poor
+lady whom we love shall again be free. Instead of working wickedness by
+night and growing more debased in the assimilating of it by day, she
+shall take her place with the other Angels. So that, my friend, it will
+be a blessed hand for her that shall strike the blow that sets her free.
+To this I am willing; but is there none amongst us who has a better
+right? Will it be no joy to think of hereafter in the silence of the
+night when sleep is not: 'It was my hand that sent her to the stars; it
+was the hand of him that loved her best; the hand that of all she would
+herself have chosen, had it been to her to choose?' Tell me if there be
+such a one amongst us?"
+
+We all looked at Arthur. He saw, too, what we all did, the infinite
+kindness which suggested that his should be the hand which would restore
+Lucy to us as a holy, and not an unholy, memory; he stepped forward and
+said bravely, though his hand trembled, and his face was as pale as
+snow:--
+
+"My true friend, from the bottom of my broken heart I thank you. Tell me
+what I am to do, and I shall not falter!" Van Helsing laid a hand on his
+shoulder, and said:--
+
+"Brave lad! A moment's courage, and it is done. This stake must be
+driven through her. It will be a fearful ordeal--be not deceived in
+that--but it will be only a short time, and you will then rejoice more
+than your pain was great; from this grim tomb you will emerge as though
+you tread on air. But you must not falter when once you have begun. Only
+think that we, your true friends, are round you, and that we pray for
+you all the time."
+
+"Go on," said Arthur hoarsely. "Tell me what I am to do."
+
+"Take this stake in your left hand, ready to place the point over the
+heart, and the hammer in your right. Then when we begin our prayer for
+the dead--I shall read him, I have here the book, and the others shall
+follow--strike in God's name, that so all may be well with the dead that
+we love and that the Un-Dead pass away."
+
+Arthur took the stake and the hammer, and when once his mind was set on
+action his hands never trembled nor even quivered. Van Helsing opened
+his missal and began to read, and Quincey and I followed as well as we
+could. Arthur placed the point over the heart, and as I looked I could
+see its dint in the white flesh. Then he struck with all his might.
+
+The Thing in the coffin writhed; and a hideous, blood-curdling screech
+came from the opened red lips. The body shook and quivered and twisted
+in wild contortions; the sharp white teeth champed together till the
+lips were cut, and the mouth was smeared with a crimson foam. But Arthur
+never faltered. He looked like a figure of Thor as his untrembling arm
+rose and fell, driving deeper and deeper the mercy-bearing stake, whilst
+the blood from the pierced heart welled and spurted up around it. His
+face was set, and high duty seemed to shine through it; the sight of it
+gave us courage so that our voices seemed to ring through the little
+vault.
+
+And then the writhing and quivering of the body became less, and the
+teeth seemed to champ, and the face to quiver. Finally it lay still. The
+terrible task was over.
+
+The hammer fell from Arthur's hand. He reeled and would have fallen had
+we not caught him. The great drops of sweat sprang from his forehead,
+and his breath came in broken gasps. It had indeed been an awful strain
+on him; and had he not been forced to his task by more than human
+considerations he could never have gone through with it. For a few
+minutes we were so taken up with him that we did not look towards the
+coffin. When we did, however, a murmur of startled surprise ran from one
+to the other of us. We gazed so eagerly that Arthur rose, for he had
+been seated on the ground, and came and looked too; and then a glad,
+strange light broke over his face and dispelled altogether the gloom of
+horror that lay upon it.
+
+There, in the coffin lay no longer the foul Thing that we had so dreaded
+and grown to hate that the work of her destruction was yielded as a
+privilege to the one best entitled to it, but Lucy as we had seen her in
+her life, with her face of unequalled sweetness and purity. True that
+there were there, as we had seen them in life, the traces of care and
+pain and waste; but these were all dear to us, for they marked her truth
+to what we knew. One and all we felt that the holy calm that lay like
+sunshine over the wasted face and form was only an earthly token and
+symbol of the calm that was to reign for ever.
+
+Van Helsing came and laid his hand on Arthur's shoulder, and said to
+him:--
+
+"And now, Arthur my friend, dear lad, am I not forgiven?"
+
+The reaction of the terrible strain came as he took the old man's hand
+in his, and raising it to his lips, pressed it, and said:--
+
+"Forgiven! God bless you that you have given my dear one her soul again,
+and me peace." He put his hands on the Professor's shoulder, and laying
+his head on his breast, cried for a while silently, whilst we stood
+unmoving. When he raised his head Van Helsing said to him:--
+
+"And now, my child, you may kiss her. Kiss her dead lips if you will, as
+she would have you to, if for her to choose. For she is not a grinning
+devil now--not any more a foul Thing for all eternity. No longer she is
+the devil's Un-Dead. She is God's true dead, whose soul is with Him!"
+
+Arthur bent and kissed her, and then we sent him and Quincey out of the
+tomb; the Professor and I sawed the top off the stake, leaving the point
+of it in the body. Then we cut off the head and filled the mouth with
+garlic. We soldered up the leaden coffin, screwed on the coffin-lid,
+and gathering up our belongings, came away. When the Professor locked
+the door he gave the key to Arthur.
+
+Outside the air was sweet, the sun shone, and the birds sang, and it
+seemed as if all nature were tuned to a different pitch. There was
+gladness and mirth and peace everywhere, for we were at rest ourselves
+on one account, and we were glad, though it was with a tempered joy.
+
+Before we moved away Van Helsing said:--
+
+"Now, my friends, one step of our work is done, one the most harrowing
+to ourselves. But there remains a greater task: to find out the author
+of all this our sorrow and to stamp him out. I have clues which we can
+follow; but it is a long task, and a difficult, and there is danger in
+it, and pain. Shall you not all help me? We have learned to believe, all
+of us--is it not so? And since so, do we not see our duty? Yes! And do
+we not promise to go on to the bitter end?"
+
+Each in turn, we took his hand, and the promise was made. Then said the
+Professor as we moved off:--
+
+"Two nights hence you shall meet with me and dine together at seven of
+the clock with friend John. I shall entreat two others, two that you
+know not as yet; and I shall be ready to all our work show and our plans
+unfold. Friend John, you come with me home, for I have much to consult
+about, and you can help me. To-night I leave for Amsterdam, but shall
+return to-morrow night. And then begins our great quest. But first I
+shall have much to say, so that you may know what is to do and to dread.
+Then our promise shall be made to each other anew; for there is a
+terrible task before us, and once our feet are on the ploughshare we
+must not draw back."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+DR. SEWARD'S DIARY--_continued_
+
+
+When we arrived at the Berkeley Hotel, Van Helsing found a telegram
+waiting for him:--
+
+     "Am coming up by train. Jonathan at Whitby. Important news.--MINA
+     HARKER."
+
+The Professor was delighted. "Ah, that wonderful Madam Mina," he said,
+"pearl among women! She arrive, but I cannot stay. She must go to your
+house, friend John. You must meet her at the station. Telegraph her _en
+route_, so that she may be prepared."
+
+When the wire was despatched he had a cup of tea; over it he told me of
+a diary kept by Jonathan Harker when abroad, and gave me a typewritten
+copy of it, as also of Mrs. Harker's diary at Whitby. "Take these," he
+said, "and study them well. When I have returned you will be master of
+all the facts, and we can then better enter on our inquisition. Keep
+them safe, for there is in them much of treasure. You will need all your
+faith, even you who have had such an experience as that of to-day. What
+is here told," he laid his hand heavily and gravely on the packet of
+papers as he spoke, "may be the beginning of the end to you and me and
+many another; or it may sound the knell of the Un-Dead who walk the
+earth. Read all, I pray you, with the open mind; and if you can add in
+any way to the story here told do so, for it is all-important. You have
+kept diary of all these so strange things; is it not so? Yes! Then we
+shall go through all these together when we meet." He then made ready
+for his departure, and shortly after drove off to Liverpool Street. I
+took my way to Paddington, where I arrived about fifteen minutes before
+the train came in.
+
+The crowd melted away, after the bustling fashion common to arrival
+platforms; and I was beginning to feel uneasy, lest I might miss my
+guest, when a sweet-faced, dainty-looking girl stepped up to me, and,
+after a quick glance, said: "Dr. Seward, is it not?"
+
+"And you are Mrs. Harker!" I answered at once; whereupon she held out
+her hand.
+
+"I knew you from the description of poor dear Lucy; but----" She stopped
+suddenly, and a quick blush overspread her face.
+
+The blush that rose to my own cheeks somehow set us both at ease, for it
+was a tacit answer to her own. I got her luggage, which included a
+typewriter, and we took the Underground to Fenchurch Street, after I had
+sent a wire to my housekeeper to have a sitting-room and bedroom
+prepared at once for Mrs. Harker.
+
+In due time we arrived. She knew, of course, that the place was a
+lunatic asylum, but I could see that she was unable to repress a shudder
+when we entered.
+
+She told me that, if she might, she would come presently to my study, as
+she had much to say. So here I am finishing my entry in my phonograph
+diary whilst I await her. As yet I have not had the chance of looking at
+the papers which Van Helsing left with me, though they lie open before
+me. I must get her interested in something, so that I may have an
+opportunity of reading them. She does not know how precious time is, or
+what a task we have in hand. I must be careful not to frighten her. Here
+she is!
+
+
+_Mina Harker's Journal._
+
+_29 September._--After I had tidied myself, I went down to Dr. Seward's
+study. At the door I paused a moment, for I thought I heard him talking
+with some one. As, however, he had pressed me to be quick, I knocked at
+the door, and on his calling out, "Come in," I entered.
+
+To my intense surprise, there was no one with him. He was quite alone,
+and on the table opposite him was what I knew at once from the
+description to be a phonograph. I had never seen one, and was much
+interested.
+
+"I hope I did not keep you waiting," I said; "but I stayed at the door
+as I heard you talking, and thought there was some one with you."
+
+"Oh," he replied with a smile, "I was only entering my diary."
+
+"Your diary?" I asked him in surprise.
+
+"Yes," he answered. "I keep it in this." As he spoke he laid his hand on
+the phonograph. I felt quite excited over it, and blurted out:--
+
+"Why, this beats even shorthand! May I hear it say something?"
+
+"Certainly," he replied with alacrity, and stood up to put it in train
+for speaking. Then he paused, and a troubled look overspread his face.
+
+"The fact is," he began awkwardly, "I only keep my diary in it; and as
+it is entirely--almost entirely--about my cases, it may be awkward--that
+is, I mean----" He stopped, and I tried to help him out of his
+embarrassment:--
+
+"You helped to attend dear Lucy at the end. Let me hear how she died;
+for all that I know of her, I shall be very grateful. She was very, very
+dear to me."
+
+To my surprise, he answered, with a horrorstruck look in his face:--
+
+"Tell you of her death? Not for the wide world!"
+
+"Why not?" I asked, for some grave, terrible feeling was coming over me.
+Again he paused, and I could see that he was trying to invent an excuse.
+At length he stammered out:--
+
+"You see, I do not know how to pick out any particular part of the
+diary." Even while he was speaking an idea dawned upon him, and he said
+with unconscious simplicity, in a different voice, and with the naïveté
+of a child: "That's quite true, upon my honour. Honest Indian!" I could
+not but smile, at which he grimaced. "I gave myself away that time!" he
+said. "But do you know that, although I have kept the diary for months
+past, it never once struck me how I was going to find any particular
+part of it in case I wanted to look it up?" By this time my mind was
+made up that the diary of a doctor who attended Lucy might have
+something to add to the sum of our knowledge of that terrible Being, and
+I said boldly:--
+
+"Then, Dr. Seward, you had better let me copy it out for you on my
+typewriter." He grew to a positively deathly pallor as he said:--
+
+"No! no! no! For all the world, I wouldn't let you know that terrible
+story!"
+
+Then it was terrible; my intuition was right! For a moment I thought,
+and as my eyes ranged the room, unconsciously looking for something or
+some opportunity to aid me, they lit on a great batch of typewriting on
+the table. His eyes caught the look in mine, and, without his thinking,
+followed their direction. As they saw the parcel he realised my meaning.
+
+"You do not know me," I said. "When you have read those papers--my own
+diary and my husband's also, which I have typed--you will know me
+better. I have not faltered in giving every thought of my own heart in
+this cause; but, of course, you do not know me--yet; and I must not
+expect you to trust me so far."
+
+He is certainly a man of noble nature; poor dear Lucy was right about
+him. He stood up and opened a large drawer, in which were arranged in
+order a number of hollow cylinders of metal covered with dark wax, and
+said:--
+
+"You are quite right. I did not trust you because I did not know you.
+But I know you now; and let me say that I should have known you long
+ago. I know that Lucy told you of me; she told me of you too. May I make
+the only atonement in my power? Take the cylinders and hear them--the
+first half-dozen of them are personal to me, and they will not horrify
+you; then you will know me better. Dinner will by then be ready. In the
+meantime I shall read over some of these documents, and shall be better
+able to understand certain things." He carried the phonograph himself up
+to my sitting-room and adjusted it for me. Now I shall learn something
+pleasant, I am sure; for it will tell me the other side of a true love
+episode of which I know one side already....
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary._
+
+_29 September._--I was so absorbed in that wonderful diary of Jonathan
+Harker and that other of his wife that I let the time run on without
+thinking. Mrs. Harker was not down when the maid came to announce
+dinner, so I said: "She is possibly tired; let dinner wait an hour," and
+I went on with my work. I had just finished Mrs. Harker's diary, when
+she came in. She looked sweetly pretty, but very sad, and her eyes were
+flushed with crying. This somehow moved me much. Of late I have had
+cause for tears, God knows! but the relief of them was denied me; and
+now the sight of those sweet eyes, brightened with recent tears, went
+straight to my heart. So I said as gently as I could:--
+
+"I greatly fear I have distressed you."
+
+"Oh, no, not distressed me," she replied, "but I have been more touched
+than I can say by your grief. That is a wonderful machine, but it is
+cruelly true. It told me, in its very tones, the anguish of your heart.
+It was like a soul crying out to Almighty God. No one must hear them
+spoken ever again! See, I have tried to be useful. I have copied out the
+words on my typewriter, and none other need now hear your heart beat, as
+I did."
+
+"No one need ever know, shall ever know," I said in a low voice. She
+laid her hand on mine and said very gravely:--
+
+"Ah, but they must!"
+
+"Must! But why?" I asked.
+
+"Because it is a part of the terrible story, a part of poor dear Lucy's
+death and all that led to it; because in the struggle which we have
+before us to rid the earth of this terrible monster we must have all
+the knowledge and all the help which we can get. I think that the
+cylinders which you gave me contained more than you intended me to know;
+but I can see that there are in your record many lights to this dark
+mystery. You will let me help, will you not? I know all up to a certain
+point; and I see already, though your diary only took me to 7 September,
+how poor Lucy was beset, and how her terrible doom was being wrought
+out. Jonathan and I have been working day and night since Professor Van
+Helsing saw us. He is gone to Whitby to get more information, and he
+will be here to-morrow to help us. We need have no secrets amongst us;
+working together and with absolute trust, we can surely be stronger than
+if some of us were in the dark." She looked at me so appealingly, and at
+the same time manifested such courage and resolution in her bearing,
+that I gave in at once to her wishes. "You shall," I said, "do as you
+like in the matter. God forgive me if I do wrong! There are terrible
+things yet to learn of; but if you have so far travelled on the road to
+poor Lucy's death, you will not be content, I know, to remain in the
+dark. Nay, the end--the very end--may give you a gleam of peace. Come,
+there is dinner. We must keep one another strong for what is before us;
+we have a cruel and dreadful task. When you have eaten you shall learn
+the rest, and I shall answer any questions you ask--if there be anything
+which you do not understand, though it was apparent to us who were
+present."
+
+
+_Mina Harker's Journal._
+
+_29 September._--After dinner I came with Dr. Seward to his study. He
+brought back the phonograph from my room, and I took my typewriter. He
+placed me in a comfortable chair, and arranged the phonograph so that I
+could touch it without getting up, and showed me how to stop it in case
+I should want to pause. Then he very thoughtfully took a chair, with his
+back to me, so that I might be as free as possible, and began to read. I
+put the forked metal to my ears and listened.
+
+When the terrible story of Lucy's death, and--and all that followed, was
+done, I lay back in my chair powerless. Fortunately I am not of a
+fainting disposition. When Dr. Seward saw me he jumped up with a
+horrified exclamation, and hurriedly taking a case-bottle from a
+cupboard, gave me some brandy, which in a few minutes somewhat restored
+me. My brain was all in a whirl, and only that there came through all
+the multitude of horrors, the holy ray of light that my dear, dear Lucy
+was at last at peace, I do not think I could have borne it without
+making a scene. It is all so wild, and mysterious, and strange that if I
+had not known Jonathan's experience in Transylvania I could not have
+believed. As it was, I didn't know what to believe, and so got out of my
+difficulty by attending to something else. I took the cover off my
+typewriter, and said to Dr. Seward:--
+
+"Let me write this all out now. We must be ready for Dr. Van Helsing
+when he comes. I have sent a telegram to Jonathan to come on here when
+he arrives in London from Whitby. In this matter dates are everything,
+and I think that if we get all our material ready, and have every item
+put in chronological order, we shall have done much. You tell me that
+Lord Godalming and Mr. Morris are coming too. Let us be able to tell him
+when they come." He accordingly set the phonograph at a slow pace, and I
+began to typewrite from the beginning of the seventh cylinder. I used
+manifold, and so took three copies of the diary, just as I had done with
+all the rest. It was late when I got through, but Dr. Seward went about
+his work of going his round of the patients; when he had finished he
+came back and sat near me, reading, so that I did not feel too lonely
+whilst I worked. How good and thoughtful he is; the world seems full of
+good men--even if there _are_ monsters in it. Before I left him I
+remembered what Jonathan put in his diary of the Professor's
+perturbation at reading something in an evening paper at the station at
+Exeter; so, seeing that Dr. Seward keeps his newspapers, I borrowed the
+files of "The Westminster Gazette" and "The Pall Mall Gazette," and took
+them to my room. I remember how much "The Dailygraph" and "The Whitby
+Gazette," of which I had made cuttings, helped us to understand the
+terrible events at Whitby when Count Dracula landed, so I shall look
+through the evening papers since then, and perhaps I shall get some new
+light. I am not sleepy, and the work will help to keep me quiet.
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary._
+
+_30 September._--Mr. Harker arrived at nine o'clock. He had got his
+wife's wire just before starting. He is uncommonly clever, if one can
+judge from his face, and full of energy. If this journal be true--and
+judging by one's own wonderful experiences, it must be--he is also a man
+of great nerve. That going down to the vault a second time was a
+remarkable piece of daring. After reading his account of it I was
+prepared to meet a good specimen of manhood, but hardly the quiet,
+business-like gentleman who came here to-day.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Later._--After lunch Harker and his wife went back to their own room,
+and as I passed a while ago I heard the click of the typewriter. They
+are hard at it. Mrs. Harker says that they are knitting together in
+chronological order every scrap of evidence they have. Harker has got
+the letters between the consignee of the boxes at Whitby and the
+carriers in London who took charge of them. He is now reading his wife's
+typescript of my diary. I wonder what they make out of it. Here it
+is....
+
+     Strange that it never struck me that the very next house might be
+     the Count's hiding-place! Goodness knows that we had enough clues
+     from the conduct of the patient Renfield! The bundle of letters
+     relating to the purchase of the house were with the typescript. Oh,
+     if we had only had them earlier we might have saved poor Lucy!
+     Stop; that way madness lies! Harker has gone back, and is again
+     collating his material. He says that by dinner-time they will be
+     able to show a whole connected narrative. He thinks that in the
+     meantime I should see Renfield, as hitherto he has been a sort of
+     index to the coming and going of the Count. I hardly see this yet,
+     but when I get at the dates I suppose I shall. What a good thing
+     that Mrs. Harker put my cylinders into type! We never could have
+     found the dates otherwise....
+
+     I found Renfield sitting placidly in his room with his hands
+     folded, smiling benignly. At the moment he seemed as sane as any
+     one I ever saw. I sat down and talked with him on a lot of
+     subjects, all of which he treated naturally. He then, of his own
+     accord, spoke of going home, a subject he has never mentioned to my
+     knowledge during his sojourn here. In fact, he spoke quite
+     confidently of getting his discharge at once. I believe that, had I
+     not had the chat with Harker and read the letters and the dates of
+     his outbursts, I should have been prepared to sign for him after a
+     brief time of observation. As it is, I am darkly suspicious. All
+     those outbreaks were in some way linked with the proximity of the
+     Count. What then does this absolute content mean? Can it be that
+     his instinct is satisfied as to the vampire's ultimate triumph?
+     Stay; he is himself zoöphagous, and in his wild ravings outside the
+     chapel door of the deserted house he always spoke of "master." This
+     all seems confirmation of our idea. However, after a while I came
+     away; my friend is just a little too sane at present to make it
+     safe to probe him too deep with questions. He might begin to think,
+     and then--! So I came away. I mistrust these quiet moods of his; so
+     I have given the attendant a hint to look closely after him, and to
+     have a strait-waistcoat ready in case of need.
+
+
+_Jonathan Harker's Journal._
+
+_29 September, in train to London._--When I received Mr. Billington's
+courteous message that he would give me any information in his power I
+thought it best to go down to Whitby and make, on the spot, such
+inquiries as I wanted. It was now my object to trace that horrid cargo
+of the Count's to its place in London. Later, we may be able to deal
+with it. Billington junior, a nice lad, met me at the station, and
+brought me to his father's house, where they had decided that I must
+stay the night. They are hospitable, with true Yorkshire hospitality:
+give a guest everything, and leave him free to do as he likes. They all
+knew that I was busy, and that my stay was short, and Mr. Billington had
+ready in his office all the papers concerning the consignment of boxes.
+It gave me almost a turn to see again one of the letters which I had
+seen on the Count's table before I knew of his diabolical plans.
+Everything had been carefully thought out, and done systematically and
+with precision. He seemed to have been prepared for every obstacle which
+might be placed by accident in the way of his intentions being carried
+out. To use an Americanism, he had "taken no chances," and the absolute
+accuracy with which his instructions were fulfilled, was simply the
+logical result of his care. I saw the invoice, and took note of it:
+"Fifty cases of common earth, to be used for experimental purposes."
+Also the copy of letter to Carter Paterson, and their reply; of both of
+these I got copies. This was all the information Mr. Billington could
+give me, so I went down to the port and saw the coastguards, the Customs
+officers and the harbour-master. They had all something to say of the
+strange entry of the ship, which is already taking its place in local
+tradition; but no one could add to the simple description "Fifty cases
+of common earth." I then saw the station-master, who kindly put me in
+communication with the men who had actually received the boxes. Their
+tally was exact with the list, and they had nothing to add except that
+the boxes were "main and mortal heavy," and that shifting them was dry
+work. One of them added that it was hard lines that there wasn't any
+gentleman "such-like as yourself, squire," to show some sort of
+appreciation of their efforts in a liquid form; another put in a rider
+that the thirst then generated was such that even the time which had
+elapsed had not completely allayed it. Needless to add, I took care
+before leaving to lift, for ever and adequately, this source of
+reproach.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_30 September._--The station-master was good enough to give me a line to
+his old companion the station-master at King's Cross, so that when I
+arrived there in the morning I was able to ask him about the arrival of
+the boxes. He, too, put me at once in communication with the proper
+officials, and I saw that their tally was correct with the original
+invoice. The opportunities of acquiring an abnormal thirst had been here
+limited; a noble use of them had, however, been made, and again I was
+compelled to deal with the result in an _ex post facto_ manner.
+
+From thence I went on to Carter Paterson's central office, where I met
+with the utmost courtesy. They looked up the transaction in their
+day-book and letter-book, and at once telephoned to their King's Cross
+office for more details. By good fortune, the men who did the teaming
+were waiting for work, and the official at once sent them over, sending
+also by one of them the way-bill and all the papers connected with the
+delivery of the boxes at Carfax. Here again I found the tally agreeing
+exactly; the carriers' men were able to supplement the paucity of the
+written words with a few details. These were, I shortly found, connected
+almost solely with the dusty nature of the job, and of the consequent
+thirst engendered in the operators. On my affording an opportunity,
+through the medium of the currency of the realm, of the allaying, at a
+later period, this beneficial evil, one of the men remarked:--
+
+"That 'ere 'ouse, guv'nor, is the rummiest I ever was in. Blyme! but it
+ain't been touched sence a hundred years. There was dust that thick in
+the place that you might have slep' on it without 'urtin' of yer bones;
+an' the place was that neglected that yer might 'ave smelled ole
+Jerusalem in it. But the ole chapel--that took the cike, that did! Me
+and my mate, we thort we wouldn't never git out quick enough. Lor', I
+wouldn't take less nor a quid a moment to stay there arter dark."
+
+Having been in the house, I could well believe him; but if he knew what
+I know, he would, I think, have raised his terms.
+
+Of one thing I am now satisfied: that _all_ the boxes which arrived at
+Whitby from Varna in the _Demeter_ were safely deposited in the old
+chapel at Carfax. There should be fifty of them there, unless any have
+since been removed--as from Dr. Seward's diary I fear.
+
+I shall try to see the carter who took away the boxes from Carfax when
+Renfield attacked them. By following up this clue we may learn a good
+deal.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Later._--Mina and I have worked all day, and we have put all the papers
+into order.
+
+
+_Mina Harker's Journal_
+
+_30 September._--I am so glad that I hardly know how to contain myself.
+It is, I suppose, the reaction from the haunting fear which I have had:
+that this terrible affair and the reopening of his old wound might act
+detrimentally on Jonathan. I saw him leave for Whitby with as brave a
+face as I could, but I was sick with apprehension. The effort has,
+however, done him good. He was never so resolute, never so strong, never
+so full of volcanic energy, as at present. It is just as that dear, good
+Professor Van Helsing said: he is true grit, and he improves under
+strain that would kill a weaker nature. He came back full of life and
+hope and determination; we have got everything in order for to-night. I
+feel myself quite wild with excitement. I suppose one ought to pity any
+thing so hunted as is the Count. That is just it: this Thing is not
+human--not even beast. To read Dr. Seward's account of poor Lucy's
+death, and what followed, is enough to dry up the springs of pity in
+one's heart.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Later._--Lord Godalming and Mr. Morris arrived earlier than we
+expected. Dr. Seward was out on business, and had taken Jonathan with
+him, so I had to see them. It was to me a painful meeting, for it
+brought back all poor dear Lucy's hopes of only a few months ago. Of
+course they had heard Lucy speak of me, and it seemed that Dr. Van
+Helsing, too, has been quite "blowing my trumpet," as Mr. Morris
+expressed it. Poor fellows, neither of them is aware that I know all
+about the proposals they made to Lucy. They did not quite know what to
+say or do, as they were ignorant of the amount of my knowledge; so they
+had to keep on neutral subjects. However, I thought the matter over, and
+came to the conclusion that the best thing I could do would be to post
+them in affairs right up to date. I knew from Dr. Seward's diary that
+they had been at Lucy's death--her real death--and that I need not fear
+to betray any secret before the time. So I told them, as well as I
+could, that I had read all the papers and diaries, and that my husband
+and I, having typewritten them, had just finished putting them in order.
+I gave them each a copy to read in the library. When Lord Godalming got
+his and turned it over--it does make a pretty good pile--he said:--
+
+"Did you write all this, Mrs. Harker?"
+
+I nodded, and he went on:--
+
+"I don't quite see the drift of it; but you people are all so good and
+kind, and have been working so earnestly and so energetically, that all
+I can do is to accept your ideas blindfold and try to help you. I have
+had one lesson already in accepting facts that should make a man humble
+to the last hour of his life. Besides, I know you loved my poor Lucy--"
+Here he turned away and covered his face with his hands. I could hear
+the tears in his voice. Mr. Morris, with instinctive delicacy, just laid
+a hand for a moment on his shoulder, and then walked quietly out of the
+room. I suppose there is something in woman's nature that makes a man
+free to break down before her and express his feelings on the tender or
+emotional side without feeling it derogatory to his manhood; for when
+Lord Godalming found himself alone with me he sat down on the sofa and
+gave way utterly and openly. I sat down beside him and took his hand. I
+hope he didn't think it forward of me, and that if he ever thinks of it
+afterwards he never will have such a thought. There I wrong him; I
+_know_ he never will--he is too true a gentleman. I said to him, for I
+could see that his heart was breaking:--
+
+"I loved dear Lucy, and I know what she was to you, and what you were to
+her. She and I were like sisters; and now she is gone, will you not let
+me be like a sister to you in your trouble? I know what sorrows you have
+had, though I cannot measure the depth of them. If sympathy and pity can
+help in your affliction, won't you let me be of some little service--for
+Lucy's sake?"
+
+In an instant the poor dear fellow was overwhelmed with grief. It seemed
+to me that all that he had of late been suffering in silence found a
+vent at once. He grew quite hysterical, and raising his open hands, beat
+his palms together in a perfect agony of grief. He stood up and then sat
+down again, and the tears rained down his cheeks. I felt an infinite
+pity for him, and opened my arms unthinkingly. With a sob he laid his
+head on my shoulder and cried like a wearied child, whilst he shook with
+emotion.
+
+We women have something of the mother in us that makes us rise above
+smaller matters when the mother-spirit is invoked; I felt this big
+sorrowing man's head resting on me, as though it were that of the baby
+that some day may lie on my bosom, and I stroked his hair as though he
+were my own child. I never thought at the time how strange it all was.
+
+After a little bit his sobs ceased, and he raised himself with an
+apology, though he made no disguise of his emotion. He told me that for
+days and nights past--weary days and sleepless nights--he had been
+unable to speak with any one, as a man must speak in his time of
+sorrow. There was no woman whose sympathy could be given to him, or with
+whom, owing to the terrible circumstance with which his sorrow was
+surrounded, he could speak freely. "I know now how I suffered," he said,
+as he dried his eyes, "but I do not know even yet--and none other can
+ever know--how much your sweet sympathy has been to me to-day. I shall
+know better in time; and believe me that, though I am not ungrateful
+now, my gratitude will grow with my understanding. You will let me be
+like a brother, will you not, for all our lives--for dear Lucy's sake?"
+
+"For dear Lucy's sake," I said as we clasped hands. "Ay, and for your
+own sake," he added, "for if a man's esteem and gratitude are ever worth
+the winning, you have won mine to-day. If ever the future should bring
+to you a time when you need a man's help, believe me, you will not call
+in vain. God grant that no such time may ever come to you to break the
+sunshine of your life; but if it should ever come, promise me that you
+will let me know." He was so earnest, and his sorrow was so fresh, that
+I felt it would comfort him, so I said:--
+
+"I promise."
+
+As I came along the corridor I saw Mr. Morris looking out of a window.
+He turned as he heard my footsteps. "How is Art?" he said. Then noticing
+my red eyes, he went on: "Ah, I see you have been comforting him. Poor
+old fellow! he needs it. No one but a woman can help a man when he is in
+trouble of the heart; and he had no one to comfort him."
+
+He bore his own trouble so bravely that my heart bled for him. I saw the
+manuscript in his hand, and I knew that when he read it he would realise
+how much I knew; so I said to him:--
+
+"I wish I could comfort all who suffer from the heart. Will you let me
+be your friend, and will you come to me for comfort if you need it? You
+will know, later on, why I speak." He saw that I was in earnest, and
+stooping, took my hand, and raising it to his lips, kissed it. It seemed
+but poor comfort to so brave and unselfish a soul, and impulsively I
+bent over and kissed him. The tears rose in his eyes, and there was a
+momentary choking in his throat; he said quite calmly:--
+
+"Little girl, you will never regret that true-hearted kindness, so long
+as ever you live!" Then he went into the study to his friend.
+
+"Little girl!"--the very words he had used to Lucy, and oh, but he
+proved himself a friend!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+DR. SEWARD'S DIARY
+
+
+_30 September._--I got home at five o'clock, and found that Godalming
+and Morris had not only arrived, but had already studied the transcript
+of the various diaries and letters which Harker and his wonderful wife
+had made and arranged. Harker had not yet returned from his visit to the
+carriers' men, of whom Dr. Hennessey had written to me. Mrs. Harker gave
+us a cup of tea, and I can honestly say that, for the first time since I
+have lived in it, this old house seemed like _home_. When we had
+finished, Mrs. Harker said:--
+
+"Dr. Seward, may I ask a favour? I want to see your patient, Mr.
+Renfield. Do let me see him. What you have said of him in your diary
+interests me so much!" She looked so appealing and so pretty that I
+could not refuse her, and there was no possible reason why I should; so
+I took her with me. When I went into the room, I told the man that a
+lady would like to see him; to which he simply answered: "Why?"
+
+"She is going through the house, and wants to see every one in it," I
+answered. "Oh, very well," he said; "let her come in, by all means; but
+just wait a minute till I tidy up the place." His method of tidying was
+peculiar: he simply swallowed all the flies and spiders in the boxes
+before I could stop him. It was quite evident that he feared, or was
+jealous of, some interference. When he had got through his disgusting
+task, he said cheerfully: "Let the lady come in," and sat down on the
+edge of his bed with his head down, but with his eyelids raised so that
+he could see her as she entered. For a moment I thought that he might
+have some homicidal intent; I remembered how quiet he had been just
+before he attacked me in my own study, and I took care to stand where I
+could seize him at once if he attempted to make a spring at her. She
+came into the room with an easy gracefulness which would at once command
+the respect of any lunatic--for easiness is one of the qualities mad
+people most respect. She walked over to him, smiling pleasantly, and
+held out her hand.
+
+"Good-evening, Mr. Renfield," said she. "You see, I know you, for Dr.
+Seward has told me of you." He made no immediate reply, but eyed her all
+over intently with a set frown on his face. This look gave way to one
+of wonder, which merged in doubt; then, to my intense astonishment, he
+said:--
+
+"You're not the girl the doctor wanted to marry, are you? You can't be,
+you know, for she's dead." Mrs. Harker smiled sweetly as she replied:--
+
+"Oh no! I have a husband of my own, to whom I was married before I ever
+saw Dr. Seward, or he me. I am Mrs. Harker."
+
+"Then what are you doing here?"
+
+"My husband and I are staying on a visit with Dr. Seward."
+
+"Then don't stay."
+
+"But why not?" I thought that this style of conversation might not be
+pleasant to Mrs. Harker, any more than it was to me, so I joined in:--
+
+"How did you know I wanted to marry any one?" His reply was simply
+contemptuous, given in a pause in which he turned his eyes from Mrs.
+Harker to me, instantly turning them back again:--
+
+"What an asinine question!"
+
+"I don't see that at all, Mr. Renfield," said Mrs. Harker, at once
+championing me. He replied to her with as much courtesy and respect as
+he had shown contempt to me:--
+
+"You will, of course, understand, Mrs. Harker, that when a man is so
+loved and honoured as our host is, everything regarding him is of
+interest in our little community. Dr. Seward is loved not only by his
+household and his friends, but even by his patients, who, being some of
+them hardly in mental equilibrium, are apt to distort causes and
+effects. Since I myself have been an inmate of a lunatic asylum, I
+cannot but notice that the sophistic tendencies of some of its inmates
+lean towards the errors of _non causa_ and _ignoratio elenchi_." I
+positively opened my eyes at this new development. Here was my own pet
+lunatic--the most pronounced of his type that I had ever met
+with--talking elemental philosophy, and with the manner of a polished
+gentleman. I wonder if it was Mrs. Harker's presence which had touched
+some chord in his memory. If this new phase was spontaneous, or in any
+way due to her unconscious influence, she must have some rare gift or
+power.
+
+We continued to talk for some time; and, seeing that he was seemingly
+quite reasonable, she ventured, looking at me questioningly as she
+began, to lead him to his favourite topic. I was again astonished, for
+he addressed himself to the question with the impartiality of the
+completest sanity; he even took himself as an example when he mentioned
+certain things.
+
+"Why, I myself am an instance of a man who had a strange belief. Indeed,
+it was no wonder that my friends were alarmed, and insisted on my being
+put under control. I used to fancy that life was a positive and
+perpetual entity, and that by consuming a multitude of live things, no
+matter how low in the scale of creation, one might indefinitely prolong
+life. At times I held the belief so strongly that I actually tried to
+take human life. The doctor here will bear me out that on one occasion I
+tried to kill him for the purpose of strengthening my vital powers by
+the assimilation with my own body of his life through the medium of his
+blood--relying, of course, upon the Scriptural phrase, 'For the blood is
+the life.' Though, indeed, the vendor of a certain nostrum has
+vulgarised the truism to the very point of contempt. Isn't that true,
+doctor?" I nodded assent, for I was so amazed that I hardly knew what to
+either think or say; it was hard to imagine that I had seen him eat up
+his spiders and flies not five minutes before. Looking at my watch, I
+saw that I should go to the station to meet Van Helsing, so I told Mrs.
+Harker that it was time to leave. She came at once, after saying
+pleasantly to Mr. Renfield: "Good-bye, and I hope I may see you often,
+under auspices pleasanter to yourself," to which, to my astonishment, he
+replied:--
+
+"Good-bye, my dear. I pray God I may never see your sweet face again.
+May He bless and keep you!"
+
+When I went to the station to meet Van Helsing I left the boys behind
+me. Poor Art seemed more cheerful than he has been since Lucy first took
+ill, and Quincey is more like his own bright self than he has been for
+many a long day.
+
+Van Helsing stepped from the carriage with the eager nimbleness of a
+boy. He saw me at once, and rushed up to me, saying:--
+
+"Ah, friend John, how goes all? Well? So! I have been busy, for I come
+here to stay if need be. All affairs are settled with me, and I have
+much to tell. Madam Mina is with you? Yes. And her so fine husband? And
+Arthur and my friend Quincey, they are with you, too? Good!"
+
+As I drove to the house I told him of what had passed, and of how my own
+diary had come to be of some use through Mrs. Harker's suggestion; at
+which the Professor interrupted me:--
+
+"Ah, that wonderful Madam Mina! She has man's brain--a brain that a man
+should have were he much gifted--and a woman's heart. The good God
+fashioned her for a purpose, believe me, when He made that so good
+combination. Friend John, up to now fortune has made that woman of help
+to us; after to-night she must not have to do with this so terrible
+affair. It is not good that she run a risk so great. We men are
+determined--nay, are we not pledged?--to destroy this monster; but it is
+no part for a woman. Even if she be not harmed, her heart may fail her
+in so much and so many horrors; and hereafter she may suffer--both in
+waking, from her nerves, and in sleep, from her dreams. And, besides,
+she is young woman and not so long married; there may be other things to
+think of some time, if not now. You tell me she has wrote all, then she
+must consult with us; but to-morrow she say good-bye to this work, and
+we go alone." I agreed heartily with him, and then I told him what we
+had found in his absence: that the house which Dracula had bought was
+the very next one to my own. He was amazed, and a great concern seemed
+to come on him. "Oh that we had known it before!" he said, "for then we
+might have reached him in time to save poor Lucy. However, 'the milk
+that is spilt cries not out afterwards,' as you say. We shall not think
+of that, but go on our way to the end." Then he fell into a silence that
+lasted till we entered my own gateway. Before we went to prepare for
+dinner he said to Mrs. Harker:--
+
+"I am told, Madam Mina, by my friend John that you and your husband have
+put up in exact order all things that have been, up to this moment."
+
+"Not up to this moment, Professor," she said impulsively, "but up to
+this morning."
+
+"But why not up to now? We have seen hitherto how good light all the
+little things have made. We have told our secrets, and yet no one who
+has told is the worse for it."
+
+Mrs. Harker began to blush, and taking a paper from her pockets, she
+said:--
+
+"Dr. Van Helsing, will you read this, and tell me if it must go in. It
+is my record of to-day. I too have seen the need of putting down at
+present everything, however trivial; but there is little in this except
+what is personal. Must it go in?" The Professor read it over gravely,
+and handed it back, saying:--
+
+"It need not go in if you do not wish it; but I pray that it may. It can
+but make your husband love you the more, and all us, your friends, more
+honour you--as well as more esteem and love." She took it back with
+another blush and a bright smile.
+
+And so now, up to this very hour, all the records we have are complete
+and in order. The Professor took away one copy to study after dinner,
+and before our meeting, which is fixed for nine o'clock. The rest of us
+have already read everything; so when we meet in the study we shall all
+be informed as to facts, and can arrange our plan of battle with this
+terrible and mysterious enemy.
+
+
+_Mina Harker's Journal._
+
+_30 September._--When we met in Dr. Seward's study two hours after
+dinner, which had been at six o'clock, we unconsciously formed a sort of
+board or committee. Professor Van Helsing took the head of the table, to
+which Dr. Seward motioned him as he came into the room. He made me sit
+next to him on his right, and asked me to act as secretary; Jonathan sat
+next to me. Opposite us were Lord Godalming, Dr. Seward, and Mr.
+Morris--Lord Godalming being next the Professor, and Dr. Seward in the
+centre. The Professor said:--
+
+"I may, I suppose, take it that we are all acquainted with the facts
+that are in these papers." We all expressed assent, and he went on:--
+
+"Then it were, I think good that I tell you something of the kind of
+enemy with which we have to deal. I shall then make known to you
+something of the history of this man, which has been ascertained for me.
+So we then can discuss how we shall act, and can take our measure
+according.
+
+"There are such beings as vampires; some of us have evidence that they
+exist. Even had we not the proof of our own unhappy experience, the
+teachings and the records of the past give proof enough for sane
+peoples. I admit that at the first I was sceptic. Were it not that
+through long years I have train myself to keep an open mind, I could not
+have believe until such time as that fact thunder on my ear. 'See! see!
+I prove; I prove.' Alas! Had I known at the first what now I know--nay,
+had I even guess at him--one so precious life had been spared to many of
+us who did love her. But that is gone; and we must so work, that other
+poor souls perish not, whilst we can save. The _nosferatu_ do not die
+like the bee when he sting once. He is only stronger; and being
+stronger, have yet more power to work evil. This vampire which is
+amongst us is of himself so strong in person as twenty men; he is of
+cunning more than mortal, for his cunning be the growth of ages; he have
+still the aids of necromancy, which is, as his etymology imply, the
+divination by the dead, and all the dead that he can come nigh to are
+for him at command; he is brute, and more than brute; he is devil in
+callous, and the heart of him is not; he can, within limitations, appear
+at will when, and where, and in any of the forms that are to him; he
+can, within his range, direct the elements; the storm, the fog, the
+thunder; he can command all the meaner things: the rat, and the owl, and
+the bat--the moth, and the fox, and the wolf; he can grow and become
+small; and he can at times vanish and come unknown. How then are we to
+begin our strike to destroy him? How shall we find his where; and having
+found it, how can we destroy? My friends, this is much; it is a terrible
+task that we undertake, and there may be consequence to make the brave
+shudder. For if we fail in this our fight he must surely win; and then
+where end we? Life is nothings; I heed him not. But to fail here, is not
+mere life or death. It is that we become as him; that we henceforward
+become foul things of the night like him--without heart or conscience,
+preying on the bodies and the souls of those we love best. To us for
+ever are the gates of heaven shut; for who shall open them to us again?
+We go on for all time abhorred by all; a blot on the face of God's
+sunshine; an arrow in the side of Him who died for man. But we are face
+to face with duty; and in such case must we shrink? For me, I say, no;
+but then I am old, and life, with his sunshine, his fair places, his
+song of birds, his music and his love, lie far behind. You others are
+young. Some have seen sorrow; but there are fair days yet in store. What
+say you?"
+
+Whilst he was speaking, Jonathan had taken my hand. I feared, oh so
+much, that the appalling nature of our danger was overcoming him when I
+saw his hand stretch out; but it was life to me to feel its touch--so
+strong, so self-reliant, so resolute. A brave man's hand can speak for
+itself; it does not even need a woman's love to hear its music.
+
+When the Professor had done speaking my husband looked in my eyes, and I
+in his; there was no need for speaking between us.
+
+"I answer for Mina and myself," he said.
+
+"Count me in, Professor," said Mr. Quincey Morris, laconically as usual.
+
+"I am with you," said Lord Godalming, "for Lucy's sake, if for no other
+reason."
+
+Dr. Seward simply nodded. The Professor stood up and, after laying his
+golden crucifix on the table, held out his hand on either side. I took
+his right hand, and Lord Godalming his left; Jonathan held my right with
+his left and stretched across to Mr. Morris. So as we all took hands our
+solemn compact was made. I felt my heart icy cold, but it did not even
+occur to me to draw back. We resumed our places, and Dr. Van Helsing
+went on with a sort of cheerfulness which showed that the serious work
+had begun. It was to be taken as gravely, and in as businesslike a way,
+as any other transaction of life:--
+
+"Well, you know what we have to contend against; but we, too, are not
+without strength. We have on our side power of combination--a power
+denied to the vampire kind; we have sources of science; we are free to
+act and think; and the hours of the day and the night are ours equally.
+In fact, so far as our powers extend, they are unfettered, and we are
+free to use them. We have self-devotion in a cause, and an end to
+achieve which is not a selfish one. These things are much.
+
+"Now let us see how far the general powers arrayed against us are
+restrict, and how the individual cannot. In fine, let us consider the
+limitations of the vampire in general, and of this one in particular.
+
+"All we have to go upon are traditions and superstitions. These do not
+at the first appear much, when the matter is one of life and death--nay
+of more than either life or death. Yet must we be satisfied; in the
+first place because we have to be--no other means is at our control--and
+secondly, because, after all, these things--tradition and
+superstition--are everything. Does not the belief in vampires rest for
+others--though not, alas! for us--on them? A year ago which of us would
+have received such a possibility, in the midst of our scientific,
+sceptical, matter-of-fact nineteenth century? We even scouted a belief
+that we saw justified under our very eyes. Take it, then, that the
+vampire, and the belief in his limitations and his cure, rest for the
+moment on the same base. For, let me tell you, he is known everywhere
+that men have been. In old Greece, in old Rome; he flourish in Germany
+all over, in France, in India, even in the Chernosese; and in China, so
+far from us in all ways, there even is he, and the peoples fear him at
+this day. He have follow the wake of the berserker Icelander, the
+devil-begotten Hun, the Slav, the Saxon, the Magyar. So far, then, we
+have all we may act upon; and let me tell you that very much of the
+beliefs are justified by what we have seen in our own so unhappy
+experience. The vampire live on, and cannot die by mere passing of the
+time; he can flourish when that he can fatten on the blood of the
+living. Even more, we have seen amongst us that he can even grow
+younger; that his vital faculties grow strenuous, and seem as though
+they refresh themselves when his special pabulum is plenty. But he
+cannot flourish without this diet; he eat not as others. Even friend
+Jonathan, who lived with him for weeks, did never see him to eat, never!
+He throws no shadow; he make in the mirror no reflect, as again
+Jonathan observe. He has the strength of many of his hand--witness again
+Jonathan when he shut the door against the wolfs, and when he help him
+from the diligence too. He can transform himself to wolf, as we gather
+from the ship arrival in Whitby, when he tear open the dog; he can be as
+bat, as Madam Mina saw him on the window at Whitby, and as friend John
+saw him fly from this so near house, and as my friend Quincey saw him at
+the window of Miss Lucy. He can come in mist which he create--that noble
+ship's captain proved him of this; but, from what we know, the distance
+he can make this mist is limited, and it can only be round himself. He
+come on moonlight rays as elemental dust--as again Jonathan saw those
+sisters in the castle of Dracula. He become so small--we ourselves saw
+Miss Lucy, ere she was at peace, slip through a hairbreadth space at the
+tomb door. He can, when once he find his way, come out from anything or
+into anything, no matter how close it be bound or even fused up with
+fire--solder you call it. He can see in the dark--no small power this,
+in a world which is one half shut from the light. Ah, but hear me
+through. He can do all these things, yet he is not free. Nay; he is even
+more prisoner than the slave of the galley, than the madman in his cell.
+He cannot go where he lists; he who is not of nature has yet to obey
+some of nature's laws--why we know not. He may not enter anywhere at the
+first, unless there be some one of the household who bid him to come;
+though afterwards he can come as he please. His power ceases, as does
+that of all evil things, at the coming of the day. Only at certain times
+can he have limited freedom. If he be not at the place whither he is
+bound, he can only change himself at noon or at exact sunrise or sunset.
+These things are we told, and in this record of ours we have proof by
+inference. Thus, whereas he can do as he will within his limit, when he
+have his earth-home, his coffin-home, his hell-home, the place
+unhallowed, as we saw when he went to the grave of the suicide at
+Whitby; still at other time he can only change when the time come. It is
+said, too, that he can only pass running water at the slack or the flood
+of the tide. Then there are things which so afflict him that he has no
+power, as the garlic that we know of; and as for things sacred, as this
+symbol, my crucifix, that was amongst us even now when we resolve, to
+them he is nothing, but in their presence he take his place far off and
+silent with respect. There are others, too, which I shall tell you of,
+lest in our seeking we may need them. The branch of wild rose on his
+coffin keep him that he move not from it; a sacred bullet fired into the
+coffin kill him so that he be true dead; and as for the stake through
+him, we know already of its peace; or the cut-off head that giveth rest.
+We have seen it with our eyes.
+
+"Thus when we find the habitation of this man-that-was, we can confine
+him to his coffin and destroy him, if we obey what we know. But he is
+clever. I have asked my friend Arminius, of Buda-Pesth University, to
+make his record; and, from all the means that are, he tell me of what he
+has been. He must, indeed, have been that Voivode Dracula who won his
+name against the Turk, over the great river on the very frontier of
+Turkey-land. If it be so, then was he no common man; for in that time,
+and for centuries after, he was spoken of as the cleverest and the most
+cunning, as well as the bravest of the sons of the 'land beyond the
+forest.' That mighty brain and that iron resolution went with him to his
+grave, and are even now arrayed against us. The Draculas were, says
+Arminius, a great and noble race, though now and again were scions who
+were held by their coevals to have had dealings with the Evil One. They
+learned his secrets in the Scholomance, amongst the mountains over Lake
+Hermanstadt, where the devil claims the tenth scholar as his due. In the
+records are such words as 'stregoica'--witch, 'ordog,' and
+'pokol'--Satan and hell; and in one manuscript this very Dracula is
+spoken of as 'wampyr,' which we all understand too well. There have been
+from the loins of this very one great men and good women, and their
+graves make sacred the earth where alone this foulness can dwell. For it
+is not the least of its terrors that this evil thing is rooted deep in
+all good; in soil barren of holy memories it cannot rest."
+
+Whilst they were talking Mr. Morris was looking steadily at the window,
+and he now got up quietly, and went out of the room. There was a little
+pause, and then the Professor went on:--
+
+"And now we must settle what we do. We have here much data, and we must
+proceed to lay out our campaign. We know from the inquiry of Jonathan
+that from the castle to Whitby came fifty boxes of earth, all of which
+were delivered at Carfax; we also know that at least some of these boxes
+have been removed. It seems to me, that our first step should be to
+ascertain whether all the rest remain in the house beyond that wall
+where we look to-day; or whether any more have been removed. If the
+latter, we must trace----"
+
+Here we were interrupted in a very startling way. Outside the house came
+the sound of a pistol-shot; the glass of the window was shattered with a
+bullet, which, ricochetting from the top of the embrasure, struck the
+far wall of the room. I am afraid I am at heart a coward, for I shrieked
+out. The men all jumped to their feet; Lord Godalming flew over to the
+window and threw up the sash. As he did so we heard Mr. Morris's voice
+without:--
+
+"Sorry! I fear I have alarmed you. I shall come in and tell you about
+it." A minute later he came in and said:--
+
+"It was an idiotic thing of me to do, and I ask your pardon, Mrs.
+Harker, most sincerely; I fear I must have frightened you terribly. But
+the fact is that whilst the Professor was talking there came a big bat
+and sat on the window-sill. I have got such a horror of the damned
+brutes from recent events that I cannot stand them, and I went out to
+have a shot, as I have been doing of late of evenings, whenever I have
+seen one. You used to laugh at me for it then, Art."
+
+"Did you hit it?" asked Dr. Van Helsing.
+
+"I don't know; I fancy not, for it flew away into the wood." Without
+saying any more he took his seat, and the Professor began to resume his
+statement:--
+
+"We must trace each of these boxes; and when we are ready, we must
+either capture or kill this monster in his lair; or we must, so to
+speak, sterilise the earth, so that no more he can seek safety in it.
+Thus in the end we may find him in his form of man between the hours of
+noon and sunset, and so engage with him when he is at his most weak.
+
+"And now for you, Madam Mina, this night is the end until all be well.
+You are too precious to us to have such risk. When we part to-night, you
+no more must question. We shall tell you all in good time. We are men
+and are able to bear; but you must be our star and our hope, and we
+shall act all the more free that you are not in the danger, such as we
+are."
+
+All the men, even Jonathan, seemed relieved; but it did not seem to me
+good that they should brave danger and, perhaps, lessen their
+safety--strength being the best safety--through care of me; but their
+minds were made up, and, though it was a bitter pill for me to swallow,
+I could say nothing, save to accept their chivalrous care of me.
+
+Mr. Morris resumed the discussion:--
+
+"As there is no time to lose, I vote we have a look at his house right
+now. Time is everything with him; and swift action on our part may save
+another victim."
+
+I own that my heart began to fail me when the time for action came so
+close, but I did not say anything, for I had a greater fear that if I
+appeared as a drag or a hindrance to their work, they might even leave
+me out of their counsels altogether. They have now gone off to Carfax,
+with means to get into the house.
+
+Manlike, they had told me to go to bed and sleep; as if a woman can
+sleep when those she loves are in danger! I shall lie down and pretend
+to sleep, lest Jonathan have added anxiety about me when he returns.
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary._
+
+_1 October, 4 a. m._--Just as we were about to leave the house, an
+urgent message was brought to me from Renfield to know if I would see
+him at once, as he had something of the utmost importance to say to me.
+I told the messenger to say that I would attend to his wishes in the
+morning; I was busy just at the moment. The attendant added:--
+
+"He seems very importunate, sir. I have never seen him so eager. I don't
+know but what, if you don't see him soon, he will have one of his
+violent fits." I knew the man would not have said this without some
+cause, so I said: "All right; I'll go now"; and I asked the others to
+wait a few minutes for me, as I had to go and see my "patient."
+
+"Take me with you, friend John," said the Professor. "His case in your
+diary interest me much, and it had bearing, too, now and again on _our_
+case. I should much like to see him, and especial when his mind is
+disturbed."
+
+"May I come also?" asked Lord Godalming.
+
+"Me too?" said Quincey Morris. "May I come?" said Harker. I nodded, and
+we all went down the passage together.
+
+We found him in a state of considerable excitement, but far more
+rational in his speech and manner than I had ever seen him. There was an
+unusual understanding of himself, which was unlike anything I had ever
+met with in a lunatic; and he took it for granted that his reasons would
+prevail with others entirely sane. We all four went into the room, but
+none of the others at first said anything. His request was that I would
+at once release him from the asylum and send him home. This he backed up
+with arguments regarding his complete recovery, and adduced his own
+existing sanity. "I appeal to your friends," he said, "they will,
+perhaps, not mind sitting in judgment on my case. By the way, you have
+not introduced me." I was so much astonished, that the oddness of
+introducing a madman in an asylum did not strike me at the moment; and,
+besides, there was a certain dignity in the man's manner, so much of
+the habit of equality, that I at once made the introduction: "Lord
+Godalming; Professor Van Helsing; Mr. Quincey Morris, of Texas; Mr.
+Renfield." He shook hands with each of them, saying in turn:--
+
+"Lord Godalming, I had the honour of seconding your father at the
+Windham; I grieve to know, by your holding the title, that he is no
+more. He was a man loved and honoured by all who knew him; and in his
+youth was, I have heard, the inventor of a burnt rum punch, much
+patronised on Derby night. Mr. Morris, you should be proud of your great
+state. Its reception into the Union was a precedent which may have
+far-reaching effects hereafter, when the Pole and the Tropics may hold
+alliance to the Stars and Stripes. The power of Treaty may yet prove a
+vast engine of enlargement, when the Monroe doctrine takes its true
+place as a political fable. What shall any man say of his pleasure at
+meeting Van Helsing? Sir, I make no apology for dropping all forms of
+conventional prefix. When an individual has revolutionised therapeutics
+by his discovery of the continuous evolution of brain-matter,
+conventional forms are unfitting, since they would seem to limit him to
+one of a class. You, gentlemen, who by nationality, by heredity, or by
+the possession of natural gifts, are fitted to hold your respective
+places in the moving world, I take to witness that I am as sane as at
+least the majority of men who are in full possession of their liberties.
+And I am sure that you, Dr. Seward, humanitarian and medico-jurist as
+well as scientist, will deem it a moral duty to deal with me as one to
+be considered as under exceptional circumstances." He made this last
+appeal with a courtly air of conviction which was not without its own
+charm.
+
+I think we were all staggered. For my own part, I was under the
+conviction, despite my knowledge of the man's character and history,
+that his reason had been restored; and I felt under a strong impulse to
+tell him that I was satisfied as to his sanity, and would see about the
+necessary formalities for his release in the morning. I thought it
+better to wait, however, before making so grave a statement, for of old
+I knew the sudden changes to which this particular patient was liable.
+So I contented myself with making a general statement that he appeared
+to be improving very rapidly; that I would have a longer chat with him
+in the morning, and would then see what I could do in the direction of
+meeting his wishes. This did not at all satisfy him, for he said
+quickly:--
+
+"But I fear, Dr. Seward, that you hardly apprehend my wish. I desire to
+go at once--here--now--this very hour--this very moment, if I may. Time
+presses, and in our implied agreement with the old scytheman it is of
+the essence of the contract. I am sure it is only necessary to put
+before so admirable a practitioner as Dr. Seward so simple, yet so
+momentous a wish, to ensure its fulfilment." He looked at me keenly, and
+seeing the negative in my face, turned to the others, and scrutinised
+them closely. Not meeting any sufficient response, he went on:--
+
+"Is it possible that I have erred in my supposition?"
+
+"You have," I said frankly, but at the same time, as I felt, brutally.
+There was a considerable pause, and then he said slowly:--
+
+"Then I suppose I must only shift my ground of request. Let me ask for
+this concession--boon, privilege, what you will. I am content to implore
+in such a case, not on personal grounds, but for the sake of others. I
+am not at liberty to give you the whole of my reasons; but you may, I
+assure you, take it from me that they are good ones, sound and
+unselfish, and spring from the highest sense of duty. Could you look,
+sir, into my heart, you would approve to the full the sentiments which
+animate me. Nay, more, you would count me amongst the best and truest of
+your friends." Again he looked at us all keenly. I had a growing
+conviction that this sudden change of his entire intellectual method was
+but yet another form or phase of his madness, and so determined to let
+him go on a little longer, knowing from experience that he would, like
+all lunatics, give himself away in the end. Van Helsing was gazing at
+him with a look of utmost intensity, his bushy eyebrows almost meeting
+with the fixed concentration of his look. He said to Renfield in a tone
+which did not surprise me at the time, but only when I thought of it
+afterwards--for it was as of one addressing an equal:--
+
+"Can you not tell frankly your real reason for wishing to be free
+to-night? I will undertake that if you will satisfy even me--a stranger,
+without prejudice, and with the habit of keeping an open mind--Dr.
+Seward will give you, at his own risk and on his own responsibility, the
+privilege you seek." He shook his head sadly, and with a look of
+poignant regret on his face. The Professor went on:--
+
+"Come, sir, bethink yourself. You claim the privilege of reason in the
+highest degree, since you seek to impress us with your complete
+reasonableness. You do this, whose sanity we have reason to doubt, since
+you are not yet released from medical treatment for this very defect. If
+you will not help us in our effort to choose the wisest course, how can
+we perform the duty which you yourself put upon us? Be wise, and help
+us; and if we can we shall aid you to achieve your wish." He still shook
+his head as he said:--
+
+"Dr. Van Helsing, I have nothing to say. Your argument is complete, and
+if I were free to speak I should not hesitate a moment; but I am not my
+own master in the matter. I can only ask you to trust me. If I am
+refused, the responsibility does not rest with me." I thought it was now
+time to end the scene, which was becoming too comically grave, so I went
+towards the door, simply saying:--
+
+"Come, my friends, we have work to do. Good-night."
+
+As, however, I got near the door, a new change came over the patient. He
+moved towards me so quickly that for the moment I feared that he was
+about to make another homicidal attack. My fears, however, were
+groundless, for he held up his two hands imploringly, and made his
+petition in a moving manner. As he saw that the very excess of his
+emotion was militating against him, by restoring us more to our old
+relations, he became still more demonstrative. I glanced at Van Helsing,
+and saw my conviction reflected in his eyes; so I became a little more
+fixed in my manner, if not more stern, and motioned to him that his
+efforts were unavailing. I had previously seen something of the same
+constantly growing excitement in him when he had to make some request of
+which at the time he had thought much, such, for instance, as when he
+wanted a cat; and I was prepared to see the collapse into the same
+sullen acquiescence on this occasion. My expectation was not realised,
+for, when he found that his appeal would not be successful, he got into
+quite a frantic condition. He threw himself on his knees, and held up
+his hands, wringing them in plaintive supplication, and poured forth a
+torrent of entreaty, with the tears rolling down his cheeks, and his
+whole face and form expressive of the deepest emotion:--
+
+"Let me entreat you, Dr. Seward, oh, let me implore you, to let me out
+of this house at once. Send me away how you will and where you will;
+send keepers with me with whips and chains; let them take me in a
+strait-waistcoat, manacled and leg-ironed, even to a gaol; but let me go
+out of this. You don't know what you do by keeping me here. I am
+speaking from the depths of my heart--of my very soul. You don't know
+whom you wrong, or how; and I may not tell. Woe is me! I may not tell.
+By all you hold sacred--by all you hold dear--by your love that is
+lost--by your hope that lives--for the sake of the Almighty, take me out
+of this and save my soul from guilt! Can't you hear me, man? Can't you
+understand? Will you never learn? Don't you know that I am sane and
+earnest now; that I am no lunatic in a mad fit, but a sane man fighting
+for his soul? Oh, hear me! hear me! Let me go! let me go! let me go!"
+
+I thought that the longer this went on the wilder he would get, and so
+would bring on a fit; so I took him by the hand and raised him up.
+
+"Come," I said sternly, "no more of this; we have had quite enough
+already. Get to your bed and try to behave more discreetly."
+
+He suddenly stopped and looked at me intently for several moments. Then,
+without a word, he rose and moving over, sat down on the side of the
+bed. The collapse had come, as on former occasion, just as I had
+expected.
+
+When I was leaving the room, last of our party, he said to me in a
+quiet, well-bred voice:--
+
+"You will, I trust, Dr. Seward, do me the justice to bear in mind, later
+on, that I did what I could to convince you to-night."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+JONATHAN HARKER'S JOURNAL
+
+
+_1 October, 5 a. m._--I went with the party to the search with an easy
+mind, for I think I never saw Mina so absolutely strong and well. I am
+so glad that she consented to hold back and let us men do the work.
+Somehow, it was a dread to me that she was in this fearful business at
+all; but now that her work is done, and that it is due to her energy and
+brains and foresight that the whole story is put together in such a way
+that every point tells, she may well feel that her part is finished, and
+that she can henceforth leave the rest to us. We were, I think, all a
+little upset by the scene with Mr. Renfield. When we came away from his
+room we were silent till we got back to the study. Then Mr. Morris said
+to Dr. Seward:--
+
+"Say, Jack, if that man wasn't attempting a bluff, he is about the
+sanest lunatic I ever saw. I'm not sure, but I believe that he had some
+serious purpose, and if he had, it was pretty rough on him not to get a
+chance." Lord Godalming and I were silent, but Dr. Van Helsing added:--
+
+"Friend John, you know more of lunatics than I do, and I'm glad of it,
+for I fear that if it had been to me to decide I would before that last
+hysterical outburst have given him free. But we live and learn, and in
+our present task we must take no chance, as my friend Quincey would say.
+All is best as they are." Dr. Seward seemed to answer them both in a
+dreamy kind of way:--
+
+"I don't know but that I agree with you. If that man had been an
+ordinary lunatic I would have taken my chance of trusting him; but he
+seems so mixed up with the Count in an indexy kind of way that I am
+afraid of doing anything wrong by helping his fads. I can't forget how
+he prayed with almost equal fervour for a cat, and then tried to tear my
+throat out with his teeth. Besides, he called the Count 'lord and
+master,' and he may want to get out to help him in some diabolical way.
+That horrid thing has the wolves and the rats and his own kind to help
+him, so I suppose he isn't above trying to use a respectable lunatic. He
+certainly did seem earnest, though. I only hope we have done what is
+best. These things, in conjunction with the wild work we have in hand,
+help to unnerve a man." The Professor stepped over, and laying his hand
+on his shoulder, said in his grave, kindly way:--
+
+"Friend John, have no fear. We are trying to do our duty in a very sad
+and terrible case; we can only do as we deem best. What else have we to
+hope for, except the pity of the good God?" Lord Godalming had slipped
+away for a few minutes, but now he returned. He held up a little silver
+whistle, as he remarked:--
+
+"That old place may be full of rats, and if so, I've got an antidote on
+call." Having passed the wall, we took our way to the house, taking care
+to keep in the shadows of the trees on the lawn when the moonlight shone
+out. When we got to the porch the Professor opened his bag and took out
+a lot of things, which he laid on the step, sorting them into four
+little groups, evidently one for each. Then he spoke:--
+
+"My friends, we are going into a terrible danger, and we need arms of
+many kinds. Our enemy is not merely spiritual. Remember that he has the
+strength of twenty men, and that, though our necks or our windpipes are
+of the common kind--and therefore breakable or crushable--his are not
+amenable to mere strength. A stronger man, or a body of men more strong
+in all than him, can at certain times hold him; but they cannot hurt him
+as we can be hurt by him. We must, therefore, guard ourselves from his
+touch. Keep this near your heart"--as he spoke he lifted a little silver
+crucifix and held it out to me, I being nearest to him--"put these
+flowers round your neck"--here he handed to me a wreath of withered
+garlic blossoms--"for other enemies more mundane, this revolver and this
+knife; and for aid in all, these so small electric lamps, which you can
+fasten to your breast; and for all, and above all at the last, this,
+which we must not desecrate needless." This was a portion of Sacred
+Wafer, which he put in an envelope and handed to me. Each of the others
+was similarly equipped. "Now," he said, "friend John, where are the
+skeleton keys? If so that we can open the door, we need not break house
+by the window, as before at Miss Lucy's."
+
+Dr. Seward tried one or two skeleton keys, his mechanical dexterity as a
+surgeon standing him in good stead. Presently he got one to suit; after
+a little play back and forward the bolt yielded, and, with a rusty
+clang, shot back. We pressed on the door, the rusty hinges creaked, and
+it slowly opened. It was startlingly like the image conveyed to me in
+Dr. Seward's diary of the opening of Miss Westenra's tomb; I fancy that
+the same idea seemed to strike the others, for with one accord they
+shrank back. The Professor was the first to move forward, and stepped
+into the open door.
+
+"_In manus tuas, Domine!_" he said, crossing himself as he passed over
+the threshold. We closed the door behind us, lest when we should have
+lit our lamps we should possibly attract attention from the road. The
+Professor carefully tried the lock, lest we might not be able to open it
+from within should we be in a hurry making our exit. Then we all lit our
+lamps and proceeded on our search.
+
+The light from the tiny lamps fell in all sorts of odd forms, as the
+rays crossed each other, or the opacity of our bodies threw great
+shadows. I could not for my life get away from the feeling that there
+was some one else amongst us. I suppose it was the recollection, so
+powerfully brought home to me by the grim surroundings, of that terrible
+experience in Transylvania. I think the feeling was common to us all,
+for I noticed that the others kept looking over their shoulders at every
+sound and every new shadow, just as I felt myself doing.
+
+The whole place was thick with dust. The floor was seemingly inches
+deep, except where there were recent footsteps, in which on holding down
+my lamp I could see marks of hobnails where the dust was cracked. The
+walls were fluffy and heavy with dust, and in the corners were masses of
+spider's webs, whereon the dust had gathered till they looked like old
+tattered rags as the weight had torn them partly down. On a table in the
+hall was a great bunch of keys, with a time-yellowed label on each. They
+had been used several times, for on the table were several similar rents
+in the blanket of dust, similar to that exposed when the Professor
+lifted them. He turned to me and said:--
+
+"You know this place, Jonathan. You have copied maps of it, and you know
+it at least more than we do. Which is the way to the chapel?" I had an
+idea of its direction, though on my former visit I had not been able to
+get admission to it; so I led the way, and after a few wrong turnings
+found myself opposite a low, arched oaken door, ribbed with iron bands.
+"This is the spot," said the Professor as he turned his lamp on a small
+map of the house, copied from the file of my original correspondence
+regarding the purchase. With a little trouble we found the key on the
+bunch and opened the door. We were prepared for some unpleasantness, for
+as we were opening the door a faint, malodorous air seemed to exhale
+through the gaps, but none of us ever expected such an odour as we
+encountered. None of the others had met the Count at all at close
+quarters, and when I had seen him he was either in the fasting stage of
+his existence in his rooms or, when he was gloated with fresh blood, in
+a ruined building open to the air; but here the place was small and
+close, and the long disuse had made the air stagnant and foul. There was
+an earthy smell, as of some dry miasma, which came through the fouler
+air. But as to the odour itself, how shall I describe it? It was not
+alone that it was composed of all the ills of mortality and with the
+pungent, acrid smell of blood, but it seemed as though corruption had
+become itself corrupt. Faugh! it sickens me to think of it. Every breath
+exhaled by that monster seemed to have clung to the place and
+intensified its loathsomeness.
+
+Under ordinary circumstances such a stench would have brought our
+enterprise to an end; but this was no ordinary case, and the high and
+terrible purpose in which we were involved gave us a strength which rose
+above merely physical considerations. After the involuntary shrinking
+consequent on the first nauseous whiff, we one and all set about our
+work as though that loathsome place were a garden of roses.
+
+We made an accurate examination of the place, the Professor saying as we
+began:--
+
+"The first thing is to see how many of the boxes are left; we must then
+examine every hole and corner and cranny and see if we cannot get some
+clue as to what has become of the rest." A glance was sufficient to show
+how many remained, for the great earth chests were bulky, and there was
+no mistaking them.
+
+There were only twenty-nine left out of the fifty! Once I got a fright,
+for, seeing Lord Godalming suddenly turn and look out of the vaulted
+door into the dark passage beyond, I looked too, and for an instant my
+heart stood still. Somewhere, looking out from the shadow, I seemed to
+see the high lights of the Count's evil face, the ridge of the nose, the
+red eyes, the red lips, the awful pallor. It was only for a moment, for,
+as Lord Godalming said, "I thought I saw a face, but it was only the
+shadows," and resumed his inquiry, I turned my lamp in the direction,
+and stepped into the passage. There was no sign of any one; and as there
+were no corners, no doors, no aperture of any kind, but only the solid
+walls of the passage, there could be no hiding-place even for _him_. I
+took it that fear had helped imagination, and said nothing.
+
+A few minutes later I saw Morris step suddenly back from a corner, which
+he was examining. We all followed his movements with our eyes, for
+undoubtedly some nervousness was growing on us, and we saw a whole mass
+of phosphorescence, which twinkled like stars. We all instinctively drew
+back. The whole place was becoming alive with rats.
+
+For a moment or two we stood appalled, all save Lord Godalming, who was
+seemingly prepared for such an emergency. Rushing over to the great
+iron-bound oaken door, which Dr. Seward had described from the outside,
+and which I had seen myself, he turned the key in the lock, drew the
+huge bolts, and swung the door open. Then, taking his little silver
+whistle from his pocket, he blew a low, shrill call. It was answered
+from behind Dr. Seward's house by the yelping of dogs, and after about a
+minute three terriers came dashing round the corner of the house.
+Unconsciously we had all moved towards the door, and as we moved I
+noticed that the dust had been much disturbed: the boxes which had been
+taken out had been brought this way. But even in the minute that had
+elapsed the number of the rats had vastly increased. They seemed to
+swarm over the place all at once, till the lamplight, shining on their
+moving dark bodies and glittering, baleful eyes, made the place look
+like a bank of earth set with fireflies. The dogs dashed on, but at the
+threshold suddenly stopped and snarled, and then, simultaneously lifting
+their noses, began to howl in most lugubrious fashion. The rats were
+multiplying in thousands, and we moved out.
+
+Lord Godalming lifted one of the dogs, and carrying him in, placed him
+on the floor. The instant his feet touched the ground he seemed to
+recover his courage, and rushed at his natural enemies. They fled before
+him so fast that before he had shaken the life out of a score, the other
+dogs, who had by now been lifted in the same manner, had but small prey
+ere the whole mass had vanished.
+
+With their going it seemed as if some evil presence had departed, for
+the dogs frisked about and barked merrily as they made sudden darts at
+their prostrate foes, and turned them over and over and tossed them in
+the air with vicious shakes. We all seemed to find our spirits rise.
+Whether it was the purifying of the deadly atmosphere by the opening of
+the chapel door, or the relief which we experienced by finding ourselves
+in the open I know not; but most certainly the shadow of dread seemed to
+slip from us like a robe, and the occasion of our coming lost something
+of its grim significance, though we did not slacken a whit in our
+resolution. We closed the outer door and barred and locked it, and
+bringing the dogs with us, began our search of the house. We found
+nothing throughout except dust in extraordinary proportions, and all
+untouched save for my own footsteps when I had made my first visit.
+Never once did the dogs exhibit any symptom of uneasiness, and even when
+we returned to the chapel they frisked about as though they had been
+rabbit-hunting in a summer wood.
+
+The morning was quickening in the east when we emerged from the front.
+Dr. Van Helsing had taken the key of the hall-door from the bunch, and
+locked the door in orthodox fashion, putting the key into his pocket
+when he had done.
+
+"So far," he said, "our night has been eminently successful. No harm has
+come to us such as I feared might be and yet we have ascertained how
+many boxes are missing. More than all do I rejoice that this, our
+first--and perhaps our most difficult and dangerous--step has been
+accomplished without the bringing thereinto our most sweet Madam Mina or
+troubling her waking or sleeping thoughts with sights and sounds and
+smells of horror which she might never forget. One lesson, too, we have
+learned, if it be allowable to argue _a particulari_: that the brute
+beasts which are to the Count's command are yet themselves not amenable
+to his spiritual power; for look, these rats that would come to his
+call, just as from his castle top he summon the wolves to your going and
+to that poor mother's cry, though they come to him, they run pell-mell
+from the so little dogs of my friend Arthur. We have other matters
+before us, other dangers, other fears; and that monster--he has not used
+his power over the brute world for the only or the last time to-night.
+So be it that he has gone elsewhere. Good! It has given us opportunity
+to cry 'check' in some ways in this chess game, which we play for the
+stake of human souls. And now let us go home. The dawn is close at hand,
+and we have reason to be content with our first night's work. It may be
+ordained that we have many nights and days to follow, if full of peril;
+but we must go on, and from no danger shall we shrink."
+
+The house was silent when we got back, save for some poor creature who
+was screaming away in one of the distant wards, and a low, moaning sound
+from Renfield's room. The poor wretch was doubtless torturing himself,
+after the manner of the insane, with needless thoughts of pain.
+
+I came tiptoe into our own room, and found Mina asleep, breathing so
+softly that I had to put my ear down to hear it. She looks paler than
+usual. I hope the meeting to-night has not upset her. I am truly
+thankful that she is to be left out of our future work, and even of our
+deliberations. It is too great a strain for a woman to bear. I did not
+think so at first, but I know better now. Therefore I am glad that it is
+settled. There may be things which would frighten her to hear; and yet
+to conceal them from her might be worse than to tell her if once she
+suspected that there was any concealment. Henceforth our work is to be a
+sealed book to her, till at least such time as we can tell her that all
+is finished, and the earth free from a monster of the nether world. I
+daresay it will be difficult to begin to keep silence after such
+confidence as ours; but I must be resolute, and to-morrow I shall keep
+dark over to-night's doings, and shall refuse to speak of anything that
+has happened. I rest on the sofa, so as not to disturb her.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_1 October, later._--I suppose it was natural that we should have all
+overslept ourselves, for the day was a busy one, and the night had no
+rest at all. Even Mina must have felt its exhaustion, for though I slept
+till the sun was high, I was awake before her, and had to call two or
+three times before she awoke. Indeed, she was so sound asleep that for a
+few seconds she did not recognize me, but looked at me with a sort of
+blank terror, as one looks who has been waked out of a bad dream. She
+complained a little of being tired, and I let her rest till later in the
+day. We now know of twenty-one boxes having been removed, and if it be
+that several were taken in any of these removals we may be able to trace
+them all. Such will, of course, immensely simplify our labour, and the
+sooner the matter is attended to the better. I shall look up Thomas
+Snelling to-day.
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary._
+
+_1 October._--It was towards noon when I was awakened by the Professor
+walking into my room. He was more jolly and cheerful than usual, and it
+is quite evident that last night's work has helped to take some of the
+brooding weight off his mind. After going over the adventure of the
+night he suddenly said:--
+
+"Your patient interests me much. May it be that with you I visit him
+this morning? Or if that you are too occupy, I can go alone if it may
+be. It is a new experience to me to find a lunatic who talk philosophy,
+and reason so sound." I had some work to do which pressed, so I told him
+that if he would go alone I would be glad, as then I should not have to
+keep him waiting; so I called an attendant and gave him the necessary
+instructions. Before the Professor left the room I cautioned him against
+getting any false impression from my patient. "But," he answered, "I
+want him to talk of himself and of his delusion as to consuming live
+things. He said to Madam Mina, as I see in your diary of yesterday, that
+he had once had such a belief. Why do you smile, friend John?"
+
+"Excuse me," I said, "but the answer is here." I laid my hand on the
+type-written matter. "When our sane and learned lunatic made that very
+statement of how he _used_ to consume life, his mouth was actually
+nauseous with the flies and spiders which he had eaten just before Mrs.
+Harker entered the room." Van Helsing smiled in turn. "Good!" he said.
+"Your memory is true, friend John. I should have remembered. And yet it
+is this very obliquity of thought and memory which makes mental disease
+such a fascinating study. Perhaps I may gain more knowledge out of the
+folly of this madman than I shall from the teaching of the most wise.
+Who knows?" I went on with my work, and before long was through that in
+hand. It seemed that the time had been very short indeed, but there was
+Van Helsing back in the study. "Do I interrupt?" he asked politely as he
+stood at the door.
+
+"Not at all," I answered. "Come in. My work is finished, and I am free.
+I can go with you now, if you like.
+
+"It is needless; I have seen him!"
+
+"Well?"
+
+"I fear that he does not appraise me at much. Our interview was short.
+When I entered his room he was sitting on a stool in the centre, with
+his elbows on his knees, and his face was the picture of sullen
+discontent. I spoke to him as cheerfully as I could, and with such a
+measure of respect as I could assume. He made no reply whatever. "Don't
+you know me?" I asked. His answer was not reassuring: "I know you well
+enough; you are the old fool Van Helsing. I wish you would take yourself
+and your idiotic brain theories somewhere else. Damn all thick-headed
+Dutchmen!" Not a word more would he say, but sat in his implacable
+sullenness as indifferent to me as though I had not been in the room at
+all. Thus departed for this time my chance of much learning from this so
+clever lunatic; so I shall go, if I may, and cheer myself with a few
+happy words with that sweet soul Madam Mina. Friend John, it does
+rejoice me unspeakable that she is no more to be pained, no more to be
+worried with our terrible things. Though we shall much miss her help, it
+is better so."
+
+"I agree with you with all my heart," I answered earnestly, for I did
+not want him to weaken in this matter. "Mrs. Harker is better out of it.
+Things are quite bad enough for us, all men of the world, and who have
+been in many tight places in our time; but it is no place for a woman,
+and if she had remained in touch with the affair, it would in time
+infallibly have wrecked her."
+
+So Van Helsing has gone to confer with Mrs. Harker and Harker; Quincey
+and Art are all out following up the clues as to the earth-boxes. I
+shall finish my round of work and we shall meet to-night.
+
+
+_Mina Harker's Journal._
+
+_1 October._--It is strange to me to be kept in the dark as I am to-day;
+after Jonathan's full confidence for so many years, to see him
+manifestly avoid certain matters, and those the most vital of all. This
+morning I slept late after the fatigues of yesterday, and though
+Jonathan was late too, he was the earlier. He spoke to me before he went
+out, never more sweetly or tenderly, but he never mentioned a word of
+what had happened in the visit to the Count's house. And yet he must
+have known how terribly anxious I was. Poor dear fellow! I suppose it
+must have distressed him even more than it did me. They all agreed that
+it was best that I should not be drawn further into this awful work, and
+I acquiesced. But to think that he keeps anything from me! And now I am
+crying like a silly fool, when I _know_ it comes from my husband's great
+love and from the good, good wishes of those other strong men.
+
+That has done me good. Well, some day Jonathan will tell me all; and
+lest it should ever be that he should think for a moment that I kept
+anything from him, I still keep my journal as usual. Then if he has
+feared of my trust I shall show it to him, with every thought of my
+heart put down for his dear eyes to read. I feel strangely sad and
+low-spirited to-day. I suppose it is the reaction from the terrible
+excitement.
+
+Last night I went to bed when the men had gone, simply because they told
+me to. I didn't feel sleepy, and I did feel full of devouring anxiety. I
+kept thinking over everything that has been ever since Jonathan came to
+see me in London, and it all seems like a horrible tragedy, with fate
+pressing on relentlessly to some destined end. Everything that one does
+seems, no matter how right it may be, to bring on the very thing which
+is most to be deplored. If I hadn't gone to Whitby, perhaps poor dear
+Lucy would be with us now. She hadn't taken to visiting the churchyard
+till I came, and if she hadn't come there in the day-time with me she
+wouldn't have walked there in her sleep; and if she hadn't gone there at
+night and asleep, that monster couldn't have destroyed her as he did.
+Oh, why did I ever go to Whitby? There now, crying again! I wonder what
+has come over me to-day. I must hide it from Jonathan, for if he knew
+that I had been crying twice in one morning--I, who never cried on my
+own account, and whom he has never caused to shed a tear--the dear
+fellow would fret his heart out. I shall put a bold face on, and if I do
+feel weepy, he shall never see it. I suppose it is one of the lessons
+that we poor women have to learn....
+
+I can't quite remember how I fell asleep last night. I remember hearing
+the sudden barking of the dogs and a lot of queer sounds, like praying
+on a very tumultuous scale, from Mr. Renfield's room, which is somewhere
+under this. And then there was silence over everything, silence so
+profound that it startled me, and I got up and looked out of the window.
+All was dark and silent, the black shadows thrown by the moonlight
+seeming full of a silent mystery of their own. Not a thing seemed to be
+stirring, but all to be grim and fixed as death or fate; so that a thin
+streak of white mist, that crept with almost imperceptible slowness
+across the grass towards the house, seemed to have a sentience and a
+vitality of its own. I think that the digression of my thoughts must
+have done me good, for when I got back to bed I found a lethargy
+creeping over me. I lay a while, but could not quite sleep, so I got out
+and looked out of the window again. The mist was spreading, and was now
+close up to the house, so that I could see it lying thick against the
+wall, as though it were stealing up to the windows. The poor man was
+more loud than ever, and though I could not distinguish a word he said,
+I could in some way recognise in his tones some passionate entreaty on
+his part. Then there was the sound of a struggle, and I knew that the
+attendants were dealing with him. I was so frightened that I crept into
+bed, and pulled the clothes over my head, putting my fingers in my ears.
+I was not then a bit sleepy, at least so I thought; but I must have
+fallen asleep, for, except dreams, I do not remember anything until the
+morning, when Jonathan woke me. I think that it took me an effort and a
+little time to realise where I was, and that it was Jonathan who was
+bending over me. My dream was very peculiar, and was almost typical of
+the way that waking thoughts become merged in, or continued in, dreams.
+
+I thought that I was asleep, and waiting for Jonathan to come back. I
+was very anxious about him, and I was powerless to act; my feet, and my
+hands, and my brain were weighted, so that nothing could proceed at the
+usual pace. And so I slept uneasily and thought. Then it began to dawn
+upon me that the air was heavy, and dank, and cold. I put back the
+clothes from my face, and found, to my surprise, that all was dim
+around. The gaslight which I had left lit for Jonathan, but turned down,
+came only like a tiny red spark through the fog, which had evidently
+grown thicker and poured into the room. Then it occurred to me that I
+had shut the window before I had come to bed. I would have got out to
+make certain on the point, but some leaden lethargy seemed to chain my
+limbs and even my will. I lay still and endured; that was all. I closed
+my eyes, but could still see through my eyelids. (It is wonderful what
+tricks our dreams play us, and how conveniently we can imagine.) The
+mist grew thicker and thicker and I could see now how it came in, for I
+could see it like smoke--or with the white energy of boiling
+water--pouring in, not through the window, but through the joinings of
+the door. It got thicker and thicker, till it seemed as if it became
+concentrated into a sort of pillar of cloud in the room, through the top
+of which I could see the light of the gas shining like a red eye. Things
+began to whirl through my brain just as the cloudy column was now
+whirling in the room, and through it all came the scriptural words "a
+pillar of cloud by day and of fire by night." Was it indeed some such
+spiritual guidance that was coming to me in my sleep? But the pillar was
+composed of both the day and the night-guiding, for the fire was in the
+red eye, which at the thought got a new fascination for me; till, as I
+looked, the fire divided, and seemed to shine on me through the fog like
+two red eyes, such as Lucy told me of in her momentary mental wandering
+when, on the cliff, the dying sunlight struck the windows of St. Mary's
+Church. Suddenly the horror burst upon me that it was thus that Jonathan
+had seen those awful women growing into reality through the whirling mist
+in the moonlight, and in my dream I must have fainted, for all became
+black darkness. The last conscious effort which imagination made was to
+show me a livid white face bending over me out of the mist. I must be
+careful of such dreams, for they would unseat one's reason if there were
+too much of them. I would get Dr. Van Helsing or Dr. Seward to prescribe
+something for me which would make me sleep, only that I fear to alarm
+them. Such a dream at the present time would become woven into their
+fears for me. To-night I shall strive hard to sleep naturally. If I do
+not, I shall to-morrow night get them to give me a dose of chloral; that
+cannot hurt me for once, and it will give me a good night's sleep. Last
+night tired me more than if I had not slept at all.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_2 October 10 p. m._--Last night I slept, but did not dream. I must have
+slept soundly, for I was not waked by Jonathan coming to bed; but the
+sleep has not refreshed me, for to-day I feel terribly weak and
+spiritless. I spent all yesterday trying to read, or lying down dozing.
+In the afternoon Mr. Renfield asked if he might see me. Poor man, he was
+very gentle, and when I came away he kissed my hand and bade God bless
+me. Some way it affected me much; I am crying when I think of him. This
+is a new weakness, of which I must be careful. Jonathan would be
+miserable if he knew I had been crying. He and the others were out till
+dinner-time, and they all came in tired. I did what I could to brighten
+them up, and I suppose that the effort did me good, for I forgot how
+tired I was. After dinner they sent me to bed, and all went off to smoke
+together, as they said, but I knew that they wanted to tell each other
+of what had occurred to each during the day; I could see from Jonathan's
+manner that he had something important to communicate. I was not so
+sleepy as I should have been; so before they went I asked Dr. Seward to
+give me a little opiate of some kind, as I had not slept well the night
+before. He very kindly made me up a sleeping draught, which he gave to
+me, telling me that it would do me no harm, as it was very mild.... I
+have taken it, and am waiting for sleep, which still keeps aloof. I hope
+I have not done wrong, for as sleep begins to flirt with me, a new fear
+comes: that I may have been foolish in thus depriving myself of the
+power of waking. I might want it. Here comes sleep. Good-night.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+JONATHAN HARKER'S JOURNAL
+
+
+_1 October, evening._--I found Thomas Snelling in his house at Bethnal
+Green, but unhappily he was not in a condition to remember anything. The
+very prospect of beer which my expected coming had opened to him had
+proved too much, and he had begun too early on his expected debauch. I
+learned, however, from his wife, who seemed a decent, poor soul, that he
+was only the assistant to Smollet, who of the two mates was the
+responsible person. So off I drove to Walworth, and found Mr. Joseph
+Smollet at home and in his shirtsleeves, taking a late tea out of a
+saucer. He is a decent, intelligent fellow, distinctly a good, reliable
+type of workman, and with a headpiece of his own. He remembered all
+about the incident of the boxes, and from a wonderful dog's-eared
+notebook, which he produced from some mysterious receptacle about the
+seat of his trousers, and which had hieroglyphical entries in thick,
+half-obliterated pencil, he gave me the destinations of the boxes. There
+were, he said, six in the cartload which he took from Carfax and left at
+197, Chicksand Street, Mile End New Town, and another six which he
+deposited at Jamaica Lane, Bermondsey. If then the Count meant to
+scatter these ghastly refuges of his over London, these places were
+chosen as the first of delivery, so that later he might distribute more
+fully. The systematic manner in which this was done made me think that
+he could not mean to confine himself to two sides of London. He was now
+fixed on the far east of the northern shore, on the east of the southern
+shore, and on the south. The north and west were surely never meant to
+be left out of his diabolical scheme--let alone the City itself and the
+very heart of fashionable London in the south-west and west. I went back
+to Smollet, and asked him if he could tell us if any other boxes had
+been taken from Carfax.
+
+He replied:--
+
+"Well, guv'nor, you've treated me wery 'an'some"--I had given him half a
+sovereign--"an' I'll tell yer all I know. I heard a man by the name of
+Bloxam say four nights ago in the 'Are an' 'Ounds, in Pincher's Alley,
+as 'ow he an' his mate 'ad 'ad a rare dusty job in a old 'ouse at
+Purfect. There ain't a-many such jobs as this 'ere, an' I'm thinkin'
+that maybe Sam Bloxam could tell ye summut." I asked if he could tell me
+where to find him. I told him that if he could get me the address it
+would be worth another half-sovereign to him. So he gulped down the rest
+of his tea and stood up, saying that he was going to begin the search
+then and there. At the door he stopped, and said:--
+
+"Look 'ere, guv'nor, there ain't no sense in me a-keepin' you 'ere. I
+may find Sam soon, or I mayn't; but anyhow he ain't like to be in a way
+to tell ye much to-night. Sam is a rare one when he starts on the booze.
+If you can give me a envelope with a stamp on it, and put yer address on
+it, I'll find out where Sam is to be found and post it ye to-night. But
+ye'd better be up arter 'im soon in the mornin', or maybe ye won't ketch
+'im; for Sam gets off main early, never mind the booze the night afore."
+
+This was all practical, so one of the children went off with a penny to
+buy an envelope and a sheet of paper, and to keep the change. When she
+came back, I addressed the envelope and stamped it, and when Smollet had
+again faithfully promised to post the address when found, I took my way
+to home. We're on the track anyhow. I am tired to-night, and want sleep.
+Mina is fast asleep, and looks a little too pale; her eyes look as
+though she had been crying. Poor dear, I've no doubt it frets her to be
+kept in the dark, and it may make her doubly anxious about me and the
+others. But it is best as it is. It is better to be disappointed and
+worried in such a way now than to have her nerve broken. The doctors
+were quite right to insist on her being kept out of this dreadful
+business. I must be firm, for on me this particular burden of silence
+must rest. I shall not ever enter on the subject with her under any
+circumstances. Indeed, it may not be a hard task, after all, for she
+herself has become reticent on the subject, and has not spoken of the
+Count or his doings ever since we told her of our decision.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_2 October, evening._--A long and trying and exciting day. By the first
+post I got my directed envelope with a dirty scrap of paper enclosed, on
+which was written with a carpenter's pencil in a sprawling hand:--
+
+"Sam Bloxam, Korkrans, 4, Poters Cort, Bartel Street, Walworth. Arsk for
+the depite."
+
+I got the letter in bed, and rose without waking Mina. She looked heavy
+and sleepy and pale, and far from well. I determined not to wake her,
+but that, when I should return from this new search, I would arrange for
+her going back to Exeter. I think she would be happier in our own home,
+with her daily tasks to interest her, than in being here amongst us and
+in ignorance. I only saw Dr. Seward for a moment, and told him where I
+was off to, promising to come back and tell the rest so soon as I should
+have found out anything. I drove to Walworth and found, with some
+difficulty, Potter's Court. Mr. Smollet's spelling misled me, as I asked
+for Poter's Court instead of Potter's Court. However, when I had found
+the court, I had no difficulty in discovering Corcoran's lodging-house.
+When I asked the man who came to the door for the "depite," he shook his
+head, and said: "I dunno 'im. There ain't no such a person 'ere; I never
+'eard of 'im in all my bloomin' days. Don't believe there ain't nobody
+of that kind livin' ere or anywheres." I took out Smollet's letter, and
+as I read it it seemed to me that the lesson of the spelling of the name
+of the court might guide me. "What are you?" I asked.
+
+"I'm the depity," he answered. I saw at once that I was on the right
+track; phonetic spelling had again misled me. A half-crown tip put the
+deputy's knowledge at my disposal, and I learned that Mr. Bloxam, who
+had slept off the remains of his beer on the previous night at
+Corcoran's, had left for his work at Poplar at five o'clock that
+morning. He could not tell me where the place of work was situated, but
+he had a vague idea that it was some kind of a "new-fangled ware'us";
+and with this slender clue I had to start for Poplar. It was twelve
+o'clock before I got any satisfactory hint of such a building, and this
+I got at a coffee-shop, where some workmen were having their dinner. One
+of these suggested that there was being erected at Cross Angel Street a
+new "cold storage" building; and as this suited the condition of a
+"new-fangled ware'us," I at once drove to it. An interview with a surly
+gatekeeper and a surlier foreman, both of whom were appeased with the
+coin of the realm, put me on the track of Bloxam; he was sent for on my
+suggesting that I was willing to pay his day's wages to his foreman for
+the privilege of asking him a few questions on a private matter. He was
+a smart enough fellow, though rough of speech and bearing. When I had
+promised to pay for his information and given him an earnest, he told me
+that he had made two journeys between Carfax and a house in Piccadilly,
+and had taken from this house to the latter nine great boxes--"main
+heavy ones"--with a horse and cart hired by him for this purpose. I
+asked him if he could tell me the number of the house in Piccadilly, to
+which he replied:--
+
+"Well, guv'nor, I forgits the number, but it was only a few doors from a
+big white church or somethink of the kind, not long built. It was a
+dusty old 'ouse, too, though nothin' to the dustiness of the 'ouse we
+tooked the bloomin' boxes from."
+
+"How did you get into the houses if they were both empty?"
+
+"There was the old party what engaged me a-waitin' in the 'ouse at
+Purfleet. He 'elped me to lift the boxes and put them in the dray. Curse
+me, but he was the strongest chap I ever struck, an' him a old feller,
+with a white moustache, one that thin you would think he couldn't throw
+a shadder."
+
+How this phrase thrilled through me!
+
+"Why, 'e took up 'is end o' the boxes like they was pounds of tea, and
+me a-puffin' an' a-blowin' afore I could up-end mine anyhow--an' I'm no
+chicken, neither."
+
+"How did you get into the house in Piccadilly?" I asked.
+
+"He was there too. He must 'a' started off and got there afore me, for
+when I rung of the bell he kem an' opened the door 'isself an' 'elped me
+to carry the boxes into the 'all."
+
+"The whole nine?" I asked.
+
+"Yus; there was five in the first load an' four in the second. It was
+main dry work, an' I don't so well remember 'ow I got 'ome." I
+interrupted him:--
+
+"Were the boxes left in the hall?"
+
+"Yus; it was a big 'all, an' there was nothin' else in it." I made one
+more attempt to further matters:--
+
+"You didn't have any key?"
+
+"Never used no key nor nothink. The old gent, he opened the door 'isself
+an' shut it again when I druv off. I don't remember the last time--but
+that was the beer."
+
+"And you can't remember the number of the house?"
+
+"No, sir. But ye needn't have no difficulty about that. It's a 'igh 'un
+with a stone front with a bow on it, an' 'igh steps up to the door. I
+know them steps, 'avin' 'ad to carry the boxes up with three loafers
+what come round to earn a copper. The old gent give them shillin's, an'
+they seein' they got so much, they wanted more; but 'e took one of them
+by the shoulder and was like to throw 'im down the steps, till the lot
+of them went away cussin'." I thought that with this description I could
+find the house, so, having paid my friend for his information, I started
+off for Piccadilly. I had gained a new painful experience; the Count
+could, it was evident, handle the earth-boxes himself. If so, time was
+precious; for, now that he had achieved a certain amount of
+distribution, he could, by choosing his own time, complete the task
+unobserved. At Piccadilly Circus I discharged my cab, and walked
+westward; beyond the Junior Constitutional I came across the house
+described, and was satisfied that this was the next of the lairs
+arranged by Dracula. The house looked as though it had been long
+untenanted. The windows were encrusted with dust, and the shutters were
+up. All the framework was black with time, and from the iron the paint
+had mostly scaled away. It was evident that up to lately there had been
+a large notice-board in front of the balcony; it had, however, been
+roughly torn away, the uprights which had supported it still remaining.
+Behind the rails of the balcony I saw there were some loose boards,
+whose raw edges looked white. I would have given a good deal to have
+been able to see the notice-board intact, as it would, perhaps, have
+given some clue to the ownership of the house. I remembered my
+experience of the investigation and purchase of Carfax, and I could not
+but feel that if I could find the former owner there might be some means
+discovered of gaining access to the house.
+
+There was at present nothing to be learned from the Piccadilly side, and
+nothing could be done; so I went round to the back to see if anything
+could be gathered from this quarter. The mews were active, the
+Piccadilly houses being mostly in occupation. I asked one or two of the
+grooms and helpers whom I saw around if they could tell me anything
+about the empty house. One of them said that he heard it had lately been
+taken, but he couldn't say from whom. He told me, however, that up to
+very lately there had been a notice-board of "For Sale" up, and that
+perhaps Mitchell, Sons, & Candy, the house agents, could tell me
+something, as he thought he remembered seeing the name of that firm on
+the board. I did not wish to seem too eager, or to let my informant know
+or guess too much, so, thanking him in the usual manner, I strolled
+away. It was now growing dusk, and the autumn night was closing in, so I
+did not lose any time. Having learned the address of Mitchell, Sons, &
+Candy from a directory at the Berkeley, I was soon at their office in
+Sackville Street.
+
+The gentleman who saw me was particularly suave in manner, but
+uncommunicative in equal proportion. Having once told me that the
+Piccadilly house--which throughout our interview he called a
+"mansion"--was sold, he considered my business as concluded. When I
+asked who had purchased it, he opened his eyes a thought wider, and
+paused a few seconds before replying:--
+
+"It is sold, sir."
+
+"Pardon me," I said, with equal politeness, "but I have a special reason
+for wishing to know who purchased it."
+
+Again he paused longer, and raised his eyebrows still more. "It is sold,
+sir," was again his laconic reply.
+
+"Surely," I said, "you do not mind letting me know so much."
+
+"But I do mind," he answered. "The affairs of their clients are
+absolutely safe in the hands of Mitchell, Sons, & Candy." This was
+manifestly a prig of the first water, and there was no use arguing with
+him. I thought I had best meet him on his own ground, so I said:--
+
+"Your clients, sir, are happy in having so resolute a guardian of their
+confidence. I am myself a professional man." Here I handed him my card.
+"In this instance I am not prompted by curiosity; I act on the part of
+Lord Godalming, who wishes to know something of the property which was,
+he understood, lately for sale." These words put a different complexion
+on affairs. He said:--
+
+"I would like to oblige you if I could, Mr. Harker, and especially would
+I like to oblige his lordship. We once carried out a small matter of
+renting some chambers for him when he was the Honourable Arthur
+Holmwood. If you will let me have his lordship's address I will consult
+the House on the subject, and will, in any case, communicate with his
+lordship by to-night's post. It will be a pleasure if we can so far
+deviate from our rules as to give the required information to his
+lordship."
+
+I wanted to secure a friend, and not to make an enemy, so I thanked him,
+gave the address at Dr. Seward's and came away. It was now dark, and I
+was tired and hungry. I got a cup of tea at the Aërated Bread Company
+and came down to Purfleet by the next train.
+
+I found all the others at home. Mina was looking tired and pale, but she
+made a gallant effort to be bright and cheerful, it wrung my heart to
+think that I had had to keep anything from her and so caused her
+inquietude. Thank God, this will be the last night of her looking on at
+our conferences, and feeling the sting of our not showing our
+confidence. It took all my courage to hold to the wise resolution of
+keeping her out of our grim task. She seems somehow more reconciled; or
+else the very subject seems to have become repugnant to her, for when
+any accidental allusion is made she actually shudders. I am glad we
+made our resolution in time, as with such a feeling as this, our growing
+knowledge would be torture to her.
+
+I could not tell the others of the day's discovery till we were alone;
+so after dinner--followed by a little music to save appearances even
+amongst ourselves--I took Mina to her room and left her to go to bed.
+The dear girl was more affectionate with me than ever, and clung to me
+as though she would detain me; but there was much to be talked of and I
+came away. Thank God, the ceasing of telling things has made no
+difference between us.
+
+When I came down again I found the others all gathered round the fire in
+the study. In the train I had written my diary so far, and simply read
+it off to them as the best means of letting them get abreast of my own
+information; when I had finished Van Helsing said:--
+
+"This has been a great day's work, friend Jonathan. Doubtless we are on
+the track of the missing boxes. If we find them all in that house, then
+our work is near the end. But if there be some missing, we must search
+until we find them. Then shall we make our final _coup_, and hunt the
+wretch to his real death." We all sat silent awhile and all at once Mr.
+Morris spoke:--
+
+"Say! how are we going to get into that house?"
+
+"We got into the other," answered Lord Godalming quickly.
+
+"But, Art, this is different. We broke house at Carfax, but we had night
+and a walled park to protect us. It will be a mighty different thing to
+commit burglary in Piccadilly, either by day or night. I confess I don't
+see how we are going to get in unless that agency duck can find us a key
+of some sort; perhaps we shall know when you get his letter in the
+morning." Lord Godalming's brows contracted, and he stood up and walked
+about the room. By-and-by he stopped and said, turning from one to
+another of us:--
+
+"Quincey's head is level. This burglary business is getting serious; we
+got off once all right; but we have now a rare job on hand--unless we
+can find the Count's key basket."
+
+As nothing could well be done before morning, and as it would be at
+least advisable to wait till Lord Godalming should hear from Mitchell's,
+we decided not to take any active step before breakfast time. For a good
+while we sat and smoked, discussing the matter in its various lights and
+bearings; I took the opportunity of bringing this diary right up to the
+moment. I am very sleepy and shall go to bed....
+
+Just a line. Mina sleeps soundly and her breathing is regular. Her
+forehead is puckered up into little wrinkles, as though she thinks even
+in her sleep. She is still too pale, but does not look so haggard as she
+did this morning. To-morrow will, I hope, mend all this; she will be
+herself at home in Exeter. Oh, but I am sleepy!
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary._
+
+_1 October._--I am puzzled afresh about Renfield. His moods change so
+rapidly that I find it difficult to keep touch of them, and as they
+always mean something more than his own well-being, they form a more
+than interesting study. This morning, when I went to see him after his
+repulse of Van Helsing, his manner was that of a man commanding destiny.
+He was, in fact, commanding destiny--subjectively. He did not really
+care for any of the things of mere earth; he was in the clouds and
+looked down on all the weaknesses and wants of us poor mortals. I
+thought I would improve the occasion and learn something, so I asked
+him:--
+
+"What about the flies these times?" He smiled on me in quite a superior
+sort of way--such a smile as would have become the face of Malvolio--as
+he answered me:--
+
+"The fly, my dear sir, has one striking feature; its wings are typical
+of the aërial powers of the psychic faculties. The ancients did well
+when they typified the soul as a butterfly!"
+
+I thought I would push his analogy to its utmost logically, so I said
+quickly:--
+
+"Oh, it is a soul you are after now, is it?" His madness foiled his
+reason, and a puzzled look spread over his face as, shaking his head
+with a decision which I had but seldom seen in him, he said:--
+
+"Oh, no, oh no! I want no souls. Life is all I want." Here he brightened
+up; "I am pretty indifferent about it at present. Life is all right; I
+have all I want. You must get a new patient, doctor, if you wish to
+study zoöphagy!"
+
+This puzzled me a little, so I drew him on:--
+
+"Then you command life; you are a god, I suppose?" He smiled with an
+ineffably benign superiority.
+
+"Oh no! Far be it from me to arrogate to myself the attributes of the
+Deity. I am not even concerned in His especially spiritual doings. If I
+may state my intellectual position I am, so far as concerns things
+purely terrestrial, somewhat in the position which Enoch occupied
+spiritually!" This was a poser to me. I could not at the moment recall
+Enoch's appositeness; so I had to ask a simple question, though I felt
+that by so doing I was lowering myself in the eyes of the lunatic:--
+
+"And why with Enoch?"
+
+"Because he walked with God." I could not see the analogy, but did not
+like to admit it; so I harked back to what he had denied:--
+
+"So you don't care about life and you don't want souls. Why not?" I put
+my question quickly and somewhat sternly, on purpose to disconcert him.
+The effort succeeded; for an instant he unconsciously relapsed into his
+old servile manner, bent low before me, and actually fawned upon me as
+he replied:--
+
+"I don't want any souls, indeed, indeed! I don't. I couldn't use them if
+I had them; they would be no manner of use to me. I couldn't eat them
+or----" He suddenly stopped and the old cunning look spread over his
+face, like a wind-sweep on the surface of the water. "And doctor, as to
+life, what is it after all? When you've got all you require, and you
+know that you will never want, that is all. I have friends--good
+friends--like you, Dr. Seward"; this was said with a leer of
+inexpressible cunning. "I know that I shall never lack the means of
+life!"
+
+I think that through the cloudiness of his insanity he saw some
+antagonism in me, for he at once fell back on the last refuge of such as
+he--a dogged silence. After a short time I saw that for the present it
+was useless to speak to him. He was sulky, and so I came away.
+
+Later in the day he sent for me. Ordinarily I would not have come
+without special reason, but just at present I am so interested in him
+that I would gladly make an effort. Besides, I am glad to have anything
+to help to pass the time. Harker is out, following up clues; and so are
+Lord Godalming and Quincey. Van Helsing sits in my study poring over the
+record prepared by the Harkers; he seems to think that by accurate
+knowledge of all details he will light upon some clue. He does not wish
+to be disturbed in the work, without cause. I would have taken him with
+me to see the patient, only I thought that after his last repulse he
+might not care to go again. There was also another reason: Renfield
+might not speak so freely before a third person as when he and I were
+alone.
+
+I found him sitting out in the middle of the floor on his stool, a pose
+which is generally indicative of some mental energy on his part. When I
+came in, he said at once, as though the question had been waiting on his
+lips:--
+
+"What about souls?" It was evident then that my surmise had been
+correct. Unconscious cerebration was doing its work, even with the
+lunatic. I determined to have the matter out. "What about them
+yourself?" I asked. He did not reply for a moment but looked all round
+him, and up and down, as though he expected to find some inspiration for
+an answer.
+
+"I don't want any souls!" he said in a feeble, apologetic way. The
+matter seemed preying on his mind, and so I determined to use it--to "be
+cruel only to be kind." So I said:--
+
+"You like life, and you want life?"
+
+"Oh yes! but that is all right; you needn't worry about that!"
+
+"But," I asked, "how are we to get the life without getting the soul
+also?" This seemed to puzzle him, so I followed it up:--
+
+"A nice time you'll have some time when you're flying out there, with
+the souls of thousands of flies and spiders and birds and cats buzzing
+and twittering and miauing all round you. You've got their lives, you
+know, and you must put up with their souls!" Something seemed to affect
+his imagination, for he put his fingers to his ears and shut his eyes,
+screwing them up tightly just as a small boy does when his face is being
+soaped. There was something pathetic in it that touched me; it also gave
+me a lesson, for it seemed that before me was a child--only a child,
+though the features were worn, and the stubble on the jaws was white. It
+was evident that he was undergoing some process of mental disturbance,
+and, knowing how his past moods had interpreted things seemingly foreign
+to himself, I thought I would enter into his mind as well as I could and
+go with him. The first step was to restore confidence, so I asked him,
+speaking pretty loud so that he would hear me through his closed ears:--
+
+"Would you like some sugar to get your flies round again?" He seemed to
+wake up all at once, and shook his head. With a laugh he replied:--
+
+"Not much! flies are poor things, after all!" After a pause he added,
+"But I don't want their souls buzzing round me, all the same."
+
+"Or spiders?" I went on.
+
+"Blow spiders! What's the use of spiders? There isn't anything in them
+to eat or"--he stopped suddenly, as though reminded of a forbidden
+topic.
+
+"So, so!" I thought to myself, "this is the second time he has suddenly
+stopped at the word 'drink'; what does it mean?" Renfield seemed himself
+aware of having made a lapse, for he hurried on, as though to distract
+my attention from it:--
+
+"I don't take any stock at all in such matters. 'Rats and mice and such
+small deer,' as Shakespeare has it, 'chicken-feed of the larder' they
+might be called. I'm past all that sort of nonsense. You might as well
+ask a man to eat molecules with a pair of chop-sticks, as to try to
+interest me about the lesser carnivora, when I know of what is before
+me."
+
+"I see," I said. "You want big things that you can make your teeth meet
+in? How would you like to breakfast on elephant?"
+
+"What ridiculous nonsense you are talking!" He was getting too wide
+awake, so I thought I would press him hard. "I wonder," I said
+reflectively, "what an elephant's soul is like!"
+
+The effect I desired was obtained, for he at once fell from his
+high-horse and became a child again.
+
+"I don't want an elephant's soul, or any soul at all!" he said. For a
+few moments he sat despondently. Suddenly he jumped to his feet, with
+his eyes blazing and all the signs of intense cerebral excitement. "To
+hell with you and your souls!" he shouted. "Why do you plague me about
+souls? Haven't I got enough to worry, and pain, and distract me already,
+without thinking of souls!" He looked so hostile that I thought he was
+in for another homicidal fit, so I blew my whistle. The instant,
+however, that I did so he became calm, and said apologetically:--
+
+"Forgive me, Doctor; I forgot myself. You do not need any help. I am so
+worried in my mind that I am apt to be irritable. If you only knew the
+problem I have to face, and that I am working out, you would pity, and
+tolerate, and pardon me. Pray do not put me in a strait-waistcoat. I
+want to think and I cannot think freely when my body is confined. I am
+sure you will understand!" He had evidently self-control; so when the
+attendants came I told them not to mind, and they withdrew. Renfield
+watched them go; when the door was closed he said, with considerable
+dignity and sweetness:--
+
+"Dr. Seward, you have been very considerate towards me. Believe me that
+I am very, very grateful to you!" I thought it well to leave him in this
+mood, and so I came away. There is certainly something to ponder over in
+this man's state. Several points seem to make what the American
+interviewer calls "a story," if one could only get them in proper order.
+Here they are:--
+
+Will not mention "drinking."
+
+Fears the thought of being burdened with the "soul" of anything.
+
+Has no dread of wanting "life" in the future.
+
+Despises the meaner forms of life altogether, though he dreads being
+haunted by their souls.
+
+Logically all these things point one way! he has assurance of some kind
+that he will acquire some higher life. He dreads the consequence--the
+burden of a soul. Then it is a human life he looks to!
+
+And the assurance--?
+
+Merciful God! the Count has been to him, and there is some new scheme of
+terror afoot!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Later._--I went after my round to Van Helsing and told him my
+suspicion. He grew very grave; and, after thinking the matter over for a
+while asked me to take him to Renfield. I did so. As we came to the door
+we heard the lunatic within singing gaily, as he used to do in the time
+which now seems so long ago. When we entered we saw with amazement that
+he had spread out his sugar as of old; the flies, lethargic with the
+autumn, were beginning to buzz into the room. We tried to make him talk
+of the subject of our previous conversation, but he would not attend. He
+went on with his singing, just as though we had not been present. He had
+got a scrap of paper and was folding it into a note-book. We had to come
+away as ignorant as we went in.
+
+His is a curious case indeed; we must watch him to-night.
+
+
+_Letter, Mitchell, Sons and Candy to Lord Godalming._
+
+_"1 October._
+
+"My Lord,
+
+"We are at all times only too happy to meet your wishes. We beg, with
+regard to the desire of your Lordship, expressed by Mr. Harker on your
+behalf, to supply the following information concerning the sale and
+purchase of No. 347, Piccadilly. The original vendors are the executors
+of the late Mr. Archibald Winter-Suffield. The purchaser is a foreign
+nobleman, Count de Ville, who effected the purchase himself paying the
+purchase money in notes 'over the counter,' if your Lordship will pardon
+us using so vulgar an expression. Beyond this we know nothing whatever
+of him.
+
+"We are, my Lord,
+
+"Your Lordship's humble servants,
+
+"MITCHELL, SONS & CANDY."
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary._
+
+_2 October._--I placed a man in the corridor last night, and told him to
+make an accurate note of any sound he might hear from Renfield's room,
+and gave him instructions that if there should be anything strange he
+was to call me. After dinner, when we had all gathered round the fire
+in the study--Mrs. Harker having gone to bed--we discussed the attempts
+and discoveries of the day. Harker was the only one who had any result,
+and we are in great hopes that his clue may be an important one.
+
+Before going to bed I went round to the patient's room and looked in
+through the observation trap. He was sleeping soundly, and his heart
+rose and fell with regular respiration.
+
+This morning the man on duty reported to me that a little after midnight
+he was restless and kept saying his prayers somewhat loudly. I asked him
+if that was all; he replied that it was all he heard. There was
+something about his manner so suspicious that I asked him point blank if
+he had been asleep. He denied sleep, but admitted to having "dozed" for
+a while. It is too bad that men cannot be trusted unless they are
+watched.
+
+To-day Harker is out following up his clue, and Art and Quincey are
+looking after horses. Godalming thinks that it will be well to have
+horses always in readiness, for when we get the information which we
+seek there will be no time to lose. We must sterilise all the imported
+earth between sunrise and sunset; we shall thus catch the Count at his
+weakest, and without a refuge to fly to. Van Helsing is off to the
+British Museum looking up some authorities on ancient medicine. The old
+physicians took account of things which their followers do not accept,
+and the Professor is searching for witch and demon cures which may be
+useful to us later.
+
+I sometimes think we must be all mad and that we shall wake to sanity in
+strait-waistcoats.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Later._--We have met again. We seem at last to be on the track, and our
+work of to-morrow may be the beginning of the end. I wonder if
+Renfield's quiet has anything to do with this. His moods have so
+followed the doings of the Count, that the coming destruction of the
+monster may be carried to him in some subtle way. If we could only get
+some hint as to what passed in his mind, between the time of my argument
+with him to-day and his resumption of fly-catching, it might afford us a
+valuable clue. He is now seemingly quiet for a spell.... Is he?---- That
+wild yell seemed to come from his room....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The attendant came bursting into my room and told me that Renfield had
+somehow met with some accident. He had heard him yell; and when he went
+to him found him lying on his face on the floor, all covered with blood.
+I must go at once....
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+DR. SEWARD'S DIARY
+
+
+_3 October._--Let me put down with exactness all that happened, as well
+as I can remember it, since last I made an entry. Not a detail that I
+can recall must be forgotten; in all calmness I must proceed.
+
+When I came to Renfield's room I found him lying on the floor on his
+left side in a glittering pool of blood. When I went to move him, it
+became at once apparent that he had received some terrible injuries;
+there seemed none of that unity of purpose between the parts of the body
+which marks even lethargic sanity. As the face was exposed I could see
+that it was horribly bruised, as though it had been beaten against the
+floor--indeed it was from the face wounds that the pool of blood
+originated. The attendant who was kneeling beside the body said to me as
+we turned him over:--
+
+"I think, sir, his back is broken. See, both his right arm and leg and
+the whole side of his face are paralysed." How such a thing could have
+happened puzzled the attendant beyond measure. He seemed quite
+bewildered, and his brows were gathered in as he said:--
+
+"I can't understand the two things. He could mark his face like that by
+beating his own head on the floor. I saw a young woman do it once at the
+Eversfield Asylum before anyone could lay hands on her. And I suppose he
+might have broke his neck by falling out of bed, if he got in an awkward
+kink. But for the life of me I can't imagine how the two things
+occurred. If his back was broke, he couldn't beat his head; and if his
+face was like that before the fall out of bed, there would be marks of
+it." I said to him:--
+
+"Go to Dr. Van Helsing, and ask him to kindly come here at once. I want
+him without an instant's delay." The man ran off, and within a few
+minutes the Professor, in his dressing gown and slippers, appeared. When
+he saw Renfield on the ground, he looked keenly at him a moment, and
+then turned to me. I think he recognised my thought in my eyes, for he
+said very quietly, manifestly for the ears of the attendant:--
+
+"Ah, a sad accident! He will need very careful watching, and much
+attention. I shall stay with you myself; but I shall first dress myself.
+If you will remain I shall in a few minutes join you."
+
+The patient was now breathing stertorously and it was easy to see that
+he had suffered some terrible injury. Van Helsing returned with
+extraordinary celerity, bearing with him a surgical case. He had
+evidently been thinking and had his mind made up; for, almost before he
+looked at the patient, he whispered to me:--
+
+"Send the attendant away. We must be alone with him when he becomes
+conscious, after the operation." So I said:--
+
+"I think that will do now, Simmons. We have done all that we can at
+present. You had better go your round, and Dr. Van Helsing will operate.
+Let me know instantly if there be anything unusual anywhere."
+
+The man withdrew, and we went into a strict examination of the patient.
+The wounds of the face was superficial; the real injury was a depressed
+fracture of the skull, extending right up through the motor area. The
+Professor thought a moment and said:--
+
+"We must reduce the pressure and get back to normal conditions, as far
+as can be; the rapidity of the suffusion shows the terrible nature of
+his injury. The whole motor area seems affected. The suffusion of the
+brain will increase quickly, so we must trephine at once or it may be
+too late." As he was speaking there was a soft tapping at the door. I
+went over and opened it and found in the corridor without, Arthur and
+Quincey in pajamas and slippers: the former spoke:--
+
+"I heard your man call up Dr. Van Helsing and tell him of an accident.
+So I woke Quincey or rather called for him as he was not asleep. Things
+are moving too quickly and too strangely for sound sleep for any of us
+these times. I've been thinking that to-morrow night will not see things
+as they have been. We'll have to look back--and forward a little more
+than we have done. May we come in?" I nodded, and held the door open
+till they had entered; then I closed it again. When Quincey saw the
+attitude and state of the patient, and noted the horrible pool on the
+floor, he said softly:--
+
+"My God! what has happened to him? Poor, poor devil!" I told him
+briefly, and added that we expected he would recover consciousness after
+the operation--for a short time, at all events. He went at once and sat
+down on the edge of the bed, with Godalming beside him; we all watched
+in patience.
+
+"We shall wait," said Van Helsing, "just long enough to fix the best
+spot for trephining, so that we may most quickly and perfectly remove
+the blood clot; for it is evident that the hæmorrhage is increasing."
+
+The minutes during which we waited passed with fearful slowness. I had a
+horrible sinking in my heart, and from Van Helsing's face I gathered
+that he felt some fear or apprehension as to what was to come. I dreaded
+the words that Renfield might speak. I was positively afraid to think;
+but the conviction of what was coming was on me, as I have read of men
+who have heard the death-watch. The poor man's breathing came in
+uncertain gasps. Each instant he seemed as though he would open his eyes
+and speak; but then would follow a prolonged stertorous breath, and he
+would relapse into a more fixed insensibility. Inured as I was to sick
+beds and death, this suspense grew, and grew upon me. I could almost
+hear the beating of my own heart; and the blood surging through my
+temples sounded like blows from a hammer. The silence finally became
+agonising. I looked at my companions, one after another, and saw from
+their flushed faces and damp brows that they were enduring equal
+torture. There was a nervous suspense over us all, as though overhead
+some dread bell would peal out powerfully when we should least expect
+it.
+
+At last there came a time when it was evident that the patient was
+sinking fast; he might die at any moment. I looked up at the Professor
+and caught his eyes fixed on mine. His face was sternly set as he
+spoke:--
+
+"There is no time to lose. His words may be worth many lives; I have
+been thinking so, as I stood here. It may be there is a soul at stake!
+We shall operate just above the ear."
+
+Without another word he made the operation. For a few moments the
+breathing continued to be stertorous. Then there came a breath so
+prolonged that it seemed as though it would tear open his chest.
+Suddenly his eyes opened, and became fixed in a wild, helpless stare.
+This was continued for a few moments; then it softened into a glad
+surprise, and from the lips came a sigh of relief. He moved
+convulsively, and as he did so, said:--
+
+"I'll be quiet, Doctor. Tell them to take off the strait-waistcoat. I
+have had a terrible dream, and it has left me so weak that I cannot
+move. What's wrong with my face? it feels all swollen, and it smarts
+dreadfully." He tried to turn his head; but even with the effort his
+eyes seemed to grow glassy again so I gently put it back. Then Van
+Helsing said in a quiet grave tone:--
+
+"Tell us your dream, Mr. Renfield." As he heard the voice his face
+brightened, through its mutilation, and he said:--
+
+"That is Dr. Van Helsing. How good it is of you to be here. Give me some
+water, my lips are dry; and I shall try to tell you. I dreamed"--he
+stopped and seemed fainting, I called quietly to Quincey--"The
+brandy--it is in my study--quick!" He flew and returned with a glass,
+the decanter of brandy and a carafe of water. We moistened the parched
+lips, and the patient quickly revived. It seemed, however, that his poor
+injured brain had been working in the interval, for, when he was quite
+conscious, he looked at me piercingly with an agonised confusion which I
+shall never forget, and said:--
+
+"I must not deceive myself; it was no dream, but all a grim reality."
+Then his eyes roved round the room; as they caught sight of the two
+figures sitting patiently on the edge of the bed he went on:--
+
+"If I were not sure already, I would know from them." For an instant his
+eyes closed--not with pain or sleep but voluntarily, as though he were
+bringing all his faculties to bear; when he opened them he said,
+hurriedly, and with more energy than he had yet displayed:--
+
+"Quick, Doctor, quick. I am dying! I feel that I have but a few minutes;
+and then I must go back to death--or worse! Wet my lips with brandy
+again. I have something that I must say before I die; or before my poor
+crushed brain dies anyhow. Thank you! It was that night after you left
+me, when I implored you to let me go away. I couldn't speak then, for I
+felt my tongue was tied; but I was as sane then, except in that way, as
+I am now. I was in an agony of despair for a long time after you left
+me; it seemed hours. Then there came a sudden peace to me. My brain
+seemed to become cool again, and I realised where I was. I heard the
+dogs bark behind our house, but not where He was!" As he spoke, Van
+Helsing's eyes never blinked, but his hand came out and met mine and
+gripped it hard. He did not, however, betray himself; he nodded slightly
+and said: "Go on," in a low voice. Renfield proceeded:--
+
+"He came up to the window in the mist, as I had seen him often before;
+but he was solid then--not a ghost, and his eyes were fierce like a
+man's when angry. He was laughing with his red mouth; the sharp white
+teeth glinted in the moonlight when he turned to look back over the belt
+of trees, to where the dogs were barking. I wouldn't ask him to come in
+at first, though I knew he wanted to--just as he had wanted all along.
+Then he began promising me things--not in words but by doing them." He
+was interrupted by a word from the Professor:--
+
+"How?"
+
+"By making them happen; just as he used to send in the flies when the
+sun was shining. Great big fat ones with steel and sapphire on their
+wings; and big moths, in the night, with skull and cross-bones on their
+backs." Van Helsing nodded to him as he whispered to me unconsciously:--
+
+"The _Acherontia Aitetropos of the Sphinges_--what you call the
+'Death's-head Moth'?" The patient went on without stopping.
+
+"Then he began to whisper: 'Rats, rats, rats! Hundreds, thousands,
+millions of them, and every one a life; and dogs to eat them, and cats
+too. All lives! all red blood, with years of life in it; and not merely
+buzzing flies!' I laughed at him, for I wanted to see what he could do.
+Then the dogs howled, away beyond the dark trees in His house. He
+beckoned me to the window. I got up and looked out, and He raised his
+hands, and seemed to call out without using any words. A dark mass
+spread over the grass, coming on like the shape of a flame of fire; and
+then He moved the mist to the right and left, and I could see that there
+were thousands of rats with their eyes blazing red--like His, only
+smaller. He held up his hand, and they all stopped; and I thought he
+seemed to be saying: 'All these lives will I give you, ay, and many more
+and greater, through countless ages, if you will fall down and worship
+me!' And then a red cloud, like the colour of blood, seemed to close
+over my eyes; and before I knew what I was doing, I found myself opening
+the sash and saying to Him: 'Come in, Lord and Master!' The rats were
+all gone, but He slid into the room through the sash, though it was only
+open an inch wide--just as the Moon herself has often come in through
+the tiniest crack and has stood before me in all her size and
+splendour."
+
+His voice was weaker, so I moistened his lips with the brandy again, and
+he continued; but it seemed as though his memory had gone on working in
+the interval for his story was further advanced. I was about to call him
+back to the point, but Van Helsing whispered to me: "Let him go on. Do
+not interrupt him; he cannot go back, and maybe could not proceed at all
+if once he lost the thread of his thought." He proceeded:--
+
+"All day I waited to hear from him, but he did not send me anything, not
+even a blow-fly, and when the moon got up I was pretty angry with him.
+When he slid in through the window, though it was shut, and did not even
+knock, I got mad with him. He sneered at me, and his white face looked
+out of the mist with his red eyes gleaming, and he went on as though he
+owned the whole place, and I was no one. He didn't even smell the same
+as he went by me. I couldn't hold him. I thought that, somehow, Mrs.
+Harker had come into the room."
+
+The two men sitting on the bed stood up and came over, standing behind
+him so that he could not see them, but where they could hear better.
+They were both silent, but the Professor started and quivered; his face,
+however, grew grimmer and sterner still. Renfield went on without
+noticing:--
+
+"When Mrs. Harker came in to see me this afternoon she wasn't the same;
+it was like tea after the teapot had been watered." Here we all moved,
+but no one said a word; he went on:--
+
+"I didn't know that she was here till she spoke; and she didn't look the
+same. I don't care for the pale people; I like them with lots of blood
+in them, and hers had all seemed to have run out. I didn't think of it
+at the time; but when she went away I began to think, and it made me mad
+to know that He had been taking the life out of her." I could feel that
+the rest quivered, as I did, but we remained otherwise still. "So when
+He came to-night I was ready for Him. I saw the mist stealing in, and I
+grabbed it tight. I had heard that madmen have unnatural strength; and
+as I knew I was a madman--at times anyhow--I resolved to use my power.
+Ay, and He felt it too, for He had to come out of the mist to struggle
+with me. I held tight; and I thought I was going to win, for I didn't
+mean Him to take any more of her life, till I saw His eyes. They burned
+into me, and my strength became like water. He slipped through it, and
+when I tried to cling to Him, He raised me up and flung me down. There
+was a red cloud before me, and a noise like thunder, and the mist seemed
+to steal away under the door." His voice was becoming fainter and his
+breath more stertorous. Van Helsing stood up instinctively.
+
+"We know the worst now," he said. "He is here, and we know his purpose.
+It may not be too late. Let us be armed--the same as we were the other
+night, but lose no time; there is not an instant to spare." There was no
+need to put our fear, nay our conviction, into words--we shared them in
+common. We all hurried and took from our rooms the same things that we
+had when we entered the Count's house. The Professor had his ready, and
+as we met in the corridor he pointed to them significantly as he said:--
+
+"They never leave me; and they shall not till this unhappy business is
+over. Be wise also, my friends. It is no common enemy that we deal with.
+Alas! alas! that that dear Madam Mina should suffer!" He stopped; his
+voice was breaking, and I do not know if rage or terror predominated in
+my own heart.
+
+Outside the Harkers' door we paused. Art and Quincey held back, and the
+latter said:--
+
+"Should we disturb her?"
+
+"We must," said Van Helsing grimly. "If the door be locked, I shall
+break it in."
+
+"May it not frighten her terribly? It is unusual to break into a lady's
+room!"
+
+Van Helsing said solemnly, "You are always right; but this is life and
+death. All chambers are alike to the doctor; and even were they not they
+are all as one to me to-night. Friend John, when I turn the handle, if
+the door does not open, do you put your shoulder down and shove; and you
+too, my friends. Now!"
+
+He turned the handle as he spoke, but the door did not yield. We threw
+ourselves against it; with a crash it burst open, and we almost fell
+headlong into the room. The Professor did actually fall, and I saw
+across him as he gathered himself up from hands and knees. What I saw
+appalled me. I felt my hair rise like bristles on the back of my neck,
+and my heart seemed to stand still.
+
+The moonlight was so bright that through the thick yellow blind the room
+was light enough to see. On the bed beside the window lay Jonathan
+Harker, his face flushed and breathing heavily as though in a stupor.
+Kneeling on the near edge of the bed facing outwards was the white-clad
+figure of his wife. By her side stood a tall, thin man, clad in black.
+His face was turned from us, but the instant we saw we all recognised
+the Count--in every way, even to the scar on his forehead. With his left
+hand he held both Mrs. Harker's hands, keeping them away with her arms
+at full tension; his right hand gripped her by the back of the neck,
+forcing her face down on his bosom. Her white nightdress was smeared
+with blood, and a thin stream trickled down the man's bare breast which
+was shown by his torn-open dress. The attitude of the two had a terrible
+resemblance to a child forcing a kitten's nose into a saucer of milk to
+compel it to drink. As we burst into the room, the Count turned his
+face, and the hellish look that I had heard described seemed to leap
+into it. His eyes flamed red with devilish passion; the great nostrils
+of the white aquiline nose opened wide and quivered at the edge; and the
+white sharp teeth, behind the full lips of the blood-dripping mouth,
+champed together like those of a wild beast. With a wrench, which threw
+his victim back upon the bed as though hurled from a height, he turned
+and sprang at us. But by this time the Professor had gained his feet,
+and was holding towards him the envelope which contained the Sacred
+Wafer. The Count suddenly stopped, just as poor Lucy had done outside
+the tomb, and cowered back. Further and further back he cowered, as we,
+lifting our crucifixes, advanced. The moonlight suddenly failed, as a
+great black cloud sailed across the sky; and when the gaslight sprang up
+under Quincey's match, we saw nothing but a faint vapour. This, as we
+looked, trailed under the door, which with the recoil from its bursting
+open, had swung back to its old position. Van Helsing, Art, and I moved
+forward to Mrs. Harker, who by this time had drawn her breath and with
+it had given a scream so wild, so ear-piercing, so despairing that it
+seems to me now that it will ring in my ears till my dying day. For a
+few seconds she lay in her helpless attitude and disarray. Her face was
+ghastly, with a pallor which was accentuated by the blood which smeared
+her lips and cheeks and chin; from her throat trickled a thin stream of
+blood; her eyes were mad with terror. Then she put before her face her
+poor crushed hands, which bore on their whiteness the red mark of the
+Count's terrible grip, and from behind them came a low desolate wail
+which made the terrible scream seem only the quick expression of an
+endless grief. Van Helsing stepped forward and drew the coverlet gently
+over her body, whilst Art, after looking at her face for an instant
+despairingly, ran out of the room. Van Helsing whispered to me:--
+
+"Jonathan is in a stupor such as we know the Vampire can produce. We can
+do nothing with poor Madam Mina for a few moments till she recovers
+herself; I must wake him!" He dipped the end of a towel in cold water
+and with it began to flick him on the face, his wife all the while
+holding her face between her hands and sobbing in a way that was
+heart-breaking to hear. I raised the blind, and looked out of the
+window. There was much moonshine; and as I looked I could see Quincey
+Morris run across the lawn and hide himself in the shadow of a great
+yew-tree. It puzzled me to think why he was doing this; but at the
+instant I heard Harker's quick exclamation as he woke to partial
+consciousness, and turned to the bed. On his face, as there might well
+be, was a look of wild amazement. He seemed dazed for a few seconds, and
+then full consciousness seemed to burst upon him all at once, and he
+started up. His wife was aroused by the quick movement, and turned to
+him with her arms stretched out, as though to embrace him; instantly,
+however, she drew them in again, and putting her elbows together, held
+her hands before her face, and shuddered till the bed beneath her shook.
+
+"In God's name what does this mean?" Harker cried out. "Dr. Seward, Dr.
+Van Helsing, what is it? What has happened? What is wrong? Mina, dear,
+what is it? What does that blood mean? My God, my God! has it come to
+this!" and, raising himself to his knees, he beat his hands wildly
+together. "Good God help us! help her! oh, help her!" With a quick
+movement he jumped from bed, and began to pull on his clothes,--all the
+man in him awake at the need for instant exertion. "What has happened?
+Tell me all about it!" he cried without pausing. "Dr. Van Helsing, you
+love Mina, I know. Oh, do something to save her. It cannot have gone too
+far yet. Guard her while I look for _him_!" His wife, through her terror
+and horror and distress, saw some sure danger to him: instantly
+forgetting her own grief, she seized hold of him and cried out:--
+
+"No! no! Jonathan, you must not leave me. I have suffered enough
+to-night, God knows, without the dread of his harming you. You must stay
+with me. Stay with these friends who will watch over you!" Her
+expression became frantic as she spoke; and, he yielding to her, she
+pulled him down sitting on the bed side, and clung to him fiercely.
+
+Van Helsing and I tried to calm them both. The Professor held up his
+little golden crucifix, and said with wonderful calmness:--
+
+"Do not fear, my dear. We are here; and whilst this is close to you no
+foul thing can approach. You are safe for to-night; and we must be calm
+and take counsel together." She shuddered and was silent, holding down
+her head on her husband's breast. When she raised it, his white
+night-robe was stained with blood where her lips had touched, and where
+the thin open wound in her neck had sent forth drops. The instant she
+saw it she drew back, with a low wail, and whispered, amidst choking
+sobs:--
+
+"Unclean, unclean! I must touch him or kiss him no more. Oh, that it
+should be that it is I who am now his worst enemy, and whom he may have
+most cause to fear." To this he spoke out resolutely:--
+
+"Nonsense, Mina. It is a shame to me to hear such a word. I would not
+hear it of you; and I shall not hear it from you. May God judge me by my
+deserts, and punish me with more bitter suffering than even this hour,
+if by any act or will of mine anything ever come between us!" He put out
+his arms and folded her to his breast; and for a while she lay there
+sobbing. He looked at us over her bowed head, with eyes that blinked
+damply above his quivering nostrils; his mouth was set as steel. After a
+while her sobs became less frequent and more faint, and then he said to
+me, speaking with a studied calmness which I felt tried his nervous
+power to the utmost:--
+
+"And now, Dr. Seward, tell me all about it. Too well I know the broad
+fact; tell me all that has been." I told him exactly what had happened,
+and he listened with seeming impassiveness; but his nostrils twitched
+and his eyes blazed as I told how the ruthless hands of the Count had
+held his wife in that terrible and horrid position, with her mouth to
+the open wound in his breast. It interested me, even at that moment, to
+see, that, whilst the face of white set passion worked convulsively over
+the bowed head, the hands tenderly and lovingly stroked the ruffled
+hair. Just as I had finished, Quincey and Godalming knocked at the door.
+They entered in obedience to our summons. Van Helsing looked at me
+questioningly. I understood him to mean if we were to take advantage of
+their coming to divert if possible the thoughts of the unhappy husband
+and wife from each other and from themselves; so on nodding acquiescence
+to him he asked them what they had seen or done. To which Lord Godalming
+answered:--
+
+"I could not see him anywhere in the passage, or in any of our rooms. I
+looked in the study but, though he had been there, he had gone. He had,
+however----" He stopped suddenly, looking at the poor drooping figure on
+the bed. Van Helsing said gravely:--
+
+"Go on, friend Arthur. We want here no more concealments. Our hope now
+is in knowing all. Tell freely!" So Art went on:--
+
+"He had been there, and though it could only have been for a few
+seconds, he made rare hay of the place. All the manuscript had been
+burned, and the blue flames were flickering amongst the white ashes; the
+cylinders of your phonograph too were thrown on the fire, and the wax
+had helped the flames." Here I interrupted. "Thank God there is the
+other copy in the safe!" His face lit for a moment, but fell again as he
+went on: "I ran downstairs then, but could see no sign of him. I looked
+into Renfield's room; but there was no trace there except----!" Again he
+paused. "Go on," said Harker hoarsely; so he bowed his head and
+moistening his lips with his tongue, added: "except that the poor fellow
+is dead." Mrs. Harker raised her head, looking from one to the other of
+us she said solemnly:--
+
+"God's will be done!" I could not but feel that Art was keeping back
+something; but, as I took it that it was with a purpose, I said nothing.
+Van Helsing turned to Morris and asked:--
+
+"And you, friend Quincey, have you any to tell?"
+
+"A little," he answered. "It may be much eventually, but at present I
+can't say. I thought it well to know if possible where the Count would
+go when he left the house. I did not see him; but I saw a bat rise from
+Renfield's window, and flap westward. I expected to see him in some
+shape go back to Carfax; but he evidently sought some other lair. He
+will not be back to-night; for the sky is reddening in the east, and the
+dawn is close. We must work to-morrow!"
+
+He said the latter words through his shut teeth. For a space of perhaps
+a couple of minutes there was silence, and I could fancy that I could
+hear the sound of our hearts beating; then Van Helsing said, placing his
+hand very tenderly on Mrs. Harker's head:--
+
+"And now, Madam Mina--poor, dear, dear Madam Mina--tell us exactly what
+happened. God knows that I do not want that you be pained; but it is
+need that we know all. For now more than ever has all work to be done
+quick and sharp, and in deadly earnest. The day is close to us that must
+end all, if it may be so; and now is the chance that we may live and
+learn."
+
+The poor, dear lady shivered, and I could see the tension of her nerves
+as she clasped her husband closer to her and bent her head lower and
+lower still on his breast. Then she raised her head proudly, and held
+out one hand to Van Helsing who took it in his, and, after stooping and
+kissing it reverently, held it fast. The other hand was locked in that
+of her husband, who held his other arm thrown round her protectingly.
+After a pause in which she was evidently ordering her thoughts, she
+began:--
+
+"I took the sleeping draught which you had so kindly given me, but for a
+long time it did not act. I seemed to become more wakeful, and myriads
+of horrible fancies began to crowd in upon my mind--all of them
+connected with death, and vampires; with blood, and pain, and trouble."
+Her husband involuntarily groaned as she turned to him and said
+lovingly: "Do not fret, dear. You must be brave and strong, and help me
+through the horrible task. If you only knew what an effort it is to me
+to tell of this fearful thing at all, you would understand how much I
+need your help. Well, I saw I must try to help the medicine to its work
+with my will, if it was to do me any good, so I resolutely set myself to
+sleep. Sure enough sleep must soon have come to me, for I remember no
+more. Jonathan coming in had not waked me, for he lay by my side when
+next I remember. There was in the room the same thin white mist that I
+had before noticed. But I forget now if you know of this; you will find
+it in my diary which I shall show you later. I felt the same vague
+terror which had come to me before and the same sense of some presence.
+I turned to wake Jonathan, but found that he slept so soundly that it
+seemed as if it was he who had taken the sleeping draught, and not I. I
+tried, but I could not wake him. This caused me a great fear, and I
+looked around terrified. Then indeed, my heart sank within me: beside
+the bed, as if he had stepped out of the mist--or rather as if the mist
+had turned into his figure, for it had entirely disappeared--stood a
+tall, thin man, all in black. I knew him at once from the description of
+the others. The waxen face; the high aquiline nose, on which the light
+fell in a thin white line; the parted red lips, with the sharp white
+teeth showing between; and the red eyes that I had seemed to see in the
+sunset on the windows of St. Mary's Church at Whitby. I knew, too, the
+red scar on his forehead where Jonathan had struck him. For an instant
+my heart stood still, and I would have screamed out, only that I was
+paralysed. In the pause he spoke in a sort of keen, cutting whisper,
+pointing as he spoke to Jonathan:--
+
+"'Silence! If you make a sound I shall take him and dash his brains out
+before your very eyes.' I was appalled and was too bewildered to do or
+say anything. With a mocking smile, he placed one hand upon my shoulder
+and, holding me tight, bared my throat with the other, saying as he did
+so, 'First, a little refreshment to reward my exertions. You may as well
+be quiet; it is not the first time, or the second, that your veins have
+appeased my thirst!' I was bewildered, and, strangely enough, I did not
+want to hinder him. I suppose it is a part of the horrible curse that
+such is, when his touch is on his victim. And oh, my God, my God, pity
+me! He placed his reeking lips upon my throat!" Her husband groaned
+again. She clasped his hand harder, and looked at him pityingly, as if
+he were the injured one, and went on:--
+
+"I felt my strength fading away, and I was in a half swoon. How long
+this horrible thing lasted I know not; but it seemed that a long time
+must have passed before he took his foul, awful, sneering mouth away. I
+saw it drip with the fresh blood!" The remembrance seemed for a while to
+overpower her, and she drooped and would have sunk down but for her
+husband's sustaining arm. With a great effort she recovered herself and
+went on:--
+
+"Then he spoke to me mockingly, 'And so you, like the others, would play
+your brains against mine. You would help these men to hunt me and
+frustrate me in my designs! You know now, and they know in part already,
+and will know in full before long, what it is to cross my path. They
+should have kept their energies for use closer to home. Whilst they
+played wits against me--against me who commanded nations, and intrigued
+for them, and fought for them, hundreds of years before they were
+born--I was countermining them. And you, their best beloved one, are now
+to me, flesh of my flesh; blood of my blood; kin of my kin; my bountiful
+wine-press for a while; and shall be later on my companion and my
+helper. You shall be avenged in turn; for not one of them but shall
+minister to your needs. But as yet you are to be punished for what you
+have done. You have aided in thwarting me; now you shall come to my
+call. When my brain says "Come!" to you, you shall cross land or sea to
+do my bidding; and to that end this!' With that he pulled open his
+shirt, and with his long sharp nails opened a vein in his breast. When
+the blood began to spurt out, he took my hands in one of his, holding
+them tight, and with the other seized my neck and pressed my mouth to
+the wound, so that I must either suffocate or swallow some of the---- Oh
+my God! my God! what have I done? What have I done to deserve such a
+fate, I who have tried to walk in meekness and righteousness all my
+days. God pity me! Look down on a poor soul in worse than mortal peril;
+and in mercy pity those to whom she is dear!" Then she began to rub her
+lips as though to cleanse them from pollution.
+
+As she was telling her terrible story, the eastern sky began to quicken,
+and everything became more and more clear. Harker was still and quiet;
+but over his face, as the awful narrative went on, came a grey look
+which deepened and deepened in the morning light, till when the first
+red streak of the coming dawn shot up, the flesh stood darkly out
+against the whitening hair.
+
+We have arranged that one of us is to stay within call of the unhappy
+pair till we can meet together and arrange about taking action.
+
+Of this I am sure: the sun rises to-day on no more miserable house in
+all the great round of its daily course.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+JONATHAN HARKER'S JOURNAL
+
+
+_3 October._--As I must do something or go mad, I write this diary. It
+is now six o'clock, and we are to meet in the study in half an hour and
+take something to eat; for Dr. Van Helsing and Dr. Seward are agreed
+that if we do not eat we cannot work our best. Our best will be, God
+knows, required to-day. I must keep writing at every chance, for I dare
+not stop to think. All, big and little, must go down; perhaps at the end
+the little things may teach us most. The teaching, big or little, could
+not have landed Mina or me anywhere worse than we are to-day. However,
+we must trust and hope. Poor Mina told me just now, with the tears
+running down her dear cheeks, that it is in trouble and trial that our
+faith is tested--that we must keep on trusting; and that God will aid us
+up to the end. The end! oh my God! what end?... To work! To work!
+
+When Dr. Van Helsing and Dr. Seward had come back from seeing poor
+Renfield, we went gravely into what was to be done. First, Dr. Seward
+told us that when he and Dr. Van Helsing had gone down to the room below
+they had found Renfield lying on the floor, all in a heap. His face was
+all bruised and crushed in, and the bones of the neck were broken.
+
+Dr. Seward asked the attendant who was on duty in the passage if he had
+heard anything. He said that he had been sitting down--he confessed to
+half dozing--when he heard loud voices in the room, and then Renfield
+had called out loudly several times, "God! God! God!" after that there
+was a sound of falling, and when he entered the room he found him lying
+on the floor, face down, just as the doctors had seen him. Van Helsing
+asked if he had heard "voices" or "a voice," and he said he could not
+say; that at first it had seemed to him as if there were two, but as
+there was no one in the room it could have been only one. He could swear
+to it, if required, that the word "God" was spoken by the patient. Dr.
+Seward said to us, when we were alone, that he did not wish to go into
+the matter; the question of an inquest had to be considered, and it
+would never do to put forward the truth, as no one would believe it. As
+it was, he thought that on the attendant's evidence he could give a
+certificate of death by misadventure in falling from bed. In case the
+coroner should demand it, there would be a formal inquest, necessarily
+to the same result.
+
+When the question began to be discussed as to what should be our next
+step, the very first thing we decided was that Mina should be in full
+confidence; that nothing of any sort--no matter how painful--should be
+kept from her. She herself agreed as to its wisdom, and it was pitiful
+to see her so brave and yet so sorrowful, and in such a depth of
+despair. "There must be no concealment," she said, "Alas! we have had
+too much already. And besides there is nothing in all the world that can
+give me more pain than I have already endured--than I suffer now!
+Whatever may happen, it must be of new hope or of new courage to me!"
+Van Helsing was looking at her fixedly as she spoke, and said, suddenly
+but quietly:--
+
+"But dear Madam Mina, are you not afraid; not for yourself, but for
+others from yourself, after what has happened?" Her face grew set in its
+lines, but her eyes shone with the devotion of a martyr as she
+answered:--
+
+"Ah no! for my mind is made up!"
+
+"To what?" he asked gently, whilst we were all very still; for each in
+our own way we had a sort of vague idea of what she meant. Her answer
+came with direct simplicity, as though she were simply stating a fact:--
+
+"Because if I find in myself--and I shall watch keenly for it--a sign of
+harm to any that I love, I shall die!"
+
+"You would not kill yourself?" he asked, hoarsely.
+
+"I would; if there were no friend who loved me, who would save me such a
+pain, and so desperate an effort!" She looked at him meaningly as she
+spoke. He was sitting down; but now he rose and came close to her and
+put his hand on her head as he said solemnly:
+
+"My child, there is such an one if it were for your good. For myself I
+could hold it in my account with God to find such an euthanasia for you,
+even at this moment if it were best. Nay, were it safe! But my
+child----" For a moment he seemed choked, and a great sob rose in his
+throat; he gulped it down and went on:--
+
+"There are here some who would stand between you and death. You must not
+die. You must not die by any hand; but least of all by your own. Until
+the other, who has fouled your sweet life, is true dead you must not
+die; for if he is still with the quick Un-Dead, your death would make
+you even as he is. No, you must live! You must struggle and strive to
+live, though death would seem a boon unspeakable. You must fight Death
+himself, though he come to you in pain or in joy; by the day, or the
+night; in safety or in peril! On your living soul I charge you that you
+do not die--nay, nor think of death--till this great evil be past." The
+poor dear grew white as death, and shock and shivered, as I have seen a
+quicksand shake and shiver at the incoming of the tide. We were all
+silent; we could do nothing. At length she grew more calm and turning to
+him said, sweetly, but oh! so sorrowfully, as she held out her hand:--
+
+"I promise you, my dear friend, that if God will let me live, I shall
+strive to do so; till, if it may be in His good time, this horror may
+have passed away from me." She was so good and brave that we all felt
+that our hearts were strengthened to work and endure for her, and we
+began to discuss what we were to do. I told her that she was to have all
+the papers in the safe, and all the papers or diaries and phonographs we
+might hereafter use; and was to keep the record as she had done before.
+She was pleased with the prospect of anything to do--if "pleased" could
+be used in connection with so grim an interest.
+
+As usual Van Helsing had thought ahead of everyone else, and was
+prepared with an exact ordering of our work.
+
+"It is perhaps well," he said, "that at our meeting after our visit to
+Carfax we decided not to do anything with the earth-boxes that lay
+there. Had we done so, the Count must have guessed our purpose, and
+would doubtless have taken measures in advance to frustrate such an
+effort with regard to the others; but now he does not know our
+intentions. Nay, more, in all probability, he does not know that such a
+power exists to us as can sterilise his lairs, so that he cannot use
+them as of old. We are now so much further advanced in our knowledge as
+to their disposition that, when we have examined the house in
+Piccadilly, we may track the very last of them. To-day, then, is ours;
+and in it rests our hope. The sun that rose on our sorrow this morning
+guards us in its course. Until it sets to-night, that monster must
+retain whatever form he now has. He is confined within the limitations
+of his earthly envelope. He cannot melt into thin air nor disappear
+through cracks or chinks or crannies. If he go through a doorway, he
+must open the door like a mortal. And so we have this day to hunt out
+all his lairs and sterilise them. So we shall, if we have not yet catch
+him and destroy him, drive him to bay in some place where the catching
+and the destroying shall be, in time, sure." Here I started up for I
+could not contain myself at the thought that the minutes and seconds so
+preciously laden with Mina's life and happiness were flying from us,
+since whilst we talked action was impossible. But Van Helsing held up
+his hand warningly. "Nay, friend Jonathan," he said, "in this, the
+quickest way home is the longest way, so your proverb say. We shall all
+act and act with desperate quick, when the time has come. But think, in
+all probable the key of the situation is in that house in Piccadilly.
+The Count may have many houses which he has bought. Of them he will have
+deeds of purchase, keys and other things. He will have paper that he
+write on; he will have his book of cheques. There are many belongings
+that he must have somewhere; why not in this place so central, so quiet,
+where he come and go by the front or the back at all hour, when in the
+very vast of the traffic there is none to notice. We shall go there and
+search that house; and when we learn what it holds, then we do what our
+friend Arthur call, in his phrases of hunt 'stop the earths' and so we
+run down our old fox--so? is it not?"
+
+"Then let us come at once," I cried, "we are wasting the precious,
+precious time!" The Professor did not move, but simply said:--
+
+"And how are we to get into that house in Piccadilly?"
+
+"Any way!" I cried. "We shall break in if need be."
+
+"And your police; where will they be, and what will they say?"
+
+I was staggered; but I knew that if he wished to delay he had a good
+reason for it. So I said, as quietly as I could:--
+
+"Don't wait more than need be; you know, I am sure, what torture I am
+in."
+
+"Ah, my child, that I do; and indeed there is no wish of me to add to
+your anguish. But just think, what can we do, until all the world be at
+movement. Then will come our time. I have thought and thought, and it
+seems to me that the simplest way is the best of all. Now we wish to get
+into the house, but we have no key; is it not so?" I nodded.
+
+"Now suppose that you were, in truth, the owner of that house, and could
+not still get it; and think there was to you no conscience of the
+housebreaker, what would you do?"
+
+"I should get a respectable locksmith, and set him to work to pick the
+lock for me."
+
+"And your police, they would interfere, would they not?"
+
+"Oh, no! not if they knew the man was properly employed."
+
+"Then," he looked at me as keenly as he spoke, "all that is in doubt is
+the conscience of the employer, and the belief of your policemen as to
+whether or no that employer has a good conscience or a bad one. Your
+police must indeed be zealous men and clever--oh, so clever!--in reading
+the heart, that they trouble themselves in such matter. No, no, my
+friend Jonathan, you go take the lock off a hundred empty house in this
+your London, or of any city in the world; and if you do it as such
+things are rightly done, and at the time such things are rightly done,
+no one will interfere. I have read of a gentleman who owned a so fine
+house in London, and when he went for months of summer to Switzerland
+and lock up his house, some burglar came and broke window at back and
+got in. Then he went and made open the shutters in front and walk out
+and in through the door, before the very eyes of the police. Then he
+have an auction in that house, and advertise it, and put up big notice;
+and when the day come he sell off by a great auctioneer all the goods of
+that other man who own them. Then he go to a builder, and he sell him
+that house, making an agreement that he pull it down and take all away
+within a certain time. And your police and other authority help him all
+they can. And when that owner come back from his holiday in Switzerland
+he find only an empty hole where his house had been. This was all done
+_en règle_; and in our work we shall be _en règle_ too. We shall not go
+so early that the policemen who have then little to think of, shall deem
+it strange; but we shall go after ten o'clock, when there are many
+about, and such things would be done were we indeed owners of the
+house."
+
+I could not but see how right he was and the terrible despair of Mina's
+face became relaxed a thought; there was hope in such good counsel. Van
+Helsing went on:--
+
+"When once within that house we may find more clues; at any rate some of
+us can remain there whilst the rest find the other places where there be
+more earth-boxes--at Bermondsey and Mile End."
+
+Lord Godalming stood up. "I can be of some use here," he said. "I shall
+wire to my people to have horses and carriages where they will be most
+convenient."
+
+"Look here, old fellow," said Morris, "it is a capital idea to have all
+ready in case we want to go horsebacking; but don't you think that one
+of your snappy carriages with its heraldic adornments in a byway of
+Walworth or Mile End would attract too much attention for our purposes?
+It seems to me that we ought to take cabs when we go south or east; and
+even leave them somewhere near the neighbourhood we are going to."
+
+"Friend Quincey is right!" said the Professor. "His head is what you
+call in plane with the horizon. It is a difficult thing that we go to
+do, and we do not want no peoples to watch us if so it may."
+
+Mina took a growing interest in everything and I was rejoiced to see
+that the exigency of affairs was helping her to forget for a time the
+terrible experience of the night. She was very, very pale--almost
+ghastly, and so thin that her lips were drawn away, showing her teeth in
+somewhat of prominence. I did not mention this last, lest it should give
+her needless pain; but it made my blood run cold in my veins to think of
+what had occurred with poor Lucy when the Count had sucked her blood. As
+yet there was no sign of the teeth growing sharper; but the time as yet
+was short, and there was time for fear.
+
+When we came to the discussion of the sequence of our efforts and of the
+disposition of our forces, there were new sources of doubt. It was
+finally agreed that before starting for Piccadilly we should destroy the
+Count's lair close at hand. In case he should find it out too soon, we
+should thus be still ahead of him in our work of destruction; and his
+presence in his purely material shape, and at his weakest, might give us
+some new clue.
+
+As to the disposal of forces, it was suggested by the Professor that,
+after our visit to Carfax, we should all enter the house in Piccadilly;
+that the two doctors and I should remain there, whilst Lord Godalming
+and Quincey found the lairs at Walworth and Mile End and destroyed them.
+It was possible, if not likely, the Professor urged, that the Count
+might appear in Piccadilly during the day, and that if so we might be
+able to cope with him then and there. At any rate, we might be able to
+follow him in force. To this plan I strenuously objected, and so far as
+my going was concerned, for I said that I intended to stay and protect
+Mina, I thought that my mind was made up on the subject; but Mina would
+not listen to my objection. She said that there might be some law matter
+in which I could be useful; that amongst the Count's papers might be
+some clue which I could understand out of my experience in Transylvania;
+and that, as it was, all the strength we could muster was required to
+cope with the Count's extraordinary power. I had to give in, for Mina's
+resolution was fixed; she said that it was the last hope for _her_ that
+we should all work together. "As for me," she said, "I have no fear.
+Things have been as bad as they can be; and whatever may happen must
+have in it some element of hope or comfort. Go, my husband! God can, if
+He wishes it, guard me as well alone as with any one present." So I
+started up crying out: "Then in God's name let us come at once, for we
+are losing time. The Count may come to Piccadilly earlier than we
+think."
+
+"Not so!" said Van Helsing, holding up his hand.
+
+"But why?" I asked.
+
+"Do you forget," he said, with actually a smile, "that last night he
+banqueted heavily, and will sleep late?"
+
+Did I forget! shall I ever--can I ever! Can any of us ever forget that
+terrible scene! Mina struggled hard to keep her brave countenance; but
+the pain overmastered her and she put her hands before her face, and
+shuddered whilst she moaned. Van Helsing had not intended to recall her
+frightful experience. He had simply lost sight of her and her part in
+the affair in his intellectual effort. When it struck him what he said,
+he was horrified at his thoughtlessness and tried to comfort her. "Oh,
+Madam Mina," he said, "dear, dear Madam Mina, alas! that I of all who so
+reverence you should have said anything so forgetful. These stupid old
+lips of mine and this stupid old head do not deserve so; but you will
+forget it, will you not?" He bent low beside her as he spoke; she took
+his hand, and looking at him through her tears, said hoarsely:--
+
+"No, I shall not forget, for it is well that I remember; and with it I
+have so much in memory of you that is sweet, that I take it all
+together. Now, you must all be going soon. Breakfast is ready, and we
+must all eat that we may be strong."
+
+Breakfast was a strange meal to us all. We tried to be cheerful and
+encourage each other, and Mina was the brightest and most cheerful of
+us. When it was over, Van Helsing stood up and said:--
+
+"Now, my dear friends, we go forth to our terrible enterprise. Are we
+all armed, as we were on that night when first we visited our enemy's
+lair; armed against ghostly as well as carnal attack?" We all assured
+him. "Then it is well. Now, Madam Mina, you are in any case _quite_ safe
+here until the sunset; and before then we shall return--if---- We shall
+return! But before we go let me see you armed against personal attack. I
+have myself, since you came down, prepared your chamber by the placing
+of things of which we know, so that He may not enter. Now let me guard
+yourself. On your forehead I touch this piece of Sacred Wafer in the
+name of the Father, the Son, and----"
+
+There was a fearful scream which almost froze our hearts to hear. As he
+had placed the Wafer on Mina's forehead, it had seared it--had burned
+into the flesh as though it had been a piece of white-hot metal. My poor
+darling's brain had told her the significance of the fact as quickly as
+her nerves received the pain of it; and the two so overwhelmed her that
+her overwrought nature had its voice in that dreadful scream. But the
+words to her thought came quickly; the echo of the scream had not ceased
+to ring on the air when there came the reaction, and she sank on her
+knees on the floor in an agony of abasement. Pulling her beautiful hair
+over her face, as the leper of old his mantle, she wailed out:--
+
+"Unclean! Unclean! Even the Almighty shuns my polluted flesh! I must
+bear this mark of shame upon my forehead until the Judgment Day." They
+all paused. I had thrown myself beside her in an agony of helpless
+grief, and putting my arms around held her tight. For a few minutes our
+sorrowful hearts beat together, whilst the friends around us turned away
+their eyes that ran tears silently. Then Van Helsing turned and said
+gravely; so gravely that I could not help feeling that he was in some
+way inspired, and was stating things outside himself:--
+
+"It may be that you may have to bear that mark till God himself see fit,
+as He most surely shall, on the Judgment Day, to redress all wrongs of
+the earth and of His children that He has placed thereon. And oh, Madam
+Mina, my dear, my dear, may we who love you be there to see, when that
+red scar, the sign of God's knowledge of what has been, shall pass away,
+and leave your forehead as pure as the heart we know. For so surely as
+we live, that scar shall pass away when God sees right to lift the
+burden that is hard upon us. Till then we bear our Cross, as His Son did
+in obedience to His Will. It may be that we are chosen instruments of
+His good pleasure, and that we ascend to His bidding as that other
+through stripes and shame; through tears and blood; through doubts and
+fears, and all that makes the difference between God and man."
+
+There was hope in his words, and comfort; and they made for resignation.
+Mina and I both felt so, and simultaneously we each took one of the old
+man's hands and bent over and kissed it. Then without a word we all
+knelt down together, and, all holding hands, swore to be true to each
+other. We men pledged ourselves to raise the veil of sorrow from the
+head of her whom, each in his own way, we loved; and we prayed for help
+and guidance in the terrible task which lay before us.
+
+It was then time to start. So I said farewell to Mina, a parting which
+neither of us shall forget to our dying day; and we set out.
+
+To one thing I have made up my mind: if we find out that Mina must be a
+vampire in the end, then she shall not go into that unknown and terrible
+land alone. I suppose it is thus that in old times one vampire meant
+many; just as their hideous bodies could only rest in sacred earth, so
+the holiest love was the recruiting sergeant for their ghastly ranks.
+
+We entered Carfax without trouble and found all things the same as on
+the first occasion. It was hard to believe that amongst so prosaic
+surroundings of neglect and dust and decay there was any ground for such
+fear as already we knew. Had not our minds been made up, and had there
+not been terrible memories to spur us on, we could hardly have proceeded
+with our task. We found no papers, or any sign of use in the house; and
+in the old chapel the great boxes looked just as we had seen them last.
+Dr. Van Helsing said to us solemnly as we stood before them:--
+
+"And now, my friends, we have a duty here to do. We must sterilise this
+earth, so sacred of holy memories, that he has brought from a far
+distant land for such fell use. He has chosen this earth because it has
+been holy. Thus we defeat him with his own weapon, for we make it more
+holy still. It was sanctified to such use of man, now we sanctify it to
+God." As he spoke he took from his bag a screwdriver and a wrench, and
+very soon the top of one of the cases was thrown open. The earth smelled
+musty and close; but we did not somehow seem to mind, for our attention
+was concentrated on the Professor. Taking from his box a piece of the
+Sacred Wafer he laid it reverently on the earth, and then shutting down
+the lid began to screw it home, we aiding him as he worked.
+
+One by one we treated in the same way each of the great boxes, and left
+them as we had found them to all appearance; but in each was a portion
+of the Host.
+
+When we closed the door behind us, the Professor said solemnly:--
+
+"So much is already done. If it may be that with all the others we can
+be so successful, then the sunset of this evening may shine on Madam
+Mina's forehead all white as ivory and with no stain!"
+
+As we passed across the lawn on our way to the station to catch our
+train we could see the front of the asylum. I looked eagerly, and in the
+window of my own room saw Mina. I waved my hand to her, and nodded to
+tell that our work there was successfully accomplished. She nodded in
+reply to show that she understood. The last I saw, she was waving her
+hand in farewell. It was with a heavy heart that we sought the station
+and just caught the train, which was steaming in as we reached the
+platform.
+
+I have written this in the train.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Piccadilly, 12:30 o'clock._--Just before we reached Fenchurch Street
+Lord Godalming said to me:--
+
+"Quincey and I will find a locksmith. You had better not come with us in
+case there should be any difficulty; for under the circumstances it
+wouldn't seem so bad for us to break into an empty house. But you are a
+solicitor and the Incorporated Law Society might tell you that you
+should have known better." I demurred as to my not sharing any danger
+even of odium, but he went on: "Besides, it will attract less attention
+if there are not too many of us. My title will make it all right with
+the locksmith, and with any policeman that may come along. You had
+better go with Jack and the Professor and stay in the Green Park,
+somewhere in sight of the house; and when you see the door opened and
+the smith has gone away, do you all come across. We shall be on the
+lookout for you, and shall let you in."
+
+"The advice is good!" said Van Helsing, so we said no more. Godalming
+and Morris hurried off in a cab, we following in another. At the corner
+of Arlington Street our contingent got out and strolled into the Green
+Park. My heart beat as I saw the house on which so much of our hope was
+centred, looming up grim and silent in its deserted condition amongst
+its more lively and spruce-looking neighbours. We sat down on a bench
+within good view, and began to smoke cigars so as to attract as little
+attention as possible. The minutes seemed to pass with leaden feet as we
+waited for the coming of the others.
+
+At length we saw a four-wheeler drive up. Out of it, in leisurely
+fashion, got Lord Godalming and Morris; and down from the box descended
+a thick-set working man with his rush-woven basket of tools. Morris paid
+the cabman, who touched his hat and drove away. Together the two
+ascended the steps, and Lord Godalming pointed out what he wanted done.
+The workman took off his coat leisurely and hung it on one of the spikes
+of the rail, saying something to a policeman who just then sauntered
+along. The policeman nodded acquiescence, and the man kneeling down
+placed his bag beside him. After searching through it, he took out a
+selection of tools which he produced to lay beside him in orderly
+fashion. Then he stood up, looked into the keyhole, blew into it, and
+turning to his employers, made some remark. Lord Godalming smiled, and
+the man lifted a good-sized bunch of keys; selecting one of them, he
+began to probe the lock, as if feeling his way with it. After fumbling
+about for a bit he tried a second, and then a third. All at once the
+door opened under a slight push from him, and he and the two others
+entered the hall. We sat still; my own cigar burnt furiously, but Van
+Helsing's went cold altogether. We waited patiently as we saw the
+workman come out and bring in his bag. Then he held the door partly
+open, steadying it with his knees, whilst he fitted a key to the lock.
+This he finally handed to Lord Godalming, who took out his purse and
+gave him something. The man touched his hat, took his bag, put on his
+coat and departed; not a soul took the slightest notice of the whole
+transaction.
+
+When the man had fairly gone, we three crossed the street and knocked at
+the door. It was immediately opened by Quincey Morris, beside whom stood
+Lord Godalming lighting a cigar.
+
+"The place smells so vilely," said the latter as we came in. It did
+indeed smell vilely--like the old chapel at Carfax--and with our
+previous experience it was plain to us that the Count had been using the
+place pretty freely. We moved to explore the house, all keeping together
+in case of attack; for we knew we had a strong and wily enemy to deal
+with, and as yet we did not know whether the Count might not be in the
+house. In the dining-room, which lay at the back of the hall, we found
+eight boxes of earth. Eight boxes only out of the nine, which we sought!
+Our work was not over, and would never be until we should have found the
+missing box. First we opened the shutters of the window which looked out
+across a narrow stone-flagged yard at the blank face of a stable,
+pointed to look like the front of a miniature house. There were no
+windows in it, so we were not afraid of being over-looked. We did not
+lose any time in examining the chests. With the tools which we had
+brought with us we opened them, one by one, and treated them as we had
+treated those others in the old chapel. It was evident to us that the
+Count was not at present in the house, and we proceeded to search for
+any of his effects.
+
+After a cursory glance at the rest of the rooms, from basement to attic,
+we came to the conclusion that the dining-room contained any effects
+which might belong to the Count; and so we proceeded to minutely examine
+them. They lay in a sort of orderly disorder on the great dining-room
+table. There were title deeds of the Piccadilly house in a great bundle;
+deeds of the purchase of the houses at Mile End and Bermondsey;
+note-paper, envelopes, and pens and ink. All were covered up in thin
+wrapping paper to keep them from the dust. There were also a clothes
+brush, a brush and comb, and a jug and basin--the latter containing
+dirty water which was reddened as if with blood. Last of all was a
+little heap of keys of all sorts and sizes, probably those belonging to
+the other houses. When we had examined this last find, Lord Godalming
+and Quincey Morris taking accurate notes of the various addresses of the
+houses in the East and the South, took with them the keys in a great
+bunch, and set out to destroy the boxes in these places. The rest of us
+are, with what patience we can, waiting their return--or the coming of
+the Count.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII
+
+DR. SEWARD'S DIARY
+
+
+_3 October._--The time seemed terrible long whilst we were waiting for
+the coming of Godalming and Quincey Morris. The Professor tried to keep
+our minds active by using them all the time. I could see his beneficent
+purpose, by the side glances which he threw from time to time at Harker.
+The poor fellow is overwhelmed in a misery that is appalling to see.
+Last night he was a frank, happy-looking man, with strong, youthful
+face, full of energy, and with dark brown hair. To-day he is a drawn,
+haggard old man, whose white hair matches well with the hollow burning
+eyes and grief-written lines of his face. His energy is still intact; in
+fact, he is like a living flame. This may yet be his salvation, for, if
+all go well, it will tide him over the despairing period; he will then,
+in a kind of way, wake again to the realities of life. Poor fellow, I
+thought my own trouble was bad enough, but his----! The Professor knows
+this well enough, and is doing his best to keep his mind active. What he
+has been saying was, under the circumstances, of absorbing interest. So
+well as I can remember, here it is:--
+
+"I have studied, over and over again since they came into my hands, all
+the papers relating to this monster; and the more I have studied, the
+greater seems the necessity to utterly stamp him out. All through there
+are signs of his advance; not only of his power, but of his knowledge of
+it. As I learned from the researches of my friend Arminus of Buda-Pesth,
+he was in life a most wonderful man. Soldier, statesman, and
+alchemist--which latter was the highest development of the
+science-knowledge of his time. He had a mighty brain, a learning beyond
+compare, and a heart that knew no fear and no remorse. He dared even to
+attend the Scholomance, and there was no branch of knowledge of his time
+that he did not essay. Well, in him the brain powers survived the
+physical death; though it would seem that memory was not all complete.
+In some faculties of mind he has been, and is, only a child; but he is
+growing, and some things that were childish at the first are now of
+man's stature. He is experimenting, and doing it well; and if it had not
+been that we have crossed his path he would be yet--he may be yet if we
+fail--the father or furtherer of a new order of beings, whose road must
+lead through Death, not Life."
+
+Harker groaned and said, "And this is all arrayed against my darling!
+But how is he experimenting? The knowledge may help us to defeat him!"
+
+"He has all along, since his coming, been trying his power, slowly but
+surely; that big child-brain of his is working. Well for us, it is, as
+yet, a child-brain; for had he dared, at the first, to attempt certain
+things he would long ago have been beyond our power. However, he means
+to succeed, and a man who has centuries before him can afford to wait
+and to go slow. _Festina lente_ may well be his motto."
+
+"I fail to understand," said Harker wearily. "Oh, do be more plain to
+me! Perhaps grief and trouble are dulling my brain."
+
+The Professor laid his hand tenderly on his shoulder as he spoke:--
+
+"Ah, my child, I will be plain. Do you not see how, of late, this
+monster has been creeping into knowledge experimentally. How he has been
+making use of the zoöphagous patient to effect his entry into friend
+John's home; for your Vampire, though in all afterwards he can come when
+and how he will, must at the first make entry only when asked thereto by
+an inmate. But these are not his most important experiments. Do we not
+see how at the first all these so great boxes were moved by others. He
+knew not then but that must be so. But all the time that so great
+child-brain of his was growing, and he began to consider whether he
+might not himself move the box. So he began to help; and then, when he
+found that this be all-right, he try to move them all alone. And so he
+progress, and he scatter these graves of him; and none but he know where
+they are hidden. He may have intend to bury them deep in the ground. So
+that he only use them in the night, or at such time as he can change his
+form, they do him equal well; and none may know these are his
+hiding-place! But, my child, do not despair; this knowledge come to him
+just too late! Already all of his lairs but one be sterilise as for him;
+and before the sunset this shall be so. Then he have no place where he
+can move and hide. I delayed this morning that so we might be sure. Is
+there not more at stake for us than for him? Then why we not be even
+more careful than him? By my clock it is one hour and already, if all be
+well, friend Arthur and Quincey are on their way to us. To-day is our
+day, and we must go sure, if slow, and lose no chance. See! there are
+five of us when those absent ones return."
+
+Whilst he was speaking we were startled by a knock at the hall door, the
+double postman's knock of the telegraph boy. We all moved out to the
+hall with one impulse, and Van Helsing, holding up his hand to us to
+keep silence, stepped to the door and opened it. The boy handed in a
+despatch. The Professor closed the door again, and, after looking at the
+direction, opened it and read aloud.
+
+"Look out for D. He has just now, 12:45, come from Carfax hurriedly and
+hastened towards the South. He seems to be going the round and may want
+to see you: Mina."
+
+There was a pause, broken by Jonathan Harker's voice:--
+
+"Now, God be thanked, we shall soon meet!" Van Helsing turned to him
+quickly and said:--
+
+"God will act in His own way and time. Do not fear, and do not rejoice
+as yet; for what we wish for at the moment may be our undoings."
+
+"I care for nothing now," he answered hotly, "except to wipe out this
+brute from the face of creation. I would sell my soul to do it!"
+
+"Oh, hush, hush, my child!" said Van Helsing. "God does not purchase
+souls in this wise; and the Devil, though he may purchase, does not keep
+faith. But God is merciful and just, and knows your pain and your
+devotion to that dear Madam Mina. Think you, how her pain would be
+doubled, did she but hear your wild words. Do not fear any of us, we are
+all devoted to this cause, and to-day shall see the end. The time is
+coming for action; to-day this Vampire is limit to the powers of man,
+and till sunset he may not change. It will take him time to arrive
+here--see, it is twenty minutes past one--and there are yet some times
+before he can hither come, be he never so quick. What we must hope for
+is that my Lord Arthur and Quincey arrive first."
+
+About half an hour after we had received Mrs. Harker's telegram, there
+came a quiet, resolute knock at the hall door. It was just an ordinary
+knock, such as is given hourly by thousands of gentlemen, but it made
+the Professor's heart and mine beat loudly. We looked at each other, and
+together moved out into the hall; we each held ready to use our various
+armaments--the spiritual in the left hand, the mortal in the right. Van
+Helsing pulled back the latch, and, holding the door half open, stood
+back, having both hands ready for action. The gladness of our hearts
+must have shown upon our faces when on the step, close to the door, we
+saw Lord Godalming and Quincey Morris. They came quickly in and closed
+the door behind them, the former saying, as they moved along the
+hall:--
+
+"It is all right. We found both places; six boxes in each and we
+destroyed them all!"
+
+"Destroyed?" asked the Professor.
+
+"For him!" We were silent for a minute, and then Quincey said:--
+
+"There's nothing to do but to wait here. If, however, he doesn't turn up
+by five o'clock, we must start off; for it won't do to leave Mrs. Harker
+alone after sunset."
+
+"He will be here before long now," said Van Helsing, who had been
+consulting his pocket-book. "_Nota bene_, in Madam's telegram he went
+south from Carfax, that means he went to cross the river, and he could
+only do so at slack of tide, which should be something before one
+o'clock. That he went south has a meaning for us. He is as yet only
+suspicious; and he went from Carfax first to the place where he would
+suspect interference least. You must have been at Bermondsey only a
+short time before him. That he is not here already shows that he went to
+Mile End next. This took him some time; for he would then have to be
+carried over the river in some way. Believe me, my friends, we shall not
+have long to wait now. We should have ready some plan of attack, so that
+we may throw away no chance. Hush, there is no time now. Have all your
+arms! Be ready!" He held up a warning hand as he spoke, for we all could
+hear a key softly inserted in the lock of the hall door.
+
+I could not but admire, even at such a moment, the way in which a
+dominant spirit asserted itself. In all our hunting parties and
+adventures in different parts of the world, Quincey Morris had always
+been the one to arrange the plan of action, and Arthur and I had been
+accustomed to obey him implicitly. Now, the old habit seemed to be
+renewed instinctively. With a swift glance around the room, he at once
+laid out our plan of attack, and, without speaking a word, with a
+gesture, placed us each in position. Van Helsing, Harker, and I were
+just behind the door, so that when it was opened the Professor could
+guard it whilst we two stepped between the incomer and the door.
+Godalming behind and Quincey in front stood just out of sight ready to
+move in front of the window. We waited in a suspense that made the
+seconds pass with nightmare slowness. The slow, careful steps came along
+the hall; the Count was evidently prepared for some surprise--at least
+he feared it.
+
+Suddenly with a single bound he leaped into the room, winning a way past
+us before any of us could raise a hand to stay him. There was something
+so panther-like in the movement--something so unhuman, that it seemed
+to sober us all from the shock of his coming. The first to act was
+Harker, who, with a quick movement, threw himself before the door
+leading into the room in the front of the house. As the Count saw us, a
+horrible sort of snarl passed over his face, showing the eye-teeth long
+and pointed; but the evil smile as quickly passed into a cold stare of
+lion-like disdain. His expression again changed as, with a single
+impulse, we all advanced upon him. It was a pity that we had not some
+better organised plan of attack, for even at the moment I wondered what
+we were to do. I did not myself know whether our lethal weapons would
+avail us anything. Harker evidently meant to try the matter, for he had
+ready his great Kukri knife and made a fierce and sudden cut at him. The
+blow was a powerful one; only the diabolical quickness of the Count's
+leap back saved him. A second less and the trenchant blade had shorne
+through his heart. As it was, the point just cut the cloth of his coat,
+making a wide gap whence a bundle of bank-notes and a stream of gold
+fell out. The expression of the Count's face was so hellish, that for a
+moment I feared for Harker, though I saw him throw the terrible knife
+aloft again for another stroke. Instinctively I moved forward with a
+protective impulse, holding the Crucifix and Wafer in my left hand. I
+felt a mighty power fly along my arm; and it was without surprise that I
+saw the monster cower back before a similar movement made spontaneously
+by each one of us. It would be impossible to describe the expression of
+hate and baffled malignity--of anger and hellish rage--which came over
+the Count's face. His waxen hue became greenish-yellow by the contrast
+of his burning eyes, and the red scar on the forehead showed on the
+pallid skin like a palpitating wound. The next instant, with a sinuous
+dive he swept under Harker's arm, ere his blow could fall, and, grasping
+a handful of the money from the floor, dashed across the room, threw
+himself at the window. Amid the crash and glitter of the falling glass,
+he tumbled into the flagged area below. Through the sound of the
+shivering glass I could hear the "ting" of the gold, as some of the
+sovereigns fell on the flagging.
+
+We ran over and saw him spring unhurt from the ground. He, rushing up
+the steps, crossed the flagged yard, and pushed open the stable door.
+There he turned and spoke to us:--
+
+"You think to baffle me, you--with your pale faces all in a row, like
+sheep in a butcher's. You shall be sorry yet, each one of you! You think
+you have left me without a place to rest; but I have more. My revenge is
+just begun! I spread it over centuries, and time is on my side. Your
+girls that you all love are mine already; and through them you and
+others shall yet be mine--my creatures, to do my bidding and to be my
+jackals when I want to feed. Bah!" With a contemptuous sneer, he passed
+quickly through the door, and we heard the rusty bolt creak as he
+fastened it behind him. A door beyond opened and shut. The first of us
+to speak was the Professor, as, realising the difficulty of following
+him through the stable, we moved toward the hall.
+
+"We have learnt something--much! Notwithstanding his brave words, he
+fears us; he fear time, he fear want! For if not, why he hurry so? His
+very tone betray him, or my ears deceive. Why take that money? You
+follow quick. You are hunters of wild beast, and understand it so. For
+me, I make sure that nothing here may be of use to him, if so that he
+return." As he spoke he put the money remaining into his pocket; took
+the title-deeds in the bundle as Harker had left them, and swept the
+remaining things into the open fireplace, where he set fire to them with
+a match.
+
+Godalming and Morris had rushed out into the yard, and Harker had
+lowered himself from the window to follow the Count. He had, however,
+bolted the stable door; and by the time they had forced it open there
+was no sign of him. Van Helsing and I tried to make inquiry at the back
+of the house; but the mews was deserted and no one had seen him depart.
+
+It was now late in the afternoon, and sunset was not far off. We had to
+recognise that our game was up; with heavy hearts we agreed with the
+Professor when he said:--
+
+"Let us go back to Madam Mina--poor, poor dear Madam Mina. All we can do
+just now is done; and we can there, at least, protect her. But we need
+not despair. There is but one more earth-box, and we must try to find
+it; when that is done all may yet be well." I could see that he spoke as
+bravely as he could to comfort Harker. The poor fellow was quite broken
+down; now and again he gave a low groan which he could not suppress--he
+was thinking of his wife.
+
+With sad hearts we came back to my house, where we found Mrs. Harker
+waiting us, with an appearance of cheerfulness which did honour to her
+bravery and unselfishness. When she saw our faces, her own became as
+pale as death: for a second or two her eyes were closed as if she were
+in secret prayer; and then she said cheerfully:--
+
+"I can never thank you all enough. Oh, my poor darling!" As she spoke,
+she took her husband's grey head in her hands and kissed it--"Lay your
+poor head here and rest it. All will yet be well, dear! God will protect
+us if He so will it in His good intent." The poor fellow groaned. There
+was no place for words in his sublime misery.
+
+We had a sort of perfunctory supper together, and I think it cheered us
+all up somewhat. It was, perhaps, the mere animal heat of food to hungry
+people--for none of us had eaten anything since breakfast--or the sense
+of companionship may have helped us; but anyhow we were all less
+miserable, and saw the morrow as not altogether without hope. True to
+our promise, we told Mrs. Harker everything which had passed; and
+although she grew snowy white at times when danger had seemed to
+threaten her husband, and red at others when his devotion to her was
+manifested, she listened bravely and with calmness. When we came to the
+part where Harker had rushed at the Count so recklessly, she clung to
+her husband's arm, and held it tight as though her clinging could
+protect him from any harm that might come. She said nothing, however,
+till the narration was all done, and matters had been brought right up
+to the present time. Then without letting go her husband's hand she
+stood up amongst us and spoke. Oh, that I could give any idea of the
+scene; of that sweet, sweet, good, good woman in all the radiant beauty
+of her youth and animation, with the red scar on her forehead, of which
+she was conscious, and which we saw with grinding of our
+teeth--remembering whence and how it came; her loving kindness against
+our grim hate; her tender faith against all our fears and doubting; and
+we, knowing that so far as symbols went, she with all her goodness and
+purity and faith, was outcast from God.
+
+"Jonathan," she said, and the word sounded like music on her lips it was
+so full of love and tenderness, "Jonathan dear, and you all my true,
+true friends, I want you to bear something in mind through all this
+dreadful time. I know that you must fight--that you must destroy even as
+you destroyed the false Lucy so that the true Lucy might live hereafter;
+but it is not a work of hate. That poor soul who has wrought all this
+misery is the saddest case of all. Just think what will be his joy when
+he, too, is destroyed in his worser part that his better part may have
+spiritual immortality. You must be pitiful to him, too, though it may
+not hold your hands from his destruction."
+
+As she spoke I could see her husband's face darken and draw together, as
+though the passion in him were shrivelling his being to its core.
+Instinctively the clasp on his wife's hand grew closer, till his
+knuckles looked white. She did not flinch from the pain which I knew she
+must have suffered, but looked at him with eyes that were more appealing
+than ever. As she stopped speaking he leaped to his feet, almost tearing
+his hand from hers as he spoke:--
+
+"May God give him into my hand just for long enough to destroy that
+earthly life of him which we are aiming at. If beyond it I could send
+his soul for ever and ever to burning hell I would do it!"
+
+"Oh, hush! oh, hush! in the name of the good God. Don't say such things,
+Jonathan, my husband; or you will crush me with fear and horror. Just
+think, my dear--I have been thinking all this long, long day of it--that
+... perhaps ... some day ... I, too, may need such pity; and that some
+other like you--and with equal cause for anger--may deny it to me! Oh,
+my husband! my husband, indeed I would have spared you such a thought
+had there been another way; but I pray that God may not have treasured
+your wild words, except as the heart-broken wail of a very loving and
+sorely stricken man. Oh, God, let these poor white hairs go in evidence
+of what he has suffered, who all his life has done no wrong, and on whom
+so many sorrows have come."
+
+We men were all in tears now. There was no resisting them, and we wept
+openly. She wept, too, to see that her sweeter counsels had prevailed.
+Her husband flung himself on his knees beside her, and putting his arms
+round her, hid his face in the folds of her dress. Van Helsing beckoned
+to us and we stole out of the room, leaving the two loving hearts alone
+with their God.
+
+Before they retired the Professor fixed up the room against any coming
+of the Vampire, and assured Mrs. Harker that she might rest in peace.
+She tried to school herself to the belief, and, manifestly for her
+husband's sake, tried to seem content. It was a brave struggle; and was,
+I think and believe, not without its reward. Van Helsing had placed at
+hand a bell which either of them was to sound in case of any emergency.
+When they had retired, Quincey, Godalming, and I arranged that we should
+sit up, dividing the night between us, and watch over the safety of the
+poor stricken lady. The first watch falls to Quincey, so the rest of us
+shall be off to bed as soon as we can. Godalming has already turned in,
+for his is the second watch. Now that my work is done I, too, shall go
+to bed.
+
+
+_Jonathan Harker's Journal._
+
+_3-4 October, close to midnight._--I thought yesterday would never end.
+There was over me a yearning for sleep, in some sort of blind belief
+that to wake would be to find things changed, and that any change must
+now be for the better. Before we parted, we discussed what our next step
+was to be, but we could arrive at no result. All we knew was that one
+earth-box remained, and that the Count alone knew where it was. If he
+chooses to lie hidden, he may baffle us for years; and in the
+meantime!--the thought is too horrible, I dare not think of it even now.
+This I know: that if ever there was a woman who was all perfection, that
+one is my poor wronged darling. I love her a thousand times more for her
+sweet pity of last night, a pity that made my own hate of the monster
+seem despicable. Surely God will not permit the world to be the poorer
+by the loss of such a creature. This is hope to me. We are all drifting
+reefwards now, and faith is our only anchor. Thank God! Mina is
+sleeping, and sleeping without dreams. I fear what her dreams might be
+like, with such terrible memories to ground them in. She has not been so
+calm, within my seeing, since the sunset. Then, for a while, there came
+over her face a repose which was like spring after the blasts of March.
+I thought at the time that it was the softness of the red sunset on her
+face, but somehow now I think it has a deeper meaning. I am not sleepy
+myself, though I am weary--weary to death. However, I must try to sleep;
+for there is to-morrow to think of, and there is no rest for me
+until....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Later._--I must have fallen asleep, for I was awaked by Mina, who was
+sitting up in bed, with a startled look on her face. I could see easily,
+for we did not leave the room in darkness; she had placed a warning hand
+over my mouth, and now she whispered in my ear:--
+
+"Hush! there is someone in the corridor!" I got up softly, and crossing
+the room, gently opened the door.
+
+Just outside, stretched on a mattress, lay Mr. Morris, wide awake. He
+raised a warning hand for silence as he whispered to me:--
+
+"Hush! go back to bed; it is all right. One of us will be here all
+night. We don't mean to take any chances!"
+
+His look and gesture forbade discussion, so I came back and told Mina.
+She sighed and positively a shadow of a smile stole over her poor, pale
+face as she put her arms round me and said softly:--
+
+"Oh, thank God for good brave men!" With a sigh she sank back again to
+sleep. I write this now as I am not sleepy, though I must try again.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_4 October, morning._--Once again during the night I was wakened by
+Mina. This time we had all had a good sleep, for the grey of the coming
+dawn was making the windows into sharp oblongs, and the gas flame was
+like a speck rather than a disc of light. She said to me hurriedly:--
+
+"Go, call the Professor. I want to see him at once."
+
+"Why?" I asked.
+
+"I have an idea. I suppose it must have come in the night, and matured
+without my knowing it. He must hypnotise me before the dawn, and then I
+shall be able to speak. Go quick, dearest; the time is getting close." I
+went to the door. Dr. Seward was resting on the mattress, and, seeing
+me, he sprang to his feet.
+
+"Is anything wrong?" he asked, in alarm.
+
+"No," I replied; "but Mina wants to see Dr. Van Helsing at once."
+
+"I will go," he said, and hurried into the Professor's room.
+
+In two or three minutes later Van Helsing was in the room in his
+dressing-gown, and Mr. Morris and Lord Godalming were with Dr. Seward at
+the door asking questions. When the Professor saw Mina a smile--a
+positive smile ousted the anxiety of his face; he rubbed his hands as he
+said:--
+
+"Oh, my dear Madam Mina, this is indeed a change. See! friend Jonathan,
+we have got our dear Madam Mina, as of old, back to us to-day!" Then
+turning to her, he said, cheerfully: "And what am I do for you? For at
+this hour you do not want me for nothings."
+
+"I want you to hypnotise me!" she said. "Do it before the dawn, for I
+feel that then I can speak, and speak freely. Be quick, for the time is
+short!" Without a word he motioned her to sit up in bed.
+
+Looking fixedly at her, he commenced to make passes in front of her,
+from over the top of her head downward, with each hand in turn. Mina
+gazed at him fixedly for a few minutes, during which my own heart beat
+like a trip hammer, for I felt that some crisis was at hand. Gradually
+her eyes closed, and she sat, stock still; only by the gentle heaving of
+her bosom could one know that she was alive. The Professor made a few
+more passes and then stopped, and I could see that his forehead was
+covered with great beads of perspiration. Mina opened her eyes; but she
+did not seem the same woman. There was a far-away look in her eyes, and
+her voice had a sad dreaminess which was new to me. Raising his hand to
+impose silence, the Professor motioned to me to bring the others in.
+They came on tip-toe, closing the door behind them, and stood at the
+foot of the bed, looking on. Mina appeared not to see them. The
+stillness was broken by Van Helsing's voice speaking in a low level tone
+which would not break the current of her thoughts:--
+
+"Where are you?" The answer came in a neutral way:--
+
+"I do not know. Sleep has no place it can call its own." For several
+minutes there was silence. Mina sat rigid, and the Professor stood
+staring at her fixedly; the rest of us hardly dared to breathe. The room
+was growing lighter; without taking his eyes from Mina's face, Dr. Van
+Helsing motioned me to pull up the blind. I did so, and the day seemed
+just upon us. A red streak shot up, and a rosy light seemed to diffuse
+itself through the room. On the instant the Professor spoke again:--
+
+"Where are you now?" The answer came dreamily, but with intention; it
+were as though she were interpreting something. I have heard her use the
+same tone when reading her shorthand notes.
+
+"I do not know. It is all strange to me!"
+
+"What do you see?"
+
+"I can see nothing; it is all dark."
+
+"What do you hear?" I could detect the strain in the Professor's patient
+voice.
+
+"The lapping of water. It is gurgling by, and little waves leap. I can
+hear them on the outside."
+
+"Then you are on a ship?" We all looked at each other, trying to glean
+something each from the other. We were afraid to think. The answer came
+quick:--
+
+"Oh, yes!"
+
+"What else do you hear?"
+
+"The sound of men stamping overhead as they run about. There is the
+creaking of a chain, and the loud tinkle as the check of the capstan
+falls into the rachet."
+
+"What are you doing?"
+
+"I am still--oh, so still. It is like death!" The voice faded away into
+a deep breath as of one sleeping, and the open eyes closed again.
+
+By this time the sun had risen, and we were all in the full light of
+day. Dr. Van Helsing placed his hands on Mina's shoulders, and laid her
+head down softly on her pillow. She lay like a sleeping child for a few
+moments, and then, with a long sigh, awoke and stared in wonder to see
+us all around her. "Have I been talking in my sleep?" was all she said.
+She seemed, however, to know the situation without telling, though she
+was eager to know what she had told. The Professor repeated the
+conversation, and she said:--
+
+"Then there is not a moment to lose: it may not be yet too late!" Mr.
+Morris and Lord Godalming started for the door but the Professor's calm
+voice called them back:--
+
+"Stay, my friends. That ship, wherever it was, was weighing anchor
+whilst she spoke. There are many ships weighing anchor at the moment in
+your so great Port of London. Which of them is it that you seek? God be
+thanked that we have once again a clue, though whither it may lead us we
+know not. We have been blind somewhat; blind after the manner of men,
+since when we can look back we see what we might have seen looking
+forward if we had been able to see what we might have seen! Alas, but
+that sentence is a puddle; is it not? We can know now what was in the
+Count's mind, when he seize that money, though Jonathan's so fierce
+knife put him in the danger that even he dread. He meant escape. Hear
+me, ESCAPE! He saw that with but one earth-box left, and a pack of men
+following like dogs after a fox, this London was no place for him. He
+have take his last earth-box on board a ship, and he leave the land. He
+think to escape, but no! we follow him. Tally Ho! as friend Arthur would
+say when he put on his red frock! Our old fox is wily; oh! so wily, and
+we must follow with wile. I, too, am wily and I think his mind in a
+little while. In meantime we may rest and in peace, for there are waters
+between us which he do not want to pass, and which he could not if he
+would--unless the ship were to touch the land, and then only at full or
+slack tide. See, and the sun is just rose, and all day to sunset is to
+us. Let us take bath, and dress, and have breakfast which we all need,
+and which we can eat comfortably since he be not in the same land with
+us." Mina looked at him appealingly as she asked:--
+
+"But why need we seek him further, when he is gone away from us?" He
+took her hand and patted it as he replied:--
+
+"Ask me nothings as yet. When we have breakfast, then I answer all
+questions." He would say no more, and we separated to dress.
+
+After breakfast Mina repeated her question. He looked at her gravely for
+a minute and then said sorrowfully:--
+
+"Because my dear, dear Madam Mina, now more than ever must we find him
+even if we have to follow him to the jaws of Hell!" She grew paler as
+she asked faintly:--
+
+"Why?"
+
+"Because," he answered solemnly, "he can live for centuries, and you are
+but mortal woman. Time is now to be dreaded--since once he put that mark
+upon your throat."
+
+I was just in time to catch her as she fell forward in a faint.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV
+
+DR. SEWARD'S PHONOGRAPH DIARY, SPOKEN BY VAN HELSING
+
+
+This to Jonathan Harker.
+
+You are to stay with your dear Madam Mina. We shall go to make our
+search--if I can call it so, for it is not search but knowing, and we
+seek confirmation only. But do you stay and take care of her to-day.
+This is your best and most holiest office. This day nothing can find him
+here. Let me tell you that so you will know what we four know already,
+for I have tell them. He, our enemy, have gone away; he have gone back
+to his Castle in Transylvania. I know it so well, as if a great hand of
+fire wrote it on the wall. He have prepare for this in some way, and
+that last earth-box was ready to ship somewheres. For this he took the
+money; for this he hurry at the last, lest we catch him before the sun
+go down. It was his last hope, save that he might hide in the tomb that
+he think poor Miss Lucy, being as he thought like him, keep open to him.
+But there was not of time. When that fail he make straight for his last
+resource--his last earth-work I might say did I wish _double entente_.
+He is clever, oh, so clever! he know that his game here was finish; and
+so he decide he go back home. He find ship going by the route he came,
+and he go in it. We go off now to find what ship, and whither bound;
+when we have discover that, we come back and tell you all. Then we will
+comfort you and poor dear Madam Mina with new hope. For it will be hope
+when you think it over: that all is not lost. This very creature that we
+pursue, he take hundreds of years to get so far as London; and yet in
+one day, when we know of the disposal of him we drive him out. He is
+finite, though he is powerful to do much harm and suffers not as we do.
+But we are strong, each in our purpose; and we are all more strong
+together. Take heart afresh, dear husband of Madam Mina. This battle is
+but begun, and in the end we shall win--so sure as that God sits on high
+to watch over His children. Therefore be of much comfort till we return.
+
+VAN HELSING.
+
+
+_Jonathan Harker's Journal._
+
+_4 October._--When I read to Mina, Van Helsing's message in the
+phonograph, the poor girl brightened up considerably. Already the
+certainty that the Count is out of the country has given her comfort;
+and comfort is strength to her. For my own part, now that his horrible
+danger is not face to face with us, it seems almost impossible to
+believe in it. Even my own terrible experiences in Castle Dracula seem
+like a long-forgotten dream. Here in the crisp autumn air in the bright
+sunlight----
+
+Alas! how can I disbelieve! In the midst of my thought my eye fell on
+the red scar on my poor darling's white forehead. Whilst that lasts,
+there can be no disbelief. And afterwards the very memory of it will
+keep faith crystal clear. Mina and I fear to be idle, so we have been
+over all the diaries again and again. Somehow, although the reality
+seems greater each time, the pain and the fear seem less. There is
+something of a guiding purpose manifest throughout, which is comforting.
+Mina says that perhaps we are the instruments of ultimate good. It may
+be! I shall try to think as she does. We have never spoken to each other
+yet of the future. It is better to wait till we see the Professor and
+the others after their investigations.
+
+The day is running by more quickly than I ever thought a day could run
+for me again. It is now three o'clock.
+
+
+_Mina Harker's Journal._
+
+_5 October, 5 p. m._--Our meeting for report. Present: Professor Van
+Helsing, Lord Godalming, Dr. Seward, Mr. Quincey Morris, Jonathan
+Harker, Mina Harker.
+
+Dr. Van Helsing described what steps were taken during the day to
+discover on what boat and whither bound Count Dracula made his escape:--
+
+"As I knew that he wanted to get back to Transylvania, I felt sure that
+he must go by the Danube mouth; or by somewhere in the Black Sea, since
+by that way he come. It was a dreary blank that was before us. _Omne
+ignotum pro magnifico_; and so with heavy hearts we start to find what
+ships leave for the Black Sea last night. He was in sailing ship, since
+Madam Mina tell of sails being set. These not so important as to go in
+your list of the shipping in the _Times_, and so we go, by suggestion of
+Lord Godalming, to your Lloyd's, where are note of all ships that sail,
+however so small. There we find that only one Black-Sea-bound ship go
+out with the tide. She is the _Czarina Catherine_, and she sail from
+Doolittle's Wharf for Varna, and thence on to other parts and up the
+Danube. 'Soh!' said I, 'this is the ship whereon is the Count.' So off
+we go to Doolittle's Wharf, and there we find a man in an office of wood
+so small that the man look bigger than the office. From him we inquire
+of the goings of the _Czarina Catherine_. He swear much, and he red face
+and loud of voice, but he good fellow all the same; and when Quincey
+give him something from his pocket which crackle as he roll it up, and
+put it in a so small bag which he have hid deep in his clothing, he
+still better fellow and humble servant to us. He come with us, and ask
+many men who are rough and hot; these be better fellows too when they
+have been no more thirsty. They say much of blood and bloom, and of
+others which I comprehend not, though I guess what they mean; but
+nevertheless they tell us all things which we want to know.
+
+"They make known to us among them, how last afternoon at about five
+o'clock comes a man so hurry. A tall man, thin and pale, with high nose
+and teeth so white, and eyes that seem to be burning. That he be all in
+black, except that he have a hat of straw which suit not him or the
+time. That he scatter his money in making quick inquiry as to what ship
+sails for the Black Sea and for where. Some took him to the office and
+then to the ship, where he will not go aboard but halt at shore end of
+gang-plank, and ask that the captain come to him. The captain come, when
+told that he will be pay well; and though he swear much at the first he
+agree to term. Then the thin man go and some one tell him where horse
+and cart can be hired. He go there and soon he come again, himself
+driving cart on which a great box; this he himself lift down, though it
+take several to put it on truck for the ship. He give much talk to
+captain as to how and where his box is to be place; but the captain like
+it not and swear at him in many tongues, and tell him that if he like he
+can come and see where it shall be. But he say 'no'; that he come not
+yet, for that he have much to do. Whereupon the captain tell him that he
+had better be quick--with blood--for that his ship will leave the
+place--of blood--before the turn of the tide--with blood. Then the thin
+man smile and say that of course he must go when he think fit; but he
+will be surprise if he go quite so soon. The captain swear again,
+polyglot, and the thin man make him bow, and thank him, and say that he
+will so far intrude on his kindness as to come aboard before the
+sailing. Final the captain, more red than ever, and in more tongues tell
+him that he doesn't want no Frenchmen--with bloom upon them and also
+with blood--in his ship--with blood on her also. And so, after asking
+where there might be close at hand a ship where he might purchase ship
+forms, he departed.
+
+"No one knew where he went 'or bloomin' well cared,' as they said, for
+they had something else to think of--well with blood again; for it soon
+became apparent to all that the _Czarina Catherine_ would not sail as
+was expected. A thin mist began to creep up from the river, and it grew,
+and grew; till soon a dense fog enveloped the ship and all around her.
+The captain swore polyglot--very polyglot--polyglot with bloom and
+blood; but he could do nothing. The water rose and rose; and he began to
+fear that he would lose the tide altogether. He was in no friendly mood,
+when just at full tide, the thin man came up the gang-plank again and
+asked to see where his box had been stowed. Then the captain replied
+that he wished that he and his box--old and with much bloom and
+blood--were in hell. But the thin man did not be offend, and went down
+with the mate and saw where it was place, and came up and stood awhile
+on deck in fog. He must have come off by himself, for none notice him.
+Indeed they thought not of him; for soon the fog begin to melt away, and
+all was clear again. My friends of the thirst and the language that was
+of bloom and blood laughed, as they told how the captain's swears
+exceeded even his usual polyglot, and was more than ever full of
+picturesque, when on questioning other mariners who were on movement up
+and down on the river that hour, he found that few of them had seen any
+of fog at all, except where it lay round the wharf. However, the ship
+went out on the ebb tide; and was doubtless by morning far down the
+river mouth. She was by then, when they told us, well out to sea.
+
+"And so, my dear Madam Mina, it is that we have to rest for a time, for
+our enemy is on the sea, with the fog at his command, on his way to the
+Danube mouth. To sail a ship takes time, go she never so quick; and when
+we start we go on land more quick, and we meet him there. Our best hope
+is to come on him when in the box between sunrise and sunset; for then
+he can make no struggle, and we may deal with him as we should. There
+are days for us, in which we can make ready our plan. We know all about
+where he go; for we have seen the owner of the ship, who have shown us
+invoices and all papers that can be. The box we seek is to be landed in
+Varna, and to be given to an agent, one Ristics who will there present
+his credentials; and so our merchant friend will have done his part.
+When he ask if there be any wrong, for that so, he can telegraph and
+have inquiry made at Varna, we say 'no'; for what is to be done is not
+for police or of the customs. It must be done by us alone and in our own
+way."
+
+When Dr. Van Helsing had done speaking, I asked him if he were certain
+that the Count had remained on board the ship. He replied: "We have the
+best proof of that: your own evidence, when in the hypnotic trance this
+morning." I asked him again if it were really necessary that they should
+pursue the Count, for oh! I dread Jonathan leaving me, and I know that
+he would surely go if the others went. He answered in growing passion,
+at first quietly. As he went on, however, he grew more angry and more
+forceful, till in the end we could not but see wherein was at least some
+of that personal dominance which made him so long a master amongst
+men:--
+
+"Yes, it is necessary--necessary--necessary! For your sake in the first,
+and then for the sake of humanity. This monster has done much harm
+already, in the narrow scope where he find himself, and in the short
+time when as yet he was only as a body groping his so small measure in
+darkness and not knowing. All this have I told these others; you, my
+dear Madam Mina, will learn it in the phonograph of my friend John, or
+in that of your husband. I have told them how the measure of leaving his
+own barren land--barren of peoples--and coming to a new land where life
+of man teems till they are like the multitude of standing corn, was the
+work of centuries. Were another of the Un-Dead, like him, to try to do
+what he has done, perhaps not all the centuries of the world that have
+been, or that will be, could aid him. With this one, all the forces of
+nature that are occult and deep and strong must have worked together in
+some wondrous way. The very place, where he have been alive, Un-Dead for
+all these centuries, is full of strangeness of the geologic and chemical
+world. There are deep caverns and fissures that reach none know whither.
+There have been volcanoes, some of whose openings still send out waters
+of strange properties, and gases that kill or make to vivify. Doubtless,
+there is something magnetic or electric in some of these combinations of
+occult forces which work for physical life in strange way; and in
+himself were from the first some great qualities. In a hard and warlike
+time he was celebrate that he have more iron nerve, more subtle brain,
+more braver heart, than any man. In him some vital principle have in
+strange way found their utmost; and as his body keep strong and grow and
+thrive, so his brain grow too. All this without that diabolic aid which
+is surely to him; for it have to yield to the powers that come from,
+and are, symbolic of good. And now this is what he is to us. He have
+infect you--oh, forgive me, my dear, that I must say such; but it is for
+good of you that I speak. He infect you in such wise, that even if he do
+no more, you have only to live--to live in your own old, sweet way; and
+so in time, death, which is of man's common lot and with God's sanction,
+shall make you like to him. This must not be! We have sworn together
+that it must not. Thus are we ministers of God's own wish: that the
+world, and men for whom His Son die, will not be given over to monsters,
+whose very existence would defame Him. He have allowed us to redeem one
+soul already, and we go out as the old knights of the Cross to redeem
+more. Like them we shall travel towards the sunrise; and like them, if
+we fall, we fall in good cause." He paused and I said:--
+
+"But will not the Count take his rebuff wisely? Since he has been driven
+from England, will he not avoid it, as a tiger does the village from
+which he has been hunted?"
+
+"Aha!" he said, "your simile of the tiger good, for me, and I shall
+adopt him. Your man-eater, as they of India call the tiger who has once
+tasted blood of the human, care no more for the other prey, but prowl
+unceasing till he get him. This that we hunt from our village is a
+tiger, too, a man-eater, and he never cease to prowl. Nay, in himself he
+is not one to retire and stay afar. In his life, his living life, he go
+over the Turkey frontier and attack his enemy on his own ground; he be
+beaten back, but did he stay? No! He come again, and again, and again.
+Look at his persistence and endurance. With the child-brain that was to
+him he have long since conceive the idea of coming to a great city. What
+does he do? He find out the place of all the world most of promise for
+him. Then he deliberately set himself down to prepare for the task. He
+find in patience just how is his strength, and what are his powers. He
+study new tongues. He learn new social life; new environment of old
+ways, the politic, the law, the finance, the science, the habit of a new
+land and a new people who have come to be since he was. His glimpse that
+he have had, whet his appetite only and enkeen his desire. Nay, it help
+him to grow as to his brain; for it all prove to him how right he was at
+the first in his surmises. He have done this alone; all alone! from a
+ruin tomb in a forgotten land. What more may he not do when the greater
+world of thought is open to him. He that can smile at death, as we know
+him; who can flourish in the midst of diseases that kill off whole
+peoples. Oh, if such an one was to come from God, and not the Devil,
+what a force for good might he not be in this old world of ours. But we
+are pledged to set the world free. Our toil must be in silence, and our
+efforts all in secret; for in this enlightened age, when men believe not
+even what they see, the doubting of wise men would be his greatest
+strength. It would be at once his sheath and his armour, and his weapons
+to destroy us, his enemies, who are willing to peril even our own souls
+for the safety of one we love--for the good of mankind, and for the
+honour and glory of God."
+
+After a general discussion it was determined that for to-night nothing
+be definitely settled; that we should all sleep on the facts, and try to
+think out the proper conclusions. To-morrow, at breakfast, we are to
+meet again, and, after making our conclusions known to one another, we
+shall decide on some definite cause of action.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I feel a wonderful peace and rest to-night. It is as if some haunting
+presence were removed from me. Perhaps ...
+
+My surmise was not finished, could not be; for I caught sight in the
+mirror of the red mark upon my forehead; and I knew that I was still
+unclean.
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary._
+
+_5 October._--We all rose early, and I think that sleep did much for
+each and all of us. When we met at early breakfast there was more
+general cheerfulness than any of us had ever expected to experience
+again.
+
+It is really wonderful how much resilience there is in human nature. Let
+any obstructing cause, no matter what, be removed in any way--even by
+death--and we fly back to first principles of hope and enjoyment. More
+than once as we sat around the table, my eyes opened in wonder whether
+the whole of the past days had not been a dream. It was only when I
+caught sight of the red blotch on Mrs. Harker's forehead that I was
+brought back to reality. Even now, when I am gravely revolving the
+matter, it is almost impossible to realise that the cause of all our
+trouble is still existent. Even Mrs. Harker seems to lose sight of her
+trouble for whole spells; it is only now and again, when something
+recalls it to her mind, that she thinks of her terrible scar. We are to
+meet here in my study in half an hour and decide on our course of
+action. I see only one immediate difficulty, I know it by instinct
+rather than reason: we shall all have to speak frankly; and yet I fear
+that in some mysterious way poor Mrs. Harker's tongue is tied. I _know_
+that she forms conclusions of her own, and from all that has been I can
+guess how brilliant and how true they must be; but she will not, or
+cannot, give them utterance. I have mentioned this to Van Helsing, and
+he and I are to talk it over when we are alone. I suppose it is some of
+that horrid poison which has got into her veins beginning to work. The
+Count had his own purposes when he gave her what Van Helsing called "the
+Vampire's baptism of blood." Well, there may be a poison that distils
+itself out of good things; in an age when the existence of ptomaines is
+a mystery we should not wonder at anything! One thing I know: that if my
+instinct be true regarding poor Mrs. Harker's silences, then there is a
+terrible difficulty--an unknown danger--in the work before us. The same
+power that compels her silence may compel her speech. I dare not think
+further; for so I should in my thoughts dishonour a noble woman!
+
+Van Helsing is coming to my study a little before the others. I shall
+try to open the subject with him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Later._--When the Professor came in, we talked over the state of
+things. I could see that he had something on his mind which he wanted to
+say, but felt some hesitancy about broaching the subject. After beating
+about the bush a little, he said suddenly:--
+
+"Friend John, there is something that you and I must talk of alone, just
+at the first at any rate. Later, we may have to take the others into our
+confidence"; then he stopped, so I waited; he went on:--
+
+"Madam Mina, our poor, dear Madam Mina is changing." A cold shiver ran
+through me to find my worst fears thus endorsed. Van Helsing
+continued:--
+
+"With the sad experience of Miss Lucy, we must this time be warned
+before things go too far. Our task is now in reality more difficult than
+ever, and this new trouble makes every hour of the direst importance. I
+can see the characteristics of the vampire coming in her face. It is now
+but very, very slight; but it is to be seen if we have eyes to notice
+without to prejudge. Her teeth are some sharper, and at times her eyes
+are more hard. But these are not all, there is to her the silence now
+often; as so it was with Miss Lucy. She did not speak, even when she
+wrote that which she wished to be known later. Now my fear is this. If
+it be that she can, by our hypnotic trance, tell what the Count see and
+hear, is it not more true that he who have hypnotise her first, and who
+have drink of her very blood and make her drink of his, should, if he
+will, compel her mind to disclose to him that which she know?" I nodded
+acquiescence; he went on:--
+
+"Then, what we must do is to prevent this; we must keep her ignorant of
+our intent, and so she cannot tell what she know not. This is a painful
+task! Oh, so painful that it heart-break me to think of; but it must be.
+When to-day we meet, I must tell her that for reason which we will not
+to speak she must not more be of our council, but be simply guarded by
+us." He wiped his forehead, which had broken out in profuse perspiration
+at the thought of the pain which he might have to inflict upon the poor
+soul already so tortured. I knew that it would be some sort of comfort
+to him if I told him that I also had come to the same conclusion; for at
+any rate it would take away the pain of doubt. I told him, and the
+effect was as I expected.
+
+It is now close to the time of our general gathering. Van Helsing has
+gone away to prepare for the meeting, and his painful part of it. I
+really believe his purpose is to be able to pray alone.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Later._--At the very outset of our meeting a great personal relief was
+experienced by both Van Helsing and myself. Mrs. Harker had sent a
+message by her husband to say that she would not join us at present, as
+she thought it better that we should be free to discuss our movements
+without her presence to embarrass us. The Professor and I looked at each
+other for an instant, and somehow we both seemed relieved. For my own
+part, I thought that if Mrs. Harker realised the danger herself, it was
+much pain as well as much danger averted. Under the circumstances we
+agreed, by a questioning look and answer, with finger on lip, to
+preserve silence in our suspicions, until we should have been able to
+confer alone again. We went at once into our Plan of Campaign. Van
+Helsing roughly put the facts before us first:--
+
+"The _Czarina Catherine_ left the Thames yesterday morning. It will take
+her at the quickest speed she has ever made at least three weeks to
+reach Varna; but we can travel overland to the same place in three days.
+Now, if we allow for two days less for the ship's voyage, owing to such
+weather influences as we know that the Count can bring to bear; and if
+we allow a whole day and night for any delays which may occur to us,
+then we have a margin of nearly two weeks. Thus, in order to be quite
+safe, we must leave here on 17th at latest. Then we shall at any rate
+be in Varna a day before the ship arrives, and able to make such
+preparations as may be necessary. Of course we shall all go armed--armed
+against evil things, spiritual as well as physical." Here Quincey Morris
+added:--
+
+"I understand that the Count comes from a wolf country, and it may be
+that he shall get there before us. I propose that we add Winchesters to
+our armament. I have a kind of belief in a Winchester when there is any
+trouble of that sort around. Do you remember, Art, when we had the pack
+after us at Tobolsk? What wouldn't we have given then for a repeater
+apiece!"
+
+"Good!" said Van Helsing, "Winchesters it shall be. Quincey's head is
+level at all times, but most so when there is to hunt, metaphor be more
+dishonour to science than wolves be of danger to man. In the meantime we
+can do nothing here; and as I think that Varna is not familiar to any of
+us, why not go there more soon? It is as long to wait here as there.
+To-night and to-morrow we can get ready, and then, if all be well, we
+four can set out on our journey."
+
+"We four?" said Harker interrogatively, looking from one to another of
+us.
+
+"Of course!" answered the Professor quickly, "you must remain to take
+care of your so sweet wife!" Harker was silent for awhile and then said
+in a hollow voice:--
+
+"Let us talk of that part of it in the morning. I want to consult with
+Mina." I thought that now was the time for Van Helsing to warn him not
+to disclose our plans to her; but he took no notice. I looked at him
+significantly and coughed. For answer he put his finger on his lips and
+turned away.
+
+
+_Jonathan Harker's Journal._
+
+_5 October, afternoon._--For some time after our meeting this morning I
+could not think. The new phases of things leave my mind in a state of
+wonder which allows no room for active thought. Mina's determination not
+to take any part in the discussion set me thinking; and as I could not
+argue the matter with her, I could only guess. I am as far as ever from
+a solution now. The way the others received it, too, puzzled me; the
+last time we talked of the subject we agreed that there was to be no
+more concealment of anything amongst us. Mina is sleeping now, calmly
+and sweetly like a little child. Her lips are curved and her face beams
+with happiness. Thank God, there are such moments still for her.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Later._--How strange it all is. I sat watching Mina's happy sleep, and
+came as near to being happy myself as I suppose I shall ever be. As the
+evening drew on, and the earth took its shadows from the sun sinking
+lower, the silence of the room grew more and more solemn to me. All at
+once Mina opened her eyes, and looking at me tenderly, said:--
+
+"Jonathan, I want you to promise me something on your word of honour. A
+promise made to me, but made holily in God's hearing, and not to be
+broken though I should go down on my knees and implore you with bitter
+tears. Quick, you must make it to me at once."
+
+"Mina," I said, "a promise like that, I cannot make at once. I may have
+no right to make it."
+
+"But, dear one," she said, with such spiritual intensity that her eyes
+were like pole stars, "it is I who wish it; and it is not for myself.
+You can ask Dr. Van Helsing if I am not right; if he disagrees you may
+do as you will. Nay, more, if you all agree, later, you are absolved
+from the promise."
+
+"I promise!" I said, and for a moment she looked supremely happy; though
+to me all happiness for her was denied by the red scar on her forehead.
+She said:--
+
+"Promise me that you will not tell me anything of the plans formed for
+the campaign against the Count. Not by word, or inference, or
+implication; not at any time whilst this remains to me!" and she
+solemnly pointed to the scar. I saw that she was in earnest, and said
+solemnly:--
+
+"I promise!" and as I said it I felt that from that instant a door had
+been shut between us.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Later, midnight._--Mina has been bright and cheerful all the evening.
+So much so that all the rest seemed to take courage, as if infected
+somewhat with her gaiety; as a result even I myself felt as if the pall
+of gloom which weighs us down were somewhat lifted. We all retired
+early. Mina is now sleeping like a little child; it is a wonderful thing
+that her faculty of sleep remains to her in the midst of her terrible
+trouble. Thank God for it, for then at least she can forget her care.
+Perhaps her example may affect me as her gaiety did to-night. I shall
+try it. Oh! for a dreamless sleep.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_6 October, morning._--Another surprise. Mina woke me early, about the
+same time as yesterday, and asked me to bring Dr. Van Helsing. I thought
+that it was another occasion for hypnotism, and without question went
+for the Professor. He had evidently expected some such call, for I found
+him dressed in his room. His door was ajar, so that he could hear the
+opening of the door of our room. He came at once; as he passed into the
+room, he asked Mina if the others might come, too.
+
+"No," she said quite simply, "it will not be necessary. You can tell
+them just as well. I must go with you on your journey."
+
+Dr. Van Helsing was as startled as I was. After a moment's pause he
+asked:--
+
+"But why?"
+
+"You must take me with you. I am safer with you, and you shall be safer,
+too."
+
+"But why, dear Madam Mina? You know that your safety is our solemnest
+duty. We go into danger, to which you are, or may be, more liable than
+any of us from--from circumstances--things that have been." He paused,
+embarrassed.
+
+As she replied, she raised her finger and pointed to her forehead:--
+
+"I know. That is why I must go. I can tell you now, whilst the sun is
+coming up; I may not be able again. I know that when the Count wills me
+I must go. I know that if he tells me to come in secret, I must come by
+wile; by any device to hoodwink--even Jonathan." God saw the look that
+she turned on me as she spoke, and if there be indeed a Recording Angel
+that look is noted to her everlasting honour. I could only clasp her
+hand. I could not speak; my emotion was too great for even the relief of
+tears. She went on:--
+
+"You men are brave and strong. You are strong in your numbers, for you
+can defy that which would break down the human endurance of one who had
+to guard alone. Besides, I may be of service, since you can hypnotise me
+and so learn that which even I myself do not know." Dr. Van Helsing said
+very gravely:--
+
+"Madam Mina, you are, as always, most wise. You shall with us come; and
+together we shall do that which we go forth to achieve." When he had
+spoken, Mina's long spell of silence made me look at her. She had fallen
+back on her pillow asleep; she did not even wake when I had pulled up
+the blind and let in the sunlight which flooded the room. Van Helsing
+motioned to me to come with him quietly. We went to his room, and within
+a minute Lord Godalming, Dr. Seward, and Mr. Morris were with us also.
+He told them what Mina had said, and went on:--
+
+"In the morning we shall leave for Varna. We have now to deal with a
+new factor: Madam Mina. Oh, but her soul is true. It is to her an agony
+to tell us so much as she has done; but it is most right, and we are
+warned in time. There must be no chance lost, and in Varna we must be
+ready to act the instant when that ship arrives."
+
+"What shall we do exactly?" asked Mr. Morris laconically. The Professor
+paused before replying:--
+
+"We shall at the first board that ship; then, when we have identified
+the box, we shall place a branch of the wild rose on it. This we shall
+fasten, for when it is there none can emerge; so at least says the
+superstition. And to superstition must we trust at the first; it was
+man's faith in the early, and it have its root in faith still. Then,
+when we get the opportunity that we seek, when none are near to see, we
+shall open the box, and--and all will be well."
+
+"I shall not wait for any opportunity," said Morris. "When I see the box
+I shall open it and destroy the monster, though there were a thousand
+men looking on, and if I am to be wiped out for it the next moment!" I
+grasped his hand instinctively and found it as firm as a piece of steel.
+I think he understood my look; I hope he did.
+
+"Good boy," said Dr. Van Helsing. "Brave boy. Quincey is all man. God
+bless him for it. My child, believe me none of us shall lag behind or
+pause from any fear. I do but say what we may do--what we must do. But,
+indeed, indeed we cannot say what we shall do. There are so many things
+which may happen, and their ways and their ends are so various that
+until the moment we may not say. We shall all be armed, in all ways; and
+when the time for the end has come, our effort shall not be lack. Now
+let us to-day put all our affairs in order. Let all things which touch
+on others dear to us, and who on us depend, be complete; for none of us
+can tell what, or when, or how, the end may be. As for me, my own
+affairs are regulate; and as I have nothing else to do, I shall go make
+arrangements for the travel. I shall have all tickets and so forth for
+our journey."
+
+There was nothing further to be said, and we parted. I shall now settle
+up all my affairs of earth, and be ready for whatever may come....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Later._--It is all done; my will is made, and all complete. Mina if she
+survive is my sole heir. If it should not be so, then the others who
+have been so good to us shall have remainder.
+
+It is now drawing towards the sunset; Mina's uneasiness calls my
+attention to it. I am sure that there is something on her mind which the
+time of exact sunset will reveal. These occasions are becoming harrowing
+times for us all, for each sunrise and sunset opens up some new
+danger--some new pain, which, however, may in God's will be means to a
+good end. I write all these things in the diary since my darling must
+not hear them now; but if it may be that she can see them again, they
+shall be ready.
+
+She is calling to me.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV
+
+DR. SEWARD'S DIARY
+
+
+_11 October, Evening._--Jonathan Harker has asked me to note this, as he
+says he is hardly equal to the task, and he wants an exact record kept.
+
+I think that none of us were surprised when we were asked to see Mrs.
+Harker a little before the time of sunset. We have of late come to
+understand that sunrise and sunset are to her times of peculiar freedom;
+when her old self can be manifest without any controlling force subduing
+or restraining her, or inciting her to action. This mood or condition
+begins some half hour or more before actual sunrise or sunset, and lasts
+till either the sun is high, or whilst the clouds are still aglow with
+the rays streaming above the horizon. At first there is a sort of
+negative condition, as if some tie were loosened, and then the absolute
+freedom quickly follows; when, however, the freedom ceases the
+change-back or relapse comes quickly, preceded only by a spell of
+warning silence.
+
+To-night, when we met, she was somewhat constrained, and bore all the
+signs of an internal struggle. I put it down myself to her making a
+violent effort at the earliest instant she could do so. A very few
+minutes, however, gave her complete control of herself; then, motioning
+her husband to sit beside her on the sofa where she was half reclining,
+she made the rest of us bring chairs up close. Taking her husband's hand
+in hers began:--
+
+"We are all here together in freedom, for perhaps the last time! I know,
+dear; I know that you will always be with me to the end." This was to
+her husband whose hand had, as we could see, tightened upon hers. "In
+the morning we go out upon our task, and God alone knows what may be in
+store for any of us. You are going to be so good to me as to take me
+with you. I know that all that brave earnest men can do for a poor weak
+woman, whose soul perhaps is lost--no, no, not yet, but is at any rate
+at stake--you will do. But you must remember that I am not as you are.
+There is a poison in my blood, in my soul, which may destroy me; which
+must destroy me, unless some relief comes to us. Oh, my friends, you
+know as well as I do, that my soul is at stake; and though I know there
+is one way out for me, you must not and I must not take it!" She looked
+appealingly to us all in turn, beginning and ending with her husband.
+
+"What is that way?" asked Van Helsing in a hoarse voice. "What is that
+way, which we must not--may not--take?"
+
+"That I may die now, either by my own hand or that of another, before
+the greater evil is entirely wrought. I know, and you know, that were I
+once dead you could and would set free my immortal spirit, even as you
+did my poor Lucy's. Were death, or the fear of death, the only thing
+that stood in the way I would not shrink to die here, now, amidst the
+friends who love me. But death is not all. I cannot believe that to die
+in such a case, when there is hope before us and a bitter task to be
+done, is God's will. Therefore, I, on my part, give up here the
+certainty of eternal rest, and go out into the dark where may be the
+blackest things that the world or the nether world holds!" We were all
+silent, for we knew instinctively that this was only a prelude. The
+faces of the others were set and Harker's grew ashen grey; perhaps he
+guessed better than any of us what was coming. She continued:--
+
+"This is what I can give into the hotch-pot." I could not but note the
+quaint legal phrase which she used in such a place, and with all
+seriousness. "What will each of you give? Your lives I know," she went
+on quickly, "that is easy for brave men. Your lives are God's, and you
+can give them back to Him; but what will you give to me?" She looked
+again questioningly, but this time avoided her husband's face. Quincey
+seemed to understand; he nodded, and her face lit up. "Then I shall tell
+you plainly what I want, for there must be no doubtful matter in this
+connection between us now. You must promise me, one and all--even you,
+my beloved husband--that, should the time come, you will kill me."
+
+"What is that time?" The voice was Quincey's, but it was low and
+strained.
+
+"When you shall be convinced that I am so changed that it is better that
+I die that I may live. When I am thus dead in the flesh, then you will,
+without a moment's delay, drive a stake through me and cut off my head;
+or do whatever else may be wanting to give me rest!"
+
+Quincey was the first to rise after the pause. He knelt down before her
+and taking her hand in his said solemnly:--
+
+"I'm only a rough fellow, who hasn't, perhaps, lived as a man should to
+win such a distinction, but I swear to you by all that I hold sacred and
+dear that, should the time ever come, I shall not flinch from the duty
+that you have set us. And I promise you, too, that I shall make all
+certain, for if I am only doubtful I shall take it that the time has
+come!"
+
+"My true friend!" was all she could say amid her fast-falling tears, as,
+bending over, she kissed his hand.
+
+"I swear the same, my dear Madam Mina!" said Van Helsing.
+
+"And I!" said Lord Godalming, each of them in turn kneeling to her to
+take the oath. I followed, myself. Then her husband turned to her
+wan-eyed and with a greenish pallor which subdued the snowy whiteness of
+his hair, and asked:--
+
+"And must I, too, make such a promise, oh, my wife?"
+
+"You too, my dearest," she said, with infinite yearning of pity in her
+voice and eyes. "You must not shrink. You are nearest and dearest and
+all the world to me; our souls are knit into one, for all life and all
+time. Think, dear, that there have been times when brave men have killed
+their wives and their womenkind, to keep them from falling into the
+hands of the enemy. Their hands did not falter any the more because
+those that they loved implored them to slay them. It is men's duty
+towards those whom they love, in such times of sore trial! And oh, my
+dear, if it is to be that I must meet death at any hand, let it be at
+the hand of him that loves me best. Dr. Van Helsing, I have not
+forgotten your mercy in poor Lucy's case to him who loved"--she stopped
+with a flying blush, and changed her phrase--"to him who had best right
+to give her peace. If that time shall come again, I look to you to make
+it a happy memory of my husband's life that it was his loving hand which
+set me free from the awful thrall upon me."
+
+"Again I swear!" came the Professor's resonant voice. Mrs. Harker
+smiled, positively smiled, as with a sigh of relief she leaned back and
+said:--
+
+"And now one word of warning, a warning which you must never forget:
+this time, if it ever come, may come quickly and unexpectedly, and in
+such case you must lose no time in using your opportunity. At such a
+time I myself might be--nay! if the time ever comes, _shall be_--leagued
+with your enemy against you."
+
+"One more request;" she became very solemn as she said this, "it is not
+vital and necessary like the other, but I want you to do one thing for
+me, if you will." We all acquiesced, but no one spoke; there was no need
+to speak:--
+
+"I want you to read the Burial Service." She was interrupted by a deep
+groan from her husband; taking his hand in hers, she held it over her
+heart, and continued: "You must read it over me some day. Whatever may
+be the issue of all this fearful state of things, it will be a sweet
+thought to all or some of us. You, my dearest, will I hope read it, for
+then it will be in your voice in my memory for ever--come what may!"
+
+"But oh, my dear one," he pleaded, "death is afar off from you."
+
+"Nay," she said, holding up a warning hand. "I am deeper in death at
+this moment than if the weight of an earthly grave lay heavy upon me!"
+
+"Oh, my wife, must I read it?" he said, before he began.
+
+"It would comfort me, my husband!" was all she said; and he began to
+read when she had got the book ready.
+
+"How can I--how could any one--tell of that strange scene, its
+solemnity, its gloom, its sadness, its horror; and, withal, its
+sweetness. Even a sceptic, who can see nothing but a travesty of bitter
+truth in anything holy or emotional, would have been melted to the heart
+had he seen that little group of loving and devoted friends kneeling
+round that stricken and sorrowing lady; or heard the tender passion of
+her husband's voice, as in tones so broken with emotion that often he
+had to pause, he read the simple and beautiful service from the Burial
+of the Dead. I--I cannot go on--words--and--v-voice--f-fail m-me!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+She was right in her instinct. Strange as it all was, bizarre as it may
+hereafter seem even to us who felt its potent influence at the time, it
+comforted us much; and the silence, which showed Mrs. Harker's coming
+relapse from her freedom of soul, did not seem so full of despair to any
+of us as we had dreaded.
+
+
+_Jonathan Harker's Journal._
+
+_15 October, Varna._--We left Charing Cross on the morning of the 12th,
+got to Paris the same night, and took the places secured for us in the
+Orient Express. We travelled night and day, arriving here at about five
+o'clock. Lord Godalming went to the Consulate to see if any telegram had
+arrived for him, whilst the rest of us came on to this hotel--"the
+Odessus." The journey may have had incidents; I was, however, too eager
+to get on, to care for them. Until the _Czarina Catherine_ comes into
+port there will be no interest for me in anything in the wide world.
+Thank God! Mina is well, and looks to be getting stronger; her colour is
+coming back. She sleeps a great deal; throughout the journey she slept
+nearly all the time. Before sunrise and sunset, however, she is very
+wakeful and alert; and it has become a habit for Van Helsing to
+hypnotise her at such times. At first, some effort was needed, and he
+had to make many passes; but now, she seems to yield at once, as if by
+habit, and scarcely any action is needed. He seems to have power at
+these particular moments to simply will, and her thoughts obey him. He
+always asks her what she can see and hear. She answers to the first:--
+
+"Nothing; all is dark." And to the second:--
+
+"I can hear the waves lapping against the ship, and the water rushing
+by. Canvas and cordage strain and masts and yards creak. The wind is
+high--I can hear it in the shrouds, and the bow throws back the foam."
+It is evident that the _Czarina Catherine_ is still at sea, hastening on
+her way to Varna. Lord Godalming has just returned. He had four
+telegrams, one each day since we started, and all to the same effect:
+that the _Czarina Catherine_ had not been reported to Lloyd's from
+anywhere. He had arranged before leaving London that his agent should
+send him every day a telegram saying if the ship had been reported. He
+was to have a message even if she were not reported, so that he might be
+sure that there was a watch being kept at the other end of the wire.
+
+We had dinner and went to bed early. To-morrow we are to see the
+Vice-Consul, and to arrange, if we can, about getting on board the ship
+as soon as she arrives. Van Helsing says that our chance will be to get
+on the boat between sunrise and sunset. The Count, even if he takes the
+form of a bat, cannot cross the running water of his own volition, and
+so cannot leave the ship. As he dare not change to man's form without
+suspicion--which he evidently wishes to avoid--he must remain in the
+box. If, then, we can come on board after sunrise, he is at our mercy;
+for we can open the box and make sure of him, as we did of poor Lucy,
+before he wakes. What mercy he shall get from us will not count for
+much. We think that we shall not have much trouble with officials or the
+seamen. Thank God! this is the country where bribery can do anything,
+and we are well supplied with money. We have only to make sure that the
+ship cannot come into port between sunset and sunrise without our being
+warned, and we shall be safe. Judge Moneybag will settle this case, I
+think!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_16 October._--Mina's report still the same: lapping waves and rushing
+water, darkness and favouring winds. We are evidently in good time, and
+when we hear of the _Czarina Catherine_ we shall be ready. As she must
+pass the Dardanelles we are sure to have some report.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_17 October._--Everything is pretty well fixed now, I think, to welcome
+the Count on his return from his tour. Godalming told the shippers that
+he fancied that the box sent aboard might contain something stolen from
+a friend of his, and got a half consent that he might open it at his own
+risk. The owner gave him a paper telling the Captain to give him every
+facility in doing whatever he chose on board the ship, and also a
+similar authorisation to his agent at Varna. We have seen the agent, who
+was much impressed with Godalming's kindly manner to him, and we are all
+satisfied that whatever he can do to aid our wishes will be done. We
+have already arranged what to do in case we get the box open. If the
+Count is there, Van Helsing and Seward will cut off his head at once and
+drive a stake through his heart. Morris and Godalming and I shall
+prevent interference, even if we have to use the arms which we shall
+have ready. The Professor says that if we can so treat the Count's body,
+it will soon after fall into dust. In such case there would be no
+evidence against us, in case any suspicion of murder were aroused. But
+even if it were not, we should stand or fall by our act, and perhaps
+some day this very script may be evidence to come between some of us and
+a rope. For myself, I should take the chance only too thankfully if it
+were to come. We mean to leave no stone unturned to carry out our
+intent. We have arranged with certain officials that the instant the
+_Czarina Catherine_ is seen, we are to be informed by a special
+messenger.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_24 October._--A whole week of waiting. Daily telegrams to Godalming,
+but only the same story: "Not yet reported." Mina's morning and evening
+hypnotic answer is unvaried: lapping waves, rushing water, and creaking
+masts.
+
+_Telegram, October 24th._
+
+_Rufus Smith, Lloyd's, London, to Lord Godalming, care of H. B. M.
+Vice-Consul, Varna._
+
+"_Czarina Catherine_ reported this morning from Dardanelles."
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary._
+
+_25 October._--How I miss my phonograph! To write diary with a pen is
+irksome to me; but Van Helsing says I must. We were all wild with
+excitement yesterday when Godalming got his telegram from Lloyd's. I
+know now what men feel in battle when the call to action is heard. Mrs.
+Harker, alone of our party, did not show any signs of emotion. After
+all, it is not strange that she did not; for we took special care not to
+let her know anything about it, and we all tried not to show any
+excitement when we were in her presence. In old days she would, I am
+sure, have noticed, no matter how we might have tried to conceal it; but
+in this way she is greatly changed during the past three weeks. The
+lethargy grows upon her, and though she seems strong and well, and is
+getting back some of her colour, Van Helsing and I are not satisfied. We
+talk of her often; we have not, however, said a word to the others. It
+would break poor Harker's heart--certainly his nerve--if he knew that we
+had even a suspicion on the subject. Van Helsing examines, he tells me,
+her teeth very carefully, whilst she is in the hypnotic condition, for
+he says that so long as they do not begin to sharpen there is no active
+danger of a change in her. If this change should come, it would be
+necessary to take steps!... We both know what those steps would have to
+be, though we do not mention our thoughts to each other. We should
+neither of us shrink from the task--awful though it be to contemplate.
+"Euthanasia" is an excellent and a comforting word! I am grateful to
+whoever invented it.
+
+It is only about 24 hours' sail from the Dardanelles to here, at the
+rate the _Czarina Catherine_ has come from London. She should therefore
+arrive some time in the morning; but as she cannot possibly get in
+before then, we are all about to retire early. We shall get up at one
+o'clock, so as to be ready.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_25 October, Noon_.--No news yet of the ship's arrival. Mrs. Harker's
+hypnotic report this morning was the same as usual, so it is possible
+that we may get news at any moment. We men are all in a fever of
+excitement, except Harker, who is calm; his hands are cold as ice, and
+an hour ago I found him whetting the edge of the great Ghoorka knife
+which he now always carries with him. It will be a bad lookout for the
+Count if the edge of that "Kukri" ever touches his throat, driven by
+that stern, ice-cold hand!
+
+Van Helsing and I were a little alarmed about Mrs. Harker to-day. About
+noon she got into a sort of lethargy which we did not like; although we
+kept silence to the others, we were neither of us happy about it. She
+had been restless all the morning, so that we were at first glad to know
+that she was sleeping. When, however, her husband mentioned casually
+that she was sleeping so soundly that he could not wake her, we went to
+her room to see for ourselves. She was breathing naturally and looked so
+well and peaceful that we agreed that the sleep was better for her than
+anything else. Poor girl, she has so much to forget that it is no wonder
+that sleep, if it brings oblivion to her, does her good.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Later._--Our opinion was justified, for when after a refreshing sleep
+of some hours she woke up, she seemed brighter and better than she had
+been for days. At sunset she made the usual hypnotic report. Wherever he
+may be in the Black Sea, the Count is hurrying to his destination. To
+his doom, I trust!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_26 October._--Another day and no tidings of the _Czarina Catherine_.
+She ought to be here by now. That she is still journeying _somewhere_ is
+apparent, for Mrs. Harker's hypnotic report at sunrise was still the
+same. It is possible that the vessel may be lying by, at times, for fog;
+some of the steamers which came in last evening reported patches of fog
+both to north and south of the port. We must continue our watching, as
+the ship may now be signalled any moment.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_27 October, Noon._--Most strange; no news yet of the ship we wait for.
+Mrs. Harker reported last night and this morning as usual: "lapping
+waves and rushing water," though she added that "the waves were very
+faint." The telegrams from London have been the same: "no further
+report." Van Helsing is terribly anxious, and told me just now that he
+fears the Count is escaping us. He added significantly:--
+
+"I did not like that lethargy of Madam Mina's. Souls and memories can do
+strange things during trance." I was about to ask him more, but Harker
+just then came in, and he held up a warning hand. We must try to-night
+at sunset to make her speak more fully when in her hypnotic state.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     _28 October._--Telegram. _Rufus Smith, London, to Lord Godalming,
+     care H. B. M. Vice Consul, Varna._
+
+     "_Czarina Catherine_ reported entering Galatz at one o'clock
+     to-day."
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary._
+
+_28 October._--When the telegram came announcing the arrival in Galatz I
+do not think it was such a shock to any of us as might have been
+expected. True, we did not know whence, or how, or when, the bolt would
+come; but I think we all expected that something strange would happen.
+The delay of arrival at Varna made us individually satisfied that things
+would not be just as we had expected; we only waited to learn where the
+change would occur. None the less, however, was it a surprise. I suppose
+that nature works on such a hopeful basis that we believe against
+ourselves that things will be as they ought to be, not as we should know
+that they will be. Transcendentalism is a beacon to the angels, even if
+it be a will-o'-the-wisp to man. It was an odd experience and we all
+took it differently. Van Helsing raised his hand over his head for a
+moment, as though in remonstrance with the Almighty; but he said not a
+word, and in a few seconds stood up with his face sternly set. Lord
+Godalming grew very pale, and sat breathing heavily. I was myself half
+stunned and looked in wonder at one after another. Quincey Morris
+tightened his belt with that quick movement which I knew so well; in our
+old wandering days it meant "action." Mrs. Harker grew ghastly white, so
+that the scar on her forehead seemed to burn, but she folded her hands
+meekly and looked up in prayer. Harker smiled--actually smiled--the
+dark, bitter smile of one who is without hope; but at the same time his
+action belied his words, for his hands instinctively sought the hilt of
+the great Kukri knife and rested there. "When does the next train start
+for Galatz?" said Van Helsing to us generally.
+
+"At 6:30 to-morrow morning!" We all started, for the answer came from
+Mrs. Harker.
+
+"How on earth do you know?" said Art.
+
+"You forget--or perhaps you do not know, though Jonathan does and so
+does Dr. Van Helsing--that I am the train fiend. At home in Exeter I
+always used to make up the time-tables, so as to be helpful to my
+husband. I found it so useful sometimes, that I always make a study of
+the time-tables now. I knew that if anything were to take us to Castle
+Dracula we should go by Galatz, or at any rate through Bucharest, so I
+learned the times very carefully. Unhappily there are not many to learn,
+as the only train to-morrow leaves as I say."
+
+"Wonderful woman!" murmured the Professor.
+
+"Can't we get a special?" asked Lord Godalming. Van Helsing shook his
+head: "I fear not. This land is very different from yours or mine; even
+if we did have a special, it would probably not arrive as soon as our
+regular train. Moreover, we have something to prepare. We must think.
+Now let us organize. You, friend Arthur, go to the train and get the
+tickets and arrange that all be ready for us to go in the morning. Do
+you, friend Jonathan, go to the agent of the ship and get from him
+letters to the agent in Galatz, with authority to make search the ship
+just as it was here. Morris Quincey, you see the Vice-Consul, and get
+his aid with his fellow in Galatz and all he can do to make our way
+smooth, so that no times be lost when over the Danube. John will stay
+with Madam Mina and me, and we shall consult. For so if time be long you
+may be delayed; and it will not matter when the sun set, since I am here
+with Madam to make report."
+
+"And I," said Mrs. Harker brightly, and more like her old self than she
+had been for many a long day, "shall try to be of use in all ways, and
+shall think and write for you as I used to do. Something is shifting
+from me in some strange way, and I feel freer than I have been of late!"
+The three younger men looked happier at the moment as they seemed to
+realise the significance of her words; but Van Helsing and I, turning to
+each other, met each a grave and troubled glance. We said nothing at the
+time, however.
+
+When the three men had gone out to their tasks Van Helsing asked Mrs.
+Harker to look up the copy of the diaries and find him the part of
+Harker's journal at the Castle. She went away to get it; when the door
+was shut upon her he said to me:--
+
+"We mean the same! speak out!"
+
+"There is some change. It is a hope that makes me sick, for it may
+deceive us."
+
+"Quite so. Do you know why I asked her to get the manuscript?"
+
+"No!" said I, "unless it was to get an opportunity of seeing me alone."
+
+"You are in part right, friend John, but only in part. I want to tell
+you something. And oh, my friend, I am taking a great--a terrible--risk;
+but I believe it is right. In the moment when Madam Mina said those
+words that arrest both our understanding, an inspiration came to me. In
+the trance of three days ago the Count sent her his spirit to read her
+mind; or more like he took her to see him in his earth-box in the ship
+with water rushing, just as it go free at rise and set of sun. He learn
+then that we are here; for she have more to tell in her open life with
+eyes to see and ears to hear than he, shut, as he is, in his coffin-box.
+Now he make his most effort to escape us. At present he want her not.
+
+"He is sure with his so great knowledge that she will come at his call;
+but he cut her off--take her, as he can do, out of his own power, that
+so she come not to him. Ah! there I have hope that our man-brains that
+have been of man so long and that have not lost the grace of God, will
+come higher than his child-brain that lie in his tomb for centuries,
+that grow not yet to our stature, and that do only work selfish and
+therefore small. Here comes Madam Mina; not a word to her of her trance!
+She know it not; and it would overwhelm her and make despair just when
+we want all her hope, all her courage; when most we want all her great
+brain which is trained like man's brain, but is of sweet woman and have
+a special power which the Count give her, and which he may not take away
+altogether--though he think not so. Hush! let me speak, and you shall
+learn. Oh, John, my friend, we are in awful straits. I fear, as I never
+feared before. We can only trust the good God. Silence! here she comes!"
+
+I thought that the Professor was going to break down and have hysterics,
+just as he had when Lucy died, but with a great effort he controlled
+himself and was at perfect nervous poise when Mrs. Harker tripped into
+the room, bright and happy-looking and, in the doing of work, seemingly
+forgetful of her misery. As she came in, she handed a number of sheets
+of typewriting to Van Helsing. He looked over them gravely, his face
+brightening up as he read. Then holding the pages between his finger and
+thumb he said:--
+
+"Friend John, to you with so much of experience already--and you, too,
+dear Madam Mina, that are young--here is a lesson: do not fear ever to
+think. A half-thought has been buzzing often in my brain, but I fear to
+let him loose his wings. Here now, with more knowledge, I go back to
+where that half-thought come from and I find that he be no half-thought
+at all; that be a whole thought, though so young that he is not yet
+strong to use his little wings. Nay, like the "Ugly Duck" of my friend
+Hans Andersen, he be no duck-thought at all, but a big swan-thought that
+sail nobly on big wings, when the time come for him to try them. See I
+read here what Jonathan have written:--
+
+"That other of his race who, in a later age, again and again, brought
+his forces over The Great River into Turkey Land; who, when he was
+beaten back, came again, and again, and again, though he had to come
+alone from the bloody field where his troops were being slaughtered,
+since he knew that he alone could ultimately triumph."
+
+"What does this tell us? Not much? no! The Count's child-thought see
+nothing; therefore he speak so free. Your man-thought see nothing; my
+man-thought see nothing, till just now. No! But there comes another word
+from some one who speak without thought because she, too, know not what
+it mean--what it _might_ mean. Just as there are elements which rest,
+yet when in nature's course they move on their way and they touch--then
+pouf! and there comes a flash of light, heaven wide, that blind and kill
+and destroy some; but that show up all earth below for leagues and
+leagues. Is it not so? Well, I shall explain. To begin, have you ever
+study the philosophy of crime? 'Yes' and 'No.' You, John, yes; for it is
+a study of insanity. You, no, Madam Mina; for crime touch you not--not
+but once. Still, your mind works true, and argues not _a particulari ad
+universale_. There is this peculiarity in criminals. It is so constant,
+in all countries and at all times, that even police, who know not much
+from philosophy, come to know it empirically, that _it is_. That is to
+be empiric. The criminal always work at one crime--that is the true
+criminal who seems predestinate to crime, and who will of none other.
+This criminal has not full man-brain. He is clever and cunning and
+resourceful; but he be not of man-stature as to brain. He be of
+child-brain in much. Now this criminal of ours is predestinate to crime
+also; he, too, have child-brain, and it is of the child to do what he
+have done. The little bird, the little fish, the little animal learn not
+by principle, but empirically; and when he learn to do, then there is to
+him the ground to start from to do more. '_Dos pou sto_,' said
+Archimedes. 'Give me a fulcrum, and I shall move the world!' To do once,
+is the fulcrum whereby child-brain become man-brain; and until he have
+the purpose to do more, he continue to do the same again every time,
+just as he have done before! Oh, my dear, I see that your eyes are
+opened, and that to you the lightning flash show all the leagues," for
+Mrs. Harker began to clap her hands and her eyes sparkled. He went on:--
+
+"Now you shall speak. Tell us two dry men of science what you see with
+those so bright eyes." He took her hand and held it whilst she spoke.
+His finger and thumb closed on her pulse, as I thought instinctively and
+unconsciously, as she spoke:--
+
+"The Count is a criminal and of criminal type. Nordau and Lombroso would
+so classify him, and _quâ_ criminal he is of imperfectly formed mind.
+Thus, in a difficulty he has to seek resource in habit. His past is a
+clue, and the one page of it that we know--and that from his own
+lips--tells that once before, when in what Mr. Morris would call a
+'tight place,' he went back to his own country from the land he had
+tried to invade, and thence, without losing purpose, prepared himself
+for a new effort. He came again better equipped for his work; and won.
+So he came to London to invade a new land. He was beaten, and when all
+hope of success was lost, and his existence in danger, he fled back over
+the sea to his home; just as formerly he had fled back over the Danube
+from Turkey Land."
+
+"Good, good! oh, you so clever lady!" said Van Helsing,
+enthusiastically, as he stooped and kissed her hand. A moment later he
+said to me, as calmly as though we had been having a sick-room
+consultation:--
+
+"Seventy-two only; and in all this excitement. I have hope." Turning to
+her again, he said with keen expectation:--
+
+"But go on. Go on! there is more to tell if you will. Be not afraid;
+John and I know. I do in any case, and shall tell you if you are right.
+Speak, without fear!"
+
+"I will try to; but you will forgive me if I seem egotistical."
+
+"Nay! fear not, you must be egotist, for it is of you that we think."
+
+"Then, as he is criminal he is selfish; and as his intellect is small
+and his action is based on selfishness, he confines himself to one
+purpose. That purpose is remorseless. As he fled back over the Danube,
+leaving his forces to be cut to pieces, so now he is intent on being
+safe, careless of all. So his own selfishness frees my soul somewhat
+from the terrible power which he acquired over me on that dreadful
+night. I felt it! Oh, I felt it! Thank God, for His great mercy! My soul
+is freer than it has been since that awful hour; and all that haunts me
+is a fear lest in some trance or dream he may have used my knowledge for
+his ends." The Professor stood up:--
+
+"He has so used your mind; and by it he has left us here in Varna,
+whilst the ship that carried him rushed through enveloping fog up to
+Galatz, where, doubtless, he had made preparation for escaping from us.
+But his child-mind only saw so far; and it may be that, as ever is in
+God's Providence, the very thing that the evil-doer most reckoned on for
+his selfish good, turns out to be his chiefest harm. The hunter is taken
+in his own snare, as the great Psalmist says. For now that he think he
+is free from every trace of us all, and that he has escaped us with so
+many hours to him, then his selfish child-brain will whisper him to
+sleep. He think, too, that as he cut himself off from knowing your mind,
+there can be no knowledge of him to you; there is where he fail! That
+terrible baptism of blood which he give you makes you free to go to him
+in spirit, as you have as yet done in your times of freedom, when the
+sun rise and set. At such times you go by my volition and not by his;
+and this power to good of you and others, as you have won from your
+suffering at his hands. This is now all the more precious that he know
+it not, and to guard himself have even cut himself off from his
+knowledge of our where. We, however, are not selfish, and we believe
+that God is with us through all this blackness, and these many dark
+hours. We shall follow him; and we shall not flinch; even if we peril
+ourselves that we become like him. Friend John, this has been a great
+hour; and it have done much to advance us on our way. You must be scribe
+and write him all down, so that when the others return from their work
+you can give it to them; then they shall know as we do."
+
+And so I have written it whilst we wait their return, and Mrs. Harker
+has written with her typewriter all since she brought the MS. to us.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI
+
+DR. SEWARD'S DIARY
+
+
+_29 October._--This is written in the train from Varna to Galatz. Last
+night we all assembled a little before the time of sunset. Each of us
+had done his work as well as he could; so far as thought, and endeavour,
+and opportunity go, we are prepared for the whole of our journey, and
+for our work when we get to Galatz. When the usual time came round Mrs.
+Harker prepared herself for her hypnotic effort; and after a longer and
+more serious effort on the part of Van Helsing than has been usually
+necessary, she sank into the trance. Usually she speaks on a hint; but
+this time the Professor had to ask her questions, and to ask them pretty
+resolutely, before we could learn anything; at last her answer came:--
+
+"I can see nothing; we are still; there are no waves lapping, but only a
+steady swirl of water softly running against the hawser. I can hear
+men's voices calling, near and far, and the roll and creak of oars in
+the rowlocks. A gun is fired somewhere; the echo of it seems far away.
+There is tramping of feet overhead, and ropes and chains are dragged
+along. What is this? There is a gleam of light; I can feel the air
+blowing upon me."
+
+Here she stopped. She had risen, as if impulsively, from where she lay
+on the sofa, and raised both her hands, palms upwards, as if lifting a
+weight. Van Helsing and I looked at each other with understanding.
+Quincey raised his eyebrows slightly and looked at her intently, whilst
+Harker's hand instinctively closed round the hilt of his Kukri. There
+was a long pause. We all knew that the time when she could speak was
+passing; but we felt that it was useless to say anything. Suddenly she
+sat up, and, as she opened her eyes, said sweetly:--
+
+"Would none of you like a cup of tea? You must all be so tired!" We
+could only make her happy, and so acquiesced. She bustled off to get
+tea; when she had gone Van Helsing said:--
+
+"You see, my friends. _He_ is close to land: he has left his
+earth-chest. But he has yet to get on shore. In the night he may lie
+hidden somewhere; but if he be not carried on shore, or if the ship do
+not touch it, he cannot achieve the land. In such case he can, if it be
+in the night, change his form and can jump or fly on shore, as he did
+at Whitby. But if the day come before he get on shore, then, unless he
+be carried he cannot escape. And if he be carried, then the customs men
+may discover what the box contain. Thus, in fine, if he escape not on
+shore to-night, or before dawn, there will be the whole day lost to him.
+We may then arrive in time; for if he escape not at night we shall come
+on him in daytime, boxed up and at our mercy; for he dare not be his
+true self, awake and visible, lest he be discovered."
+
+There was no more to be said, so we waited in patience until the dawn;
+at which time we might learn more from Mrs. Harker.
+
+Early this morning we listened, with breathless anxiety, for her
+response in her trance. The hypnotic stage was even longer in coming
+than before; and when it came the time remaining until full sunrise was
+so short that we began to despair. Van Helsing seemed to throw his whole
+soul into the effort; at last, in obedience to his will she made
+reply:--
+
+"All is dark. I hear lapping water, level with me, and some creaking as
+of wood on wood." She paused, and the red sun shot up. We must wait till
+to-night.
+
+And so it is that we are travelling towards Galatz in an agony of
+expectation. We are due to arrive between two and three in the morning;
+but already, at Bucharest, we are three hours late, so we cannot
+possibly get in till well after sun-up. Thus we shall have two more
+hypnotic messages from Mrs. Harker; either or both may possibly throw
+more light on what is happening.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Later._--Sunset has come and gone. Fortunately it came at a time when
+there was no distraction; for had it occurred whilst we were at a
+station, we might not have secured the necessary calm and isolation.
+Mrs. Harker yielded to the hypnotic influence even less readily than
+this morning. I am in fear that her power of reading the Count's
+sensations may die away, just when we want it most. It seems to me that
+her imagination is beginning to work. Whilst she has been in the trance
+hitherto she has confined herself to the simplest of facts. If this goes
+on it may ultimately mislead us. If I thought that the Count's power
+over her would die away equally with her power of knowledge it would be
+a happy thought; but I am afraid that it may not be so. When she did
+speak, her words were enigmatical:--
+
+"Something is going out; I can feel it pass me like a cold wind. I can
+hear, far off, confused sounds--as of men talking in strange tongues,
+fierce-falling water, and the howling of wolves." She stopped and a
+shudder ran through her, increasing in intensity for a few seconds,
+till, at the end, she shook as though in a palsy. She said no more, even
+in answer to the Professor's imperative questioning. When she woke from
+the trance, she was cold, and exhausted, and languid; but her mind was
+all alert. She could not remember anything, but asked what she had said;
+when she was told, she pondered over it deeply for a long time and in
+silence.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_30 October, 7 a. m._--We are near Galatz now, and I may not have time
+to write later. Sunrise this morning was anxiously looked for by us all.
+Knowing of the increasing difficulty of procuring the hypnotic trance,
+Van Helsing began his passes earlier than usual. They produced no
+effect, however, until the regular time, when she yielded with a still
+greater difficulty, only a minute before the sun rose. The Professor
+lost no time in his questioning; her answer came with equal quickness:--
+
+"All is dark. I hear water swirling by, level with my ears, and the
+creaking of wood on wood. Cattle low far off. There is another sound, a
+queer one like----" She stopped and grew white, and whiter still.
+
+"Go on; go on! Speak, I command you!" said Van Helsing in an agonised
+voice. At the same time there was despair in his eyes, for the risen sun
+was reddening even Mrs. Harker's pale face. She opened her eyes, and we
+all started as she said, sweetly and seemingly with the utmost
+unconcern:--
+
+"Oh, Professor, why ask me to do what you know I can't? I don't remember
+anything." Then, seeing the look of amazement on our faces, she said,
+turning from one to the other with a troubled look:--
+
+"What have I said? What have I done? I know nothing, only that I was
+lying here, half asleep, and heard you say go on! speak, I command you!'
+It seemed so funny to hear you order me about, as if I were a bad
+child!"
+
+"Oh, Madam Mina," he said, sadly, "it is proof, if proof be needed, of
+how I love and honour you, when a word for your good, spoken more
+earnest than ever, can seem so strange because it is to order her whom I
+am proud to obey!"
+
+The whistles are sounding; we are nearing Galatz. We are on fire with
+anxiety and eagerness.
+
+
+_Mina Harker's Journal._
+
+_30 October._--Mr. Morris took me to the hotel where our rooms had been
+ordered by telegraph, he being the one who could best be spared, since
+he does not speak any foreign language. The forces were distributed
+much as they had been at Varna, except that Lord Godalming went to the
+Vice-Consul, as his rank might serve as an immediate guarantee of some
+sort to the official, we being in extreme hurry. Jonathan and the two
+doctors went to the shipping agent to learn particulars of the arrival
+of the _Czarina Catherine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Later._--Lord Godalming has returned. The Consul is away, and the
+Vice-Consul sick; so the routine work has been attended to by a clerk.
+He was very obliging, and offered to do anything in his power.
+
+
+_Jonathan Harker's Journal._
+
+_30 October._--At nine o'clock Dr. Van Helsing, Dr. Seward, and I called
+on Messrs. Mackenzie & Steinkoff, the agents of the London firm of
+Hapgood. They had received a wire from London, in answer to Lord
+Godalming's telegraphed request, asking us to show them any civility in
+their power. They were more than kind and courteous, and took us at once
+on board the _Czarina Catherine_, which lay at anchor out in the river
+harbour. There we saw the Captain, Donelson by name, who told us of his
+voyage. He said that in all his life he had never had so favourable a
+run.
+
+"Man!" he said, "but it made us afeard, for we expeckit that we should
+have to pay for it wi' some rare piece o' ill luck, so as to keep up the
+average. It's no canny to run frae London to the Black Sea wi' a wind
+ahint ye, as though the Deil himself were blawin' on yer sail for his
+ain purpose. An' a' the time we could no speer a thing. Gin we were nigh
+a ship, or a port, or a headland, a fog fell on us and travelled wi' us,
+till when after it had lifted and we looked out, the deil a thing could
+we see. We ran by Gibraltar wi'oot bein' able to signal; an' till we
+came to the Dardanelles and had to wait to get our permit to pass, we
+never were within hail o' aught. At first I inclined to slack off sail
+and beat about till the fog was lifted; but whiles, I thocht that if the
+Deil was minded to get us into the Black Sea quick, he was like to do it
+whether we would or no. If we had a quick voyage it would be no to our
+miscredit wi' the owners, or no hurt to our traffic; an' the Old Mon who
+had served his ain purpose wad be decently grateful to us for no
+hinderin' him." This mixture of simplicity and cunning, of superstition
+and commercial reasoning, aroused Van Helsing, who said:--
+
+"Mine friend, that Devil is more clever than he is thought by some; and
+he know when he meet his match!" The skipper was not displeased with the
+compliment, and went on:--
+
+"When we got past the Bosphorus the men began to grumble; some o' them,
+the Roumanians, came and asked me to heave overboard a big box which had
+been put on board by a queer lookin' old man just before we had started
+frae London. I had seen them speer at the fellow, and put out their twa
+fingers when they saw him, to guard against the evil eye. Man! but the
+supersteetion of foreigners is pairfectly rideeculous! I sent them aboot
+their business pretty quick; but as just after a fog closed in on us I
+felt a wee bit as they did anent something, though I wouldn't say it was
+agin the big box. Well, on we went, and as the fog didn't let up for
+five days I joost let the wind carry us; for if the Deil wanted to get
+somewheres--well, he would fetch it up a'reet. An' if he didn't, well,
+we'd keep a sharp lookout anyhow. Sure eneuch, we had a fair way and
+deep water all the time; and two days ago, when the mornin' sun came
+through the fog, we found ourselves just in the river opposite Galatz.
+The Roumanians were wild, and wanted me right or wrong to take out the
+box and fling it in the river. I had to argy wi' them aboot it wi' a
+handspike; an' when the last o' them rose off the deck wi' his head in
+his hand, I had convinced them that, evil eye or no evil eye, the
+property and the trust of my owners were better in my hands than in the
+river Danube. They had, mind ye, taken the box on the deck ready to
+fling in, and as it was marked Galatz _via_ Varna, I thocht I'd let it
+lie till we discharged in the port an' get rid o't althegither. We
+didn't do much clearin' that day, an' had to remain the nicht at anchor;
+but in the mornin', braw an' airly, an hour before sun-up, a man came
+aboard wi' an order, written to him from England, to receive a box
+marked for one Count Dracula. Sure eneuch the matter was one ready to
+his hand. He had his papers a' reet, an' glad I was to be rid o' the
+dam' thing, for I was beginnin' masel' to feel uneasy at it. If the Deil
+did have any luggage aboord the ship, I'm thinkin' it was nane ither
+than that same!"
+
+"What was the name of the man who took it?" asked Dr. Van Helsing with
+restrained eagerness.
+
+"I'll be tellin' ye quick!" he answered, and, stepping down to his
+cabin, produced a receipt signed "Immanuel Hildesheim." Burgen-strasse
+16 was the address. We found out that this was all the Captain knew; so
+with thanks we came away.
+
+We found Hildesheim in his office, a Hebrew of rather the Adelphi
+Theatre type, with a nose like a sheep, and a fez. His arguments were
+pointed with specie--we doing the punctuation--and with a little
+bargaining he told us what he knew. This turned out to be simple but
+important. He had received a letter from Mr. de Ville of London, telling
+him to receive, if possible before sunrise so as to avoid customs, a box
+which would arrive at Galatz in the _Czarina Catherine_. This he was to
+give in charge to a certain Petrof Skinsky, who dealt with the Slovaks
+who traded down the river to the port. He had been paid for his work by
+an English bank note, which had been duly cashed for gold at the Danube
+International Bank. When Skinsky had come to him, he had taken him to
+the ship and handed over the box, so as to save porterage. That was all
+he knew.
+
+We then sought for Skinsky, but were unable to find him. One of his
+neighbours, who did not seem to bear him any affection, said that he had
+gone away two days before, no one knew whither. This was corroborated by
+his landlord, who had received by messenger the key of the house
+together with the rent due, in English money. This had been between ten
+and eleven o'clock last night. We were at a standstill again.
+
+Whilst we were talking one came running and breathlessly gasped out that
+the body of Skinsky had been found inside the wall of the churchyard of
+St. Peter, and that the throat had been torn open as if by some wild
+animal. Those we had been speaking with ran off to see the horror, the
+women crying out "This is the work of a Slovak!" We hurried away lest we
+should have been in some way drawn into the affair, and so detained.
+
+As we came home we could arrive at no definite conclusion. We were all
+convinced that the box was on its way, by water, to somewhere; but where
+that might be we would have to discover. With heavy hearts we came home
+to the hotel to Mina.
+
+When we met together, the first thing was to consult as to taking Mina
+again into our confidence. Things are getting desperate, and it is at
+least a chance, though a hazardous one. As a preliminary step, I was
+released from my promise to her.
+
+
+_Mina Harker's Journal._
+
+_30 October, evening._--They were so tired and worn out and dispirited
+that there was nothing to be done till they had some rest; so I asked
+them all to lie down for half an hour whilst I should enter everything
+up to the moment. I feel so grateful to the man who invented the
+"Traveller's" typewriter, and to Mr. Morris for getting this one for
+me. I should have felt quite; astray doing the work if I had to write
+with a pen....
+
+It is all done; poor dear, dear Jonathan, what he must have suffered,
+what must he be suffering now. He lies on the sofa hardly seeming to
+breathe, and his whole body appears in collapse. His brows are knit; his
+face is drawn with pain. Poor fellow, maybe he is thinking, and I can
+see his face all wrinkled up with the concentration of his thoughts. Oh!
+if I could only help at all.... I shall do what I can.
+
+I have asked Dr. Van Helsing, and he has got me all the papers that I
+have not yet seen.... Whilst they are resting, I shall go over all
+carefully, and perhaps I may arrive at some conclusion. I shall try to
+follow the Professor's example, and think without prejudice on the facts
+before me....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I do believe that under God's providence I have made a discovery. I
+shall get the maps and look over them....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I am more than ever sure that I am right. My new conclusion is ready, so
+I shall get our party together and read it. They can judge it; it is
+well to be accurate, and every minute is precious.
+
+
+_Mina Harker's Memorandum._
+
+(Entered in her Journal.)
+
+_Ground of inquiry._--Count Dracula's problem is to get back to his own
+place.
+
+(_a_) He must be _brought back_ by some one. This is evident; for had he
+power to move himself as he wished he could go either as man, or wolf,
+or bat, or in some other way. He evidently fears discovery or
+interference, in the state of helplessness in which he must be--confined
+as he is between dawn and sunset in his wooden box.
+
+(_b_) _How is he to be taken?_--Here a process of exclusions may help
+us. By road, by rail, by water?
+
+1. _By Road._--There are endless difficulties, especially in leaving the
+city.
+
+(_x_) There are people; and people are curious, and investigate. A hint,
+a surmise, a doubt as to what might be in the box, would destroy him.
+
+(_y_) There are, or there may be, customs and octroi officers to pass.
+
+(_z_) His pursuers might follow. This is his highest fear; and in order
+to prevent his being betrayed he has repelled, so far as he can, even
+his victim--me!
+
+2. _By Rail._--There is no one in charge of the box. It would have to
+take its chance of being delayed; and delay would be fatal, with enemies
+on the track. True, he might escape at night; but what would he be, if
+left in a strange place with no refuge that he could fly to? This is not
+what he intends; and he does not mean to risk it.
+
+3. _By Water._--Here is the safest way, in one respect, but with most
+danger in another. On the water he is powerless except at night; even
+then he can only summon fog and storm and snow and his wolves. But were
+he wrecked, the living water would engulf him, helpless; and he would
+indeed be lost. He could have the vessel drive to land; but if it were
+unfriendly land, wherein he was not free to move, his position would
+still be desperate.
+
+We know from the record that he was on the water; so what we have to do
+is to ascertain _what_ water.
+
+The first thing is to realise exactly what he has done as yet; we may,
+then, get a light on what his later task is to be.
+
+_Firstly._--We must differentiate between what he did in London as part
+of his general plan of action, when he was pressed for moments and had
+to arrange as best he could.
+
+_Secondly_ we must see, as well as we can surmise it from the facts we
+know of, what he has done here.
+
+As to the first, he evidently intended to arrive at Galatz, and sent
+invoice to Varna to deceive us lest we should ascertain his means of
+exit from England; his immediate and sole purpose then was to escape.
+The proof of this, is the letter of instructions sent to Immanuel
+Hildesheim to clear and take away the box _before sunrise_. There is
+also the instruction to Petrof Skinsky. These we must only guess at; but
+there must have been some letter or message, since Skinsky came to
+Hildesheim.
+
+That, so far, his plans were successful we know. The _Czarina Catherine_
+made a phenomenally quick journey--so much so that Captain Donelson's
+suspicions were aroused; but his superstition united with his canniness
+played the Count's game for him, and he ran with his favouring wind
+through fogs and all till he brought up blindfold at Galatz. That the
+Count's arrangements were well made, has been proved. Hildesheim cleared
+the box, took it off, and gave it to Skinsky. Skinsky took it--and here
+we lose the trail. We only know that the box is somewhere on the water,
+moving along. The customs and the octroi, if there be any, have been
+avoided.
+
+Now we come to what the Count must have done after his arrival--_on
+land_, at Galatz.
+
+The box was given to Skinsky before sunrise. At sunrise the Count could
+appear in his own form. Here, we ask why Skinsky was chosen at all to
+aid in the work? In my husband's diary, Skinsky is mentioned as dealing
+with the Slovaks who trade down the river to the port; and the man's
+remark, that the murder was the work of a Slovak, showed the general
+feeling against his class. The Count wanted isolation.
+
+My surmise is, this: that in London the Count decided to get back to his
+castle by water, as the most safe and secret way. He was brought from
+the castle by Szgany, and probably they delivered their cargo to Slovaks
+who took the boxes to Varna, for there they were shipped for London.
+Thus the Count had knowledge of the persons who could arrange this
+service. When the box was on land, before sunrise or after sunset, he
+came out from his box, met Skinsky and instructed him what to do as to
+arranging the carriage of the box up some river. When this was done, and
+he knew that all was in train, he blotted out his traces, as he thought,
+by murdering his agent.
+
+I have examined the map and find that the river most suitable for the
+Slovaks to have ascended is either the Pruth or the Sereth. I read in
+the typescript that in my trance I heard cows low and water swirling
+level with my ears and the creaking of wood. The Count in his box, then,
+was on a river in an open boat--propelled probably either by oars or
+poles, for the banks are near and it is working against stream. There
+would be no such sound if floating down stream.
+
+Of course it may not be either the Sereth or the Pruth, but we may
+possibly investigate further. Now of these two, the Pruth is the more
+easily navigated, but the Sereth is, at Fundu, joined by the Bistritza
+which runs up round the Borgo Pass. The loop it makes is manifestly as
+close to Dracula's castle as can be got by water.
+
+
+_Mina Harker's Journal--continued._
+
+When I had done reading, Jonathan took me in his arms and kissed me. The
+others kept shaking me by both hands, and Dr. Van Helsing said:--
+
+"Our dear Madam Mina is once more our teacher. Her eyes have been where
+we were blinded. Now we are on the track once again, and this time we
+may succeed. Our enemy is at his most helpless; and if we can come on
+him by day, on the water, our task will be over. He has a start, but he
+is powerless to hasten, as he may not leave his box lest those who carry
+him may suspect; for them to suspect would be to prompt them to throw
+him in the stream where he perish. This he knows, and will not. Now men,
+to our Council of War; for, here and now, we must plan what each and all
+shall do."
+
+"I shall get a steam launch and follow him," said Lord Godalming.
+
+"And I, horses to follow on the bank lest by chance he land," said Mr.
+Morris.
+
+"Good!" said the Professor, "both good. But neither must go alone. There
+must be force to overcome force if need be; the Slovak is strong and
+rough, and he carries rude arms." All the men smiled, for amongst them
+they carried a small arsenal. Said Mr. Morris:--
+
+"I have brought some Winchesters; they are pretty handy in a crowd, and
+there may be wolves. The Count, if you remember, took some other
+precautions; he made some requisitions on others that Mrs. Harker could
+not quite hear or understand. We must be ready at all points." Dr.
+Seward said:--
+
+"I think I had better go with Quincey. We have been accustomed to hunt
+together, and we two, well armed, will be a match for whatever may come
+along. You must not be alone, Art. It may be necessary to fight the
+Slovaks, and a chance thrust--for I don't suppose these fellows carry
+guns--would undo all our plans. There must be no chances, this time; we
+shall, not rest until the Count's head and body have been separated, and
+we are sure that he cannot re-incarnate." He looked at Jonathan as he
+spoke, and Jonathan looked at me. I could see that the poor dear was
+torn about in his mind. Of course he wanted to be with me; but then the
+boat service would, most likely, be the one which would destroy the ...
+the ... the ... Vampire. (Why did I hesitate to write the word?) He was
+silent awhile, and during his silence Dr. Van Helsing spoke:--
+
+"Friend Jonathan, this is to you for twice reasons. First, because you
+are young and brave and can fight, and all energies may be needed at the
+last; and again that it is your right to destroy him--that--which has
+wrought such woe to you and yours. Be not afraid for Madam Mina; she
+will be my care, if I may. I am old. My legs are not so quick to run as
+once; and I am not used to ride so long or to pursue as need be, or to
+fight with lethal weapons. But I can be of other service; I can fight in
+other way. And I can die, if need be, as well as younger men. Now let
+me say that what I would is this: while you, my Lord Godalming and
+friend Jonathan go in your so swift little steamboat up the river, and
+whilst John and Quincey guard the bank where perchance he might be
+landed, I will take Madam Mina right into the heart of the enemy's
+country. Whilst the old fox is tied in his box, floating on the running
+stream whence he cannot escape to land--where he dares not raise the lid
+of his coffin-box lest his Slovak carriers should in fear leave him to
+perish--we shall go in the track where Jonathan went,--from Bistritz
+over the Borgo, and find our way to the Castle of Dracula. Here, Madam
+Mina's hypnotic power will surely help, and we shall find our way--all
+dark and unknown otherwise--after the first sunrise when we are near
+that fateful place. There is much to be done, and other places to be
+made sanctify, so that that nest of vipers be obliterated." Here
+Jonathan interrupted him hotly:--
+
+"Do you mean to say, Professor Van Helsing, that you would bring Mina,
+in her sad case and tainted as she is with that devil's illness, right
+into the jaws of his death-trap? Not for the world! Not for Heaven or
+Hell!" He became almost speechless for a minute, and then went on:--
+
+"Do you know what the place is? Have you seen that awful den of hellish
+infamy--with the very moonlight alive with grisly shapes, and every
+speck of dust that whirls in the wind a devouring monster in embryo?
+Have you felt the Vampire's lips upon your throat?" Here he turned to
+me, and as his eyes lit on my forehead he threw up his arms with a cry:
+"Oh, my God, what have we done to have this terror upon us!" and he sank
+down on the sofa in a collapse of misery. The Professor's voice, as he
+spoke in clear, sweet tones, which seemed to vibrate in the air, calmed
+us all:--
+
+"Oh, my friend, it is because I would save Madam Mina from that awful
+place that I would go. God forbid that I should take her into that
+place. There is work--wild work--to be done there, that her eyes may not
+see. We men here, all save Jonathan, have seen with their own eyes what
+is to be done before that place can be purify. Remember that we are in
+terrible straits. If the Count escape us this time--and he is strong and
+subtle and cunning--he may choose to sleep him for a century, and then
+in time our dear one"--he took my hand--"would come to him to keep him
+company, and would be as those others that you, Jonathan, saw. You have
+told us of their gloating lips; you heard their ribald laugh as they
+clutched the moving bag that the Count threw to them. You shudder; and
+well may it be. Forgive me that I make you so much pain, but it is
+necessary. My friend, is it not a dire need for the which I am giving,
+possibly my life? If it were that any one went into that place to stay,
+it is I who would have to go to keep them company."
+
+"Do as you will," said Jonathan, with a sob that shook him all over, "we
+are in the hands of God!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Later._--Oh, it did me good to see the way that these brave men worked.
+How can women help loving men when they are so earnest, and so true, and
+so brave! And, too, it made me think of the wonderful power of money!
+What can it not do when it is properly applied; and what might it do
+when basely used. I felt so thankful that Lord Godalming is rich, and
+that both he and Mr. Morris, who also has plenty of money, are willing
+to spend it so freely. For if they did not, our little expedition could
+not start, either so promptly or so well equipped, as it will within
+another hour. It is not three hours since it was arranged what part each
+of us was to do; and now Lord Godalming and Jonathan have a lovely steam
+launch, with steam up ready to start at a moment's notice. Dr. Seward
+and Mr. Morris have half a dozen good horses, well appointed. We have
+all the maps and appliances of various kinds that can be had. Professor
+Van Helsing and I are to leave by the 11:40 train to-night for Veresti,
+where we are to get a carriage to drive to the Borgo Pass. We are
+bringing a good deal of ready money, as we are to buy a carriage and
+horses. We shall drive ourselves, for we have no one whom we can trust
+in the matter. The Professor knows something of a great many languages,
+so we shall get on all right. We have all got arms, even for me a
+large-bore revolver; Jonathan would not be happy unless I was armed like
+the rest. Alas! I cannot carry one arm that the rest do; the scar on my
+forehead forbids that. Dear Dr. Van Helsing comforts me by telling me
+that I am fully armed as there may be wolves; the weather is getting
+colder every hour, and there are snow-flurries which come and go as
+warnings.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Later._--It took all my courage to say good-bye to my darling. We may
+never meet again. Courage, Mina! the Professor is looking at you keenly;
+his look is a warning. There must be no tears now--unless it may be that
+God will let them fall in gladness.
+
+
+_Jonathan Harker's Journal._
+
+_October 30. Night._--I am writing this in the light from the furnace
+door of the steam launch: Lord Godalming is firing up. He is an
+experienced hand at the work, as he has had for years a launch of his
+own on the Thames, and another on the Norfolk Broads. Regarding our
+plans, we finally decided that Mina's guess was correct, and that if any
+waterway was chosen for the Count's escape back to his Castle, the
+Sereth and then the Bistritza at its junction, would be the one. We took
+it, that somewhere about the 47th degree, north latitude, would be the
+place chosen for the crossing the country between the river and the
+Carpathians. We have no fear in running at good speed up the river at
+night; there is plenty of water, and the banks are wide enough apart to
+make steaming, even in the dark, easy enough. Lord Godalming tells me to
+sleep for a while, as it is enough for the present for one to be on
+watch. But I cannot sleep--how can I with the terrible danger hanging
+over my darling, and her going out into that awful place.... My only
+comfort is that we are in the hands of God. Only for that faith it would
+be easier to die than to live, and so be quit of all the trouble. Mr.
+Morris and Dr. Seward were off on their long ride before we started;
+they are to keep up the right bank, far enough off to get on higher
+lands where they can see a good stretch of river and avoid the following
+of its curves. They have, for the first stages, two men to ride and lead
+their spare horses--four in all, so as not to excite curiosity. When
+they dismiss the men, which shall be shortly, they shall themselves look
+after the horses. It may be necessary for us to join forces; if so they
+can mount our whole party. One of the saddles has a movable horn, and
+can be easily adapted for Mina, if required.
+
+It is a wild adventure we are on. Here, as we are rushing along through
+the darkness, with the cold from the river seeming to rise up and strike
+us; with all the mysterious voices of the night around us, it all comes
+home. We seem to be drifting into unknown places and unknown ways; into
+a whole world of dark and dreadful things. Godalming is shutting the
+furnace door....
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_31 October._--Still hurrying along. The day has come, and Godalming is
+sleeping. I am on watch. The morning is bitterly cold; the furnace heat
+is grateful, though we have heavy fur coats. As yet we have passed only
+a few open boats, but none of them had on board any box or package of
+anything like the size of the one we seek. The men were scared every
+time we turned our electric lamp on them, and fell on their knees and
+prayed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_1 November, evening._--No news all day; we have found nothing of the
+kind we seek. We have now passed into the Bistritza; and if we are wrong
+in our surmise our chance is gone. We have over-hauled every boat, big
+and little. Early this morning, one crew took us for a Government boat,
+and treated us accordingly. We saw in this a way of smoothing matters,
+so at Fundu, where the Bistritza runs into the Sereth, we got a
+Roumanian flag which we now fly conspicuously. With every boat which we
+have over-hauled since then this trick has succeeded; we have had every
+deference shown to us, and not once any objection to whatever we chose
+to ask or do. Some of the Slovaks tell us that a big boat passed them,
+going at more than usual speed as she had a double crew on board. This
+was before they came to Fundu, so they could not tell us whether the
+boat turned into the Bistritza or continued on up the Sereth. At Fundu
+we could not hear of any such boat, so she must have passed there in the
+night. I am feeling very sleepy; the cold is perhaps beginning to tell
+upon me, and nature must have rest some time. Godalming insists that he
+shall keep the first watch. God bless him for all his goodness to poor
+dear Mina and me.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_2 November, morning._--It is broad daylight. That good fellow would not
+wake me. He says it would have been a sin to, for I slept peacefully and
+was forgetting my trouble. It seems brutally selfish to me to have slept
+so long, and let him watch all night; but he was quite right. I am a new
+man this morning; and, as I sit here and watch him sleeping, I can do
+all that is necessary both as to minding the engine, steering, and
+keeping watch. I can feel that my strength and energy are coming back to
+me. I wonder where Mina is now, and Van Helsing. They should have got to
+Veresti about noon on Wednesday. It would take them some time to get the
+carriage and horses; so if they had started and travelled hard, they
+would be about now at the Borgo Pass. God guide and help them! I am
+afraid to think what may happen. If we could only go faster! but we
+cannot; the engines are throbbing and doing their utmost. I wonder how
+Dr. Seward and Mr. Morris are getting on. There seem to be endless
+streams running down the mountains into this river, but as none of them
+are very large--at present, at all events, though they are terrible
+doubtless in winter and when the snow melts--the horsemen may not have
+met much obstruction. I hope that before we get to Strasba we may see
+them; for if by that time we have not overtaken the Count, it may be
+necessary to take counsel together what to do next.
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary._
+
+_2 November._--Three days on the road. No news, and no time to write it
+if there had been, for every moment is precious. We have had only the
+rest needful for the horses; but we are both bearing it wonderfully.
+Those adventurous days of ours are turning up useful. We must push on;
+we shall never feel happy till we get the launch in sight again.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_3 November._--We heard at Fundu that the launch had gone up the
+Bistritza. I wish it wasn't so cold. There are signs of snow coming; and
+if it falls heavy it will stop us. In such case we must get a sledge and
+go on, Russian fashion.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_4 November._--To-day we heard of the launch having been detained by an
+accident when trying to force a way up the rapids. The Slovak boats get
+up all right, by aid of a rope and steering with knowledge. Some went up
+only a few hours before. Godalming is an amateur fitter himself, and
+evidently it was he who put the launch in trim again. Finally, they got
+up the rapids all right, with local help, and are off on the chase
+afresh. I fear that the boat is not any better for the accident; the
+peasantry tell us that after she got upon smooth water again, she kept
+stopping every now and again so long as she was in sight. We must push
+on harder than ever; our help may be wanted soon.
+
+
+_Mina Harker's Journal._
+
+_31 October._--Arrived at Veresti at noon. The Professor tells me that
+this morning at dawn he could hardly hypnotise me at all, and that all I
+could say was: "dark and quiet." He is off now buying a carriage and
+horses. He says that he will later on try to buy additional horses, so
+that we may be able to change them on the way. We have something more
+than 70 miles before us. The country is lovely, and most interesting; if
+only we were under different conditions, how delightful it would be to
+see it all. If Jonathan and I were driving through it alone what a
+pleasure it would be. To stop and see people, and learn something of
+their life, and to fill our minds and memories with all the colour and
+picturesqueness of the whole wild, beautiful country and the quaint
+people! But, alas!--
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Later._--Dr. Van Helsing has returned. He has got the carriage and
+horses; we are to have some dinner, and to start in an hour. The
+landlady is putting us up a huge basket of provisions; it seems enough
+for a company of soldiers. The Professor encourages her, and whispers to
+me that it may be a week before we can get any good food again. He has
+been shopping too, and has sent home such a wonderful lot of fur coats
+and wraps, and all sorts of warm things. There will not be any chance of
+our being cold.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We shall soon be off. I am afraid to think what may happen to us. We are
+truly in the hands of God. He alone knows what may be, and I pray Him,
+with all the strength of my sad and humble soul, that He will watch over
+my beloved husband; that whatever may happen, Jonathan may know that I
+loved him and honoured him more than I can say, and that my latest and
+truest thought will be always for him.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII
+
+MINA HARKER'S JOURNAL
+
+
+_1 November._--All day long we have travelled, and at a good speed. The
+horses seem to know that they are being kindly treated, for they go
+willingly their full stage at best speed. We have now had so many
+changes and find the same thing so constantly that we are encouraged to
+think that the journey will be an easy one. Dr. Van Helsing is laconic;
+he tells the farmers that he is hurrying to Bistritz, and pays them well
+to make the exchange of horses. We get hot soup, or coffee, or tea; and
+off we go. It is a lovely country; full of beauties of all imaginable
+kinds, and the people are brave, and strong, and simple, and seem full
+of nice qualities. They are _very, very_ superstitious. In the first
+house where we stopped, when the woman who served us saw the scar on my
+forehead, she crossed herself and put out two fingers towards me, to
+keep off the evil eye. I believe they went to the trouble of putting an
+extra amount of garlic into our food; and I can't abide garlic. Ever
+since then I have taken care not to take off my hat or veil, and so have
+escaped their suspicions. We are travelling fast, and as we have no
+driver with us to carry tales, we go ahead of scandal; but I daresay
+that fear of the evil eye will follow hard behind us all the way. The
+Professor seems tireless; all day he would not take any rest, though he
+made me sleep for a long spell. At sunset time he hypnotised me, and he
+says that I answered as usual "darkness, lapping water and creaking
+wood"; so our enemy is still on the river. I am afraid to think of
+Jonathan, but somehow I have now no fear for him, or for myself. I write
+this whilst we wait in a farmhouse for the horses to be got ready. Dr.
+Van Helsing is sleeping, Poor dear, he looks very tired and old and
+grey, but his mouth is set as firmly as a conqueror's; even in his sleep
+he is instinct with resolution. When we have well started I must make
+him rest whilst I drive. I shall tell him that we have days before us,
+and we must not break down when most of all his strength will be
+needed.... All is ready; we are off shortly.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_2 November, morning._--I was successful, and we took turns driving all
+night; now the day is on us, bright though cold. There is a strange
+heaviness in the air--I say heaviness for want of a better word; I mean
+that it oppresses us both. It is very cold, and only our warm furs keep
+us comfortable. At dawn Van Helsing hypnotised me; he says I answered
+"darkness, creaking wood and roaring water," so the river is changing as
+they ascend. I do hope that my darling will not run any chance of
+danger--more than need be; but we are in God's hands.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_2 November, night._--All day long driving. The country gets wilder as
+we go, and the great spurs of the Carpathians, which at Veresti seemed
+so far from us and so low on the horizon, now seem to gather round us
+and tower in front. We both seem in good spirits; I think we make an
+effort each to cheer the other; in the doing so we cheer ourselves. Dr.
+Van Helsing says that by morning we shall reach the Borgo Pass. The
+houses are very few here now, and the Professor says that the last horse
+we got will have to go on with us, as we may not be able to change. He
+got two in addition to the two we changed, so that now we have a rude
+four-in-hand. The dear horses are patient and good, and they give us no
+trouble. We are not worried with other travellers, and so even I can
+drive. We shall get to the Pass in daylight; we do not want to arrive
+before. So we take it easy, and have each a long rest in turn. Oh, what
+will to-morrow bring to us? We go to seek the place where my poor
+darling suffered so much. God grant that we may be guided aright, and
+that He will deign to watch over my husband and those dear to us both,
+and who are in such deadly peril. As for me, I am not worthy in His
+sight. Alas! I am unclean to His eyes, and shall be until He may deign
+to let me stand forth in His sight as one of those who have not incurred
+His wrath.
+
+
+_Memorandum by Abraham Van Helsing._
+
+_4 November._--This to my old and true friend John Seward, M.D., of
+Purfleet, London, in case I may not see him. It may explain. It is
+morning, and I write by a fire which all the night I have kept
+alive--Madam Mina aiding me. It is cold, cold; so cold that the grey
+heavy sky is full of snow, which when it falls will settle for all
+winter as the ground is hardening to receive it. It seems to have
+affected Madam Mina; she has been so heavy of head all day that she was
+not like herself. She sleeps, and sleeps, and sleeps! She who is usual
+so alert, have done literally nothing all the day; she even have lost
+her appetite. She make no entry into her little diary, she who write so
+faithful at every pause. Something whisper to me that all is not well.
+However, to-night she is more _vif_. Her long sleep all day have refresh
+and restore her, for now she is all sweet and bright as ever. At sunset
+I try to hypnotise her, but alas! with no effect; the power has grown
+less and less with each day, and to-night it fail me altogether. Well,
+God's will be done--whatever it may be, and whithersoever it may lead!
+
+Now to the historical, for as Madam Mina write not in her stenography, I
+must, in my cumbrous old fashion, that so each day of us may not go
+unrecorded.
+
+We got to the Borgo Pass just after sunrise yesterday morning. When I
+saw the signs of the dawn I got ready for the hypnotism. We stopped our
+carriage, and got down so that there might be no disturbance. I made a
+couch with furs, and Madam Mina, lying down, yield herself as usual, but
+more slow and more short time than ever, to the hypnotic sleep. As
+before, came the answer: "darkness and the swirling of water." Then she
+woke, bright and radiant and we go on our way and soon reach the Pass.
+At this time and place, she become all on fire with zeal; some new
+guiding power be in her manifested, for she point to a road and say:--
+
+"This is the way."
+
+"How know you it?" I ask.
+
+"Of course I know it," she answer, and with a pause, add: "Have not my
+Jonathan travelled it and wrote of his travel?"
+
+At first I think somewhat strange, but soon I see that there be only one
+such by-road. It is used but little, and very different from the coach
+road from the Bukovina to Bistritz, which is more wide and hard, and
+more of use.
+
+So we came down this road; when we meet other ways--not always were we
+sure that they were roads at all, for they be neglect and light snow
+have fallen--the horses know and they only. I give rein to them, and
+they go on so patient. By-and-by we find all the things which Jonathan
+have note in that wonderful diary of him. Then we go on for long, long
+hours and hours. At the first, I tell Madam Mina to sleep; she try, and
+she succeed. She sleep all the time; till at the last, I feel myself to
+suspicious grow, and attempt to wake her. But she sleep on, and I may
+not wake her though I try. I do not wish to try too hard lest I harm
+her; for I know that she have suffer much, and sleep at times be
+all-in-all to her. I think I drowse myself, for all of sudden I feel
+guilt, as though I have done something; I find myself bolt up, with the
+reins in my hand, and the good horses go along jog, jog, just as ever. I
+look down and find Madam Mina still sleep. It is now not far off sunset
+time, and over the snow the light of the sun flow in big yellow flood,
+so that we throw great long shadow on where the mountain rise so steep.
+For we are going up, and up; and all is oh! so wild and rocky, as though
+it were the end of the world.
+
+Then I arouse Madam Mina. This time she wake with not much trouble, and
+then I try to put her to hypnotic sleep. But she sleep not, being as
+though I were not. Still I try and try, till all at once I find her and
+myself in dark; so I look round, and find that the sun have gone down.
+Madam Mina laugh, and I turn and look at her. She is now quite awake,
+and look so well as I never saw her since that night at Carfax when we
+first enter the Count's house. I am amaze, and not at ease then; but she
+is so bright and tender and thoughtful for me that I forget all fear. I
+light a fire, for we have brought supply of wood with us, and she
+prepare food while I undo the horses and set them, tethered in shelter,
+to feed. Then when I return to the fire she have my supper ready. I go
+to help her; but she smile, and tell me that she have eat already--that
+she was so hungry that she would not wait. I like it not, and I have
+grave doubts; but I fear to affright her, and so I am silent of it. She
+help me and I eat alone; and then we wrap in fur and lie beside the
+fire, and I tell her to sleep while I watch. But presently I forget all
+of watching; and when I sudden remember that I watch, I find her lying
+quiet, but awake, and looking at me with so bright eyes. Once, twice
+more the same occur, and I get much sleep till before morning. When I
+wake I try to hypnotise her; but alas! though she shut her eyes
+obedient, she may not sleep. The sun rise up, and up, and up; and then
+sleep come to her too late, but so heavy that she will not wake. I have
+to lift her up, and place her sleeping in the carriage when I have
+harnessed the horses and made all ready. Madam still sleep, and she look
+in her sleep more healthy and more redder than before. And I like it
+not. And I am afraid, afraid, afraid!--I am afraid of all things--even
+to think but I must go on my way. The stake we play for is life and
+death, or more than these, and we must not flinch.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_5 November, morning._--Let me be accurate in everything, for though you
+and I have seen some strange things together, you may at the first think
+that I, Van Helsing, am mad--that the many horrors and the so long
+strain on nerves has at the last turn my brain.
+
+All yesterday we travel, ever getting closer to the mountains, and
+moving into a more and more wild and desert land. There are great,
+frowning precipices and much falling water, and Nature seem to have held
+sometime her carnival. Madam Mina still sleep and sleep; and though I
+did have hunger and appeased it, I could not waken her--even for food. I
+began to fear that the fatal spell of the place was upon her, tainted as
+she is with that Vampire baptism. "Well," said I to myself, "if it be
+that she sleep all the day, it shall also be that I do not sleep at
+night." As we travel on the rough road, for a road of an ancient and
+imperfect kind there was, I held down my head and slept. Again I waked
+with a sense of guilt and of time passed, and found Madam Mina still
+sleeping, and the sun low down. But all was indeed changed; the frowning
+mountains seemed further away, and we were near the top of a
+steep-rising hill, on summit of which was such a castle as Jonathan tell
+of in his diary. At once I exulted and feared; for now, for good or ill,
+the end was near.
+
+I woke Madam Mina, and again tried to hypnotise her; but alas!
+unavailing till too late. Then, ere the great dark came upon us--for
+even after down-sun the heavens reflected the gone sun on the snow, and
+all was for a time in a great twilight--I took out the horses and fed
+them in what shelter I could. Then I make a fire; and near it I make
+Madam Mina, now awake and more charming than ever, sit comfortable amid
+her rugs. I got ready food: but she would not eat, simply saying that
+she had not hunger. I did not press her, knowing her unavailingness. But
+I myself eat, for I must needs now be strong for all. Then, with the
+fear on me of what might be, I drew a ring so big for her comfort, round
+where Madam Mina sat; and over the ring I passed some of the wafer, and
+I broke it fine so that all was well guarded. She sat still all the
+time--so still as one dead; and she grew whiter and ever whiter till the
+snow was not more pale; and no word she said. But when I drew near, she
+clung to me, and I could know that the poor soul shook her from head to
+feet with a tremor that was pain to feel. I said to her presently, when
+she had grown more quiet:--
+
+"Will you not come over to the fire?" for I wished to make a test of
+what she could. She rose obedient, but when she have made a step she
+stopped, and stood as one stricken.
+
+"Why not go on?" I asked. She shook her head, and, coming back, sat
+down in her place. Then, looking at me with open eyes, as of one waked
+from sleep, she said simply:--
+
+"I cannot!" and remained silent. I rejoiced, for I knew that what she
+could not, none of those that we dreaded could. Though there might be
+danger to her body, yet her soul was safe!
+
+Presently the horses began to scream, and tore at their tethers till I
+came to them and quieted them. When they did feel my hands on them, they
+whinnied low as in joy, and licked at my hands and were quiet for a
+time. Many times through the night did I come to them, till it arrive to
+the cold hour when all nature is at lowest; and every time my coming was
+with quiet of them. In the cold hour the fire began to die, and I was
+about stepping forth to replenish it, for now the snow came in flying
+sweeps and with it a chill mist. Even in the dark there was a light of
+some kind, as there ever is over snow; and it seemed as though the
+snow-flurries and the wreaths of mist took shape as of women with
+trailing garments. All was in dead, grim silence only that the horses
+whinnied and cowered, as if in terror of the worst. I began to
+fear--horrible fears; but then came to me the sense of safety in that
+ring wherein I stood. I began, too, to think that my imaginings were of
+the night, and the gloom, and the unrest that I have gone through, and
+all the terrible anxiety. It was as though my memories of all Jonathan's
+horrid experience were befooling me; for the snow flakes and the mist
+began to wheel and circle round, till I could get as though a shadowy
+glimpse of those women that would have kissed him. And then the horses
+cowered lower and lower, and moaned in terror as men do in pain. Even
+the madness of fright was not to them, so that they could break away. I
+feared for my dear Madam Mina when these weird figures drew near and
+circled round. I looked at her, but she sat calm, and smiled at me; when
+I would have stepped to the fire to replenish it, she caught me and held
+me back, and whispered, like a voice that one hears in a dream, so low
+it was:--
+
+"No! No! Do not go without. Here you are safe!" I turned to her, and
+looking in her eyes, said:--
+
+"But you? It is for you that I fear!" whereat she laughed--a laugh, low
+and unreal, and said:--
+
+"Fear for _me_! Why fear for me? None safer in all the world from them
+than I am," and as I wondered at the meaning of her words, a puff of
+wind made the flame leap up, and I see the red scar on her forehead.
+Then, alas! I knew. Did I not, I would soon have learned, for the
+wheeling figures of mist and snow came closer, but keeping ever without
+the Holy circle. Then they began to materialise till--if God have not
+take away my reason, for I saw it through my eyes--there were before me
+in actual flesh the same three women that Jonathan saw in the room, when
+they would have kissed his throat. I knew the swaying round forms, the
+bright hard eyes, the white teeth, the ruddy colour, the voluptuous
+lips. They smiled ever at poor dear Madam Mina; and as their laugh came
+through the silence of the night, they twined their arms and pointed to
+her, and said in those so sweet tingling tones that Jonathan said were
+of the intolerable sweetness of the water-glasses:--
+
+"Come, sister. Come to us. Come! Come!" In fear I turned to my poor
+Madam Mina, and my heart with gladness leapt like flame; for oh! the
+terror in her sweet eyes, the repulsion, the horror, told a story to my
+heart that was all of hope. God be thanked she was not, yet, of them. I
+seized some of the firewood which was by me, and holding out some of the
+Wafer, advanced on them towards the fire. They drew back before me, and
+laughed their low horrid laugh. I fed the fire, and feared them not; for
+I knew that we were safe within our protections. They could not
+approach, me, whilst so armed, nor Madam Mina whilst she remained within
+the ring, which she could not leave no more than they could enter. The
+horses had ceased to moan, and lay still on the ground; the snow fell on
+them softly, and they grew whiter. I knew that there was for the poor
+beasts no more of terror.
+
+And so we remained till the red of the dawn to fall through the
+snow-gloom. I was desolate and afraid, and full of woe and terror; but
+when that beautiful sun began to climb the horizon life was to me again.
+At the first coming of the dawn the horrid figures melted in the
+whirling mist and snow; the wreaths of transparent gloom moved away
+towards the castle, and were lost.
+
+Instinctively, with the dawn coming, I turned to Madam Mina, intending
+to hypnotise her; but she lay in a deep and sudden sleep, from which I
+could not wake her. I tried to hypnotise through her sleep, but she made
+no response, none at all; and the day broke. I fear yet to stir. I have
+made my fire and have seen the horses, they are all dead. To-day I have
+much to do here, and I keep waiting till the sun is up high; for there
+may be places where I must go, where that sunlight, though snow and mist
+obscure it, will be to me a safety.
+
+I will strengthen me with breakfast, and then I will to my terrible
+work. Madam Mina still sleeps; and, God be thanked! she is calm in her
+sleep....
+
+
+_Jonathan Harker's Journal._
+
+_4 November, evening._--The accident to the launch has been a terrible
+thing for us. Only for it we should have overtaken the boat long ago;
+and by now my dear Mina would have been free. I fear to think of her,
+off on the wolds near that horrid place. We have got horses, and we
+follow on the track. I note this whilst Godalming is getting ready. We
+have our arms. The Szgany must look out if they mean fight. Oh, if only
+Morris and Seward were with us. We must only hope! If I write no more
+Good-bye, Mina! God bless and keep you.
+
+
+_Dr. Seward's Diary._
+
+_5 November._--With the dawn we saw the body of Szgany before us dashing
+away from the river with their leiter-wagon. They surrounded it in a
+cluster, and hurried along as though beset. The snow is falling lightly
+and there is a strange excitement in the air. It may be our own
+feelings, but the depression is strange. Far off I hear the howling of
+wolves; the snow brings them down from the mountains, and there are
+dangers to all of us, and from all sides. The horses are nearly ready,
+and we are soon off. We ride to death of some one. God alone knows who,
+or where, or what, or when, or how it may be....
+
+
+_Dr. Van Helsing's Memorandum._
+
+_5 November, afternoon._--I am at least sane. Thank God for that mercy
+at all events, though the proving it has been dreadful. When I left
+Madam Mina sleeping within the Holy circle, I took my way to the castle.
+The blacksmith hammer which I took in the carriage from Veresti was
+useful; though the doors were all open I broke them off the rusty
+hinges, lest some ill-intent or ill-chance should close them, so that
+being entered I might not get out. Jonathan's bitter experience served
+me here. By memory of his diary I found my way to the old chapel, for I
+knew that here my work lay. The air was oppressive; it seemed as if
+there was some sulphurous fume, which at times made me dizzy. Either
+there was a roaring in my ears or I heard afar off the howl of wolves.
+Then I bethought me of my dear Madam Mina, and I was in terrible plight.
+The dilemma had me between his horns.
+
+Her, I had not dare to take into this place, but left safe from the
+Vampire in that Holy circle; and yet even there would be the wolf! I
+resolve me that my work lay here, and that as to the wolves we must
+submit, if it were God's will. At any rate it was only death and
+freedom beyond. So did I choose for her. Had it but been for myself the
+choice had been easy, the maw of the wolf were better to rest in than
+the grave of the Vampire! So I make my choice to go on with my work.
+
+I knew that there were at least three graves to find--graves that are
+inhabit; so I search, and search, and I find one of them. She lay in her
+Vampire sleep, so full of life and voluptuous beauty that I shudder as
+though I have come to do murder. Ah, I doubt not that in old time, when
+such things were, many a man who set forth to do such a task as mine,
+found at the last his heart fail him, and then his nerve. So he delay,
+and delay, and delay, till the mere beauty and the fascination of the
+wanton Un-Dead have hypnotise him; and he remain on and on, till sunset
+come, and the Vampire sleep be over. Then the beautiful eyes of the fair
+woman open and look love, and the voluptuous mouth present to a
+kiss--and man is weak. And there remain one more victim in the Vampire
+fold; one more to swell the grim and grisly ranks of the Un-Dead!...
+
+There is some fascination, surely, when I am moved by the mere presence
+of such an one, even lying as she lay in a tomb fretted with age and
+heavy with the dust of centuries, though there be that horrid odour such
+as the lairs of the Count have had. Yes, I was moved--I, Van Helsing,
+with all my purpose and with my motive for hate--I was moved to a
+yearning for delay which seemed to paralyse my faculties and to clog my
+very soul. It may have been that the need of natural sleep, and the
+strange oppression of the air were beginning to overcome me. Certain it
+was that I was lapsing into sleep, the open-eyed sleep of one who yields
+to a sweet fascination, when there came through the snow-stilled air a
+long, low wail, so full of woe and pity that it woke me like the sound
+of a clarion. For it was the voice of my dear Madam Mina that I heard.
+
+Then I braced myself again to my horrid task, and found by wrenching
+away tomb-tops one other of the sisters, the other dark one. I dared not
+pause to look on her as I had on her sister, lest once more I should
+begin to be enthrall; but I go on searching until, presently, I find in
+a high great tomb as if made to one much beloved that other fair sister
+which, like Jonathan I had seen to gather herself out of the atoms of
+the mist. She was so fair to look on, so radiantly beautiful, so
+exquisitely voluptuous, that the very instinct of man in me, which calls
+some of my sex to love and to protect one of hers, made my head whirl
+with new emotion. But God be thanked, that soul-wail of my dear Madam
+Mina had not died out of my ears; and, before the spell could be wrought
+further upon me, I had nerved myself to my wild work. By this time I had
+searched all the tombs in the chapel, so far as I could tell; and as
+there had been only three of these Un-Dead phantoms around us in the
+night, I took it that there were no more of active Un-Dead existent.
+There was one great tomb more lordly than all the rest; huge it was, and
+nobly proportioned. On it was but one word
+
+                                DRACULA.
+
+This then was the Un-Dead home of the King-Vampire, to whom so many more
+were due. Its emptiness spoke eloquent to make certain what I knew.
+Before I began to restore these women to their dead selves through my
+awful work, I laid in Dracula's tomb some of the Wafer, and so banished
+him from it, Un-Dead, for ever.
+
+Then began my terrible task, and I dreaded it. Had it been but one, it
+had been easy, comparative. But three! To begin twice more after I had
+been through a deed of horror; for if it was terrible with the sweet
+Miss Lucy, what would it not be with these strange ones who had survived
+through centuries, and who had been strengthened by the passing of the
+years; who would, if they could, have fought for their foul lives....
+
+Oh, my friend John, but it was butcher work; had I not been nerved by
+thoughts of other dead, and of the living over whom hung such a pall of
+fear, I could not have gone on. I tremble and tremble even yet, though
+till all was over, God be thanked, my nerve did stand. Had I not seen
+the repose in the first place, and the gladness that stole over it just
+ere the final dissolution came, as realisation that the soul had been
+won, I could not have gone further with my butchery. I could not have
+endured the horrid screeching as the stake drove home; the plunging of
+writhing form, and lips of bloody foam. I should have fled in terror and
+left my work undone. But it is over! And the poor souls, I can pity them
+now and weep, as I think of them placid each in her full sleep of death
+for a short moment ere fading. For, friend John, hardly had my knife
+severed the head of each, before the whole body began to melt away and
+crumble in to its native dust, as though the death that should have come
+centuries agone had at last assert himself and say at once and loud "I
+am here!"
+
+Before I left the castle I so fixed its entrances that never more can
+the Count enter there Un-Dead.
+
+When I stepped into the circle where Madam Mina slept, she woke from her
+sleep, and, seeing, me, cried out in pain that I had endured too much.
+
+"Come!" she said, "come away from this awful place! Let us go to meet my
+husband who is, I know, coming towards us." She was looking thin and
+pale and weak; but her eyes were pure and glowed with fervour. I was
+glad to see her paleness and her illness, for my mind was full of the
+fresh horror of that ruddy vampire sleep.
+
+And so with trust and hope, and yet full of fear, we go eastward to meet
+our friends--and _him_--whom Madam Mina tell me that she _know_ are
+coming to meet us.
+
+
+_Mina Harker's Journal._
+
+_6 November._--It was late in the afternoon when the Professor and I
+took our way towards the east whence I knew Jonathan was coming. We did
+not go fast, though the way was steeply downhill, for we had to take
+heavy rugs and wraps with us; we dared not face the possibility of being
+left without warmth in the cold and the snow. We had to take some of our
+provisions, too, for we were in a perfect desolation, and, so far as we
+could see through the snowfall, there was not even the sign of
+habitation. When we had gone about a mile, I was tired with the heavy
+walking and sat down to rest. Then we looked back and saw where the
+clear line of Dracula's castle cut the sky; for we were so deep under
+the hill whereon it was set that the angle of perspective of the
+Carpathian mountains was far below it. We saw it in all its grandeur,
+perched a thousand feet on the summit of a sheer precipice, and with
+seemingly a great gap between it and the steep of the adjacent mountain
+on any side. There was something wild and uncanny about the place. We
+could hear the distant howling of wolves. They were far off, but the
+sound, even though coming muffled through the deadening snowfall, was
+full of terror. I knew from the way Dr. Van Helsing was searching about
+that he was trying to seek some strategic point, where we would be less
+exposed in case of attack. The rough roadway still led downwards; we
+could trace it through the drifted snow.
+
+In a little while the Professor signalled to me, so I got up and joined
+him. He had found a wonderful spot, a sort of natural hollow in a rock,
+with an entrance like a doorway between two boulders. He took me by the
+hand and drew me in: "See!" he said, "here you will be in shelter; and
+if the wolves do come I can meet them one by one." He brought in our
+furs, and made a snug nest for me, and got out some provisions and
+forced them upon me. But I could not eat; to even try to do so was
+repulsive to me, and, much as I would have liked to please him, I could
+not bring myself to the attempt. He looked very sad, but did not
+reproach me. Taking his field-glasses from the case, he stood on the top
+of the rock, and began to search the horizon. Suddenly he called out:--
+
+"Look! Madam Mina, look! look!" I sprang up and stood beside him on the
+rock; he handed me his glasses and pointed. The snow was now falling
+more heavily, and swirled about fiercely, for a high wind was beginning
+to blow. However, there were times when there were pauses between the
+snow flurries and I could see a long way round. From the height where we
+were it was possible to see a great distance; and far off, beyond the
+white waste of snow, I could see the river lying like a black ribbon in
+kinks and curls as it wound its way. Straight in front of us and not far
+off--in fact, so near that I wondered we had not noticed before--came a
+group of mounted men hurrying along. In the midst of them was a cart, a
+long leiter-wagon which swept from side to side, like a dog's tail
+wagging, with each stern inequality of the road. Outlined against the
+snow as they were, I could see from the men's clothes that they were
+peasants or gypsies of some kind.
+
+On the cart was a great square chest. My heart leaped as I saw it, for I
+felt that the end was coming. The evening was now drawing close, and
+well I knew that at sunset the Thing, which was till then imprisoned
+there, would take new freedom and could in any of many forms elude all
+pursuit. In fear I turned to the Professor; to my consternation,
+however, he was not there. An instant later, I saw him below me. Round
+the rock he had drawn a circle, such as we had found shelter in last
+night. When he had completed it he stood beside me again, saying:--
+
+"At least you shall be safe here from _him_!" He took the glasses from
+me, and at the next lull of the snow swept the whole space below us.
+"See," he said, "they come quickly; they are flogging the horses, and
+galloping as hard as they can." He paused and went on in a hollow
+voice:--
+
+"They are racing for the sunset. We may be too late. God's will be
+done!" Down came another blinding rush of driving snow, and the whole
+landscape was blotted out. It soon passed, however, and once more his
+glasses were fixed on the plain. Then came a sudden cry:--
+
+"Look! Look! Look! See, two horsemen follow fast, coming up from the
+south. It must be Quincey and John. Take the glass. Look before the snow
+blots it all out!" I took it and looked. The two men might be Dr. Seward
+and Mr. Morris. I knew at all events that neither of them was Jonathan.
+At the same time I _knew_ that Jonathan was not far off; looking around
+I saw on the north side of the coming party two other men, riding at
+break-neck speed. One of them I knew was Jonathan, and the other I took,
+of course, to be Lord Godalming. They, too, were pursuing the party with
+the cart. When I told the Professor he shouted in glee like a schoolboy,
+and, after looking intently till a snow fall made sight impossible, he
+laid his Winchester rifle ready for use against the boulder at the
+opening of our shelter. "They are all converging," he said. "When the
+time comes we shall have gypsies on all sides." I got out my revolver
+ready to hand, for whilst we were speaking the howling of wolves came
+louder and closer. When the snow storm abated a moment we looked again.
+It was strange to see the snow falling in such heavy flakes close to us,
+and beyond, the sun shining more and more brightly as it sank down
+towards the far mountain tops. Sweeping the glass all around us I could
+see here and there dots moving singly and in twos and threes and larger
+numbers--the wolves were gathering for their prey.
+
+Every instant seemed an age whilst we waited. The wind came now in
+fierce bursts, and the snow was driven with fury as it swept upon us in
+circling eddies. At times we could not see an arm's length before us;
+but at others, as the hollow-sounding wind swept by us, it seemed to
+clear the air-space around us so that we could see afar off. We had of
+late been so accustomed to watch for sunrise and sunset, that we knew
+with fair accuracy when it would be; and we knew that before long the
+sun would set. It was hard to believe that by our watches it was less
+than an hour that we waited in that rocky shelter before the various
+bodies began to converge close upon us. The wind came now with fiercer
+and more bitter sweeps, and more steadily from the north. It seemingly
+had driven the snow clouds from us, for, with only occasional bursts,
+the snow fell. We could distinguish clearly the individuals of each
+party, the pursued and the pursuers. Strangely enough those pursued did
+not seem to realise, or at least to care, that they were pursued; they
+seemed, however, to hasten with redoubled speed as the sun dropped lower
+and lower on the mountain tops.
+
+Closer and closer they drew. The Professor and I crouched down behind
+our rock, and held our weapons ready; I could see that he was determined
+that they should not pass. One and all were quite unaware of our
+presence.
+
+All at once two voices shouted out to: "Halt!" One was my Jonathan's,
+raised in a high key of passion; the other Mr. Morris' strong resolute
+tone of quiet command. The gypsies may not have known the language, but
+there was no mistaking the tone, in whatever tongue the words were
+spoken. Instinctively they reined in, and at the instant Lord Godalming
+and Jonathan dashed up at one side and Dr. Seward and Mr. Morris on the
+other. The leader of the gypsies, a splendid-looking fellow who sat his
+horse like a centaur, waved them back, and in a fierce voice gave to his
+companions some word to proceed. They lashed the horses which sprang
+forward; but the four men raised their Winchester rifles, and in an
+unmistakable way commanded them to stop. At the same moment Dr. Van
+Helsing and I rose behind the rock and pointed our weapons at them.
+Seeing that they were surrounded the men tightened their reins and drew
+up. The leader turned to them and gave a word at which every man of the
+gypsy party drew what weapon he carried, knife or pistol, and held
+himself in readiness to attack. Issue was joined in an instant.
+
+The leader, with a quick movement of his rein, threw his horse out in
+front, and pointing first to the sun--now close down on the hill
+tops--and then to the castle, said something which I did not understand.
+For answer, all four men of our party threw themselves from their horses
+and dashed towards the cart. I should have felt terrible fear at seeing
+Jonathan in such danger, but that the ardour of battle must have been
+upon me as well as the rest of them; I felt no fear, but only a wild,
+surging desire to do something. Seeing the quick movement of our
+parties, the leader of the gypsies gave a command; his men instantly
+formed round the cart in a sort of undisciplined endeavour, each one
+shouldering and pushing the other in his eagerness to carry out the
+order.
+
+In the midst of this I could see that Jonathan on one side of the ring
+of men, and Quincey on the other, were forcing a way to the cart; it was
+evident that they were bent on finishing their task before the sun
+should set. Nothing seemed to stop or even to hinder them. Neither the
+levelled weapons nor the flashing knives of the gypsies in front, nor
+the howling of the wolves behind, appeared to even attract their
+attention. Jonathan's impetuosity, and the manifest singleness of his
+purpose, seemed to overawe those in front of him; instinctively they
+cowered, aside and let him pass. In an instant he had jumped upon the
+cart, and, with a strength which seemed incredible, raised the great
+box, and flung it over the wheel to the ground. In the meantime, Mr.
+Morris had had to use force to pass through his side of the ring of
+Szgany. All the time I had been breathlessly watching Jonathan I had,
+with the tail of my eye, seen him pressing desperately forward, and had
+seen the knives of the gypsies flash as he won a way through them, and
+they cut at him. He had parried with his great bowie knife, and at first
+I thought that he too had come through in safety; but as he sprang
+beside Jonathan, who had by now jumped from the cart, I could see that
+with his left hand he was clutching at his side, and that the blood was
+spurting through his fingers. He did not delay notwithstanding this, for
+as Jonathan, with desperate energy, attacked one end of the chest,
+attempting to prize off the lid with his great Kukri knife, he attacked
+the other frantically with his bowie. Under the efforts of both men the
+lid began to yield; the nails drew with a quick screeching sound, and
+the top of the box was thrown back.
+
+By this time the gypsies, seeing themselves covered by the Winchesters,
+and at the mercy of Lord Godalming and Dr. Seward, had given in and made
+no resistance. The sun was almost down on the mountain tops, and the
+shadows of the whole group fell long upon the snow. I saw the Count
+lying within the box upon the earth, some of which the rude falling from
+the cart had scattered over him. He was deathly pale, just like a waxen
+image, and the red eyes glared with the horrible vindictive look which I
+knew too well.
+
+As I looked, the eyes saw the sinking sun, and the look of hate in them
+turned to triumph.
+
+But, on the instant, came the sweep and flash of Jonathan's great knife.
+I shrieked as I saw it shear through the throat; whilst at the same
+moment Mr. Morris's bowie knife plunged into the heart.
+
+It was like a miracle; but before our very eyes, and almost in the
+drawing of a breath, the whole body crumble into dust and passed from
+our sight.
+
+I shall be glad as long as I live that even in that moment of final
+dissolution, there was in the face a look of peace, such as I never
+could have imagined might have rested there.
+
+The Castle of Dracula now stood out against the red sky, and every stone
+of its broken battlements was articulated against the light of the
+setting sun.
+
+The gypsies, taking us as in some way the cause of the extraordinary
+disappearance of the dead man, turned, without a word, and rode away as
+if for their lives. Those who were unmounted jumped upon the
+leiter-wagon and shouted to the horsemen not to desert them. The wolves,
+which had withdrawn to a safe distance, followed in their wake, leaving
+us alone.
+
+Mr. Morris, who had sunk to the ground, leaned on his elbow, holding his
+hand pressed to his side; the blood still gushed through his fingers. I
+flew to him, for the Holy circle did not now keep me back; so did the
+two doctors. Jonathan knelt behind him and the wounded man laid back his
+head on his shoulder. With a sigh he took, with a feeble effort, my hand
+in that of his own which was unstained. He must have seen the anguish of
+my heart in my face, for he smiled at me and said:--
+
+"I am only too happy to have been of any service! Oh, God!" he cried
+suddenly, struggling up to a sitting posture and pointing to me, "It was
+worth for this to die! Look! look!"
+
+The sun was now right down upon the mountain top, and the red gleams
+fell upon my face, so that it was bathed in rosy light. With one impulse
+the men sank on their knees and a deep and earnest "Amen" broke from all
+as their eyes followed the pointing of his finger. The dying man
+spoke:--
+
+"Now God be thanked that all has not been in vain! See! the snow is not
+more stainless than her forehead! The curse has passed away!"
+
+And, to our bitter grief, with a smile and in silence, he died, a
+gallant gentleman.
+
+
+
+
+                                  NOTE
+
+
+Seven years ago we all went through the flames; and the happiness of
+some of us since then is, we think, well worth the pain we endured. It
+is an added joy to Mina and to me that our boy's birthday is the same
+day as that on which Quincey Morris died. His mother holds, I know, the
+secret belief that some of our brave friend's spirit has passed into
+him. His bundle of names links all our little band of men together; but
+we call him Quincey.
+
+In the summer of this year we made a journey to Transylvania, and went
+over the old ground which was, and is, to us so full of vivid and
+terrible memories. It was almost impossible to believe that the things
+which we had seen with our own eyes and heard with our own ears were
+living truths. Every trace of all that had been was blotted out. The
+castle stood as before, reared high above a waste of desolation.
+
+When we got home we were talking of the old time--which we could all
+look back on without despair, for Godalming and Seward are both happily
+married. I took the papers from the safe where they had been ever since
+our return so long ago. We were struck with the fact, that in all the
+mass of material of which the record is composed, there is hardly one
+authentic document; nothing but a mass of typewriting, except the later
+note-books of Mina and Seward and myself, and Van Helsing's memorandum.
+We could hardly ask any one, even did we wish to, to accept these as
+proofs of so wild a story. Van Helsing summed it all up as he said, with
+our boy on his knee:--
+
+"We want no proofs; we ask none to believe us! This boy will some day
+know what a brave and gallant woman his mother is. Already he knows her
+sweetness and loving care; later on he will understand how some men so
+loved her, that they did dare much for her sake."
+
+JONATHAN HARKER.
+
+                                THE END
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       _There's More to Follow!_
+
+     More stories of the sort you like; more, probably, by the author of
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+     before you lay it aside. There are books here you are sure to
+     want--some, possibly, that you have _always_ wanted.
+
+     It is a _selected_ list; every book in it has achieved a certain
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+
+     The Grosset & Dunlap list is not only the greatest Index of Good
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+
+                _Look on the Other Side of the Wrapper!_
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+     _In case the wrapper is lost write to the publishers for a complete
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+DETECTIVE STORIES BY J. S. FLETCHER
+
+May be had wherever books are sold. Ask for Grosset & Dunlap's list
+
+
+THE SECRET OF THE BARBICAN
+
+THE ANNEXATION SOCIETY
+
+THE WOLVES AND THE LAMB
+
+GREEN INK
+
+THE KING versus WARGRAVE
+
+THE LOST MR. LINTHWAITE
+
+THE MILL OF MANY WINDOWS
+
+THE HEAVEN-KISSED HILL
+
+THE MIDDLE TEMPLE MURDER
+
+RAVENSDENE COURT
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+_Ask for Complete free list of G. & D. Popular Copyrighted Fiction_
+
+GROSSET & DUNLAP, _Publishers_, NEW YORK
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:
+
+in a very simply way=> in a very simple way {pg 68}
+
+"The Westminister Gazette," 25 September.=> "The Westminster Gazette,"
+25 September. {pg 165}
+
+It have told him=> She must have told him {pg 169}
+
+from md sight=> from my sight {pg}184
+
+Goldaming=> Godalming {pg 226}
+
+I I did not want to hinder him=> I did not want to hinder him {pg 267}
+
+They lay in a sort of or-orderly=> They lay in a sort of orderly {pg
+279}
+
+Translyvania=> Transylvania {pg 294}
+
+this mrrning from Dardanelles=> this morning from Dardanelles {pg 313}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Dracula, by Bram Stoker
+
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diff --git a/notebooks/empirical_analysis_of_algorithms.ipynb b/notebooks/empirical_analysis_of_algorithms.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5a715a44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/notebooks/empirical_analysis_of_algorithms.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,770 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Analysis of Algorithms\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Copyright 2017 Allen Downey, [MIT License](http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import print_function, division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "%matplotlib inline\n",
+    "\n",
+    "import os\n",
+    "import string\n",
+    "import warnings\n",
+    "warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')\n",
+    "\n",
+    "import numpy as np\n",
+    "\n",
+    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Empirical order of growth\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Sometimes we can figure out what order of growth a function belongs to by running it with a range of problem sizes and measuring the run time.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "To measure runtimes, we'll use `etime`, which uses `os.times` to compute the total time used by a process, including \"user time\" and \"system time\".  User time is time spent running your code; system time is time spent running operating system code on your behalf."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def etime():\n",
+    "    \"\"\"Measures user and system time this process has used.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    Returns the sum of user and system time.\"\"\"\n",
+    "    user, sys, chuser, chsys, real = os.times()\n",
+    "    return user+sys"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "`time_func` takes a function object and a problem size, `n`, runs the function, and returns the elapsed time."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def time_func(func, n):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"Run a function and return the elapsed time.\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    func: function\n",
+    "    n: problem size\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    returns: user+sys time in seconds\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    start = etime()\n",
+    "    func(n)\n",
+    "    end = etime()\n",
+    "    elapsed = end - start\n",
+    "    return elapsed"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Here's an example: a function that makes a list with the given length using `append`."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def append_list(n):\n",
+    "    t = []\n",
+    "    for i in range(n):\n",
+    "        t.append(i)\n",
+    "    return t\n",
+    "\n",
+    "time_func(append_list, 1000000)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "`run_timing_test` takes a function, runs it with a range of problem sizes, and returns two lists: problem sizes and times."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def run_timing_test(func, max_time=100):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"Tests the given function with a range of values for n.\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    func: function object\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    returns: list of ns and a list of run times.\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    ns = []\n",
+    "    ts = []\n",
+    "    for i in range(10, 28):\n",
+    "        n = 2**i\n",
+    "        t = time_func(func, n)\n",
+    "        print(n, t)\n",
+    "        if t > 0:\n",
+    "            ns.append(n)\n",
+    "            ts.append(t)\n",
+    "        if t > max_time:\n",
+    "            break\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    return ns, ts"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Here's an example with `append_list`"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "ns, ts = run_timing_test(append_list)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "`fit` takes the lists of ns and ts and fits it with a curve of the form `a * n**exp`, where `exp` is a given exponent and `a` is chosen so that the line goes through a particular point in the sequence, usually the last. "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def fit(ns, ts, exp=1.0, index=-1):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"Fits a curve with the given exponent.\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    ns: sequence of problem sizes\n",
+    "    ts: sequence of times\n",
+    "    exp: exponent of the fitted curve\n",
+    "    index: index of the element the fitted line should go through\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    returns: sequence of fitted times\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    # Use the element with the given index as a reference point, \n",
+    "    # and scale all other points accordingly.\n",
+    "    nref = ns[index]\n",
+    "    tref = ts[index]\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    tfit = []\n",
+    "    for n in ns:\n",
+    "        ratio = n / nref\n",
+    "        t = ratio**exp * tref\n",
+    "        tfit.append(t)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    return tfit"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "`plot_timing_test` plots the results."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def plot_timing_test(ns, ts, label='', color='blue', exp=1.0, scale='log'):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"Plots data and a fitted curve.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    ns: sequence of n (problem size)\n",
+    "    ts: sequence of t (run time)\n",
+    "    label: string label for the data curve\n",
+    "    color: string color for the data curve\n",
+    "    exp: exponent (slope) for the fitted curve\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    tfit = fit(ns, ts, exp)\n",
+    "    plt.plot(ns, tfit, color='0.7', linewidth=2, linestyle='dashed')\n",
+    "    plt.plot(ns, ts, 's-', label=label, color=color, alpha=0.5, linewidth=3)\n",
+    "    plt.xlabel('Problem size (n)')\n",
+    "    plt.ylabel('Runtime (seconds)')\n",
+    "    plt.xscale(scale)\n",
+    "    plt.yscale(scale)\n",
+    "    plt.legend()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Here are the results from `append_list`.  When we plot `ts` versus `ns` on a log-log scale, we should get a straight line.  If the order of growth is linear, the slope of the line should be 1. "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "plot_timing_test(ns, ts, 'append_list', exp=1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "For small values of `n`, the runtime is so short that we're probably not getting an accurate measurement of just the operation we're interested in.  But as `n` increases, runtime seems to converge to a line with slope 1.  \n",
+    "\n",
+    "That suggests that performing append `n` times is linear, which suggests that a single append is constant time.  "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### list.pop\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Now let's try that with `pop`, and specifically with `pop(0)`, which pops from the left side of the list."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def pop_left_list(n):\n",
+    "    t= []\n",
+    "    for i in range(n):\n",
+    "        t.append(i)\n",
+    "    for _ in range(n):\n",
+    "        t.pop(0)\n",
+    "    return t\n",
+    "\n",
+    "ns, ts = run_timing_test(pop_left_list)\n",
+    "plot_timing_test(ns, ts, 'pop_left_list', exp=1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "That doesn't look very good.  The runtimes increase more steeply than the line with slope 1.  Let's try slope 2."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "plot_timing_test(ns, ts, 'pop_left_list', exp=2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "The last few points converge on the line with slope 2, which suggests that `pop(0)` is quadratic."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Exercise:**  What happens if you pop from the end of the list?  Write a function called `pop_right_list` that pops the last element instead of the first.  Use `run_timing_test` to characterize its performance.  Then use `plot_timing_test` with a few different values of `exp` to find the slope that best matches the data.  What conclusion can you draw about the order of growth for popping an element from the end of a list?"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# Solution\n",
+    "\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Sorting\n",
+    "\n",
+    "We expect sorting to be `n log n`.  On a log-log scale, that doesn't look like a straight line, so there's no simple test whether it's really `n log n`.  Nevertheless, we can plot results for sorting lists with different lengths, and see what it looks like."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def sort_list(n):\n",
+    "    t = np.random.random(n)\n",
+    "    t.sort()\n",
+    "    return t\n",
+    "\n",
+    "ns, ts = run_timing_test(sort_list)\n",
+    "plot_timing_test(ns, ts, 'sort_list', exp=1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "It sure looks like sorting is linear, so that's surprising.  But remember that `log n` changes much more slowly than `n`.  Over a wide range of values, `n log n` can be hard to distinguish from an algorithm with linear growth.  As `n` gets bigger, we would expect this curve to be steeper than slope 1.  But often, for practical problem sizes, `n log n` is as good as linear."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Bisection search\n",
+    "\n",
+    "We expect bisection search to be `log n`, which is so fast it is hard to measure the way we've been doing it.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "To make it work, I create the sorted list ahead of time and use the parameter `hi` to specify which part of the list to search.  Also, I have to run each search 100,000 times so it takes long enough to measure. "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "t = np.random.random(16777216)\n",
+    "t.sort()\n",
+    "\n",
+    "from bisect import bisect\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def search_sorted_list(n):\n",
+    "    for i in range(100000):\n",
+    "        index = bisect(t, 0.1, hi=n) \n",
+    "    return index\n",
+    "\n",
+    "ns, ts = run_timing_test(search_sorted_list, max_time=0.2)\n",
+    "plot_timing_test(ns, ts, 'search_sorted_list', exp=1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "It looks like the runtime increases slowly as `n` increases, but it's definitely not linear.  To see if it's constant time, we can compare it to the line with slope 0."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "plot_timing_test(ns, ts, 'search_sorted_list', exp=0)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Nope, looks like it's not constant time, either.  We can't really conclude that it's `log n` based on this curve alone, but the results are certainly consistent with that theory."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Dictionary methods\n",
+    "\n",
+    "**Exercise:** Write methods called `add_dict` and `lookup_dict`, based on `append_list` and `pop_left_list`.  What is the order of growth for adding and looking up elements in a dictionary?"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# Solution\n",
+    "\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Implementing a hash table\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The reason Python dictionaries can add and look up elements in constant time is that they are based on hash tables.  In this section, we'll implement a hash table in Python.  Remember that this example is for educational purposes only.  There is no practical reason to write a hash table like this in Python.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "We'll start with a simple linear map, which is a list of key-value pairs."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class LinearMap(object):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"A simple implementation of a map using a list of tuples\n",
+    "    where each tuple is a key-value pair.\"\"\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    def __init__(self):\n",
+    "        self.items = []\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    def add(self, k, v):\n",
+    "        \"\"\"Adds a new item that maps from key (k) to value (v).\n",
+    "        Assumes that they keys are unique.\"\"\"\n",
+    "        self.items.append((k, v))\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    def get(self, k):\n",
+    "        \"\"\"Looks up the key (k) and returns the corresponding value,\n",
+    "        or raises KeyError if the key is not found.\"\"\"\n",
+    "        for key, val in self.items:\n",
+    "            if key == k:\n",
+    "                return val\n",
+    "        raise KeyError"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "First let's make sure it works:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "scrolled": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def test_map(m):\n",
+    "    s = string.ascii_lowercase\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    for k, v in enumerate(s):\n",
+    "        m.add(k, v)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    for k in range(len(s)):\n",
+    "        print(k, m.get(k))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "m = LinearMap()\n",
+    "test_map(m)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Now let's see how long it takes to add `n` elements."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def add_linear_map(n):\n",
+    "    d = LinearMap()\n",
+    "    for i in range(n):\n",
+    "        d.add(i, 1)\n",
+    "    return d\n",
+    "\n",
+    "ns, ts = run_timing_test(add_linear_map)\n",
+    "plot_timing_test(ns, ts, 'add_linear_map', exp=1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Adding `n` elements is linear, so each add is constant time.  How about lookup?"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def lookup_linear_map(n):\n",
+    "    d = LinearMap()\n",
+    "    for i in range(n):\n",
+    "        d.add(i, 1)\n",
+    "    total = 0\n",
+    "    for i in range(n):\n",
+    "        total += d.get(i)\n",
+    "    return d\n",
+    "\n",
+    "ns, ts = run_timing_test(lookup_linear_map)\n",
+    "plot_timing_test(ns, ts, 'lookup_linear_map', exp=2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Looking up `n` elements is $O(n^2)$ (notice that `exp=2`).  So each lookup is linear.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Let's see what happens if we break the list of key-value pairs into 100 lists."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class BetterMap(object):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"A faster implementation of a map using a list of LinearMaps\n",
+    "    and the built-in function hash() to determine which LinearMap\n",
+    "    to put each key into.\"\"\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, n=100):\n",
+    "        \"\"\"Appends (n) LinearMaps onto (self).\"\"\"\n",
+    "        self.maps = []\n",
+    "        for i in range(n):\n",
+    "            self.maps.append(LinearMap())\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    def find_map(self, k):\n",
+    "        \"\"\"Finds the right LinearMap for key (k).\"\"\"\n",
+    "        index = hash(k) % len(self.maps)\n",
+    "        return self.maps[index]\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    def add(self, k, v):\n",
+    "        \"\"\"Adds a new item to the appropriate LinearMap for key (k).\"\"\"\n",
+    "        m = self.find_map(k)\n",
+    "        m.add(k, v)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    def get(self, k):\n",
+    "        \"\"\"Finds the right LinearMap for key (k) and looks up (k) in it.\"\"\"\n",
+    "        m = self.find_map(k)\n",
+    "        return m.get(k)\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "m = BetterMap()\n",
+    "test_map(m)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "The run time is better (we get to a larger value of `n` before we run out of time). "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def lookup_better_map(n):\n",
+    "    d = BetterMap()\n",
+    "    for i in range(n):\n",
+    "        d.add(i, 1)\n",
+    "    total = 0\n",
+    "    for i in range(n):\n",
+    "        total += d.get(i)\n",
+    "    return d\n",
+    "\n",
+    "ns, ts = run_timing_test(lookup_better_map)\n",
+    "plot_timing_test(ns, ts, 'lookup_better_map', exp=1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "The order of growth is hard to characterize.  It looks steeper than the line with slope 1.  Let's try slope 2."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "plot_timing_test(ns, ts, 'lookup_better_map', exp=2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "It might be converging to the line with slope 2, but it's hard to say anything conclusive without running larger problem sizes."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Exercise:** Go back and run `run_timing_test` with a larger value of `max_time` and see if the run time converges to the line with slope 2.  Just be careful not to make `max_time` to big."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Now we're ready for a complete implementation of a hash map."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class HashMap(object):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"An implementation of a hashtable using a BetterMap\n",
+    "    that grows so that the number of items never exceeds the number\n",
+    "    of LinearMaps.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    The amortized cost of add should be O(1) provided that the\n",
+    "    implementation of sum in resize is linear.\"\"\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    def __init__(self):\n",
+    "        \"\"\"Starts with 2 LinearMaps and 0 items.\"\"\"\n",
+    "        self.maps = BetterMap(2)\n",
+    "        self.num = 0\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    def get(self, k):\n",
+    "        \"\"\"Looks up the key (k) and returns the corresponding value,\n",
+    "        or raises KeyError if the key is not found.\"\"\"\n",
+    "        return self.maps.get(k)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    def add(self, k, v):\n",
+    "        \"\"\"Resize the map if necessary and adds the new item.\"\"\"\n",
+    "        if self.num == len(self.maps.maps):\n",
+    "            self.resize()\n",
+    "\n",
+    "        self.maps.add(k, v)\n",
+    "        self.num += 1\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    def resize(self):\n",
+    "        \"\"\"Makes a new map, twice as big, and rehashes the items.\"\"\"\n",
+    "        new_map = BetterMap(self.num * 2)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "        for m in self.maps.maps:\n",
+    "            for k, v in m.items:\n",
+    "                new_map.add(k, v)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "        self.maps = new_map"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "m = HashMap()\n",
+    "test_map(m)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Exercise:** Write a function called `lookup_hash_map`, based on `lookup_better_map`, and characterize its run time."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# Solution\n",
+    "\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "If things have gone according to plan, the results should converge to a line with slope 1.  Which means that `n` lookups is linear, which means that each lookup is constant time.  Which is pretty much magic."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "anaconda-cloud": {},
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.6.3"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 1
+}
diff --git a/notebooks/exceptions.ipynb b/notebooks/exceptions.ipynb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7fd9ccc6..00000000
--- a/notebooks/exceptions.ipynb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,466 +0,0 @@
-{
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "# Exceptions"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 37,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def complement(c):\n",
-    "    if c == 'A':\n",
-    "        return 'T'\n",
-    "    if c == 'T':\n",
-    "        return 'A'\n",
-    "    if c == 'C':\n",
-    "        return 'G'\n",
-    "    if c == 'G':\n",
-    "        return 'C'"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "is equivalent to:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def complement(c):\n",
-    "    if c == 'A':\n",
-    "        return 'T'\n",
-    "    if c == 'T':\n",
-    "        return 'A'\n",
-    "    if c == 'C':\n",
-    "        return 'G'\n",
-    "    if c == 'G':\n",
-    "        return 'C'\n",
-    "    return None"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "`complement_seq` is a client of `complement`:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 43,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def complement_seq(dna_seq):\n",
-    "    return ''.join(complement(b) for b in dna_seq[::-1])"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Unfolded, to make debugging easier:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 45,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def complement_seq(dna_seq):\n",
-    "    result = ''\n",
-    "    for b in dna_seq[::-1]:\n",
-    "        c = complement(b)\n",
-    "        result += c\n",
-    "    return result"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Passing an invalid argument to `complement_seq` passes an invalid argument to `complement`, which raises an exception. The exception is downstream from the call to `complement`, and has an unrevealing name and message. This makes this difficult to debug."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 46,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "TypeError",
-     "evalue": "Can't convert 'NoneType' object to str implicitly",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-46-cef160c3921b>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mcomplement_seq\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'CAXT'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-45-1a6d8e3928b2>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mcomplement_seq\u001b[0;34m(dna_seq)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      3\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mfor\u001b[0m \u001b[0mb\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32min\u001b[0m \u001b[0mdna_seq\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m-\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mc\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcomplement\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mb\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 5\u001b[0;31m         \u001b[0mresult\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      6\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mresult\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
-      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: Can't convert 'NoneType' object to str implicitly"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "complement_seq('CAXT')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Return-value-as-error\n",
-    "One technique (frowned on in Python) is to represent an error by an “out-of-band” value. “Out-of-band” means not in the set of valid return values for the function."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def complement(c):\n",
-    "    if c == 'A':\n",
-    "        return 'T'\n",
-    "    if c == 'T':\n",
-    "        return 'A'\n",
-    "    if c == 'C':\n",
-    "        return 'G'\n",
-    "    if c == 'G':\n",
-    "        return 'C'\n",
-    "    return 'error'"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "`complement` callers need to know about this. If they don't know how to recover from the error, they should return an out-of-band value too. Then *their* callers need to follow this convention as well."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 45,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def complement_seq(dna_seq):\n",
-    "    result = ''\n",
-    "    for b in dna_seq[::-1]:\n",
-    "        c = complement(b)\n",
-    "        if c == 'error':\n",
-    "            return 'error'\n",
-    "        result += c\n",
-    "    return result"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 45,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def function_that_uses_complement_seq():\n",
-    "    # do some stuff that computes dna_seq\n",
-    "    # ...\n",
-    "    comp_seq = complement_seq(dna_seq)\n",
-    "    if comp_seq == 'error':\n",
-    "        return 'error'\n",
-    "    # now the case where comp_seq didn't return an error"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Exceptions"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The alternative to *returning a value* is to *raise an *exception*:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 47,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "Exception",
-     "evalue": "invalid nucleobase",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-47-6c045add2467>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     10\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mException\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'invalid nucleobase'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     11\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 12\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mcomplement\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'X'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-47-6c045add2467>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mcomplement\u001b[0;34m(c)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      8\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mc\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m==\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'G'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      9\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'C'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 10\u001b[0;31m     \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mException\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'invalid nucleobase'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m     11\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     12\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcomplement\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'X'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
-      "\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m: invalid nucleobase"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def complement(c):\n",
-    "    if c == 'A':\n",
-    "        return 'T'\n",
-    "    if c == 'T':\n",
-    "        return 'A'\n",
-    "    if c == 'C':\n",
-    "        return 'G'\n",
-    "    if c == 'G':\n",
-    "        return 'C'\n",
-    "    raise Exception('invalid nucleobase')\n",
-    "\n",
-    "complement('X')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The exception is be thrown straight through `complement`'s callers – even if they don't know about exceptions. This makes for easier debugging."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 49,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "Exception",
-     "evalue": "invalid nucleobase",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-49-2d23b82ff07b>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      6\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mresult\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      7\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 8\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mcomplement_seq\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'CAXT'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-49-2d23b82ff07b>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mcomplement_seq\u001b[0;34m(dna_seq)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mresult\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m''\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      3\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mfor\u001b[0m \u001b[0mb\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32min\u001b[0m \u001b[0mdna_seq\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m-\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 4\u001b[0;31m         \u001b[0mc\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcomplement\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mb\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      5\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mresult\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      6\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mresult\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
-      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-47-6c045add2467>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mcomplement\u001b[0;34m(c)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      8\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mc\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m==\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'G'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      9\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'C'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 10\u001b[0;31m     \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mException\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'invalid nucleobase'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m     11\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     12\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcomplement\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'X'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
-      "\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m: invalid nucleobase"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def complement_seq(dna_seq):\n",
-    "    result = ''\n",
-    "    for b in dna_seq[::-1]:\n",
-    "        c = complement(b)\n",
-    "        result += c\n",
-    "    return result\n",
-    "\n",
-    "complement_seq('CAXT')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Catching (or handling) exceptions"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "`pay_me_a_complement` is a client of `complement_seq`.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "The straightforward implementation displays a stack trace when the user enters an invalid sequence."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 50,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "CAXT\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "ename": "Exception",
-     "evalue": "invalid nucleobase",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-50-0f7ab1192a67>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      3\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'complement is'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcomplement_seq\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mseq\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 5\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mpay_me_a_complement\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-50-0f7ab1192a67>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mpay_me_a_complement\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mpay_me_a_complement\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mseq\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0minput\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 3\u001b[0;31m     \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'complement is'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcomplement_seq\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mseq\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      5\u001b[0m \u001b[0mpay_me_a_complement\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
-      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-49-2d23b82ff07b>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mcomplement_seq\u001b[0;34m(dna_seq)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mresult\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m''\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      3\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mfor\u001b[0m \u001b[0mb\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32min\u001b[0m \u001b[0mdna_seq\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m-\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 4\u001b[0;31m         \u001b[0mc\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcomplement\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mb\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      5\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mresult\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      6\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mresult\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
-      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-47-6c045add2467>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mcomplement\u001b[0;34m(c)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      8\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mc\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m==\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'G'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      9\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'C'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 10\u001b[0;31m     \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mException\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'invalid nucleobase'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m     11\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     12\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcomplement\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'X'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
-      "\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m: invalid nucleobase"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def pay_me_a_complement():\n",
-    "    seq = input()\n",
-    "    print('The complement is', complement_seq(seq))\n",
-    "\n",
-    "pay_me_a_complement()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Use `try…except` to handle exceptions.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "The following code acts normally the same as the implementation above the code in the `try` block runs without exception.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "If, however, there's an exception within the `try` block, then the program skips the rest of that block and picks up at the start of the `except` block instead."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 52,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "CAXT\n",
-      "Invalid DNA sequence: CAXT\n",
-      "done\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def pay_me_a_complement():\n",
-    "    seq = input()\n",
-    "    try:\n",
-    "        print('The complement is', complement_seq(seq))\n",
-    "    except:\n",
-    "        print('Invalid DNA sequence: {}'.format(seq))\n",
-    "    print('done')\n",
-    "\n",
-    "pay_me_a_complement()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## User-Defined Exception Class"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The previous implementation indiscrimately turns all program errors into an \"Invalid DNA sequence\" message.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "It's equivalent to the following function. `except Exception` means catch any exception that is an instance of the class `Exception` – but this is all exceptions."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def pay_me_a_complement():\n",
-    "    seq = input()\n",
-    "    try:\n",
-    "        print('The complement is', complement_seq(seq))\n",
-    "    except Exception:\n",
-    "        print('Invalid sequence')\n",
-    "    print('done')\n",
-    "\n",
-    "pay_me_a_complement()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "We can write a more specific `except` clause, to handle a more specific exception:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 53,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "class InvalidNucleobaseException(Exception):\n",
-    "    pass\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def complement(c):\n",
-    "    if c == 'A':\n",
-    "        return 'T'\n",
-    "    if c == 'T':\n",
-    "        return 'A'\n",
-    "    if c == 'C':\n",
-    "        return 'G'\n",
-    "    if c == 'G':\n",
-    "        return 'C'\n",
-    "    raise InvalidNucleobaseException('invalid nucleobase')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 55,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "CAXT\n",
-      "Invalid DNA sequence: CAXT\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def pay_me_a_complement():\n",
-    "    seq = input()\n",
-    "    try:\n",
-    "        print('The complement is', complement_seq(seq))\n",
-    "    except InvalidNucleobaseException:\n",
-    "        print('Invalid DNA sequence: {}'.format(seq))\n",
-    "\n",
-    "pay_me_a_complement()"
-   ]
-  }
- ],
- "metadata": {
-  "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3",
-   "language": "python",
-   "name": "python3"
-  },
-  "language_info": {
-   "codemirror_mode": {
-    "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
-   },
-   "file_extension": ".py",
-   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
-   "name": "python",
-   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.5.2"
-  }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
-}
diff --git a/notebooks/frankenstein.txt b/notebooks/frankenstein.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..953895d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/notebooks/frankenstein.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7834 @@
+
+Project Gutenberg's Frankenstein, by Mary Wollstonecraft (Godwin) Shelley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net
+
+
+Title: Frankenstein
+       or The Modern Prometheus
+
+Author: Mary Wollstonecraft (Godwin) Shelley
+
+Release Date: June 17, 2008 [EBook #84]
+Last updated: January 13, 2018
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRANKENSTEIN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Judith Boss, Christy Phillips, Lynn Hanninen,
+and David Meltzer. HTML version by Al Haines.
+Further corrections by Menno de Leeuw.
+
+
+
+Frankenstein;
+
+
+or, the Modern Prometheus
+
+
+
+
+by
+
+
+Mary Wollstonecraft (Godwin) Shelley
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+
+
+Letter 1
+
+Letter 2
+
+Letter 3
+
+Letter 4
+
+Chapter 1
+
+Chapter 2
+
+Chapter 3
+
+Chapter 4
+
+Chapter 5
+
+Chapter 6
+
+Chapter 7
+
+Chapter 8
+
+Chapter 9
+
+Chapter 10
+
+Chapter 11
+
+Chapter 12
+
+Chapter 13
+
+Chapter 14
+
+Chapter 15
+
+Chapter 16
+
+Chapter 17
+
+Chapter 18
+
+Chapter 19
+
+Chapter 20
+
+Chapter 21
+
+Chapter 22
+
+Chapter 23
+
+Chapter 24
+
+
+
+
+
+Letter 1
+
+_To Mrs. Saville, England._
+
+
+St. Petersburgh, Dec. 11th, 17—.
+
+
+You will rejoice to hear that no disaster has accompanied the
+commencement of an enterprise which you have regarded with such evil
+forebodings.  I arrived here yesterday, and my first task is to assure
+my dear sister of my welfare and increasing confidence in the success
+of my undertaking.
+
+I am already far north of London, and as I walk in the streets of
+Petersburgh, I feel a cold northern breeze play upon my cheeks, which
+braces my nerves and fills me with delight.  Do you understand this
+feeling?  This breeze, which has travelled from the regions towards
+which I am advancing, gives me a foretaste of those icy climes.
+Inspirited by this wind of promise, my daydreams become more fervent
+and vivid.  I try in vain to be persuaded that the pole is the seat of
+frost and desolation; it ever presents itself to my imagination as the
+region of beauty and delight.  There, Margaret, the sun is for ever
+visible, its broad disk just skirting the horizon and diffusing a
+perpetual splendour.  There—for with your leave, my sister, I will put
+some trust in preceding navigators—there snow and frost are banished;
+and, sailing over a calm sea, we may be wafted to a land surpassing in
+wonders and in beauty every region hitherto discovered on the habitable
+globe.  Its productions and features may be without example, as the
+phenomena of the heavenly bodies undoubtedly are in those undiscovered
+solitudes.  What may not be expected in a country of eternal light?  I
+may there discover the wondrous power which attracts the needle and may
+regulate a thousand celestial observations that require only this
+voyage to render their seeming eccentricities consistent for ever.  I
+shall satiate my ardent curiosity with the sight of a part of the world
+never before visited, and may tread a land never before imprinted by
+the foot of man. These are my enticements, and they are sufficient to
+conquer all fear of danger or death and to induce me to commence this
+laborious voyage with the joy a child feels when he embarks in a little
+boat, with his holiday mates, on an expedition of discovery up his
+native river. But supposing all these conjectures to be false, you
+cannot contest the inestimable benefit which I shall confer on all
+mankind, to the last generation, by discovering a passage near the pole
+to those countries, to reach which at present so many months are
+requisite; or by ascertaining the secret of the magnet, which, if at
+all possible, can only be effected by an undertaking such as mine.
+
+These reflections have dispelled the agitation with which I began my
+letter, and I feel my heart glow with an enthusiasm which elevates me
+to heaven, for nothing contributes so much to tranquillise the mind as
+a steady purpose—a point on which the soul may fix its intellectual
+eye.  This expedition has been the favourite dream of my early years. I
+have read with ardour the accounts of the various voyages which have
+been made in the prospect of arriving at the North Pacific Ocean
+through the seas which surround the pole.  You may remember that a
+history of all the voyages made for purposes of discovery composed the
+whole of our good Uncle Thomas’ library.  My education was neglected,
+yet I was passionately fond of reading.  These volumes were my study
+day and night, and my familiarity with them increased that regret which
+I had felt, as a child, on learning that my father’s dying injunction
+had forbidden my uncle to allow me to embark in a seafaring life.
+
+These visions faded when I perused, for the first time, those poets
+whose effusions entranced my soul and lifted it to heaven.  I also
+became a poet and for one year lived in a paradise of my own creation;
+I imagined that I also might obtain a niche in the temple where the
+names of Homer and Shakespeare are consecrated.  You are well
+acquainted with my failure and how heavily I bore the disappointment.
+But just at that time I inherited the fortune of my cousin, and my
+thoughts were turned into the channel of their earlier bent.
+
+Six years have passed since I resolved on my present undertaking.  I
+can, even now, remember the hour from which I dedicated myself to this
+great enterprise.  I commenced by inuring my body to hardship.  I
+accompanied the whale-fishers on several expeditions to the North Sea;
+I voluntarily endured cold, famine, thirst, and want of sleep; I often
+worked harder than the common sailors during the day and devoted my
+nights to the study of mathematics, the theory of medicine, and those
+branches of physical science from which a naval adventurer might derive
+the greatest practical advantage.  Twice I actually hired myself as an
+under-mate in a Greenland whaler, and acquitted myself to admiration. I
+must own I felt a little proud when my captain offered me the second
+dignity in the vessel and entreated me to remain with the greatest
+earnestness, so valuable did he consider my services.
+
+And now, dear Margaret, do I not deserve to accomplish some great purpose?
+My life might have been passed in ease and luxury, but I preferred glory to
+every enticement that wealth placed in my path. Oh, that some encouraging
+voice would answer in the affirmative! My courage and my resolution is
+firm; but my hopes fluctuate, and my spirits are often depressed. I am
+about to proceed on a long and difficult voyage, the emergencies of which
+will demand all my fortitude: I am required not only to raise the spirits
+of others, but sometimes to sustain my own, when theirs are failing.
+
+This is the most favourable period for travelling in Russia.  They fly
+quickly over the snow in their sledges; the motion is pleasant, and, in
+my opinion, far more agreeable than that of an English stagecoach.  The
+cold is not excessive, if you are wrapped in furs—a dress which I have
+already adopted, for there is a great difference between walking the
+deck and remaining seated motionless for hours, when no exercise
+prevents the blood from actually freezing in your veins.  I have no
+ambition to lose my life on the post-road between St. Petersburgh and
+Archangel.
+
+I shall depart for the latter town in a fortnight or three weeks; and my
+intention is to hire a ship there, which can easily be done by paying the
+insurance for the owner, and to engage as many sailors as I think necessary
+among those who are accustomed to the whale-fishing. I do not intend to
+sail until the month of June; and when shall I return? Ah, dear sister, how
+can I answer this question? If I succeed, many, many months, perhaps years,
+will pass before you and I may meet. If I fail, you will see me again soon,
+or never.
+
+Farewell, my dear, excellent Margaret. Heaven shower down blessings on you,
+and save me, that I may again and again testify my gratitude for all your
+love and kindness.
+
+Your affectionate brother,
+
+R. Walton
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Letter 2
+
+
+
+
+_To Mrs. Saville, England._
+
+
+Archangel, 28th March, 17—.
+
+
+How slowly the time passes here, encompassed as I am by frost and snow!
+Yet a second step is taken towards my enterprise.  I have hired a
+vessel and am occupied in collecting my sailors; those whom I have
+already engaged appear to be men on whom I can depend and are certainly
+possessed of dauntless courage.
+
+But I have one want which I have never yet been able to satisfy, and the
+absence of the object of which I now feel as a most severe evil, I have no
+friend, Margaret: when I am glowing with the enthusiasm of success, there
+will be none to participate my joy; if I am assailed by disappointment, no
+one will endeavour to sustain me in dejection. I shall commit my thoughts
+to paper, it is true; but that is a poor medium for the communication of
+feeling. I desire the company of a man who could sympathise with me, whose
+eyes would reply to mine. You may deem me romantic, my dear sister, but I
+bitterly feel the want of a friend. I have no one near me, gentle yet
+courageous, possessed of a cultivated as well as of a capacious mind, whose
+tastes are like my own, to approve or amend my plans. How would such a
+friend repair the faults of your poor brother! I am too ardent in execution
+and too impatient of difficulties. But it is a still greater evil to me
+that I am self-educated: for the first fourteen years of my life I ran wild
+on a common and read nothing but our Uncle Thomas’ books of voyages.
+At that age I became acquainted with the celebrated poets of our own
+country; but it was only when it had ceased to be in my power to derive its
+most important benefits from such a conviction that I perceived the
+necessity of becoming acquainted with more languages than that of my native
+country. Now I am twenty-eight and am in reality more illiterate than many
+schoolboys of fifteen. It is true that I have thought more and that my
+daydreams are more extended and magnificent, but they want (as the painters
+call it) _keeping;_ and I greatly need a friend who would have sense
+enough not to despise me as romantic, and affection enough for me to
+endeavour to regulate my mind.
+
+Well, these are useless complaints; I shall certainly find no friend on the
+wide ocean, nor even here in Archangel, among merchants and seamen. Yet
+some feelings, unallied to the dross of human nature, beat even in these
+rugged bosoms. My lieutenant, for instance, is a man of wonderful courage
+and enterprise; he is madly desirous of glory, or rather, to word my phrase
+more characteristically, of advancement in his profession. He is an
+Englishman, and in the midst of national and professional prejudices,
+unsoftened by cultivation, retains some of the noblest endowments of
+humanity. I first became acquainted with him on board a whale vessel;
+finding that he was unemployed in this city, I easily engaged him to assist
+in my enterprise.
+
+The master is a person of an excellent disposition and is remarkable in the
+ship for his gentleness and the mildness of his discipline. This
+circumstance, added to his well-known integrity and dauntless courage, made
+me very desirous to engage him. A youth passed in solitude, my best years
+spent under your gentle and feminine fosterage, has so refined the
+groundwork of my character that I cannot overcome an intense distaste to
+the usual brutality exercised on board ship: I have never believed it to be
+necessary, and when I heard of a mariner equally noted for his kindliness
+of heart and the respect and obedience paid to him by his crew, I felt
+myself peculiarly fortunate in being able to secure his services. I heard
+of him first in rather a romantic manner, from a lady who owes to him the
+happiness of her life. This, briefly, is his story. Some years ago he loved
+a young Russian lady of moderate fortune, and having amassed a considerable
+sum in prize-money, the father of the girl consented to the match. He saw
+his mistress once before the destined ceremony; but she was bathed in
+tears, and throwing herself at his feet, entreated him to spare her,
+confessing at the same time that she loved another, but that he was poor,
+and that her father would never consent to the union. My generous friend
+reassured the suppliant, and on being informed of the name of her lover,
+instantly abandoned his pursuit. He had already bought a farm with his
+money, on which he had designed to pass the remainder of his life; but he
+bestowed the whole on his rival, together with the remains of his
+prize-money to purchase stock, and then himself solicited the young
+woman’s father to consent to her marriage with her lover. But the old
+man decidedly refused, thinking himself bound in honour to my friend, who,
+when he found the father inexorable, quitted his country, nor returned
+until he heard that his former mistress was married according to her
+inclinations. “What a noble fellow!” you will exclaim. He is
+so; but then he is wholly uneducated: he is as silent as a Turk, and a kind
+of ignorant carelessness attends him, which, while it renders his conduct
+the more astonishing, detracts from the interest and sympathy which
+otherwise he would command.
+
+Yet do not suppose, because I complain a little or because I can
+conceive a consolation for my toils which I may never know, that I am
+wavering in my resolutions.  Those are as fixed as fate, and my voyage
+is only now delayed until the weather shall permit my embarkation.  The
+winter has been dreadfully severe, but the spring promises well, and it
+is considered as a remarkably early season, so that perhaps I may sail
+sooner than I expected.  I shall do nothing rashly:  you know me
+sufficiently to confide in my prudence and considerateness whenever the
+safety of others is committed to my care.
+
+I cannot describe to you my sensations on the near prospect of my
+undertaking.  It is impossible to communicate to you a conception of
+the trembling sensation, half pleasurable and half fearful, with which
+I am preparing to depart.  I am going to unexplored regions, to “the
+land of mist and snow,” but I shall kill no albatross; therefore do not
+be alarmed for my safety or if I should come back to you as worn and
+woeful as the “Ancient Mariner.”  You will smile at my allusion, but I
+will disclose a secret.  I have often attributed my attachment to, my
+passionate enthusiasm for, the dangerous mysteries of ocean to that
+production of the most imaginative of modern poets.  There is something
+at work in my soul which I do not understand.  I am practically
+industrious—painstaking, a workman to execute with perseverance and
+labour—but besides this there is a love for the marvellous, a belief
+in the marvellous, intertwined in all my projects, which hurries me out
+of the common pathways of men, even to the wild sea and unvisited
+regions I am about to explore.
+
+But to return to dearer considerations. Shall I meet you again, after
+having traversed immense seas, and returned by the most southern cape of
+Africa or America?  I dare not expect such success, yet I cannot bear to
+look on the reverse of the picture.  Continue for the present to write to
+me by every opportunity: I may receive your letters on some occasions when
+I need them most to support my spirits.  I love you very tenderly. 
+Remember me with affection, should you never hear from me again.
+
+Your affectionate brother,
+  Robert Walton
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Letter 3
+
+
+
+
+_To Mrs. Saville, England._
+
+
+July 7th, 17—.
+
+
+My dear Sister,
+
+I write a few lines in haste to say that I am safe—and well advanced
+on my voyage.  This letter will reach England by a merchantman now on
+its homeward voyage from Archangel; more fortunate than I, who may not
+see my native land, perhaps, for many years.  I am, however, in good
+spirits:  my men are bold and apparently firm of purpose, nor do the
+floating sheets of ice that continually pass us, indicating the dangers
+of the region towards which we are advancing, appear to dismay them. We
+have already reached a very high latitude; but it is the height of
+summer, and although not so warm as in England, the southern gales,
+which blow us speedily towards those shores which I so ardently desire
+to attain, breathe a degree of renovating warmth which I had not
+expected.
+
+No incidents have hitherto befallen us that would make a figure in a
+letter.  One or two stiff gales and the springing of a leak are
+accidents which experienced navigators scarcely remember to record, and
+I shall be well content if nothing worse happen to us during our voyage.
+
+Adieu, my dear Margaret.  Be assured that for my own sake, as well as
+yours, I will not rashly encounter danger.  I will be cool,
+persevering, and prudent.
+
+But success _shall_ crown my endeavours.  Wherefore not?  Thus far I
+have gone, tracing a secure way over the pathless seas, the very stars
+themselves being witnesses and testimonies of my triumph.  Why not
+still proceed over the untamed yet obedient element?  What can stop the
+determined heart and resolved will of man?
+
+My swelling heart involuntarily pours itself out thus.  But I must
+finish.  Heaven bless my beloved sister!
+
+R.W.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Letter 4
+
+
+
+
+_To Mrs. Saville, England._
+
+
+August 5th, 17—.
+
+
+So strange an accident has happened to us that I cannot forbear
+recording it, although it is very probable that you will see me before
+these papers can come into your possession.
+
+Last Monday (July 31st) we were nearly surrounded by ice, which closed
+in the ship on all sides, scarcely leaving her the sea-room in which
+she floated.  Our situation was somewhat dangerous, especially as we
+were compassed round by a very thick fog.  We accordingly lay to,
+hoping that some change would take place in the atmosphere and weather.
+
+About two o’clock the mist cleared away, and we beheld, stretched out
+in every direction, vast and irregular plains of ice, which seemed to
+have no end.  Some of my comrades groaned, and my own mind began to
+grow watchful with anxious thoughts, when a strange sight suddenly
+attracted our attention and diverted our solicitude from our own
+situation.  We perceived a low carriage, fixed on a sledge and drawn by
+dogs, pass on towards the north, at the distance of half a mile; a
+being which had the shape of a man, but apparently of gigantic stature,
+sat in the sledge and guided the dogs.  We watched the rapid progress
+of the traveller with our telescopes until he was lost among the
+distant inequalities of the ice.
+
+This appearance excited our unqualified wonder. We were, as we believed,
+many hundred miles from any land; but this apparition seemed to denote that
+it was not, in reality, so distant as we had supposed. Shut in, however, by
+ice, it was impossible to follow his track, which we had observed with the
+greatest attention.
+
+About two hours after this occurrence we heard the ground sea, and before
+night the ice broke and freed our ship. We, however, lay to until the
+morning, fearing to encounter in the dark those large loose masses which
+float about after the breaking up of the ice. I profited of this time to
+rest for a few hours.
+
+In the morning, however, as soon as it was light, I went upon deck and
+found all the sailors busy on one side of the vessel, apparently
+talking to someone in the sea.  It was, in fact, a sledge, like that we
+had seen before, which had drifted towards us in the night on a large
+fragment of ice.  Only one dog remained alive; but there was a human
+being within it whom the sailors were persuading to enter the vessel.
+He was not, as the other traveller seemed to be, a savage inhabitant of
+some undiscovered island, but a European.  When I appeared on deck the
+master said, “Here is our captain, and he will not allow you to perish
+on the open sea.”
+
+On perceiving me, the stranger addressed me in English, although with a
+foreign accent.  “Before I come on board your vessel,” said he,
+“will you have the kindness to inform me whither you are bound?”
+
+You may conceive my astonishment on hearing such a question addressed
+to me from a man on the brink of destruction and to whom I should have
+supposed that my vessel would have been a resource which he would not
+have exchanged for the most precious wealth the earth can afford.  I
+replied, however, that we were on a voyage of discovery towards the
+northern pole.
+
+Upon hearing this he appeared satisfied and consented to come on board.
+Good God!  Margaret, if you had seen the man who thus capitulated for
+his safety, your surprise would have been boundless.  His limbs were
+nearly frozen, and his body dreadfully emaciated by fatigue and
+suffering.  I never saw a man in so wretched a condition.  We attempted
+to carry him into the cabin, but as soon as he had quitted the fresh
+air he fainted.  We accordingly brought him back to the deck and
+restored him to animation by rubbing him with brandy and forcing him to
+swallow a small quantity.  As soon as he showed signs of life we
+wrapped him up in blankets and placed him near the chimney of the
+kitchen stove.  By slow degrees he recovered and ate a little soup,
+which restored him wonderfully.
+
+Two days passed in this manner before he was able to speak, and I often
+feared that his sufferings had deprived him of understanding.  When he
+had in some measure recovered, I removed him to my own cabin and
+attended on him as much as my duty would permit.  I never saw a more
+interesting creature:  his eyes have generally an expression of
+wildness, and even madness, but there are moments when, if anyone
+performs an act of kindness towards him or does him any the most
+trifling service, his whole countenance is lighted up, as it were, with
+a beam of benevolence and sweetness that I never saw equalled.  But he
+is generally melancholy and despairing, and sometimes he gnashes his
+teeth, as if impatient of the weight of woes that oppresses him.
+
+When my guest was a little recovered I had great trouble to keep off
+the men, who wished to ask him a thousand questions; but I would not
+allow him to be tormented by their idle curiosity, in a state of body
+and mind whose restoration evidently depended upon entire repose.
+Once, however, the lieutenant asked why he had come so far upon the ice
+in so strange a vehicle.
+
+His countenance instantly assumed an aspect of the deepest gloom, and
+he replied, “To seek one who fled from me.”
+
+“And did the man whom you pursued travel in the same fashion?”
+
+“Yes.”
+
+“Then I fancy we have seen him, for the day before we picked you up we
+saw some dogs drawing a sledge, with a man in it, across the ice.”
+
+This aroused the stranger’s attention, and he asked a multitude of
+questions concerning the route which the dæmon, as he called him, had
+pursued.  Soon after, when he was alone with me, he said, “I have,
+doubtless, excited your curiosity, as well as that of these good
+people; but you are too considerate to make inquiries.”
+
+“Certainly; it would indeed be very impertinent and inhuman in me to
+trouble you with any inquisitiveness of mine.”
+
+“And yet you rescued me from a strange and perilous situation; you have
+benevolently restored me to life.”
+
+Soon after this he inquired if I thought that the breaking up of the
+ice had destroyed the other sledge.  I replied that I could not answer
+with any degree of certainty, for the ice had not broken until near
+midnight, and the traveller might have arrived at a place of safety
+before that time; but of this I could not judge.
+
+From this time a new spirit of life animated the decaying frame of the
+stranger. He manifested the greatest eagerness to be upon deck to watch for
+the sledge which had before appeared; but I have persuaded him to remain in
+the cabin, for he is far too weak to sustain the rawness of the atmosphere.
+I have promised that someone should watch for him and give him instant
+notice if any new object should appear in sight.
+
+Such is my journal of what relates to this strange occurrence up to the
+present day.  The stranger has gradually improved in health but is very
+silent and appears uneasy when anyone except myself enters his cabin.
+Yet his manners are so conciliating and gentle that the sailors are all
+interested in him, although they have had very little communication
+with him.  For my own part, I begin to love him as a brother, and his
+constant and deep grief fills me with sympathy and compassion.  He must
+have been a noble creature in his better days, being even now in wreck
+so attractive and amiable.
+
+I said in one of my letters, my dear Margaret, that I should find no friend
+on the wide ocean; yet I have found a man who, before his spirit had been
+broken by misery, I should have been happy to have possessed as the brother
+of my heart.
+
+I shall continue my journal concerning the stranger at intervals,
+should I have any fresh incidents to record.
+
+
+
+
+August 13th, 17—.
+
+
+My affection for my guest increases every day.  He excites at once my
+admiration and my pity to an astonishing degree.  How can I see so
+noble a creature destroyed by misery without feeling the most poignant
+grief?  He is so gentle, yet so wise; his mind is so cultivated, and
+when he speaks, although his words are culled with the choicest art,
+yet they flow with rapidity and unparalleled eloquence.
+
+He is now much recovered from his illness and is continually on the deck,
+apparently watching for the sledge that preceded his own. Yet, although
+unhappy, he is not so utterly occupied by his own misery but that he
+interests himself deeply in the projects of others. He has frequently
+conversed with me on mine, which I have communicated to him without
+disguise. He entered attentively into all my arguments in favour of my
+eventual success and into every minute detail of the measures I had taken
+to secure it. I was easily led by the sympathy which he evinced to use the
+language of my heart, to give utterance to the burning ardour of my soul
+and to say, with all the fervour that warmed me, how gladly I would
+sacrifice my fortune, my existence, my every hope, to the furtherance of my
+enterprise. One man’s life or death were but a small price to pay for
+the acquirement of the knowledge which I sought, for the dominion I should
+acquire and transmit over the elemental foes of our race. As I spoke, a
+dark gloom spread over my listener’s countenance. At first I
+perceived that he tried to suppress his emotion; he placed his hands before
+his eyes, and my voice quivered and failed me as I beheld tears trickle
+fast from between his fingers; a groan burst from his heaving breast. I
+paused; at length he spoke, in broken accents: “Unhappy man! Do you
+share my madness? Have you drunk also of the intoxicating draught? Hear me;
+let me reveal my tale, and you will dash the cup from your lips!”
+
+Such words, you may imagine, strongly excited my curiosity; but the
+paroxysm of grief that had seized the stranger overcame his weakened
+powers, and many hours of repose and tranquil conversation were
+necessary to restore his composure.
+
+Having conquered the violence of his feelings, he appeared to despise
+himself for being the slave of passion; and quelling the dark tyranny of
+despair, he led me again to converse concerning myself personally. He asked
+me the history of my earlier years. The tale was quickly told, but it
+awakened various trains of reflection. I spoke of my desire of finding a
+friend, of my thirst for a more intimate sympathy with a fellow mind than
+had ever fallen to my lot, and expressed my conviction that a man could
+boast of little happiness who did not enjoy this blessing.
+
+“I agree with you,” replied the stranger; “we are
+unfashioned creatures, but half made up, if one wiser, better, dearer than
+ourselves—such a friend ought to be—do not lend his aid to
+perfectionate our weak and faulty natures. I once had a friend, the most
+noble of human creatures, and am entitled, therefore, to judge respecting
+friendship. You have hope, and the world before you, and have no cause for
+despair. But I—I have lost everything and cannot begin life
+anew.”
+
+As he said this his countenance became expressive of a calm, settled
+grief that touched me to the heart.  But he was silent and presently
+retired to his cabin.
+
+Even broken in spirit as he is, no one can feel more deeply than he
+does the beauties of nature.  The starry sky, the sea, and every sight
+afforded by these wonderful regions seem still to have the power of
+elevating his soul from earth.  Such a man has a double existence:  he
+may suffer misery and be overwhelmed by disappointments, yet when he
+has retired into himself, he will be like a celestial spirit that has a
+halo around him, within whose circle no grief or folly ventures.
+
+Will you smile at the enthusiasm I express concerning this divine
+wanderer?  You would not if you saw him.  You have been tutored and
+refined by books and retirement from the world, and you are therefore
+somewhat fastidious; but this only renders you the more fit to
+appreciate the extraordinary merits of this wonderful man.  Sometimes I
+have endeavoured to discover what quality it is which he possesses that
+elevates him so immeasurably above any other person I ever knew.  I
+believe it to be an intuitive discernment, a quick but never-failing
+power of judgment, a penetration into the causes of things, unequalled
+for clearness and precision; add to this a facility of expression and a
+voice whose varied intonations are soul-subduing music.
+
+
+
+
+August 19th, 17—.
+
+
+Yesterday the stranger said to me, “You may easily perceive, Captain
+Walton, that I have suffered great and unparalleled misfortunes.  I had
+determined at one time that the memory of these evils should die with
+me, but you have won me to alter my determination.  You seek for
+knowledge and wisdom, as I once did; and I ardently hope that the
+gratification of your wishes may not be a serpent to sting you, as mine
+has been.  I do not know that the relation of my disasters will be
+useful to you; yet, when I reflect that you are pursuing the same
+course, exposing yourself to the same dangers which have rendered me
+what I am, I imagine that you may deduce an apt moral from my tale, one
+that may direct you if you succeed in your undertaking and console you
+in case of failure.  Prepare to hear of occurrences which are usually
+deemed marvellous.  Were we among the tamer scenes of nature I might
+fear to encounter your unbelief, perhaps your ridicule; but many things
+will appear possible in these wild and mysterious regions which would
+provoke the laughter of those unacquainted with the ever-varied powers
+of nature; nor can I doubt but that my tale conveys in its series
+internal evidence of the truth of the events of which it is composed.”
+
+You may easily imagine that I was much gratified by the offered
+communication, yet I could not endure that he should renew his grief by
+a recital of his misfortunes.  I felt the greatest eagerness to hear
+the promised narrative, partly from curiosity and partly from a strong
+desire to ameliorate his fate if it were in my power.  I expressed
+these feelings in my answer.
+
+“I thank you,” he replied, “for your sympathy, but it is
+useless; my fate is nearly fulfilled.  I wait but for one event, and then I
+shall repose in peace.  I understand your feeling,” continued he,
+perceiving that I wished to interrupt him; “but you are mistaken, my
+friend, if thus you will allow me to name you; nothing can alter my
+destiny; listen to my history, and you will perceive how irrevocably it is
+determined.”
+
+He then told me that he would commence his narrative the next day when I
+should be at leisure. This promise drew from me the warmest thanks. I have
+resolved every night, when I am not imperatively occupied by my duties, to
+record, as nearly as possible in his own words, what he has related during
+the day. If I should be engaged, I will at least make notes. This
+manuscript will doubtless afford you the greatest pleasure; but to me, who
+know him, and who hear it from his own lips—with what interest and
+sympathy shall I read it in some future day! Even now, as I commence my
+task, his full-toned voice swells in my ears; his lustrous eyes dwell on me
+with all their melancholy sweetness; I see his thin hand raised in
+animation, while the lineaments of his face are irradiated by the soul
+within. Strange and harrowing must be his story, frightful the storm which
+embraced the gallant vessel on its course and wrecked it—thus!
+
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 1
+
+I am by birth a Genevese, and my family is one of the most
+distinguished of that republic.  My ancestors had been for many years
+counsellors and syndics, and my father had filled several public
+situations with honour and reputation.  He was respected by all who
+knew him for his integrity and indefatigable attention to public
+business.  He passed his younger days perpetually occupied by the
+affairs of his country; a variety of circumstances had prevented his
+marrying early, nor was it until the decline of life that he became a
+husband and the father of a family.
+
+As the circumstances of his marriage illustrate his character, I cannot
+refrain from relating them.  One of his most intimate friends was a
+merchant who, from a flourishing state, fell, through numerous
+mischances, into poverty.  This man, whose name was Beaufort, was of a
+proud and unbending disposition and could not bear to live in poverty
+and oblivion in the same country where he had formerly been
+distinguished for his rank and magnificence.  Having paid his debts,
+therefore, in the most honourable manner, he retreated with his
+daughter to the town of Lucerne, where he lived unknown and in
+wretchedness.  My father loved Beaufort with the truest friendship and
+was deeply grieved by his retreat in these unfortunate circumstances.
+He bitterly deplored the false pride which led his friend to a conduct
+so little worthy of the affection that united them.  He lost no time in
+endeavouring to seek him out, with the hope of persuading him to begin
+the world again through his credit and assistance.
+
+Beaufort had taken effectual measures to conceal himself, and it was ten
+months before my father discovered his abode. Overjoyed at this discovery,
+he hastened to the house, which was situated in a mean street near the
+Reuss. But when he entered, misery and despair alone welcomed him. Beaufort
+had saved but a very small sum of money from the wreck of his fortunes, but
+it was sufficient to provide him with sustenance for some months, and in
+the meantime he hoped to procure some respectable employment in a
+merchant’s house. The interval was, consequently, spent in inaction;
+his grief only became more deep and rankling when he had leisure for
+reflection, and at length it took so fast hold of his mind that at the end
+of three months he lay on a bed of sickness, incapable of any exertion.
+
+His daughter attended him with the greatest tenderness, but she saw
+with despair that their little fund was rapidly decreasing and that
+there was no other prospect of support.  But Caroline Beaufort
+possessed a mind of an uncommon mould, and her courage rose to support
+her in her adversity.  She procured plain work; she plaited straw and
+by various means contrived to earn a pittance scarcely sufficient to
+support life.
+
+Several months passed in this manner.  Her father grew worse; her time
+was more entirely occupied in attending him; her means of subsistence
+decreased; and in the tenth month her father died in her arms, leaving
+her an orphan and a beggar.  This last blow overcame her, and she knelt
+by Beaufort’s coffin weeping bitterly, when my father entered the
+chamber.  He came like a protecting spirit to the poor girl, who
+committed herself to his care; and after the interment of his friend he
+conducted her to Geneva and placed her under the protection of a
+relation.  Two years after this event Caroline became his wife.
+
+There was a considerable difference between the ages of my parents, but
+this circumstance seemed to unite them only closer in bonds of devoted
+affection.  There was a sense of justice in my father’s upright mind
+which rendered it necessary that he should approve highly to love
+strongly.  Perhaps during former years he had suffered from the
+late-discovered unworthiness of one beloved and so was disposed to set
+a greater value on tried worth.  There was a show of gratitude and
+worship in his attachment to my mother, differing wholly from the
+doting fondness of age, for it was inspired by reverence for her
+virtues and a desire to be the means of, in some degree, recompensing
+her for the sorrows she had endured, but which gave inexpressible grace
+to his behaviour to her.  Everything was made to yield to her wishes
+and her convenience.  He strove to shelter her, as a fair exotic is
+sheltered by the gardener, from every rougher wind and to surround her
+with all that could tend to excite pleasurable emotion in her soft and
+benevolent mind.  Her health, and even the tranquillity of her hitherto
+constant spirit, had been shaken by what she had gone through.  During
+the two years that had elapsed previous to their marriage my father had
+gradually relinquished all his public functions; and immediately after
+their union they sought the pleasant climate of Italy, and the change
+of scene and interest attendant on a tour through that land of wonders,
+as a restorative for her weakened frame.
+
+From Italy they visited Germany and France. I, their eldest child, was born
+at Naples, and as an infant accompanied them in their rambles. I remained
+for several years their only child. Much as they were attached to each
+other, they seemed to draw inexhaustible stores of affection from a very
+mine of love to bestow them upon me. My mother’s tender caresses and
+my father’s smile of benevolent pleasure while regarding me are my
+first recollections. I was their plaything and their idol, and something
+better—their child, the innocent and helpless creature bestowed on
+them by Heaven, whom to bring up to good, and whose future lot it was in
+their hands to direct to happiness or misery, according as they fulfilled
+their duties towards me. With this deep consciousness of what they owed
+towards the being to which they had given life, added to the active spirit
+of tenderness that animated both, it may be imagined that while during
+every hour of my infant life I received a lesson of patience, of charity,
+and of self-control, I was so guided by a silken cord that all seemed but
+one train of enjoyment to me.
+
+For a long time I was their only care. My mother had much desired to have a
+daughter, but I continued their single offspring. When I was about five
+years old, while making an excursion beyond the frontiers of Italy, they
+passed a week on the shores of the Lake of Como. Their benevolent
+disposition often made them enter the cottages of the poor. This, to my
+mother, was more than a duty; it was a necessity, a
+passion—remembering what she had suffered, and how she had been
+relieved—for her to act in her turn the guardian angel to the
+afflicted. During one of their walks a poor cot in the foldings of a vale
+attracted their notice as being singularly disconsolate, while the number
+of half-clothed children gathered about it spoke of penury in its worst
+shape. One day, when my father had gone by himself to Milan, my mother,
+accompanied by me, visited this abode. She found a peasant and his wife,
+hard working, bent down by care and labour, distributing a scanty meal to
+five hungry babes. Among these there was one which attracted my mother far
+above all the rest. She appeared of a different stock. The four others were
+dark-eyed, hardy little vagrants; this child was thin and very fair. Her
+hair was the brightest living gold, and despite the poverty of her
+clothing, seemed to set a crown of distinction on her head. Her brow was
+clear and ample, her blue eyes cloudless, and her lips and the moulding of
+her face so expressive of sensibility and sweetness that none could behold
+her without looking on her as of a distinct species, a being heaven-sent,
+and bearing a celestial stamp in all her features.
+
+The peasant woman, perceiving that my mother fixed eyes of wonder and
+admiration on this lovely girl, eagerly communicated her history. She was
+not her child, but the daughter of a Milanese nobleman. Her mother was a
+German and had died on giving her birth. The infant had been placed with
+these good people to nurse: they were better off then. They had not been
+long married, and their eldest child was but just born. The father of their
+charge was one of those Italians nursed in the memory of the antique glory
+of Italy—one among the _schiavi ognor frementi,_ who exerted
+himself to obtain the liberty of his country. He became the victim of its
+weakness. Whether he had died or still lingered in the dungeons of Austria
+was not known. His property was confiscated; his child became an orphan and
+a beggar. She continued with her foster parents and bloomed in their rude
+abode, fairer than a garden rose among dark-leaved brambles.
+
+When my father returned from Milan, he found playing with me in the hall of
+our villa a child fairer than pictured cherub—a creature who seemed
+to shed radiance from her looks and whose form and motions were lighter
+than the chamois of the hills. The apparition was soon explained. With his
+permission my mother prevailed on her rustic guardians to yield their
+charge to her. They were fond of the sweet orphan. Her presence had seemed
+a blessing to them, but it would be unfair to her to keep her in poverty
+and want when Providence afforded her such powerful protection. They
+consulted their village priest, and the result was that Elizabeth Lavenza
+became the inmate of my parents’ house—my more than
+sister—the beautiful and adored companion of all my occupations and
+my pleasures.
+
+Everyone loved Elizabeth.  The passionate and almost reverential
+attachment with which all regarded her became, while I shared it, my
+pride and my delight.  On the evening previous to her being brought to
+my home, my mother had said playfully, “I have a pretty present for my
+Victor—tomorrow he shall have it.”  And when, on the morrow, she
+presented Elizabeth to me as her promised gift, I, with childish
+seriousness, interpreted her words literally and looked upon Elizabeth
+as mine—mine to protect, love, and cherish.  All praises bestowed on
+her I received as made to a possession of my own.  We called each other
+familiarly by the name of cousin.  No word, no expression could body
+forth the kind of relation in which she stood to me—my more than
+sister, since till death she was to be mine only.
+
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 2
+
+We were brought up together; there was not quite a year difference in
+our ages.  I need not say that we were strangers to any species of
+disunion or dispute.  Harmony was the soul of our companionship, and
+the diversity and contrast that subsisted in our characters drew us
+nearer together.  Elizabeth was of a calmer and more concentrated
+disposition; but, with all my ardour, I was capable of a more intense
+application and was more deeply smitten with the thirst for knowledge.
+She busied herself with following the aerial creations of the poets;
+and in the majestic and wondrous scenes which surrounded our Swiss
+home —the sublime shapes of the mountains, the changes of the seasons,
+tempest and calm, the silence of winter, and the life and turbulence of
+our Alpine summers—she found ample scope for admiration and delight.
+While my companion contemplated with a serious and satisfied spirit the
+magnificent appearances of things, I delighted in investigating their
+causes.  The world was to me a secret which I desired to divine.
+Curiosity, earnest research to learn the hidden laws of nature,
+gladness akin to rapture, as they were unfolded to me, are among the
+earliest sensations I can remember.
+
+On the birth of a second son, my junior by seven years, my parents gave
+up entirely their wandering life and fixed themselves in their native
+country. We possessed a house in Geneva, and a _campagne_ on Belrive,
+the eastern shore of the lake, at the distance of rather more than a
+league from the city. We resided principally in the latter, and the
+lives of my parents were passed in considerable seclusion. It was my
+temper to avoid a crowd and to attach myself fervently to a few. I was
+indifferent, therefore, to my school-fellows in general; but I united
+myself in the bonds of the closest friendship to one among them. Henry
+Clerval was the son of a merchant of Geneva. He was a boy of singular
+talent and fancy. He loved enterprise, hardship, and even danger for
+its own sake. He was deeply read in books of chivalry and romance.  He
+composed heroic songs and began to write many a tale of enchantment and
+knightly adventure. He tried to make us act plays and to enter into
+masquerades, in which the characters were drawn from the heroes of
+Roncesvalles, of the Round Table of King Arthur, and the chivalrous
+train who shed their blood to redeem the holy sepulchre from the hands
+of the infidels.
+
+No human being could have passed a happier childhood than myself.  My
+parents were possessed by the very spirit of kindness and indulgence.
+We felt that they were not the tyrants to rule our lot according to
+their caprice, but the agents and creators of all the many delights
+which we enjoyed.  When I mingled with other families I distinctly
+discerned how peculiarly fortunate my lot was, and gratitude assisted
+the development of filial love.
+
+My temper was sometimes violent, and my passions vehement; but by some
+law in my temperature they were turned not towards childish pursuits
+but to an eager desire to learn, and not to learn all things
+indiscriminately.  I confess that neither the structure of languages,
+nor the code of governments, nor the politics of various states
+possessed attractions for me.  It was the secrets of heaven and earth
+that I desired to learn; and whether it was the outward substance of
+things or the inner spirit of nature and the mysterious soul of man
+that occupied me, still my inquiries were directed to the metaphysical,
+or in its highest sense, the physical secrets of the world.
+
+Meanwhile Clerval occupied himself, so to speak, with the moral
+relations of things.  The busy stage of life, the virtues of heroes,
+and the actions of men were his theme; and his hope and his dream was
+to become one among those whose names are recorded in story as the
+gallant and adventurous benefactors of our species.  The saintly soul
+of Elizabeth shone like a shrine-dedicated lamp in our peaceful home.
+Her sympathy was ours; her smile, her soft voice, the sweet glance of
+her celestial eyes, were ever there to bless and animate us.  She was
+the living spirit of love to soften and attract; I might have become
+sullen in my study, rough through the ardour of my nature, but that
+she was there to subdue me to a semblance of her own gentleness.  And
+Clerval—could aught ill entrench on the noble spirit of Clerval?  Yet
+he might not have been so perfectly humane, so thoughtful in his
+generosity, so full of kindness and tenderness amidst his passion for
+adventurous exploit, had she not unfolded to him the real loveliness of
+beneficence and made the doing good the end and aim of his soaring
+ambition.
+
+I feel exquisite pleasure in dwelling on the recollections of childhood,
+before misfortune had tainted my mind and changed its bright visions of
+extensive usefulness into gloomy and narrow reflections upon self. Besides,
+in drawing the picture of my early days, I also record those events which
+led, by insensible steps, to my after tale of misery, for when I would
+account to myself for the birth of that passion which afterwards ruled my
+destiny I find it arise, like a mountain river, from ignoble and almost
+forgotten sources; but, swelling as it proceeded, it became the torrent
+which, in its course, has swept away all my hopes and joys.
+
+Natural philosophy is the genius that has regulated my fate; I desire,
+therefore, in this narration, to state those facts which led to my
+predilection for that science. When I was thirteen years of age we all went
+on a party of pleasure to the baths near Thonon; the inclemency of the
+weather obliged us to remain a day confined to the inn. In this house I
+chanced to find a volume of the works of Cornelius Agrippa. I opened it
+with apathy; the theory which he attempts to demonstrate and the wonderful
+facts which he relates soon changed this feeling into enthusiasm. A new
+light seemed to dawn upon my mind, and bounding with joy, I communicated my
+discovery to my father. My father looked carelessly at the title page of my
+book and said, “Ah! Cornelius Agrippa! My dear Victor, do not waste
+your time upon this; it is sad trash.”
+
+If, instead of this remark, my father had taken the pains to explain to me
+that the principles of Agrippa had been entirely exploded and that a modern
+system of science had been introduced which possessed much greater powers
+than the ancient, because the powers of the latter were chimerical, while
+those of the former were real and practical, under such circumstances I
+should certainly have thrown Agrippa aside and have contented my
+imagination, warmed as it was, by returning with greater ardour to my
+former studies. It is even possible that the train of my ideas would never
+have received the fatal impulse that led to my ruin. But the cursory glance
+my father had taken of my volume by no means assured me that he was
+acquainted with its contents, and I continued to read with the greatest
+avidity.
+
+When I returned home my first care was to procure the whole works of this
+author, and afterwards of Paracelsus and Albertus Magnus. I read and
+studied the wild fancies of these writers with delight; they appeared to me
+treasures known to few besides myself. I have described myself as always
+having been imbued with a fervent longing to penetrate the secrets of
+nature. In spite of the intense labour and wonderful discoveries of modern
+philosophers, I always came from my studies discontented and unsatisfied.
+Sir Isaac Newton is said to have avowed that he felt like a child picking
+up shells beside the great and unexplored ocean of truth. Those of his
+successors in each branch of natural philosophy with whom I was acquainted
+appeared even to my boy’s apprehensions as tyros engaged in the same
+pursuit.
+
+The untaught peasant beheld the elements around him and was acquainted
+with their practical uses.  The most learned philosopher knew little
+more.  He had partially unveiled the face of Nature, but her immortal
+lineaments were still a wonder and a mystery.  He might dissect,
+anatomise, and give names; but, not to speak of a final cause, causes
+in their secondary and tertiary grades were utterly unknown to him.  I
+had gazed upon the fortifications and impediments that seemed to keep
+human beings from entering the citadel of nature, and rashly and
+ignorantly I had repined.
+
+But here were books, and here were men who had penetrated deeper and knew
+more. I took their word for all that they averred, and I became their
+disciple. It may appear strange that such should arise in the eighteenth
+century; but while I followed the routine of education in the schools of
+Geneva, I was, to a great degree, self-taught with regard to my favourite
+studies. My father was not scientific, and I was left to struggle with a
+child’s blindness, added to a student’s thirst for knowledge.
+Under the guidance of my new preceptors I entered with the greatest
+diligence into the search of the philosopher’s stone and the elixir
+of life; but the latter soon obtained my undivided attention. Wealth was an
+inferior object, but what glory would attend the discovery if I could
+banish disease from the human frame and render man invulnerable to any but
+a violent death!
+
+Nor were these my only visions. The raising of ghosts or devils was a
+promise liberally accorded by my favourite authors, the fulfilment of which
+I most eagerly sought; and if my incantations were always unsuccessful, I
+attributed the failure rather to my own inexperience and mistake than to a
+want of skill or fidelity in my instructors. And thus for a time I was
+occupied by exploded systems, mingling, like an unadept, a thousand
+contradictory theories and floundering desperately in a very slough of
+multifarious knowledge, guided by an ardent imagination and childish
+reasoning, till an accident again changed the current of my ideas.
+
+When I was about fifteen years old we had retired to our house near
+Belrive, when we witnessed a most violent and terrible thunderstorm. It
+advanced from behind the mountains of Jura, and the thunder burst at once
+with frightful loudness from various quarters of the heavens. I remained,
+while the storm lasted, watching its progress with curiosity and delight.
+As I stood at the door, on a sudden I beheld a stream of fire issue from an
+old and beautiful oak which stood about twenty yards from our house; and so
+soon as the dazzling light vanished, the oak had disappeared, and nothing
+remained but a blasted stump. When we visited it the next morning, we found
+the tree shattered in a singular manner. It was not splintered by the
+shock, but entirely reduced to thin ribbons of wood. I never beheld
+anything so utterly destroyed.
+
+Before this I was not unacquainted with the more obvious laws of
+electricity.  On this occasion a man of great research in natural
+philosophy was with us, and excited by this catastrophe, he entered on
+the explanation of a theory which he had formed on the subject of
+electricity and galvanism, which was at once new and astonishing to me.
+All that he said threw greatly into the shade Cornelius Agrippa,
+Albertus Magnus, and Paracelsus, the lords of my imagination; but by
+some fatality the overthrow of these men disinclined me to pursue my
+accustomed studies.  It seemed to me as if nothing would or could ever
+be known.  All that had so long engaged my attention suddenly grew
+despicable.  By one of those caprices of the mind which we are perhaps
+most subject to in early youth, I at once gave up my former
+occupations, set down natural history and all its progeny as a deformed
+and abortive creation, and entertained the greatest disdain for a
+would-be science which could never even step within the threshold of
+real knowledge.  In this mood of mind I betook myself to the
+mathematics and the branches of study appertaining to that science as
+being built upon secure foundations, and so worthy of my consideration.
+
+Thus strangely are our souls constructed, and by such slight ligaments
+are we bound to prosperity or ruin.  When I look back, it seems to me
+as if this almost miraculous change of inclination and will was the
+immediate suggestion of the guardian angel of my life—the last effort
+made by the spirit of preservation to avert the storm that was even
+then hanging in the stars and ready to envelop me.  Her victory was
+announced by an unusual tranquillity and gladness of soul which
+followed the relinquishing of my ancient and latterly tormenting
+studies.  It was thus that I was to be taught to associate evil with
+their prosecution, happiness with their disregard.
+
+It was a strong effort of the spirit of good, but it was ineffectual.
+Destiny was too potent, and her immutable laws had decreed my utter and
+terrible destruction.
+
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 3
+
+When I had attained the age of seventeen my parents resolved that I
+should become a student at the university of Ingolstadt.  I had
+hitherto attended the schools of Geneva, but my father thought it
+necessary for the completion of my education that I should be made
+acquainted with other customs than those of my native country.  My
+departure was therefore fixed at an early date, but before the day
+resolved upon could arrive, the first misfortune of my life
+occurred—an omen, as it were, of my future misery.
+
+Elizabeth had caught the scarlet fever; her illness was severe, and she was
+in the greatest danger. During her illness many arguments had been urged to
+persuade my mother to refrain from attending upon her. She had at first
+yielded to our entreaties, but when she heard that the life of her
+favourite was menaced, she could no longer control her anxiety. She
+attended her sickbed; her watchful attentions triumphed over the malignity
+of the distemper—Elizabeth was saved, but the consequences of this
+imprudence were fatal to her preserver. On the third day my mother
+sickened; her fever was accompanied by the most alarming symptoms, and the
+looks of her medical attendants prognosticated the worst event. On her
+deathbed the fortitude and benignity of this best of women did not desert
+her. She joined the hands of Elizabeth and myself. “My
+children,” she said, “my firmest hopes of future happiness were
+placed on the prospect of your union. This expectation will now be the
+consolation of your father. Elizabeth, my love, you must supply my place to
+my younger children. Alas! I regret that I am taken from you; and, happy
+and beloved as I have been, is it not hard to quit you all? But these are
+not thoughts befitting me; I will endeavour to resign myself cheerfully to
+death and will indulge a hope of meeting you in another world.”
+
+She died calmly, and her countenance expressed affection even in death.
+I need not describe the feelings of those whose dearest ties are rent
+by that most irreparable evil, the void that presents itself to the
+soul, and the despair that is exhibited on the countenance.  It is so
+long before the mind can persuade itself that she whom we saw every day
+and whose very existence appeared a part of our own can have departed
+for ever—that the brightness of a beloved eye can have been
+extinguished and the sound of a voice so familiar and dear to the ear
+can be hushed, never more to be heard.  These are the reflections of
+the first days; but when the lapse of time proves the reality of the
+evil, then the actual bitterness of grief commences.  Yet from whom has
+not that rude hand rent away some dear connection?  And why should I
+describe a sorrow which all have felt, and must feel?  The time at
+length arrives when grief is rather an indulgence than a necessity; and
+the smile that plays upon the lips, although it may be deemed a
+sacrilege, is not banished.  My mother was dead, but we had still
+duties which we ought to perform; we must continue our course with the
+rest and learn to think ourselves fortunate whilst one remains whom the
+spoiler has not seized.
+
+My departure for Ingolstadt, which had been deferred by these events,
+was now again determined upon.  I obtained from my father a respite of
+some weeks.  It appeared to me sacrilege so soon to leave the repose,
+akin to death, of the house of mourning and to rush into the thick of
+life.  I was new to sorrow, but it did not the less alarm me.  I was
+unwilling to quit the sight of those that remained to me, and above
+all, I desired to see my sweet Elizabeth in some degree consoled.
+
+She indeed veiled her grief and strove to act the comforter to us all.
+She looked steadily on life and assumed its duties with courage and
+zeal.  She devoted herself to those whom she had been taught to call
+her uncle and cousins.  Never was she so enchanting as at this time,
+when she recalled the sunshine of her smiles and spent them upon us.
+She forgot even her own regret in her endeavours to make us forget.
+
+The day of my departure at length arrived.  Clerval spent the last
+evening with us.  He had endeavoured to persuade his father to permit
+him to accompany me and to become my fellow student, but in vain.  His
+father was a narrow-minded trader and saw idleness and ruin in the
+aspirations and ambition of his son.  Henry deeply felt the misfortune
+of being debarred from a liberal education.  He said little, but when
+he spoke I read in his kindling eye and in his animated glance a
+restrained but firm resolve not to be chained to the miserable details
+of commerce.
+
+We sat late.  We could not tear ourselves away from each other nor
+persuade ourselves to say the word “Farewell!”  It was said, and we
+retired under the pretence of seeking repose, each fancying that the
+other was deceived; but when at morning’s dawn I descended to the
+carriage which was to convey me away, they were all there—my father
+again to bless me, Clerval to press my hand once more, my Elizabeth to
+renew her entreaties that I would write often and to bestow the last
+feminine attentions on her playmate and friend.
+
+I threw myself into the chaise that was to convey me away and indulged in
+the most melancholy reflections.  I, who had ever been surrounded by
+amiable companions, continually engaged in endeavouring to bestow mutual
+pleasure—I was now alone.  In the university whither I was going I
+must form my own friends and be my own protector.  My life had hitherto
+been remarkably secluded and domestic, and this had given me invincible
+repugnance to new countenances.  I loved my brothers, Elizabeth, and
+Clerval; these were “old familiar faces,” but I believed myself
+totally unfitted for the company of strangers.  Such were my reflections as
+I commenced my journey; but as I proceeded, my spirits and hopes rose.  I
+ardently desired the acquisition of knowledge.  I had often, when at home,
+thought it hard to remain during my youth cooped up in one place and had
+longed to enter the world and take my station among other human beings. 
+Now my desires were complied with, and it would, indeed, have been folly to
+repent.
+
+I had sufficient leisure for these and many other reflections during my
+journey to Ingolstadt, which was long and fatiguing.  At length the
+high white steeple of the town met my eyes.  I alighted and was
+conducted to my solitary apartment to spend the evening as I pleased.
+
+The next morning I delivered my letters of introduction and paid a visit to
+some of the principal professors.  Chance—or rather the evil
+influence, the Angel of Destruction, which asserted omnipotent sway over me
+from the moment I turned my reluctant steps from my father’s
+door—led me first to M. Krempe, professor of natural philosophy.  He
+was an uncouth man, but deeply imbued in the secrets of his science. He
+asked me several questions concerning my progress in the different branches
+of science appertaining to natural philosophy.  I replied carelessly, and
+partly in contempt, mentioned the names of my alchemists as the principal
+authors I had studied.  The professor stared.  “Have you,” he
+said, “really spent your time in studying such nonsense?”
+
+I replied in the affirmative.  “Every minute,” continued M. Krempe with
+warmth, “every instant that you have wasted on those books is utterly
+and entirely lost.  You have burdened your memory with exploded systems
+and useless names.  Good God!  In what desert land have you lived,
+where no one was kind enough to inform you that these fancies which you
+have so greedily imbibed are a thousand years old and as musty as they
+are ancient?  I little expected, in this enlightened and scientific
+age, to find a disciple of Albertus Magnus and Paracelsus.  My dear
+sir, you must begin your studies entirely anew.”
+
+So saying, he stepped aside and wrote down a list of several books
+treating of natural philosophy which he desired me to procure, and
+dismissed me after mentioning that in the beginning of the following
+week he intended to commence a course of lectures upon natural
+philosophy in its general relations, and that M. Waldman, a fellow
+professor, would lecture upon chemistry the alternate days that he
+omitted.
+
+I returned home not disappointed, for I have said that I had long
+considered those authors useless whom the professor reprobated; but I
+returned not at all the more inclined to recur to these studies in any
+shape.  M. Krempe was a little squat man with a gruff voice and a
+repulsive countenance; the teacher, therefore, did not prepossess me in
+favour of his pursuits.  In rather a too philosophical and connected a
+strain, perhaps, I have given an account of the conclusions I had come
+to concerning them in my early years.  As a child I had not been
+content with the results promised by the modern professors of natural
+science.  With a confusion of ideas only to be accounted for by my
+extreme youth and my want of a guide on such matters, I had retrod the
+steps of knowledge along the paths of time and exchanged the
+discoveries of recent inquirers for the dreams of forgotten alchemists.
+Besides, I had a contempt for the uses of modern natural philosophy.
+It was very different when the masters of the science sought
+immortality and power; such views, although futile, were grand; but now
+the scene was changed.  The ambition of the inquirer seemed to limit
+itself to the annihilation of those visions on which my interest in
+science was chiefly founded.  I was required to exchange chimeras of
+boundless grandeur for realities of little worth.
+
+Such were my reflections during the first two or three days of my
+residence at Ingolstadt, which were chiefly spent in becoming
+acquainted with the localities and the principal residents in my new
+abode.  But as the ensuing week commenced, I thought of the information
+which M. Krempe had given me concerning the lectures.  And although I
+could not consent to go and hear that little conceited fellow deliver
+sentences out of a pulpit, I recollected what he had said of M.
+Waldman, whom I had never seen, as he had hitherto been out of town.
+
+Partly from curiosity and partly from idleness, I went into the lecturing
+room, which M. Waldman entered shortly after. This professor was very
+unlike his colleague. He appeared about fifty years of age, but with an
+aspect expressive of the greatest benevolence; a few grey hairs covered his
+temples, but those at the back of his head were nearly black. His person
+was short but remarkably erect and his voice the sweetest I had ever heard.
+He began his lecture by a recapitulation of the history of chemistry and
+the various improvements made by different men of learning, pronouncing
+with fervour the names of the most distinguished discoverers. He then took
+a cursory view of the present state of the science and explained many of
+its elementary terms. After having made a few preparatory experiments, he
+concluded with a panegyric upon modern chemistry, the terms of which I
+shall never forget:
+
+“The ancient teachers of this science,” said he,
+“promised impossibilities and performed nothing. The modern masters
+promise very little; they know that metals cannot be transmuted and that
+the elixir of life is a chimera but these philosophers, whose hands seem
+only made to dabble in dirt, and their eyes to pore over the microscope or
+crucible, have indeed performed miracles. They penetrate into the recesses
+of nature and show how she works in her hiding-places. They ascend into the
+heavens; they have discovered how the blood circulates, and the nature of
+the air we breathe. They have acquired new and almost unlimited powers;
+they can command the thunders of heaven, mimic the earthquake, and even
+mock the invisible world with its own shadows.”
+
+Such were the professor’s words—rather let me say such the words of
+the fate—enounced to destroy me.  As he went on I felt as if my soul
+were grappling with a palpable enemy; one by one the various keys were
+touched which formed the mechanism of my being; chord after chord was
+sounded, and soon my mind was filled with one thought, one conception,
+one purpose.  So much has been done, exclaimed the soul of
+Frankenstein—more, far more, will I achieve; treading in the steps
+already marked, I will pioneer a new way, explore unknown powers, and
+unfold to the world the deepest mysteries of creation.
+
+I closed not my eyes that night.  My internal being was in a state of
+insurrection and turmoil; I felt that order would thence arise, but I
+had no power to produce it.  By degrees, after the morning’s dawn,
+sleep came.  I awoke, and my yesternight’s thoughts were as a dream.
+There only remained a resolution to return to my ancient studies and to
+devote myself to a science for which I believed myself to possess a
+natural talent.  On the same day I paid M. Waldman a visit.  His
+manners in private were even more mild and attractive than in public,
+for there was a certain dignity in his mien during his lecture which in
+his own house was replaced by the greatest affability and kindness.  I
+gave him pretty nearly the same account of my former pursuits as I had
+given to his fellow professor.  He heard with attention the little
+narration concerning my studies and smiled at the names of Cornelius
+Agrippa and Paracelsus, but without the contempt that M. Krempe had
+exhibited. He said that “These were men to whose indefatigable zeal
+modern philosophers were indebted for most of the foundations of their
+knowledge.  They had left to us, as an easier task, to give new names
+and arrange in connected classifications the facts which they in a
+great degree had been the instruments of bringing to light.  The
+labours of men of genius, however erroneously directed, scarcely ever
+fail in ultimately turning to the solid advantage of mankind.”  I
+listened to his statement, which was delivered without any presumption
+or affectation, and then added that his lecture had removed my
+prejudices against modern chemists; I expressed myself in measured
+terms, with the modesty and deference due from a youth to his
+instructor, without letting escape (inexperience in life would have
+made me ashamed) any of the enthusiasm which stimulated my intended
+labours.  I requested his advice concerning the books I ought to
+procure.
+
+“I am happy,” said M. Waldman, “to have gained a
+disciple; and if your application equals your ability, I have no doubt of
+your success. Chemistry is that branch of natural philosophy in which the
+greatest improvements have been and may be made; it is on that account that
+I have made it my peculiar study; but at the same time, I have not
+neglected the other branches of science. A man would make but a very sorry
+chemist if he attended to that department of human knowledge alone. If your
+wish is to become really a man of science and not merely a petty
+experimentalist, I should advise you to apply to every branch of natural
+philosophy, including mathematics.”
+
+He then took me into his laboratory and explained to me the uses of his
+various machines, instructing me as to what I ought to procure and
+promising me the use of his own when I should have advanced far enough in
+the science not to derange their mechanism. He also gave me the list of
+books which I had requested, and I took my leave.
+
+Thus ended a day memorable to me; it decided my future destiny.
+
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 4
+
+From this day natural philosophy, and particularly chemistry, in the
+most comprehensive sense of the term, became nearly my sole occupation.
+I read with ardour those works, so full of genius and discrimination,
+which modern inquirers have written on these subjects.  I attended the
+lectures and cultivated the acquaintance of the men of science of the
+university, and I found even in M. Krempe a great deal of sound sense
+and real information, combined, it is true, with a repulsive
+physiognomy and manners, but not on that account the less valuable.  In
+M. Waldman I found a true friend.  His gentleness was never tinged by
+dogmatism, and his instructions were given with an air of frankness and
+good nature that banished every idea of pedantry.  In a thousand ways
+he smoothed for me the path of knowledge and made the most abstruse
+inquiries clear and facile to my apprehension.  My application was at
+first fluctuating and uncertain; it gained strength as I proceeded and
+soon became so ardent and eager that the stars often disappeared in the
+light of morning whilst I was yet engaged in my laboratory.
+
+As I applied so closely, it may be easily conceived that my progress
+was rapid.  My ardour was indeed the astonishment of the students, and
+my proficiency that of the masters.  Professor Krempe often asked me,
+with a sly smile, how Cornelius Agrippa went on, whilst M. Waldman
+expressed the most heartfelt exultation in my progress.  Two years
+passed in this manner, during which I paid no visit to Geneva, but was
+engaged, heart and soul, in the pursuit of some discoveries which I
+hoped to make.  None but those who have experienced them can conceive
+of the enticements of science.  In other studies you go as far as
+others have gone before you, and there is nothing more to know; but in
+a scientific pursuit there is continual food for discovery and wonder.
+A mind of moderate capacity which closely pursues one study must
+infallibly arrive at great proficiency in that study; and I, who
+continually sought the attainment of one object of pursuit and was
+solely wrapped up in this, improved so rapidly that at the end of two
+years I made some discoveries in the improvement of some chemical
+instruments, which procured me great esteem and admiration at the
+university.  When I had arrived at this point and had become as well
+acquainted with the theory and practice of natural philosophy as
+depended on the lessons of any of the professors at Ingolstadt, my
+residence there being no longer conducive to my improvements, I thought
+of returning to my friends and my native town, when an incident
+happened that protracted my stay.
+
+One of the phenomena which had peculiarly attracted my attention was
+the structure of the human frame, and, indeed, any animal endued with
+life.  Whence, I often asked myself, did the principle of life proceed?
+It was a bold question, and one which has ever been considered as a
+mystery; yet with how many things are we upon the brink of becoming
+acquainted, if cowardice or carelessness did not restrain our
+inquiries.  I revolved these circumstances in my mind and determined
+thenceforth to apply myself more particularly to those branches of
+natural philosophy which relate to physiology.  Unless I had been
+animated by an almost supernatural enthusiasm, my application to this
+study would have been irksome and almost intolerable.  To examine the
+causes of life, we must first have recourse to death.  I became
+acquainted with the science of anatomy, but this was not sufficient; I
+must also observe the natural decay and corruption of the human body.
+In my education my father had taken the greatest precautions that my
+mind should be impressed with no supernatural horrors.  I do not ever
+remember to have trembled at a tale of superstition or to have feared
+the apparition of a spirit.  Darkness had no effect upon my fancy, and
+a churchyard was to me merely the receptacle of bodies deprived of
+life, which, from being the seat of beauty and strength, had become
+food for the worm.  Now I was led to examine the cause and progress of
+this decay and forced to spend days and nights in vaults and
+charnel-houses.  My attention was fixed upon every object the most
+insupportable to the delicacy of the human feelings.  I saw how the
+fine form of man was degraded and wasted; I beheld the corruption of
+death succeed to the blooming cheek of life; I saw how the worm
+inherited the wonders of the eye and brain.  I paused, examining and
+analysing all the minutiae of causation, as exemplified in the change
+from life to death, and death to life, until from the midst of this
+darkness a sudden light broke in upon me—a light so brilliant and
+wondrous, yet so simple, that while I became dizzy with the immensity
+of the prospect which it illustrated, I was surprised that among so
+many men of genius who had directed their inquiries towards the same
+science, that I alone should be reserved to discover so astonishing a
+secret.
+
+Remember, I am not recording the vision of a madman.  The sun does not
+more certainly shine in the heavens than that which I now affirm is
+true.  Some miracle might have produced it, yet the stages of the
+discovery were distinct and probable.  After days and nights of
+incredible labour and fatigue, I succeeded in discovering the cause of
+generation and life; nay, more, I became myself capable of bestowing
+animation upon lifeless matter.
+
+The astonishment which I had at first experienced on this discovery
+soon gave place to delight and rapture.  After so much time spent in
+painful labour, to arrive at once at the summit of my desires was the
+most gratifying consummation of my toils.  But this discovery was so
+great and overwhelming that all the steps by which I had been
+progressively led to it were obliterated, and I beheld only the result.
+What had been the study and desire of the wisest men since the creation
+of the world was now within my grasp.  Not that, like a magic scene, it
+all opened upon me at once:  the information I had obtained was of a
+nature rather to direct my endeavours so soon as I should point them
+towards the object of my search than to exhibit that object already
+accomplished.  I was like the Arabian who had been buried with the dead
+and found a passage to life, aided only by one glimmering and seemingly
+ineffectual light.
+
+I see by your eagerness and the wonder and hope which your eyes
+express, my friend, that you expect to be informed of the secret with
+which I am acquainted; that cannot be; listen patiently until the end
+of my story, and you will easily perceive why I am reserved upon that
+subject.  I will not lead you on, unguarded and ardent as I then was,
+to your destruction and infallible misery.  Learn from me, if not by my
+precepts, at least by my example, how dangerous is the acquirement of
+knowledge and how much happier that man is who believes his native town
+to be the world, than he who aspires to become greater than his nature
+will allow.
+
+When I found so astonishing a power placed within my hands, I hesitated
+a long time concerning the manner in which I should employ it.
+Although I possessed the capacity of bestowing animation, yet to
+prepare a frame for the reception of it, with all its intricacies of
+fibres, muscles, and veins, still remained a work of inconceivable
+difficulty and labour.  I doubted at first whether I should attempt the
+creation of a being like myself, or one of simpler organization; but my
+imagination was too much exalted by my first success to permit me to
+doubt of my ability to give life to an animal as complex and wonderful
+as man.  The materials at present within my command hardly appeared
+adequate to so arduous an undertaking, but I doubted not that I should
+ultimately succeed.  I prepared myself for a multitude of reverses; my
+operations might be incessantly baffled, and at last my work be
+imperfect, yet when I considered the improvement which every day takes
+place in science and mechanics, I was encouraged to hope my present
+attempts would at least lay the foundations of future success.  Nor
+could I consider the magnitude and complexity of my plan as any
+argument of its impracticability.  It was with these feelings that I
+began the creation of a human being.  As the minuteness of the parts
+formed a great hindrance to my speed, I resolved, contrary to my first
+intention, to make the being of a gigantic stature, that is to say,
+about eight feet in height, and proportionably large.  After having
+formed this determination and having spent some months in successfully
+collecting and arranging my materials, I began.
+
+No one can conceive the variety of feelings which bore me onwards, like
+a hurricane, in the first enthusiasm of success.  Life and death
+appeared to me ideal bounds, which I should first break through, and
+pour a torrent of light into our dark world.  A new species would bless
+me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would
+owe their being to me.  No father could claim the gratitude of his
+child so completely as I should deserve theirs.  Pursuing these
+reflections, I thought that if I could bestow animation upon lifeless
+matter, I might in process of time (although I now found it impossible)
+renew life where death had apparently devoted the body to corruption.
+
+These thoughts supported my spirits, while I pursued my undertaking
+with unremitting ardour.  My cheek had grown pale with study, and my
+person had become emaciated with confinement.  Sometimes, on the very
+brink of certainty, I failed; yet still I clung to the hope which the
+next day or the next hour might realise.  One secret which I alone
+possessed was the hope to which I had dedicated myself; and the moon
+gazed on my midnight labours, while, with unrelaxed and breathless
+eagerness, I pursued nature to her hiding-places.  Who shall conceive
+the horrors of my secret toil as I dabbled among the unhallowed damps
+of the grave or tortured the living animal to animate the lifeless
+clay?  My limbs now tremble, and my eyes swim with the remembrance; but
+then a resistless and almost frantic impulse urged me forward; I seemed
+to have lost all soul or sensation but for this one pursuit.  It was
+indeed but a passing trance, that only made me feel with renewed
+acuteness so soon as, the unnatural stimulus ceasing to operate, I had
+returned to my old habits.  I collected bones from charnel-houses and
+disturbed, with profane fingers, the tremendous secrets of the human
+frame.  In a solitary chamber, or rather cell, at the top of the house,
+and separated from all the other apartments by a gallery and staircase,
+I kept my workshop of filthy creation; my eyeballs were starting from
+their sockets in attending to the details of my employment.  The
+dissecting room and the slaughter-house furnished many of my materials;
+and often did my human nature turn with loathing from my occupation,
+whilst, still urged on by an eagerness which perpetually increased, I
+brought my work near to a conclusion.
+
+The summer months passed while I was thus engaged, heart and soul, in
+one pursuit.  It was a most beautiful season; never did the fields
+bestow a more plentiful harvest or the vines yield a more luxuriant
+vintage, but my eyes were insensible to the charms of nature.  And the
+same feelings which made me neglect the scenes around me caused me also
+to forget those friends who were so many miles absent, and whom I had
+not seen for so long a time.  I knew my silence disquieted them, and I
+well remembered the words of my father:  “I know that while you are
+pleased with yourself you will think of us with affection, and we shall
+hear regularly from you.  You must pardon me if I regard any
+interruption in your correspondence as a proof that your other duties
+are equally neglected.”
+
+I knew well therefore what would be my father’s feelings, but I could
+not tear my thoughts from my employment, loathsome in itself, but which
+had taken an irresistible hold of my imagination.  I wished, as it
+were, to procrastinate all that related to my feelings of affection
+until the great object, which swallowed up every habit of my nature,
+should be completed.
+
+I then thought that my father would be unjust if he ascribed my neglect
+to vice or faultiness on my part, but I am now convinced that he was
+justified in conceiving that I should not be altogether free from
+blame.  A human being in perfection ought always to preserve a calm and
+peaceful mind and never to allow passion or a transitory desire to
+disturb his tranquillity.  I do not think that the pursuit of knowledge
+is an exception to this rule.  If the study to which you apply yourself
+has a tendency to weaken your affections and to destroy your taste for
+those simple pleasures in which no alloy can possibly mix, then that
+study is certainly unlawful, that is to say, not befitting the human
+mind.  If this rule were always observed; if no man allowed any pursuit
+whatsoever to interfere with the tranquillity of his domestic
+affections, Greece had not been enslaved, Cæsar would have spared his
+country, America would have been discovered more gradually, and the
+empires of Mexico and Peru had not been destroyed.
+
+But I forget that I am moralizing in the most interesting part of my
+tale, and your looks remind me to proceed.
+
+My father made no reproach in his letters and only took notice of my
+silence by inquiring into my occupations more particularly than before.
+Winter, spring, and summer passed away during my labours; but I did not
+watch the blossom or the expanding leaves—sights which before always
+yielded me supreme delight—so deeply was I engrossed in my
+occupation. The leaves of that year had withered before my work drew near
+to a close, and now every day showed me more plainly how well I had
+succeeded. But my enthusiasm was checked by my anxiety, and I appeared
+rather like one doomed by slavery to toil in the mines, or any other
+unwholesome trade than an artist occupied by his favourite employment.
+Every night I was oppressed by a slow fever, and I became nervous to a most
+painful degree; the fall of a leaf startled me, and I shunned my fellow
+creatures as if I had been guilty of a crime. Sometimes I grew alarmed at
+the wreck I perceived that I had become; the energy of my purpose alone
+sustained me: my labours would soon end, and I believed that exercise and
+amusement would then drive away incipient disease; and I promised myself
+both of these when my creation should be complete.
+
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 5
+
+It was on a dreary night of November that I beheld the accomplishment
+of my toils.  With an anxiety that almost amounted to agony, I
+collected the instruments of life around me, that I might infuse a
+spark of being into the lifeless thing that lay at my feet.  It was
+already one in the morning; the rain pattered dismally against the
+panes, and my candle was nearly burnt out, when, by the glimmer of the
+half-extinguished light, I saw the dull yellow eye of the creature
+open; it breathed hard, and a convulsive motion agitated its limbs.
+
+How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe, or how delineate
+the wretch whom with such infinite pains and care I had endeavoured to
+form?  His limbs were in proportion, and I had selected his features as
+beautiful.  Beautiful!  Great God!  His yellow skin scarcely covered
+the work of muscles and arteries beneath; his hair was of a lustrous
+black, and flowing; his teeth of a pearly whiteness; but these
+luxuriances only formed a more horrid contrast with his watery eyes,
+that seemed almost of the same colour as the dun-white sockets in which
+they were set, his shrivelled complexion and straight black lips.
+
+The different accidents of life are not so changeable as the feelings
+of human nature.  I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the sole
+purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body.  For this I had
+deprived myself of rest and health.  I had desired it with an ardour
+that far exceeded moderation; but now that I had finished, the beauty
+of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my
+heart.  Unable to endure the aspect of the being I had created, I
+rushed out of the room and continued a long time traversing my
+bed-chamber, unable to compose my mind to sleep.  At length lassitude
+succeeded to the tumult I had before endured, and I threw myself on the
+bed in my clothes, endeavouring to seek a few moments of forgetfulness.
+But it was in vain; I slept, indeed, but I was disturbed by the wildest
+dreams.  I thought I saw Elizabeth, in the bloom of health, walking in
+the streets of Ingolstadt.  Delighted and surprised, I embraced her,
+but as I imprinted the first kiss on her lips, they became livid with
+the hue of death; her features appeared to change, and I thought that I
+held the corpse of my dead mother in my arms; a shroud enveloped her
+form, and I saw the grave-worms crawling in the folds of the flannel.
+I started from my sleep with horror; a cold dew covered my forehead, my
+teeth chattered, and every limb became convulsed; when, by the dim and
+yellow light of the moon, as it forced its way through the window
+shutters, I beheld the wretch—the miserable monster whom I had
+created.  He held up the curtain of the bed; and his eyes, if eyes they
+may be called, were fixed on me.  His jaws opened, and he muttered some
+inarticulate sounds, while a grin wrinkled his cheeks.  He might have
+spoken, but I did not hear; one hand was stretched out, seemingly to
+detain me, but I escaped and rushed downstairs.  I took refuge in the
+courtyard belonging to the house which I inhabited, where I remained
+during the rest of the night, walking up and down in the greatest
+agitation, listening attentively, catching and fearing each sound as if
+it were to announce the approach of the demoniacal corpse to which I
+had so miserably given life.
+
+Oh!  No mortal could support the horror of that countenance.  A mummy
+again endued with animation could not be so hideous as that wretch.  I
+had gazed on him while unfinished; he was ugly then, but when those
+muscles and joints were rendered capable of motion, it became a thing
+such as even Dante could not have conceived.
+
+I passed the night wretchedly.  Sometimes my pulse beat so quickly and
+hardly that I felt the palpitation of every artery; at others, I nearly
+sank to the ground through languor and extreme weakness.  Mingled with
+this horror, I felt the bitterness of disappointment; dreams that had
+been my food and pleasant rest for so long a space were now become a
+hell to me; and the change was so rapid, the overthrow so complete!
+
+Morning, dismal and wet, at length dawned and discovered to my
+sleepless and aching eyes the church of Ingolstadt, its white steeple
+and clock, which indicated the sixth hour.  The porter opened the gates
+of the court, which had that night been my asylum, and I issued into
+the streets, pacing them with quick steps, as if I sought to avoid the
+wretch whom I feared every turning of the street would present to my
+view.  I did not dare return to the apartment which I inhabited, but
+felt impelled to hurry on, although drenched by the rain which poured
+from a black and comfortless sky.
+
+I continued walking in this manner for some time, endeavouring by
+bodily exercise to ease the load that weighed upon my mind.  I
+traversed the streets without any clear conception of where I was or
+what I was doing.  My heart palpitated in the sickness of fear, and I
+hurried on with irregular steps, not daring to look about me:
+  
+  Like one who, on a lonely road,
+  Doth walk in fear and dread,
+  And, having once turned round, walks on,
+  And turns no more his head;
+  Because he knows a frightful fiend
+  Doth close behind him tread.
+  
+  [Coleridge’s “Ancient Mariner.”]
+
+
+
+Continuing thus, I came at length opposite to the inn at which the various
+diligences and carriages usually stopped. Here I paused, I knew not why;
+but I remained some minutes with my eyes fixed on a coach that was coming
+towards me from the other end of the street. As it drew nearer I observed
+that it was the Swiss diligence; it stopped just where I was standing, and
+on the door being opened, I perceived Henry Clerval, who, on seeing me,
+instantly sprung out. “My dear Frankenstein,” exclaimed he,
+“how glad I am to see you! How fortunate that you should be here at
+the very moment of my alighting!”
+
+Nothing could equal my delight on seeing Clerval; his presence brought back
+to my thoughts my father, Elizabeth, and all those scenes of home so dear
+to my recollection. I grasped his hand, and in a moment forgot my horror
+and misfortune; I felt suddenly, and for the first time during many months,
+calm and serene joy. I welcomed my friend, therefore, in the most cordial
+manner, and we walked towards my college. Clerval continued talking for
+some time about our mutual friends and his own good fortune in being
+permitted to come to Ingolstadt. “You may easily believe,” said
+he, “how great was the difficulty to persuade my father that all
+necessary knowledge was not comprised in the noble art of book-keeping;
+and, indeed, I believe I left him incredulous to the last, for his constant
+answer to my unwearied entreaties was the same as that of the Dutch
+schoolmaster in The Vicar of Wakefield: ‘I have ten thousand florins
+a year without Greek, I eat heartily without Greek.’ But his
+affection for me at length overcame his dislike of learning, and he has
+permitted me to undertake a voyage of discovery to the land of
+knowledge.”
+
+“It gives me the greatest delight to see you; but tell me how you left
+my father, brothers, and Elizabeth.”
+
+“Very well, and very happy, only a little uneasy that they hear from
+you so seldom.  By the by, I mean to lecture you a little upon their
+account myself.  But, my dear Frankenstein,” continued he, stopping
+short and gazing full in my face, “I did not before remark how very ill
+you appear; so thin and pale; you look as if you had been watching for
+several nights.”
+
+“You have guessed right; I have lately been so deeply engaged in one
+occupation that I have not allowed myself sufficient rest, as you see;
+but I hope, I sincerely hope, that all these employments are now at an
+end and that I am at length free.”
+
+I trembled excessively; I could not endure to think of, and far less to
+allude to, the occurrences of the preceding night.  I walked with a
+quick pace, and we soon arrived at my college.  I then reflected, and
+the thought made me shiver, that the creature whom I had left in my
+apartment might still be there, alive and walking about.  I dreaded to
+behold this monster, but I feared still more that Henry should see him.
+Entreating him, therefore, to remain a few minutes at the bottom of the
+stairs, I darted up towards my own room.  My hand was already on the
+lock of the door before I recollected myself.  I then paused, and a
+cold shivering came over me.  I threw the door forcibly open, as
+children are accustomed to do when they expect a spectre to stand in
+waiting for them on the other side; but nothing appeared.  I stepped
+fearfully in:  the apartment was empty, and my bedroom was also freed
+from its hideous guest.  I could hardly believe that so great a good
+fortune could have befallen me, but when I became assured that my enemy
+had indeed fled, I clapped my hands for joy and ran down to Clerval.
+
+We ascended into my room, and the servant presently brought breakfast;
+but I was unable to contain myself.  It was not joy only that possessed
+me; I felt my flesh tingle with excess of sensitiveness, and my pulse
+beat rapidly.  I was unable to remain for a single instant in the same
+place; I jumped over the chairs, clapped my hands, and laughed aloud.
+Clerval at first attributed my unusual spirits to joy on his arrival,
+but when he observed me more attentively, he saw a wildness in my eyes
+for which he could not account, and my loud, unrestrained, heartless
+laughter frightened and astonished him.
+
+“My dear Victor,” cried he, “what, for God’s sake,
+is the matter?  Do not laugh in that manner.  How ill you are!  What is the
+cause of all this?”
+
+“Do not ask me,” cried I, putting my hands before my eyes, for I
+thought I saw the dreaded spectre glide into the room; “_he_ can
+tell. Oh, save me!  Save me!”  I imagined that the monster seized me;
+I struggled furiously and fell down in a fit.
+
+Poor Clerval!  What must have been his feelings?  A meeting, which he
+anticipated with such joy, so strangely turned to bitterness.  But I
+was not the witness of his grief, for I was lifeless and did not
+recover my senses for a long, long time.
+
+This was the commencement of a nervous fever which confined me for
+several months.  During all that time Henry was my only nurse.  I
+afterwards learned that, knowing my father’s advanced age and unfitness
+for so long a journey, and how wretched my sickness would make
+Elizabeth, he spared them this grief by concealing the extent of my
+disorder.  He knew that I could not have a more kind and attentive
+nurse than himself; and, firm in the hope he felt of my recovery, he
+did not doubt that, instead of doing harm, he performed the kindest
+action that he could towards them.
+
+But I was in reality very ill, and surely nothing but the unbounded and
+unremitting attentions of my friend could have restored me to life.
+The form of the monster on whom I had bestowed existence was for ever
+before my eyes, and I raved incessantly concerning him.  Doubtless my
+words surprised Henry; he at first believed them to be the wanderings
+of my disturbed imagination, but the pertinacity with which I
+continually recurred to the same subject persuaded him that my disorder
+indeed owed its origin to some uncommon and terrible event.
+
+By very slow degrees, and with frequent relapses that alarmed and
+grieved my friend, I recovered.  I remember the first time I became
+capable of observing outward objects with any kind of pleasure, I
+perceived that the fallen leaves had disappeared and that the young
+buds were shooting forth from the trees that shaded my window.  It was
+a divine spring, and the season contributed greatly to my
+convalescence.  I felt also sentiments of joy and affection revive in
+my bosom; my gloom disappeared, and in a short time I became as
+cheerful as before I was attacked by the fatal passion.
+
+“Dearest Clerval,” exclaimed I, “how kind, how very good
+you are to me. This whole winter, instead of being spent in study, as you
+promised yourself, has been consumed in my sick room. How shall I ever
+repay you? I feel the greatest remorse for the disappointment of which I
+have been the occasion, but you will forgive me.”
+
+“You will repay me entirely if you do not discompose yourself, but get
+well as fast as you can; and since you appear in such good spirits, I
+may speak to you on one subject, may I not?”
+
+I trembled. One subject! What could it be? Could he allude to an object on
+whom I dared not even think?
+
+“Compose yourself,” said Clerval, who observed my change of
+colour, “I will not mention it if it agitates you; but your father
+and cousin would be very happy if they received a letter from you in your
+own handwriting. They hardly know how ill you have been and are uneasy at
+your long silence.”
+
+“Is that all, my dear Henry?  How could you suppose that my first
+thought would not fly towards those dear, dear friends whom I love and
+who are so deserving of my love?”
+
+“If this is your present temper, my friend, you will perhaps be glad
+to see a letter that has been lying here some days for you; it is from
+your cousin, I believe.”
+
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 6
+
+Clerval then put the following letter into my hands.  It was from my
+own Elizabeth:
+
+“My dearest Cousin,
+
+“You have been ill, very ill, and even the constant letters of dear
+kind Henry are not sufficient to reassure me on your account.  You are
+forbidden to write—to hold a pen; yet one word from you, dear Victor,
+is necessary to calm our apprehensions.  For a long time I have thought
+that each post would bring this line, and my persuasions have
+restrained my uncle from undertaking a journey to Ingolstadt.  I have
+prevented his encountering the inconveniences and perhaps dangers of so
+long a journey, yet how often have I regretted not being able to
+perform it myself!  I figure to myself that the task of attending on
+your sickbed has devolved on some mercenary old nurse, who could never
+guess your wishes nor minister to them with the care and affection of
+your poor cousin.  Yet that is over now:  Clerval writes that indeed
+you are getting better.  I eagerly hope that you will confirm this
+intelligence soon in your own handwriting.
+
+“Get well—and return to us.  You will find a happy, cheerful home and
+friends who love you dearly.  Your father’s health is vigorous, and he
+asks but to see you, but to be assured that you are well; and not a
+care will ever cloud his benevolent countenance.  How pleased you would
+be to remark the improvement of our Ernest!  He is now sixteen and full
+of activity and spirit.  He is desirous to be a true Swiss and to enter
+into foreign service, but we cannot part with him, at least until his
+elder brother returns to us.  My uncle is not pleased with the idea of
+a military career in a distant country, but Ernest never had your
+powers of application.  He looks upon study as an odious fetter; his
+time is spent in the open air, climbing the hills or rowing on the
+lake.  I fear that he will become an idler unless we yield the point
+and permit him to enter on the profession which he has selected.
+
+“Little alteration, except the growth of our dear children, has taken
+place since you left us.  The blue lake and snow-clad mountains—they
+never change; and I think our placid home and our contented hearts are
+regulated by the same immutable laws.  My trifling occupations take up
+my time and amuse me, and I am rewarded for any exertions by seeing
+none but happy, kind faces around me.  Since you left us, but one
+change has taken place in our little household.  Do you remember on
+what occasion Justine Moritz entered our family?  Probably you do not;
+I will relate her history, therefore in a few words.  Madame Moritz,
+her mother, was a widow with four children, of whom Justine was the
+third.  This girl had always been the favourite of her father, but
+through a strange perversity, her mother could not endure her, and
+after the death of M. Moritz, treated her very ill.  My aunt observed
+this, and when Justine was twelve years of age, prevailed on her mother
+to allow her to live at our house.  The republican institutions of our
+country have produced simpler and happier manners than those which
+prevail in the great monarchies that surround it.  Hence there is less
+distinction between the several classes of its inhabitants; and the
+lower orders, being neither so poor nor so despised, their manners are
+more refined and moral.  A servant in Geneva does not mean the same
+thing as a servant in France and England.  Justine, thus received in
+our family, learned the duties of a servant, a condition which, in our
+fortunate country, does not include the idea of ignorance and a
+sacrifice of the dignity of a human being.
+
+“Justine, you may remember, was a great favourite of yours; and I
+recollect you once remarked that if you were in an ill humour, one
+glance from Justine could dissipate it, for the same reason that
+Ariosto gives concerning the beauty of Angelica—she looked so
+frank-hearted and happy.  My aunt conceived a great attachment for her,
+by which she was induced to give her an education superior to that
+which she had at first intended.  This benefit was fully repaid;
+Justine was the most grateful little creature in the world:  I do not
+mean that she made any professions I never heard one pass her lips, but
+you could see by her eyes that she almost adored her protectress.
+Although her disposition was gay and in many respects inconsiderate,
+yet she paid the greatest attention to every gesture of my aunt.  She
+thought her the model of all excellence and endeavoured to imitate her
+phraseology and manners, so that even now she often reminds me of her.
+
+“When my dearest aunt died every one was too much occupied in their own
+grief to notice poor Justine, who had attended her during her illness
+with the most anxious affection.  Poor Justine was very ill; but other
+trials were reserved for her.
+
+“One by one, her brothers and sister died; and her mother, with the
+exception of her neglected daughter, was left childless.  The
+conscience of the woman was troubled; she began to think that the
+deaths of her favourites was a judgement from heaven to chastise her
+partiality.  She was a Roman Catholic; and I believe her confessor
+confirmed the idea which she had conceived.  Accordingly, a few months
+after your departure for Ingolstadt, Justine was called home by her
+repentant mother.  Poor girl!  She wept when she quitted our house; she
+was much altered since the death of my aunt; grief had given softness
+and a winning mildness to her manners, which had before been remarkable
+for vivacity.  Nor was her residence at her mother’s house of a nature
+to restore her gaiety.  The poor woman was very vacillating in her
+repentance.  She sometimes begged Justine to forgive her unkindness,
+but much oftener accused her of having caused the deaths of her
+brothers and sister.  Perpetual fretting at length threw Madame Moritz
+into a decline, which at first increased her irritability, but she is
+now at peace for ever.  She died on the first approach of cold weather,
+at the beginning of this last winter.  Justine has just returned to us;
+and I assure you I love her tenderly.  She is very clever and gentle,
+and extremely pretty; as I mentioned before, her mien and her
+expression continually remind me of my dear aunt.
+
+“I must say also a few words to you, my dear cousin, of little darling
+William.  I wish you could see him; he is very tall of his age, with
+sweet laughing blue eyes, dark eyelashes, and curling hair.  When he
+smiles, two little dimples appear on each cheek, which are rosy with
+health.  He has already had one or two little _wives,_ but Louisa Biron
+is his favourite, a pretty little girl of five years of age.
+
+“Now, dear Victor, I dare say you wish to be indulged in a little
+gossip concerning the good people of Geneva.  The pretty Miss Mansfield
+has already received the congratulatory visits on her approaching
+marriage with a young Englishman, John Melbourne, Esq.  Her ugly
+sister, Manon, married M. Duvillard, the rich banker, last autumn. Your
+favourite schoolfellow, Louis Manoir, has suffered several misfortunes
+since the departure of Clerval from Geneva.  But he has already
+recovered his spirits, and is reported to be on the point of marrying a
+lively pretty Frenchwoman, Madame Tavernier.  She is a widow, and much
+older than Manoir; but she is very much admired, and a favourite with
+everybody.
+
+“I have written myself into better spirits, dear cousin; but my anxiety
+returns upon me as I conclude.  Write, dearest Victor,—one line—one
+word will be a blessing to us.  Ten thousand thanks to Henry for his
+kindness, his affection, and his many letters; we are sincerely
+grateful.  Adieu!  my cousin; take care of yourself; and, I entreat
+you, write!
+
+“Elizabeth Lavenza.
+
+
+“Geneva, March 18th, 17—.”
+
+
+
+“Dear, dear Elizabeth!” I exclaimed, when I had read her
+letter: “I will write instantly and relieve them from the anxiety
+they must feel.” I wrote, and this exertion greatly fatigued me; but
+my convalescence had commenced, and proceeded regularly. In another
+fortnight I was able to leave my chamber.
+
+One of my first duties on my recovery was to introduce Clerval to the
+several professors of the university.  In doing this, I underwent a
+kind of rough usage, ill befitting the wounds that my mind had
+sustained.  Ever since the fatal night, the end of my labours, and the
+beginning of my misfortunes, I had conceived a violent antipathy even
+to the name of natural philosophy.  When I was otherwise quite restored
+to health, the sight of a chemical instrument would renew all the agony
+of my nervous symptoms.  Henry saw this, and had removed all my
+apparatus from my view.  He had also changed my apartment; for he
+perceived that I had acquired a dislike for the room which had
+previously been my laboratory.  But these cares of Clerval were made of
+no avail when I visited the professors.  M. Waldman inflicted torture
+when he praised, with kindness and warmth, the astonishing progress I
+had made in the sciences.  He soon perceived that I disliked the
+subject; but not guessing the real cause, he attributed my feelings to
+modesty, and changed the subject from my improvement, to the science
+itself, with a desire, as I evidently saw, of drawing me out.  What
+could I do?  He meant to please, and he tormented me.  I felt as if he
+had placed carefully, one by one, in my view those instruments which
+were to be afterwards used in putting me to a slow and cruel death.  I
+writhed under his words, yet dared not exhibit the pain I felt.
+Clerval, whose eyes and feelings were always quick in discerning the
+sensations of others, declined the subject, alleging, in excuse, his
+total ignorance; and the conversation took a more general turn.  I
+thanked my friend from my heart, but I did not speak.  I saw plainly
+that he was surprised, but he never attempted to draw my secret from
+me; and although I loved him with a mixture of affection and reverence
+that knew no bounds, yet I could never persuade myself to confide in
+him that event which was so often present to my recollection, but which
+I feared the detail to another would only impress more deeply.
+
+M. Krempe was not equally docile; and in my condition at that time, of
+almost insupportable sensitiveness, his harsh blunt encomiums gave me even
+more pain than the benevolent approbation of M. Waldman. “D—n
+the fellow!” cried he; “why, M. Clerval, I assure you he has
+outstript us all. Ay, stare if you please; but it is nevertheless true. A
+youngster who, but a few years ago, believed in Cornelius Agrippa as firmly
+as in the gospel, has now set himself at the head of the university; and if
+he is not soon pulled down, we shall all be out of countenance.—Ay,
+ay,” continued he, observing my face expressive of suffering,
+“M. Frankenstein is modest; an excellent quality in a young man.
+Young men should be diffident of themselves, you know, M. Clerval: I was
+myself when young; but that wears out in a very short time.”
+
+M. Krempe had now commenced an eulogy on himself, which happily turned
+the conversation from a subject that was so annoying to me.
+
+Clerval had never sympathised in my tastes for natural science; and his
+literary pursuits differed wholly from those which had occupied me.  He
+came to the university with the design of making himself complete
+master of the oriental languages, and thus he should open a field for
+the plan of life he had marked out for himself.  Resolved to pursue no
+inglorious career, he turned his eyes toward the East, as affording
+scope for his spirit of enterprise.  The Persian, Arabic, and Sanskrit
+languages engaged his attention, and I was easily induced to enter on
+the same studies.  Idleness had ever been irksome to me, and now that I
+wished to fly from reflection, and hated my former studies, I felt
+great relief in being the fellow-pupil with my friend, and found not
+only instruction but consolation in the works of the orientalists.  I
+did not, like him, attempt a critical knowledge of their dialects, for
+I did not contemplate making any other use of them than temporary
+amusement.  I read merely to understand their meaning, and they well
+repaid my labours.  Their melancholy is soothing, and their joy
+elevating, to a degree I never experienced in studying the authors of
+any other country.  When you read their writings, life appears to
+consist in a warm sun and a garden of roses,—in the smiles and frowns
+of a fair enemy, and the fire that consumes your own heart.  How
+different from the manly and heroical poetry of Greece and Rome!
+
+Summer passed away in these occupations, and my return to Geneva was
+fixed for the latter end of autumn; but being delayed by several
+accidents, winter and snow arrived, the roads were deemed impassable,
+and my journey was retarded until the ensuing spring.  I felt this
+delay very bitterly; for I longed to see my native town and my beloved
+friends.  My return had only been delayed so long, from an
+unwillingness to leave Clerval in a strange place, before he had become
+acquainted with any of its inhabitants.  The winter, however, was spent
+cheerfully; and although the spring was uncommonly late, when it came
+its beauty compensated for its dilatoriness.
+
+The month of May had already commenced, and I expected the letter daily
+which was to fix the date of my departure, when Henry proposed a
+pedestrian tour in the environs of Ingolstadt, that I might bid a
+personal farewell to the country I had so long inhabited.  I acceded
+with pleasure to this proposition:  I was fond of exercise, and Clerval
+had always been my favourite companion in the ramble of this nature
+that I had taken among the scenes of my native country.
+
+We passed a fortnight in these perambulations:  my health and spirits
+had long been restored, and they gained additional strength from the
+salubrious air I breathed, the natural incidents of our progress, and
+the conversation of my friend.  Study had before secluded me from the
+intercourse of my fellow-creatures, and rendered me unsocial; but
+Clerval called forth the better feelings of my heart; he again taught
+me to love the aspect of nature, and the cheerful faces of children.
+Excellent friend!  how sincerely you did love me, and endeavour to
+elevate my mind until it was on a level with your own.  A selfish
+pursuit had cramped and narrowed me, until your gentleness and
+affection warmed and opened my senses; I became the same happy creature
+who, a few years ago, loved and beloved by all, had no sorrow or care.
+When happy, inanimate nature had the power of bestowing on me the most
+delightful sensations.  A serene sky and verdant fields filled me with
+ecstasy.  The present season was indeed divine; the flowers of spring
+bloomed in the hedges, while those of summer were already in bud.  I
+was undisturbed by thoughts which during the preceding year had pressed
+upon me, notwithstanding my endeavours to throw them off, with an
+invincible burden.
+
+Henry rejoiced in my gaiety, and sincerely sympathised in my feelings: he
+exerted himself to amuse me, while he expressed the sensations that filled
+his soul. The resources of his mind on this occasion were truly
+astonishing: his conversation was full of imagination; and very often, in
+imitation of the Persian and Arabic writers, he invented tales of wonderful
+fancy and passion. At other times he repeated my favourite poems, or drew
+me out into arguments, which he supported with great ingenuity.
+
+We returned to our college on a Sunday afternoon: the peasants were
+dancing, and every one we met appeared gay and happy. My own spirits were
+high, and I bounded along with feelings of unbridled joy and hilarity.
+
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 7
+
+On my return, I found the following letter from my father:—
+
+“My dear Victor,
+
+“You have probably waited impatiently for a letter to fix the date of
+your return to us; and I was at first tempted to write only a few
+lines, merely mentioning the day on which I should expect you.  But
+that would be a cruel kindness, and I dare not do it.  What would be
+your surprise, my son, when you expected a happy and glad welcome, to
+behold, on the contrary, tears and wretchedness?  And how, Victor, can
+I relate our misfortune?  Absence cannot have rendered you callous to
+our joys and griefs; and how shall I inflict pain on my long absent
+son?  I wish to prepare you for the woeful news, but I know it is
+impossible; even now your eye skims over the page to seek the words
+which are to convey to you the horrible tidings.
+
+“William is dead!—that sweet child, whose smiles delighted and warmed
+my heart, who was so gentle, yet so gay!  Victor, he is murdered!
+
+“I will not attempt to console you; but will simply relate the
+circumstances of the transaction.
+
+“Last Thursday (May 7th), I, my niece, and your two brothers, went to
+walk in Plainpalais.  The evening was warm and serene, and we prolonged
+our walk farther than usual.  It was already dusk before we thought of
+returning; and then we discovered that William and Ernest, who had gone
+on before, were not to be found.  We accordingly rested on a seat until
+they should return.  Presently Ernest came, and enquired if we had seen
+his brother; he said, that he had been playing with him, that William
+had run away to hide himself, and that he vainly sought for him, and
+afterwards waited for a long time, but that he did not return.
+
+“This account rather alarmed us, and we continued to search for him
+until night fell, when Elizabeth conjectured that he might have
+returned to the house.  He was not there.  We returned again, with
+torches; for I could not rest, when I thought that my sweet boy had
+lost himself, and was exposed to all the damps and dews of night;
+Elizabeth also suffered extreme anguish.  About five in the morning I
+discovered my lovely boy, whom the night before I had seen blooming and
+active in health, stretched on the grass livid and motionless; the
+print of the murder’s finger was on his neck.
+
+“He was conveyed home, and the anguish that was visible in my
+countenance betrayed the secret to Elizabeth.  She was very earnest to
+see the corpse.  At first I attempted to prevent her but she persisted,
+and entering the room where it lay, hastily examined the neck of the
+victim, and clasping her hands exclaimed, ‘O God!  I have murdered my
+darling child!’
+
+“She fainted, and was restored with extreme difficulty.  When she again
+lived, it was only to weep and sigh.  She told me, that that same
+evening William had teased her to let him wear a very valuable
+miniature that she possessed of your mother.  This picture is gone, and
+was doubtless the temptation which urged the murderer to the deed.  We
+have no trace of him at present, although our exertions to discover him
+are unremitted; but they will not restore my beloved William!
+
+“Come, dearest Victor; you alone can console Elizabeth.  She weeps
+continually, and accuses herself unjustly as the cause of his death;
+her words pierce my heart.  We are all unhappy; but will not that be an
+additional motive for you, my son, to return and be our comforter?
+Your dear mother!  Alas, Victor!  I now say, Thank God she did not live
+to witness the cruel, miserable death of her youngest darling!
+
+“Come, Victor; not brooding thoughts of vengeance against the assassin,
+but with feelings of peace and gentleness, that will heal, instead of
+festering, the wounds of our minds.  Enter the house of mourning, my
+friend, but with kindness and affection for those who love you, and not
+with hatred for your enemies.
+
+“Your affectionate and afflicted father,
+
+“Alphonse Frankenstein.
+
+
+
+“Geneva, May 12th, 17—.”
+
+
+
+Clerval, who had watched my countenance as I read this letter, was
+surprised to observe the despair that succeeded the joy I at first
+expressed on receiving new from my friends.  I threw the letter on the
+table, and covered my face with my hands.
+
+“My dear Frankenstein,” exclaimed Henry, when he perceived me
+weep with bitterness, “are you always to be unhappy?  My dear friend,
+what has happened?”
+
+I motioned him to take up the letter, while I walked up and down the
+room in the extremest agitation.  Tears also gushed from the eyes of
+Clerval, as he read the account of my misfortune.
+
+“I can offer you no consolation, my friend,” said he;
+“your disaster is irreparable.  What do you intend to do?”
+
+“To go instantly to Geneva: come with me, Henry, to order the horses.”
+
+During our walk, Clerval endeavoured to say a few words of consolation;
+he could only express his heartfelt sympathy.  “Poor William!” said he,
+“dear lovely child, he now sleeps with his angel mother!  Who that had
+seen him bright and joyous in his young beauty, but must weep over his
+untimely loss!  To die so miserably; to feel the murderer’s grasp!  How
+much more a murdered that could destroy radiant innocence!  Poor little
+fellow! one only consolation have we; his friends mourn and weep, but
+he is at rest. The pang is over, his sufferings are at an end for ever.
+A sod covers his gentle form, and he knows no pain.  He can no longer
+be a subject for pity; we must reserve that for his miserable
+survivors.”
+
+Clerval spoke thus as we hurried through the streets; the words
+impressed themselves on my mind and I remembered them afterwards in
+solitude.  But now, as soon as the horses arrived, I hurried into a
+cabriolet, and bade farewell to my friend.
+
+My journey was very melancholy. At first I wished to hurry on, for I longed
+to console and sympathise with my loved and sorrowing friends; but when I
+drew near my native town, I slackened my progress. I could hardly sustain
+the multitude of feelings that crowded into my mind. I passed through
+scenes familiar to my youth, but which I had not seen for nearly six years.
+How altered every thing might be during that time! One sudden and
+desolating change had taken place; but a thousand little circumstances
+might have by degrees worked other alterations, which, although they were
+done more tranquilly, might not be the less decisive. Fear overcame me; I
+dared no advance, dreading a thousand nameless evils that made me tremble,
+although I was unable to define them.
+
+I remained two days at Lausanne, in this painful state of mind. I
+contemplated the lake: the waters were placid; all around was calm; and the
+snowy mountains, “the palaces of nature,” were not changed. By
+degrees the calm and heavenly scene restored me, and I continued my journey
+towards Geneva.
+
+The road ran by the side of the lake, which became narrower as I
+approached my native town.  I discovered more distinctly the black
+sides of Jura, and the bright summit of Mont Blanc.  I wept like a
+child.  “Dear mountains! my own beautiful lake! how do you welcome your
+wanderer?  Your summits are clear; the sky and lake are blue and
+placid.  Is this to prognosticate peace, or to mock at my unhappiness?”
+
+I fear, my friend, that I shall render myself tedious by dwelling on
+these preliminary circumstances; but they were days of comparative
+happiness, and I think of them with pleasure.  My country, my beloved
+country! who but a native can tell the delight I took in again
+beholding thy streams, thy mountains, and, more than all, thy lovely
+lake!
+
+Yet, as I drew nearer home, grief and fear again overcame me. Night also
+closed around; and when I could hardly see the dark mountains, I felt still
+more gloomily. The picture appeared a vast and dim scene of evil, and I
+foresaw obscurely that I was destined to become the most wretched of human
+beings. Alas! I prophesied truly, and failed only in one single
+circumstance, that in all the misery I imagined and dreaded, I did not
+conceive the hundredth part of the anguish I was destined to endure.
+
+It was completely dark when I arrived in the environs of Geneva; the gates
+of the town were already shut; and I was obliged to pass the night at
+Secheron, a village at the distance of half a league from the city. The sky
+was serene; and, as I was unable to rest, I resolved to visit the spot
+where my poor William had been murdered. As I could not pass through the
+town, I was obliged to cross the lake in a boat to arrive at Plainpalais.
+During this short voyage I saw the lightning playing on the summit of Mont
+Blanc in the most beautiful figures. The storm appeared to approach
+rapidly, and, on landing, I ascended a low hill, that I might observe its
+progress. It advanced; the heavens were clouded, and I soon felt the rain
+coming slowly in large drops, but its violence quickly increased.
+
+I quitted my seat, and walked on, although the darkness and storm
+increased every minute, and the thunder burst with a terrific crash
+over my head.  It was echoed from Salêve, the Juras, and the Alps of
+Savoy; vivid flashes of lightning dazzled my eyes, illuminating the
+lake, making it appear like a vast sheet of fire; then for an instant
+every thing seemed of a pitchy darkness, until the eye recovered itself
+from the preceding flash.  The storm, as is often the case in
+Switzerland, appeared at once in various parts of the heavens. The
+most violent storm hung exactly north of the town, over the part of the
+lake which lies between the promontory of Belrive and the village of
+Copêt. Another storm enlightened Jura with faint flashes; and another
+darkened and sometimes disclosed the Môle, a peaked mountain to the
+east of the lake.
+
+While I watched the tempest, so beautiful yet terrific, I wandered on with
+a hasty step. This noble war in the sky elevated my spirits; I clasped my
+hands, and exclaimed aloud, “William, dear angel! this is thy
+funeral, this thy dirge!” As I said these words, I perceived in the
+gloom a figure which stole from behind a clump of trees near me; I stood
+fixed, gazing intently: I could not be mistaken. A flash of lightning
+illuminated the object, and discovered its shape plainly to me; its
+gigantic stature, and the deformity of its aspect more hideous than belongs
+to humanity, instantly informed me that it was the wretch, the filthy
+dæmon, to whom I had given life. What did he there? Could he be (I
+shuddered at the conception) the murderer of my brother? No sooner did that
+idea cross my imagination, than I became convinced of its truth; my teeth
+chattered, and I was forced to lean against a tree for support. The figure
+passed me quickly, and I lost it in the gloom. Nothing in human shape could
+have destroyed the fair child. _He_ was the murderer! I could not
+doubt it. The mere presence of the idea was an irresistible proof of the
+fact. I thought of pursuing the devil; but it would have been in vain, for
+another flash discovered him to me hanging among the rocks of the nearly
+perpendicular ascent of Mont Salêve, a hill that bounds Plainpalais on the
+south. He soon reached the summit, and disappeared.
+
+I remained motionless.  The thunder ceased; but the rain still
+continued, and the scene was enveloped in an impenetrable darkness.  I
+revolved in my mind the events which I had until now sought to forget:
+the whole train of my progress toward the creation; the appearance of
+the works of my own hands at my bedside; its departure.  Two years had
+now nearly elapsed since the night on which he first received life; and
+was this his first crime?  Alas!  I had turned loose into the world a
+depraved wretch, whose delight was in carnage and misery; had he not
+murdered my brother?
+
+No one can conceive the anguish I suffered during the remainder of the
+night, which I spent, cold and wet, in the open air.  But I did not
+feel the inconvenience of the weather; my imagination was busy in
+scenes of evil and despair.  I considered the being whom I had cast
+among mankind, and endowed with the will and power to effect purposes
+of horror, such as the deed which he had now done, nearly in the light
+of my own vampire, my own spirit let loose from the grave, and forced
+to destroy all that was dear to me.
+
+Day dawned; and I directed my steps towards the town.  The gates were
+open, and I hastened to my father’s house.  My first thought was to
+discover what I knew of the murderer, and cause instant pursuit to be
+made.  But I paused when I reflected on the story that I had to tell. A
+being whom I myself had formed, and endued with life, had met me at
+midnight among the precipices of an inaccessible mountain.  I
+remembered also the nervous fever with which I had been seized just at
+the time that I dated my creation, and which would give an air of
+delirium to a tale otherwise so utterly improbable.  I well knew that
+if any other had communicated such a relation to me, I should have
+looked upon it as the ravings of insanity.  Besides, the strange nature
+of the animal would elude all pursuit, even if I were so far credited
+as to persuade my relatives to commence it.  And then of what use would
+be pursuit?  Who could arrest a creature capable of scaling the
+overhanging sides of Mont Salêve?  These reflections determined me, and
+I resolved to remain silent.
+
+It was about five in the morning when I entered my father’s house.  I
+told the servants not to disturb the family, and went into the library
+to attend their usual hour of rising.
+
+Six years had elapsed, passed in a dream but for one indelible trace, and I
+stood in the same place where I had last embraced my father before my
+departure for Ingolstadt. Beloved and venerable parent! He still remained
+to me. I gazed on the picture of my mother, which stood over the
+mantel-piece. It was an historical subject, painted at my father’s
+desire, and represented Caroline Beaufort in an agony of despair, kneeling
+by the coffin of her dead father. Her garb was rustic, and her cheek pale;
+but there was an air of dignity and beauty, that hardly permitted the
+sentiment of pity. Below this picture was a miniature of William; and my
+tears flowed when I looked upon it. While I was thus engaged, Ernest
+entered: he had heard me arrive, and hastened to welcome me:
+“Welcome, my dearest Victor,” said he. “Ah! I wish you
+had come three months ago, and then you would have found us all joyous and
+delighted. You come to us now to share a misery which nothing can
+alleviate; yet your presence will, I hope, revive our father, who seems
+sinking under his misfortune; and your persuasions will induce poor
+Elizabeth to cease her vain and tormenting self-accusations.—Poor
+William! he was our darling and our pride!”
+
+Tears, unrestrained, fell from my brother’s eyes; a sense of mortal
+agony crept over my frame.  Before, I had only imagined the
+wretchedness of my desolated home; the reality came on me as a new, and
+a not less terrible, disaster.  I tried to calm Ernest; I enquired more
+minutely concerning my father, and here I named my cousin.
+
+“She most of all,” said Ernest, “requires consolation; she accused
+herself of having caused the death of my brother, and that made her
+very wretched.  But since the murderer has been discovered—”
+
+“The murderer discovered!  Good God! how can that be? who could attempt
+to pursue him?  It is impossible; one might as well try to overtake the
+winds, or confine a mountain-stream with a straw.  I saw him too; he
+was free last night!”
+
+“I do not know what you mean,” replied my brother, in accents of
+wonder, “but to us the discovery we have made completes our misery.  No
+one would believe it at first; and even now Elizabeth will not be
+convinced, notwithstanding all the evidence.  Indeed, who would credit
+that Justine Moritz, who was so amiable, and fond of all the family,
+could suddenly become so capable of so frightful, so appalling a crime?”
+
+“Justine Moritz!  Poor, poor girl, is she the accused?  But it is
+wrongfully; every one knows that; no one believes it, surely, Ernest?”
+
+“No one did at first; but several circumstances came out, that have
+almost forced conviction upon us; and her own behaviour has been so
+confused, as to add to the evidence of facts a weight that, I fear,
+leaves no hope for doubt.  But she will be tried today, and you will
+then hear all.”
+
+He then related that, the morning on which the murder of poor William
+had been discovered, Justine had been taken ill, and confined to her
+bed for several days.  During this interval, one of the servants,
+happening to examine the apparel she had worn on the night of the
+murder, had discovered in her pocket the picture of my mother, which
+had been judged to be the temptation of the murderer.  The servant
+instantly showed it to one of the others, who, without saying a word to
+any of the family, went to a magistrate; and, upon their deposition,
+Justine was apprehended.  On being charged with the fact, the poor girl
+confirmed the suspicion in a great measure by her extreme confusion of
+manner.
+
+This was a strange tale, but it did not shake my faith; and I replied
+earnestly, “You are all mistaken; I know the murderer.  Justine, poor,
+good Justine, is innocent.”
+
+At that instant my father entered.  I saw unhappiness deeply impressed
+on his countenance, but he endeavoured to welcome me cheerfully; and,
+after we had exchanged our mournful greeting, would have introduced
+some other topic than that of our disaster, had not Ernest exclaimed,
+“Good God, papa!  Victor says that he knows who was the murderer of
+poor William.”
+
+“We do also, unfortunately,” replied my father, “for indeed I had
+rather have been for ever ignorant than have discovered so much
+depravity and ungratitude in one I valued so highly.”
+
+“My dear father, you are mistaken; Justine is innocent.”
+
+“If she is, God forbid that she should suffer as guilty.  She is to be
+tried today, and I hope, I sincerely hope, that she will be acquitted.”
+
+This speech calmed me.  I was firmly convinced in my own mind that
+Justine, and indeed every human being, was guiltless of this murder.  I
+had no fear, therefore, that any circumstantial evidence could be
+brought forward strong enough to convict her.  My tale was not one to
+announce publicly; its astounding horror would be looked upon as
+madness by the vulgar.  Did any one indeed exist, except I, the
+creator, who would believe, unless his senses convinced him, in the
+existence of the living monument of presumption and rash ignorance
+which I had let loose upon the world?
+
+We were soon joined by Elizabeth.  Time had altered her since I last
+beheld her; it had endowed her with loveliness surpassing the beauty of
+her childish years.  There was the same candour, the same vivacity, but
+it was allied to an expression more full of sensibility and intellect.
+She welcomed me with the greatest affection.  “Your arrival, my dear
+cousin,” said she, “fills me with hope.  You perhaps will find some
+means to justify my poor guiltless Justine.  Alas! who is safe, if she
+be convicted of crime?  I rely on her innocence as certainly as I do
+upon my own.  Our misfortune is doubly hard to us; we have not only
+lost that lovely darling boy, but this poor girl, whom I sincerely
+love, is to be torn away by even a worse fate.  If she is condemned, I
+never shall know joy more.  But she will not, I am sure she will not;
+and then I shall be happy again, even after the sad death of my little
+William.”
+
+“She is innocent, my Elizabeth,” said I, “and that shall
+be proved; fear nothing, but let your spirits be cheered by the assurance
+of her acquittal.”
+
+“How kind and generous you are! every one else believes in her guilt,
+and that made me wretched, for I knew that it was impossible:  and to
+see every one else prejudiced in so deadly a manner rendered me
+hopeless and despairing.”  She wept.
+
+“Dearest niece,” said my father, “dry your tears. If she
+is, as you believe, innocent, rely on the justice of our laws, and the
+activity with which I shall prevent the slightest shadow of
+partiality.”
+
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 8
+
+We passed a few sad hours until eleven o’clock, when the trial was to
+commence.  My father and the rest of the family being obliged to attend
+as witnesses, I accompanied them to the court.  During the whole of
+this wretched mockery of justice I suffered living torture.  It was to
+be decided whether the result of my curiosity and lawless devices would
+cause the death of two of my fellow beings:  one a smiling babe full of
+innocence and joy, the other far more dreadfully murdered, with every
+aggravation of infamy that could make the murder memorable in horror.
+Justine also was a girl of merit and possessed qualities which promised
+to render her life happy; now all was to be obliterated in an
+ignominious grave, and I the cause!  A thousand times rather would I
+have confessed myself guilty of the crime ascribed to Justine, but I
+was absent when it was committed, and such a declaration would have
+been considered as the ravings of a madman and would not have
+exculpated her who suffered through me.
+
+The appearance of Justine was calm.  She was dressed in mourning, and
+her countenance, always engaging, was rendered, by the solemnity of her
+feelings, exquisitely beautiful.  Yet she appeared confident in
+innocence and did not tremble, although gazed on and execrated by
+thousands, for all the kindness which her beauty might otherwise have
+excited was obliterated in the minds of the spectators by the
+imagination of the enormity she was supposed to have committed.  She
+was tranquil, yet her tranquillity was evidently constrained; and as
+her confusion had before been adduced as a proof of her guilt, she
+worked up her mind to an appearance of courage.  When she entered the
+court she threw her eyes round it and quickly discovered where we were
+seated.  A tear seemed to dim her eye when she saw us, but she quickly
+recovered herself, and a look of sorrowful affection seemed to attest
+her utter guiltlessness.
+
+The trial began, and after the advocate against her had stated the
+charge, several witnesses were called.  Several strange facts combined
+against her, which might have staggered anyone who had not such proof
+of her innocence as I had.  She had been out the whole of the night on
+which the murder had been committed and towards morning had been
+perceived by a market-woman not far from the spot where the body of the
+murdered child had been afterwards found.  The woman asked her what she
+did there, but she looked very strangely and only returned a confused
+and unintelligible answer.  She returned to the house about eight
+o’clock, and when one inquired where she had passed the night, she
+replied that she had been looking for the child and demanded earnestly
+if anything had been heard concerning him.  When shown the body, she
+fell into violent hysterics and kept her bed for several days.  The
+picture was then produced which the servant had found in her pocket;
+and when Elizabeth, in a faltering voice, proved that it was the same
+which, an hour before the child had been missed, she had placed round
+his neck, a murmur of horror and indignation filled the court.
+
+Justine was called on for her defence.  As the trial had proceeded, her
+countenance had altered.  Surprise, horror, and misery were strongly
+expressed.  Sometimes she struggled with her tears, but when she was
+desired to plead, she collected her powers and spoke in an audible
+although variable voice.
+
+“God knows,” she said, “how entirely I am innocent. But I
+do not pretend that my protestations should acquit me; I rest my innocence
+on a plain and simple explanation of the facts which have been adduced
+against me, and I hope the character I have always borne will incline my
+judges to a favourable interpretation where any circumstance appears
+doubtful or suspicious.”
+
+She then related that, by the permission of Elizabeth, she had passed
+the evening of the night on which the murder had been committed at the
+house of an aunt at Chêne, a village situated at about a league from
+Geneva.  On her return, at about nine o’clock, she met a man who asked
+her if she had seen anything of the child who was lost.  She was
+alarmed by this account and passed several hours in looking for him,
+when the gates of Geneva were shut, and she was forced to remain
+several hours of the night in a barn belonging to a cottage, being
+unwilling to call up the inhabitants, to whom she was well known.  Most
+of the night she spent here watching; towards morning she believed that
+she slept for a few minutes; some steps disturbed her, and she awoke.
+It was dawn, and she quitted her asylum, that she might again endeavour
+to find my brother.  If she had gone near the spot where his body lay,
+it was without her knowledge.  That she had been bewildered when
+questioned by the market-woman was not surprising, since she had passed
+a sleepless night and the fate of poor William was yet uncertain.
+Concerning the picture she could give no account.
+
+“I know,” continued the unhappy victim, “how heavily and
+fatally this one circumstance weighs against me, but I have no power of
+explaining it; and when I have expressed my utter ignorance, I am only left
+to conjecture concerning the probabilities by which it might have been
+placed in my pocket. But here also I am checked. I believe that I have no
+enemy on earth, and none surely would have been so wicked as to destroy me
+wantonly. Did the murderer place it there? I know of no opportunity
+afforded him for so doing; or, if I had, why should he have stolen the
+jewel, to part with it again so soon?
+
+“I commit my cause to the justice of my judges, yet I see no room for
+hope.  I beg permission to have a few witnesses examined concerning my
+character, and if their testimony shall not overweigh my supposed
+guilt, I must be condemned, although I would pledge my salvation on my
+innocence.”
+
+Several witnesses were called who had known her for many years, and
+they spoke well of her; but fear and hatred of the crime of which they
+supposed her guilty rendered them timorous and unwilling to come
+forward.  Elizabeth saw even this last resource, her excellent
+dispositions and irreproachable conduct, about to fail the accused,
+when, although violently agitated, she desired permission to address
+the court.
+
+“I am,” said she, “the cousin of the unhappy child who
+was murdered, or rather his sister, for I was educated by and have lived
+with his parents ever since and even long before his birth. It may
+therefore be judged indecent in me to come forward on this occasion, but
+when I see a fellow creature about to perish through the cowardice of her
+pretended friends, I wish to be allowed to speak, that I may say what I
+know of her character. I am well acquainted with the accused. I have lived
+in the same house with her, at one time for five and at another for nearly
+two years. During all that period she appeared to me the most amiable and
+benevolent of human creatures. She nursed Madame Frankenstein, my aunt, in
+her last illness, with the greatest affection and care and afterwards
+attended her own mother during a tedious illness, in a manner that excited
+the admiration of all who knew her, after which she again lived in my
+uncle’s house, where she was beloved by all the family. She was
+warmly attached to the child who is now dead and acted towards him like a
+most affectionate mother. For my own part, I do not hesitate to say that,
+notwithstanding all the evidence produced against her, I believe and rely
+on her perfect innocence. She had no temptation for such an action; as to
+the bauble on which the chief proof rests, if she had earnestly desired it,
+I should have willingly given it to her, so much do I esteem and value
+her.”
+
+A murmur of approbation followed Elizabeth’s simple and powerful
+appeal, but it was excited by her generous interference, and not in
+favour of poor Justine, on whom the public indignation was turned with
+renewed violence, charging her with the blackest ingratitude.  She
+herself wept as Elizabeth spoke, but she did not answer.  My own
+agitation and anguish was extreme during the whole trial.  I believed
+in her innocence; I knew it.  Could the dæmon who had (I did not for a
+minute doubt) murdered my brother also in his hellish sport have
+betrayed the innocent to death and ignominy?  I could not sustain the
+horror of my situation, and when I perceived that the popular voice and
+the countenances of the judges had already condemned my unhappy victim,
+I rushed out of the court in agony.  The tortures of the accused did
+not equal mine; she was sustained by innocence, but the fangs of
+remorse tore my bosom and would not forgo their hold.
+
+I passed a night of unmingled wretchedness.  In the morning I went to
+the court; my lips and throat were parched.  I dared not ask the fatal
+question, but I was known, and the officer guessed the cause of my
+visit.  The ballots had been thrown; they were all black, and Justine
+was condemned.
+
+I cannot pretend to describe what I then felt.  I had before
+experienced sensations of horror, and I have endeavoured to bestow upon
+them adequate expressions, but words cannot convey an idea of the
+heart-sickening despair that I then endured.  The person to whom I
+addressed myself added that Justine had already confessed her guilt.
+“That evidence,” he observed, “was hardly required in so glaring a
+case, but I am glad of it, and, indeed, none of our judges like to
+condemn a criminal upon circumstantial evidence, be it ever so
+decisive.”
+
+This was strange and unexpected intelligence; what could it mean?  Had
+my eyes deceived me?  And was I really as mad as the whole world would
+believe me to be if I disclosed the object of my suspicions?  I
+hastened to return home, and Elizabeth eagerly demanded the result.
+
+“My cousin,” replied I, “it is decided as you may have expected; all
+judges had rather that ten innocent should suffer than that one guilty
+should escape.  But she has confessed.”
+
+This was a dire blow to poor Elizabeth, who had relied with firmness upon
+Justine’s innocence. “Alas!” said she. “How shall I
+ever again believe in human goodness? Justine, whom I loved and esteemed as
+my sister, how could she put on those smiles of innocence only to betray?
+Her mild eyes seemed incapable of any severity or guile, and yet she has
+committed a murder.”
+
+Soon after we heard that the poor victim had expressed a desire to see my
+cousin. My father wished her not to go but said that he left it to her own
+judgment and feelings to decide. “Yes,” said Elizabeth,
+“I will go, although she is guilty; and you, Victor, shall accompany
+me; I cannot go alone.” The idea of this visit was torture to me, yet
+I could not refuse.
+
+We entered the gloomy prison chamber and beheld Justine sitting on some
+straw at the farther end; her hands were manacled, and her head rested on
+her knees. She rose on seeing us enter, and when we were left alone with
+her, she threw herself at the feet of Elizabeth, weeping bitterly. My
+cousin wept also.
+
+“Oh, Justine!” said she.  “Why did you rob me of my last consolation?
+I relied on your innocence, and although I was then very wretched, I
+was not so miserable as I am now.”
+
+“And do you also believe that I am so very, very wicked?  Do you also
+join with my enemies to crush me, to condemn me as a murderer?” Her
+voice was suffocated with sobs.
+
+“Rise, my poor girl,” said Elizabeth; “why do you kneel,
+if you are innocent? I am not one of your enemies, I believed you
+guiltless, notwithstanding every evidence, until I heard that you had
+yourself declared your guilt. That report, you say, is false; and be
+assured, dear Justine, that nothing can shake my confidence in you for a
+moment, but your own confession.”
+
+“I did confess, but I confessed a lie.  I confessed, that I might
+obtain absolution; but now that falsehood lies heavier at my heart than
+all my other sins.  The God of heaven forgive me!  Ever since I was
+condemned, my confessor has besieged me; he threatened and menaced,
+until I almost began to think that I was the monster that he said I
+was.  He threatened excommunication and hell fire in my last moments if
+I continued obdurate.  Dear lady, I had none to support me; all looked
+on me as a wretch doomed to ignominy and perdition.  What could I do?
+In an evil hour I subscribed to a lie; and now only am I truly
+miserable.”
+
+She paused, weeping, and then continued, “I thought with horror, my
+sweet lady, that you should believe your Justine, whom your blessed
+aunt had so highly honoured, and whom you loved, was a creature capable
+of a crime which none but the devil himself could have perpetrated.
+Dear William! dearest blessed child!  I soon shall see you again in
+heaven, where we shall all be happy; and that consoles me, going as I
+am to suffer ignominy and death.”
+
+“Oh, Justine!  Forgive me for having for one moment distrusted you.
+Why did you confess?  But do not mourn, dear girl.  Do not fear.  I
+will proclaim, I will prove your innocence.  I will melt the stony
+hearts of your enemies by my tears and prayers.  You shall not die!
+You, my playfellow, my companion, my sister, perish on the scaffold!
+No!  No!  I never could survive so horrible a misfortune.”
+
+Justine shook her head mournfully.  “I do not fear to die,” she said;
+“that pang is past.  God raises my weakness and gives me courage to
+endure the worst.  I leave a sad and bitter world; and if you remember
+me and think of me as of one unjustly condemned, I am resigned to the
+fate awaiting me.  Learn from me, dear lady, to submit in patience to
+the will of heaven!”
+
+During this conversation I had retired to a corner of the prison room,
+where I could conceal the horrid anguish that possessed me.  Despair!
+Who dared talk of that?  The poor victim, who on the morrow was to pass
+the awful boundary between life and death, felt not, as I did, such
+deep and bitter agony.  I gnashed my teeth and ground them together,
+uttering a groan that came from my inmost soul.  Justine started.  When
+she saw who it was, she approached me and said, “Dear sir, you are very
+kind to visit me; you, I hope, do not believe that I am guilty?”
+
+I could not answer.  “No, Justine,” said Elizabeth; “he is more
+convinced of your innocence than I was, for even when he heard that you
+had confessed, he did not credit it.”
+
+“I truly thank him.  In these last moments I feel the sincerest
+gratitude towards those who think of me with kindness.  How sweet is
+the affection of others to such a wretch as I am!  It removes more than
+half my misfortune, and I feel as if I could die in peace now that my
+innocence is acknowledged by you, dear lady, and your cousin.”
+
+Thus the poor sufferer tried to comfort others and herself.  She indeed
+gained the resignation she desired.  But I, the true murderer, felt the
+never-dying worm alive in my bosom, which allowed of no hope or
+consolation.  Elizabeth also wept and was unhappy, but hers also was
+the misery of innocence, which, like a cloud that passes over the fair
+moon, for a while hides but cannot tarnish its brightness.  Anguish and
+despair had penetrated into the core of my heart; I bore a hell within
+me which nothing could extinguish.  We stayed several hours with
+Justine, and it was with great difficulty that Elizabeth could tear
+herself away.  “I wish,” cried she, “that I were to die with you; I
+cannot live in this world of misery.”
+
+Justine assumed an air of cheerfulness, while she with difficulty
+repressed her bitter tears.  She embraced Elizabeth and said in a voice
+of half-suppressed emotion, “Farewell, sweet lady, dearest Elizabeth,
+my beloved and only friend; may heaven, in its bounty, bless and
+preserve you; may this be the last misfortune that you will ever
+suffer!  Live, and be happy, and make others so.”
+
+And on the morrow Justine died.  Elizabeth’s heart-rending eloquence
+failed to move the judges from their settled conviction in the
+criminality of the saintly sufferer.  My passionate and indignant
+appeals were lost upon them.  And when I received their cold answers
+and heard the harsh, unfeeling reasoning of these men, my purposed
+avowal died away on my lips.  Thus I might proclaim myself a madman,
+but not revoke the sentence passed upon my wretched victim.  She
+perished on the scaffold as a murderess!
+
+From the tortures of my own heart, I turned to contemplate the deep and
+voiceless grief of my Elizabeth.  This also was my doing!  And my
+father’s woe, and the desolation of that late so smiling home all was
+the work of my thrice-accursed hands!  Ye weep, unhappy ones, but these
+are not your last tears!  Again shall you raise the funeral wail, and
+the sound of your lamentations shall again and again be heard!
+Frankenstein, your son, your kinsman, your early, much-loved friend; he
+who would spend each vital drop of blood for your sakes, who has no
+thought nor sense of joy except as it is mirrored also in your dear
+countenances, who would fill the air with blessings and spend his life
+in serving you—he bids you weep, to shed countless tears; happy beyond
+his hopes, if thus inexorable fate be satisfied, and if the destruction
+pause before the peace of the grave have succeeded to your sad torments!
+
+Thus spoke my prophetic soul, as, torn by remorse, horror, and despair,
+I beheld those I loved spend vain sorrow upon the graves of William and
+Justine, the first hapless victims to my unhallowed arts.
+
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 9
+
+Nothing is more painful to the human mind than, after the feelings have
+been worked up by a quick succession of events, the dead calmness of
+inaction and certainty which follows and deprives the soul both of hope
+and fear.  Justine died, she rested, and I was alive.  The blood flowed
+freely in my veins, but a weight of despair and remorse pressed on my
+heart which nothing could remove.  Sleep fled from my eyes; I wandered
+like an evil spirit, for I had committed deeds of mischief beyond
+description horrible, and more, much more (I persuaded myself) was yet
+behind.  Yet my heart overflowed with kindness and the love of virtue.
+I had begun life with benevolent intentions and thirsted for the moment
+when I should put them in practice and make myself useful to my fellow
+beings.  Now all was blasted; instead of that serenity of conscience
+which allowed me to look back upon the past with self-satisfaction, and
+from thence to gather promise of new hopes, I was seized by remorse and
+the sense of guilt, which hurried me away to a hell of intense tortures
+such as no language can describe.
+
+This state of mind preyed upon my health, which had perhaps never
+entirely recovered from the first shock it had sustained.  I shunned
+the face of man; all sound of joy or complacency was torture to me;
+solitude was my only consolation—deep, dark, deathlike solitude.
+
+My father observed with pain the alteration perceptible in my disposition
+and habits and endeavoured by arguments deduced from the feelings of his
+serene conscience and guiltless life to inspire me with fortitude and
+awaken in me the courage to dispel the dark cloud which brooded over me.
+“Do you think, Victor,” said he, “that I do not suffer
+also? No one could love a child more than I loved your
+brother”—tears came into his eyes as he spoke—“but
+is it not a duty to the survivors that we should refrain from augmenting
+their unhappiness by an appearance of immoderate grief? It is also a duty
+owed to yourself, for excessive sorrow prevents improvement or enjoyment,
+or even the discharge of daily usefulness, without which no man is fit for
+society.”
+
+This advice, although good, was totally inapplicable to my case; I
+should have been the first to hide my grief and console my friends if
+remorse had not mingled its bitterness, and terror its alarm, with my
+other sensations.  Now I could only answer my father with a look of
+despair and endeavour to hide myself from his view.
+
+About this time we retired to our house at Belrive.  This change was
+particularly agreeable to me.  The shutting of the gates regularly at
+ten o’clock and the impossibility of remaining on the lake after that
+hour had rendered our residence within the walls of Geneva very irksome
+to me.  I was now free.  Often, after the rest of the family had
+retired for the night, I took the boat and passed many hours upon the
+water.  Sometimes, with my sails set, I was carried by the wind; and
+sometimes, after rowing into the middle of the lake, I left the boat to
+pursue its own course and gave way to my own miserable reflections.  I
+was often tempted, when all was at peace around me, and I the only
+unquiet thing that wandered restless in a scene so beautiful and
+heavenly—if I except some bat, or the frogs, whose harsh and
+interrupted croaking was heard only when I approached the shore—often,
+I say, I was tempted to plunge into the silent lake, that the waters
+might close over me and my calamities for ever.  But I was restrained,
+when I thought of the heroic and suffering Elizabeth, whom I tenderly
+loved, and whose existence was bound up in mine.  I thought also of my
+father and surviving brother; should I by my base desertion leave them
+exposed and unprotected to the malice of the fiend whom I had let loose
+among them?
+
+At these moments I wept bitterly and wished that peace would revisit my
+mind only that I might afford them consolation and happiness. But that
+could not be. Remorse extinguished every hope. I had been the author of
+unalterable evils, and I lived in daily fear lest the monster whom I had
+created should perpetrate some new wickedness. I had an obscure feeling
+that all was not over and that he would still commit some signal crime,
+which by its enormity should almost efface the recollection of the past.
+There was always scope for fear so long as anything I loved remained
+behind. My abhorrence of this fiend cannot be conceived. When I thought of
+him I gnashed my teeth, my eyes became inflamed, and I ardently wished to
+extinguish that life which I had so thoughtlessly bestowed. When I
+reflected on his crimes and malice, my hatred and revenge burst all bounds
+of moderation. I would have made a pilgrimage to the highest peak of the
+Andes, could I, when there, have precipitated him to their base. I wished
+to see him again, that I might wreak the utmost extent of abhorrence on his
+head and avenge the deaths of William and Justine.
+
+Our house was the house of mourning. My father’s health was deeply
+shaken by the horror of the recent events. Elizabeth was sad and
+desponding; she no longer took delight in her ordinary occupations; all
+pleasure seemed to her sacrilege toward the dead; eternal woe and tears she
+then thought was the just tribute she should pay to innocence so blasted
+and destroyed. She was no longer that happy creature who in earlier youth
+wandered with me on the banks of the lake and talked with ecstasy of our
+future prospects. The first of those sorrows which are sent to wean us from
+the earth had visited her, and its dimming influence quenched her dearest
+smiles.
+
+“When I reflect, my dear cousin,” said she, “on the miserable death of
+Justine Moritz, I no longer see the world and its works as they before
+appeared to me.  Before, I looked upon the accounts of vice and
+injustice that I read in books or heard from others as tales of ancient
+days or imaginary evils; at least they were remote and more familiar to
+reason than to the imagination; but now misery has come home, and men
+appear to me as monsters thirsting for each other’s blood.  Yet I am
+certainly unjust.  Everybody believed that poor girl to be guilty; and
+if she could have committed the crime for which she suffered, assuredly
+she would have been the most depraved of human creatures.  For the sake
+of a few jewels, to have murdered the son of her benefactor and friend,
+a child whom she had nursed from its birth, and appeared to love as if
+it had been her own!  I could not consent to the death of any human
+being, but certainly I should have thought such a creature unfit to
+remain in the society of men.  But she was innocent.  I know, I feel
+she was innocent; you are of the same opinion, and that confirms me.
+Alas!  Victor, when falsehood can look so like the truth, who can
+assure themselves of certain happiness?  I feel as if I were walking on
+the edge of a precipice, towards which thousands are crowding and
+endeavouring to plunge me into the abyss.  William and Justine were
+assassinated, and the murderer escapes; he walks about the world free,
+and perhaps respected.  But even if I were condemned to suffer on the
+scaffold for the same crimes, I would not change places with such a
+wretch.”
+
+I listened to this discourse with the extremest agony.  I, not in deed,
+but in effect, was the true murderer.  Elizabeth read my anguish in my
+countenance, and kindly taking my hand, said, “My dearest friend, you
+must calm yourself.  These events have affected me, God knows how
+deeply; but I am not so wretched as you are.  There is an expression of
+despair, and sometimes of revenge, in your countenance that makes me
+tremble.  Dear Victor, banish these dark passions.  Remember the
+friends around you, who centre all their hopes in you.  Have we lost
+the power of rendering you happy?  Ah!  While we love, while we are
+true to each other, here in this land of peace and beauty, your native
+country, we may reap every tranquil blessing—what can disturb our
+peace?”
+
+And could not such words from her whom I fondly prized before every
+other gift of fortune suffice to chase away the fiend that lurked in my
+heart?  Even as she spoke I drew near to her, as if in terror, lest at
+that very moment the destroyer had been near to rob me of her.
+
+Thus not the tenderness of friendship, nor the beauty of earth, nor of
+heaven, could redeem my soul from woe; the very accents of love were
+ineffectual.  I was encompassed by a cloud which no beneficial
+influence could penetrate.  The wounded deer dragging its fainting
+limbs to some untrodden brake, there to gaze upon the arrow which had
+pierced it, and to die, was but a type of me.
+
+Sometimes I could cope with the sullen despair that overwhelmed me, but
+sometimes the whirlwind passions of my soul drove me to seek, by bodily
+exercise and by change of place, some relief from my intolerable
+sensations.  It was during an access of this kind that I suddenly left
+my home, and bending my steps towards the near Alpine valleys, sought
+in the magnificence, the eternity of such scenes, to forget myself and
+my ephemeral, because human, sorrows.  My wanderings were directed
+towards the valley of Chamounix.  I had visited it frequently during my
+boyhood.  Six years had passed since then: _I_ was a wreck, but nought
+had changed in those savage and enduring scenes.
+
+I performed the first part of my journey on horseback.  I afterwards
+hired a mule, as the more sure-footed and least liable to receive
+injury on these rugged roads.  The weather was fine; it was about the
+middle of the month of August, nearly two months after the death of
+Justine, that miserable epoch from which I dated all my woe.  The
+weight upon my spirit was sensibly lightened as I plunged yet deeper in
+the ravine of Arve.  The immense mountains and precipices that overhung
+me on every side, the sound of the river raging among the rocks, and
+the dashing of the waterfalls around spoke of a power mighty as
+Omnipotence—and I ceased to fear or to bend before any being less
+almighty than that which had created and ruled the elements, here
+displayed in their most terrific guise.  Still, as I ascended higher,
+the valley assumed a more magnificent and astonishing character.
+Ruined castles hanging on the precipices of piny mountains, the
+impetuous Arve, and cottages every here and there peeping forth from
+among the trees formed a scene of singular beauty.  But it was
+augmented and rendered sublime by the mighty Alps, whose white and
+shining pyramids and domes towered above all, as belonging to another
+earth, the habitations of another race of beings.
+
+I passed the bridge of Pélissier, where the ravine, which the river
+forms, opened before me, and I began to ascend the mountain that
+overhangs it.  Soon after, I entered the valley of Chamounix.  This
+valley is more wonderful and sublime, but not so beautiful and
+picturesque as that of Servox, through which I had just passed.  The
+high and snowy mountains were its immediate boundaries, but I saw no
+more ruined castles and fertile fields.  Immense glaciers approached
+the road; I heard the rumbling thunder of the falling avalanche and
+marked the smoke of its passage.  Mont Blanc, the supreme and
+magnificent Mont Blanc, raised itself from the surrounding _aiguilles_,
+and its tremendous _dôme_ overlooked the valley.
+
+A tingling long-lost sense of pleasure often came across me during this
+journey.  Some turn in the road, some new object suddenly perceived and
+recognised, reminded me of days gone by, and were associated with the
+lighthearted gaiety of boyhood.  The very winds whispered in soothing
+accents, and maternal Nature bade me weep no more.  Then again the
+kindly influence ceased to act—I found myself fettered again to grief
+and indulging in all the misery of reflection.  Then I spurred on my
+animal, striving so to forget the world, my fears, and more than all,
+myself—or, in a more desperate fashion, I alighted and threw myself on
+the grass, weighed down by horror and despair.
+
+At length I arrived at the village of Chamounix.  Exhaustion succeeded
+to the extreme fatigue both of body and of mind which I had endured.
+For a short space of time I remained at the window watching the pallid
+lightnings that played above Mont Blanc and listening to the rushing of
+the Arve, which pursued its noisy way beneath.  The same lulling sounds
+acted as a lullaby to my too keen sensations; when I placed my head
+upon my pillow, sleep crept over me; I felt it as it came and blessed
+the giver of oblivion.
+
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 10
+
+I spent the following day roaming through the valley.  I stood beside
+the sources of the Arveiron, which take their rise in a glacier, that
+with slow pace is advancing down from the summit of the hills to
+barricade the valley.  The abrupt sides of vast mountains were before
+me; the icy wall of the glacier overhung me; a few shattered pines were
+scattered around; and the solemn silence of this glorious
+presence-chamber of imperial Nature was broken only by the brawling
+waves or the fall of some vast fragment, the thunder sound of the
+avalanche or the cracking, reverberated along the mountains, of the
+accumulated ice, which, through the silent working of immutable laws,
+was ever and anon rent and torn, as if it had been but a plaything in
+their hands.  These sublime and magnificent scenes afforded me the
+greatest consolation that I was capable of receiving.  They elevated me
+from all littleness of feeling, and although they did not remove my
+grief, they subdued and tranquillised it.  In some degree, also, they
+diverted my mind from the thoughts over which it had brooded for the
+last month.  I retired to rest at night; my slumbers, as it were,
+waited on and ministered to by the assemblance of grand shapes which I
+had contemplated during the day.  They congregated round me; the
+unstained snowy mountain-top, the glittering pinnacle, the pine woods,
+and ragged bare ravine, the eagle, soaring amidst the clouds—they all
+gathered round me and bade me be at peace.
+
+Where had they fled when the next morning I awoke?  All of
+soul-inspiriting fled with sleep, and dark melancholy clouded every
+thought.  The rain was pouring in torrents, and thick mists hid the
+summits of the mountains, so that I even saw not the faces of those
+mighty friends.  Still I would penetrate their misty veil and seek them
+in their cloudy retreats.  What were rain and storm to me?  My mule was
+brought to the door, and I resolved to ascend to the summit of
+Montanvert.  I remembered the effect that the view of the tremendous
+and ever-moving glacier had produced upon my mind when I first saw it.
+It had then filled me with a sublime ecstasy that gave wings to the
+soul and allowed it to soar from the obscure world to light and joy.
+The sight of the awful and majestic in nature had indeed always the
+effect of solemnising my mind and causing me to forget the passing
+cares of life.  I determined to go without a guide, for I was well
+acquainted with the path, and the presence of another would destroy the
+solitary grandeur of the scene.
+
+The ascent is precipitous, but the path is cut into continual and short
+windings, which enable you to surmount the perpendicularity of the
+mountain.  It is a scene terrifically desolate.  In a thousand spots
+the traces of the winter avalanche may be perceived, where trees lie
+broken and strewed on the ground, some entirely destroyed, others bent,
+leaning upon the jutting rocks of the mountain or transversely upon
+other trees.  The path, as you ascend higher, is intersected by ravines
+of snow, down which stones continually roll from above; one of them is
+particularly dangerous, as the slightest sound, such as even speaking
+in a loud voice, produces a concussion of air sufficient to draw
+destruction upon the head of the speaker.  The pines are not tall or
+luxuriant, but they are sombre and add an air of severity to the scene.
+I looked on the valley beneath; vast mists were rising from the rivers
+which ran through it and curling in thick wreaths around the opposite
+mountains, whose summits were hid in the uniform clouds, while rain
+poured from the dark sky and added to the melancholy impression I
+received from the objects around me.  Alas!  Why does man boast of
+sensibilities superior to those apparent in the brute; it only renders
+them more necessary beings.  If our impulses were confined to hunger,
+thirst, and desire, we might be nearly free; but now we are moved by
+every wind that blows and a chance word or scene that that word may
+convey to us.
+
+  We rest; a dream has power to poison sleep.
+       We rise; one wand’ring thought pollutes the day.
+  We feel, conceive, or reason; laugh or weep,
+       Embrace fond woe, or cast our cares away;
+  It is the same:  for, be it joy or sorrow,
+       The path of its departure still is free.
+  Man’s yesterday may ne’er be like his morrow;
+       Nought may endure but mutability!
+
+
+
+It was nearly noon when I arrived at the top of the ascent.  For some
+time I sat upon the rock that overlooks the sea of ice.  A mist covered
+both that and the surrounding mountains.  Presently a breeze dissipated
+the cloud, and I descended upon the glacier.  The surface is very
+uneven, rising like the waves of a troubled sea, descending low, and
+interspersed by rifts that sink deep.  The field of ice is almost a
+league in width, but I spent nearly two hours in crossing it.  The
+opposite mountain is a bare perpendicular rock.  From the side where I
+now stood Montanvert was exactly opposite, at the distance of a league;
+and above it rose Mont Blanc, in awful majesty.  I remained in a recess
+of the rock, gazing on this wonderful and stupendous scene.  The sea,
+or rather the vast river of ice, wound among its dependent mountains,
+whose aerial summits hung over its recesses.  Their icy and glittering
+peaks shone in the sunlight over the clouds.  My heart, which was
+before sorrowful, now swelled with something like joy; I exclaimed,
+“Wandering spirits, if indeed ye wander, and do not rest in your narrow
+beds, allow me this faint happiness, or take me, as your companion,
+away from the joys of life.”
+
+As I said this I suddenly beheld the figure of a man, at some distance,
+advancing towards me with superhuman speed.  He bounded over the
+crevices in the ice, among which I had walked with caution; his
+stature, also, as he approached, seemed to exceed that of man.  I was
+troubled; a mist came over my eyes, and I felt a faintness seize me,
+but I was quickly restored by the cold gale of the mountains.  I
+perceived, as the shape came nearer (sight tremendous and abhorred!)
+that it was the wretch whom I had created.  I trembled with rage and
+horror, resolving to wait his approach and then close with him in
+mortal combat.  He approached; his countenance bespoke bitter anguish,
+combined with disdain and malignity, while its unearthly ugliness
+rendered it almost too horrible for human eyes.  But I scarcely
+observed this; rage and hatred had at first deprived me of utterance,
+and I recovered only to overwhelm him with words expressive of furious
+detestation and contempt.
+
+“Devil,” I exclaimed, “do you dare approach me? And do
+not you fear the fierce vengeance of my arm wreaked on your miserable head?
+Begone, vile insect! Or rather, stay, that I may trample you to dust! And,
+oh! That I could, with the extinction of your miserable existence, restore
+those victims whom you have so diabolically murdered!”
+
+“I expected this reception,” said the dæmon.  “All men hate the
+wretched; how, then, must I be hated, who am miserable beyond all
+living things!  Yet you, my creator, detest and spurn me, thy creature,
+to whom thou art bound by ties only dissoluble by the annihilation of
+one of us.  You purpose to kill me.  How dare you sport thus with life?
+Do your duty towards me, and I will do mine towards you and the rest of
+mankind.  If you will comply with my conditions, I will leave them and
+you at peace; but if you refuse, I will glut the maw of death, until it
+be satiated with the blood of your remaining friends.”
+
+“Abhorred monster!  Fiend that thou art!  The tortures of hell are too
+mild a vengeance for thy crimes.  Wretched devil!  You reproach me with
+your creation, come on, then, that I may extinguish the spark which I
+so negligently bestowed.”
+
+My rage was without bounds; I sprang on him, impelled by all the
+feelings which can arm one being against the existence of another.
+
+He easily eluded me and said,
+
+“Be calm!  I entreat you to hear me before you give vent to your hatred
+on my devoted head.  Have I not suffered enough, that you seek to
+increase my misery?  Life, although it may only be an accumulation of
+anguish, is dear to me, and I will defend it.  Remember, thou hast made
+me more powerful than thyself; my height is superior to thine, my
+joints more supple.  But I will not be tempted to set myself in
+opposition to thee.  I am thy creature, and I will be even mild and
+docile to my natural lord and king if thou wilt also perform thy part,
+the which thou owest me.  Oh, Frankenstein, be not equitable to every
+other and trample upon me alone, to whom thy justice, and even thy
+clemency and affection, is most due.  Remember that I am thy creature;
+I ought to be thy Adam, but I am rather the fallen angel, whom thou
+drivest from joy for no misdeed.  Everywhere I see bliss, from which I
+alone am irrevocably excluded.  I was benevolent and good; misery made
+me a fiend.  Make me happy, and I shall again be virtuous.”
+
+“Begone!  I will not hear you.  There can be no community between you
+and me; we are enemies.  Begone, or let us try our strength in a fight,
+in which one must fall.”
+
+“How can I move thee?  Will no entreaties cause thee to turn a
+favourable eye upon thy creature, who implores thy goodness and
+compassion?  Believe me, Frankenstein, I was benevolent; my soul glowed
+with love and humanity; but am I not alone, miserably alone?  You, my
+creator, abhor me; what hope can I gather from your fellow creatures,
+who owe me nothing?  They spurn and hate me.  The desert mountains and
+dreary glaciers are my refuge.  I have wandered here many days; the
+caves of ice, which I only do not fear, are a dwelling to me, and the
+only one which man does not grudge.  These bleak skies I hail, for they
+are kinder to me than your fellow beings.  If the multitude of mankind
+knew of my existence, they would do as you do, and arm themselves for
+my destruction.  Shall I not then hate them who abhor me?  I will keep
+no terms with my enemies.  I am miserable, and they shall share my
+wretchedness.  Yet it is in your power to recompense me, and deliver
+them from an evil which it only remains for you to make so great, that
+not only you and your family, but thousands of others, shall be
+swallowed up in the whirlwinds of its rage.  Let your compassion be
+moved, and do not disdain me.  Listen to my tale; when you have heard
+that, abandon or commiserate me, as you shall judge that I deserve.
+But hear me.  The guilty are allowed, by human laws, bloody as they
+are, to speak in their own defence before they are condemned.  Listen
+to me, Frankenstein.  You accuse me of murder, and yet you would, with
+a satisfied conscience, destroy your own creature.  Oh, praise the
+eternal justice of man!  Yet I ask you not to spare me; listen to me,
+and then, if you can, and if you will, destroy the work of your hands.”
+
+“Why do you call to my remembrance,” I rejoined, “circumstances of
+which I shudder to reflect, that I have been the miserable origin and
+author?  Cursed be the day, abhorred devil, in which you first saw
+light!  Cursed (although I curse myself) be the hands that formed you!
+You have made me wretched beyond expression.  You have left me no power
+to consider whether I am just to you or not.  Begone!  Relieve me from
+the sight of your detested form.”
+
+“Thus I relieve thee, my creator,” he said, and placed his hated hands
+before my eyes, which I flung from me with violence; “thus I take from
+thee a sight which you abhor.  Still thou canst listen to me and grant
+me thy compassion.  By the virtues that I once possessed, I demand this
+from you.  Hear my tale; it is long and strange, and the temperature of
+this place is not fitting to your fine sensations; come to the hut upon
+the mountain.  The sun is yet high in the heavens; before it descends
+to hide itself behind your snowy precipices and illuminate another
+world, you will have heard my story and can decide.  On you it rests,
+whether I quit for ever the neighbourhood of man and lead a harmless
+life, or become the scourge of your fellow creatures and the author of
+your own speedy ruin.”
+
+As he said this he led the way across the ice; I followed.  My heart
+was full, and I did not answer him, but as I proceeded, I weighed the
+various arguments that he had used and determined at least to listen to
+his tale.  I was partly urged by curiosity, and compassion confirmed my
+resolution.  I had hitherto supposed him to be the murderer of my
+brother, and I eagerly sought a confirmation or denial of this opinion.
+For the first time, also, I felt what the duties of a creator towards
+his creature were, and that I ought to render him happy before I
+complained of his wickedness.  These motives urged me to comply with
+his demand.  We crossed the ice, therefore, and ascended the opposite
+rock.  The air was cold, and the rain again began to descend; we
+entered the hut, the fiend with an air of exultation, I with a heavy
+heart and depressed spirits.  But I consented to listen, and seating
+myself by the fire which my odious companion had lighted, he thus began
+his tale.
+
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 11
+
+“It is with considerable difficulty that I remember the original era of
+my being; all the events of that period appear confused and indistinct.
+A strange multiplicity of sensations seized me, and I saw, felt, heard,
+and smelt at the same time; and it was, indeed, a long time before I
+learned to distinguish between the operations of my various senses.  By
+degrees, I remember, a stronger light pressed upon my nerves, so that I
+was obliged to shut my eyes.  Darkness then came over me and troubled
+me, but hardly had I felt this when, by opening my eyes, as I now
+suppose, the light poured in upon me again.  I walked and, I believe,
+descended, but I presently found a great alteration in my sensations.
+Before, dark and opaque bodies had surrounded me, impervious to my
+touch or sight; but I now found that I could wander on at liberty, with
+no obstacles which I could not either surmount or avoid.  The light
+became more and more oppressive to me, and the heat wearying me as I
+walked, I sought a place where I could receive shade.  This was the
+forest near Ingolstadt; and here I lay by the side of a brook resting
+from my fatigue, until I felt tormented by hunger and thirst.  This
+roused me from my nearly dormant state, and I ate some berries which I
+found hanging on the trees or lying on the ground.  I slaked my thirst
+at the brook, and then lying down, was overcome by sleep.
+
+“It was dark when I awoke; I felt cold also, and half frightened, as it
+were, instinctively, finding myself so desolate.  Before I had quitted
+your apartment, on a sensation of cold, I had covered myself with some
+clothes, but these were insufficient to secure me from the dews of
+night.  I was a poor, helpless, miserable wretch; I knew, and could
+distinguish, nothing; but feeling pain invade me on all sides, I sat
+down and wept.
+
+“Soon a gentle light stole over the heavens and gave me a sensation of
+pleasure.  I started up and beheld a radiant form rise from among the
+trees.  [The moon]  I gazed with a kind of wonder.  It moved slowly,
+but it enlightened my path, and I again went out in search of berries.
+I was still cold when under one of the trees I found a huge cloak, with
+which I covered myself, and sat down upon the ground.  No distinct
+ideas occupied my mind; all was confused.  I felt light, and hunger,
+and thirst, and darkness; innumerable sounds rang in my ears, and on
+all sides various scents saluted me; the only object that I could
+distinguish was the bright moon, and I fixed my eyes on that with
+pleasure.
+
+“Several changes of day and night passed, and the orb of night had
+greatly lessened, when I began to distinguish my sensations from each
+other.  I gradually saw plainly the clear stream that supplied me with
+drink and the trees that shaded me with their foliage.  I was delighted
+when I first discovered that a pleasant sound, which often saluted my
+ears, proceeded from the throats of the little winged animals who had
+often intercepted the light from my eyes.  I began also to observe,
+with greater accuracy, the forms that surrounded me and to perceive the
+boundaries of the radiant roof of light which canopied me.  Sometimes I
+tried to imitate the pleasant songs of the birds but was unable.
+Sometimes I wished to express my sensations in my own mode, but the
+uncouth and inarticulate sounds which broke from me frightened me into
+silence again.
+
+“The moon had disappeared from the night, and again, with a lessened
+form, showed itself, while I still remained in the forest.  My
+sensations had by this time become distinct, and my mind received every
+day additional ideas.  My eyes became accustomed to the light and to
+perceive objects in their right forms; I distinguished the insect from
+the herb, and by degrees, one herb from another.  I found that the
+sparrow uttered none but harsh notes, whilst those of the blackbird and
+thrush were sweet and enticing.
+
+“One day, when I was oppressed by cold, I found a fire which had been
+left by some wandering beggars, and was overcome with delight at the
+warmth I experienced from it.  In my joy I thrust my hand into the live
+embers, but quickly drew it out again with a cry of pain.  How strange,
+I thought, that the same cause should produce such opposite effects!  I
+examined the materials of the fire, and to my joy found it to be
+composed of wood.  I quickly collected some branches, but they were wet
+and would not burn.  I was pained at this and sat still watching the
+operation of the fire.  The wet wood which I had placed near the heat
+dried and itself became inflamed.  I reflected on this, and by touching
+the various branches, I discovered the cause and busied myself in
+collecting a great quantity of wood, that I might dry it and have a
+plentiful supply of fire.  When night came on and brought sleep with
+it, I was in the greatest fear lest my fire should be extinguished.  I
+covered it carefully with dry wood and leaves and placed wet branches
+upon it; and then, spreading my cloak, I lay on the ground and sank
+into sleep.
+
+“It was morning when I awoke, and my first care was to visit the fire.
+I uncovered it, and a gentle breeze quickly fanned it into a flame.  I
+observed this also and contrived a fan of branches, which roused the
+embers when they were nearly extinguished.  When night came again I
+found, with pleasure, that the fire gave light as well as heat and that
+the discovery of this element was useful to me in my food, for I found
+some of the offals that the travellers had left had been roasted, and
+tasted much more savoury than the berries I gathered from the trees.  I
+tried, therefore, to dress my food in the same manner, placing it on
+the live embers.  I found that the berries were spoiled by this
+operation, and the nuts and roots much improved.
+
+“Food, however, became scarce, and I often spent the whole day
+searching in vain for a few acorns to assuage the pangs of hunger. When
+I found this, I resolved to quit the place that I had hitherto
+inhabited, to seek for one where the few wants I experienced would be
+more easily satisfied.  In this emigration I exceedingly lamented the
+loss of the fire which I had obtained through accident and knew not how
+to reproduce it.  I gave several hours to the serious consideration of
+this difficulty, but I was obliged to relinquish all attempt to supply
+it, and wrapping myself up in my cloak, I struck across the wood
+towards the setting sun.  I passed three days in these rambles and at
+length discovered the open country.  A great fall of snow had taken
+place the night before, and the fields were of one uniform white; the
+appearance was disconsolate, and I found my feet chilled by the cold
+damp substance that covered the ground.
+
+“It was about seven in the morning, and I longed to obtain food and
+shelter; at length I perceived a small hut, on a rising ground, which
+had doubtless been built for the convenience of some shepherd.  This
+was a new sight to me, and I examined the structure with great
+curiosity.  Finding the door open, I entered.  An old man sat in it,
+near a fire, over which he was preparing his breakfast.  He turned on
+hearing a noise, and perceiving me, shrieked loudly, and quitting the
+hut, ran across the fields with a speed of which his debilitated form
+hardly appeared capable.  His appearance, different from any I had ever
+before seen, and his flight somewhat surprised me.  But I was enchanted
+by the appearance of the hut; here the snow and rain could not
+penetrate; the ground was dry; and it presented to me then as exquisite
+and divine a retreat as Pandæmonium appeared to the dæmons of hell
+after their sufferings in the lake of fire.  I greedily devoured the
+remnants of the shepherd’s breakfast, which consisted of bread, cheese,
+milk, and wine; the latter, however, I did not like.  Then, overcome by
+fatigue, I lay down among some straw and fell asleep.
+
+“It was noon when I awoke, and allured by the warmth of the sun, which
+shone brightly on the white ground, I determined to recommence my
+travels; and, depositing the remains of the peasant’s breakfast in a
+wallet I found, I proceeded across the fields for several hours, until
+at sunset I arrived at a village.  How miraculous did this appear!  The
+huts, the neater cottages, and stately houses engaged my admiration by
+turns.  The vegetables in the gardens, the milk and cheese that I saw
+placed at the windows of some of the cottages, allured my appetite. One
+of the best of these I entered, but I had hardly placed my foot within
+the door before the children shrieked, and one of the women fainted.
+The whole village was roused; some fled, some attacked me, until,
+grievously bruised by stones and many other kinds of missile weapons, I
+escaped to the open country and fearfully took refuge in a low hovel,
+quite bare, and making a wretched appearance after the palaces I had
+beheld in the village.  This hovel however, joined a cottage of a neat
+and pleasant appearance, but after my late dearly bought experience, I
+dared not enter it.  My place of refuge was constructed of wood, but so
+low that I could with difficulty sit upright in it.  No wood, however,
+was placed on the earth, which formed the floor, but it was dry; and
+although the wind entered it by innumerable chinks, I found it an
+agreeable asylum from the snow and rain.
+
+“Here, then, I retreated and lay down happy to have found a shelter,
+however miserable, from the inclemency of the season, and still more
+from the barbarity of man.  As soon as morning dawned I crept from my
+kennel, that I might view the adjacent cottage and discover if I could
+remain in the habitation I had found.  It was situated against the back
+of the cottage and surrounded on the sides which were exposed by a pig
+sty and a clear pool of water.  One part was open, and by that I had
+crept in; but now I covered every crevice by which I might be perceived
+with stones and wood, yet in such a manner that I might move them on
+occasion to pass out; all the light I enjoyed came through the sty, and
+that was sufficient for me.
+
+“Having thus arranged my dwelling and carpeted it with clean straw, I
+retired, for I saw the figure of a man at a distance, and I remembered
+too well my treatment the night before to trust myself in his power.  I
+had first, however, provided for my sustenance for that day by a loaf
+of coarse bread, which I purloined, and a cup with which I could drink
+more conveniently than from my hand of the pure water which flowed by
+my retreat.  The floor was a little raised, so that it was kept
+perfectly dry, and by its vicinity to the chimney of the cottage it was
+tolerably warm.
+
+“Being thus provided, I resolved to reside in this hovel until
+something should occur which might alter my determination.  It was
+indeed a paradise compared to the bleak forest, my former residence,
+the rain-dropping branches, and dank earth.  I ate my breakfast with
+pleasure and was about to remove a plank to procure myself a little
+water when I heard a step, and looking through a small chink, I beheld
+a young creature, with a pail on her head, passing before my hovel. The
+girl was young and of gentle demeanour, unlike what I have since found
+cottagers and farmhouse servants to be.  Yet she was meanly dressed, a
+coarse blue petticoat and a linen jacket being her only garb; her fair
+hair was plaited but not adorned:  she looked patient yet sad.  I lost
+sight of her, and in about a quarter of an hour she returned bearing
+the pail, which was now partly filled with milk.  As she walked along,
+seemingly incommoded by the burden, a young man met her, whose
+countenance expressed a deeper despondence.  Uttering a few sounds with
+an air of melancholy, he took the pail from her head and bore it to the
+cottage himself.  She followed, and they disappeared.  Presently I saw
+the young man again, with some tools in his hand, cross the field
+behind the cottage; and the girl was also busied, sometimes in the
+house and sometimes in the yard.
+
+“On examining my dwelling, I found that one of the windows of the
+cottage had formerly occupied a part of it, but the panes had been
+filled up with wood. In one of these was a small and almost
+imperceptible chink through which the eye could just penetrate.
+Through this crevice a small room was visible, whitewashed and clean
+but very bare of furniture. In one corner, near a small fire, sat an
+old man, leaning his head on his hands in a disconsolate attitude. The
+young girl was occupied in arranging the cottage; but presently she
+took something out of a drawer, which employed her hands, and she sat
+down beside the old man, who, taking up an instrument, began to play
+and to produce sounds sweeter than the voice of the thrush or the
+nightingale. It was a lovely sight, even to me, poor wretch who had
+never beheld aught beautiful before. The silver hair and benevolent
+countenance of the aged cottager won my reverence, while the gentle
+manners of the girl enticed my love. He played a sweet mournful air
+which I perceived drew tears from the eyes of his amiable companion, of
+which the old man took no notice, until she sobbed audibly; he then
+pronounced a few sounds, and the fair creature, leaving her work, knelt
+at his feet. He raised her and smiled with such kindness and affection
+that I felt sensations of a peculiar and overpowering nature; they were
+a mixture of pain and pleasure, such as I had never before experienced,
+either from hunger or cold, warmth or food; and I withdrew from the
+window, unable to bear these emotions.
+
+“Soon after this the young man returned, bearing on his shoulders a
+load of wood.  The girl met him at the door, helped to relieve him of
+his burden, and taking some of the fuel into the cottage, placed it on
+the fire; then she and the youth went apart into a nook of the cottage,
+and he showed her a large loaf and a piece of cheese.  She seemed
+pleased and went into the garden for some roots and plants, which she
+placed in water, and then upon the fire.  She afterwards continued her
+work, whilst the young man went into the garden and appeared busily
+employed in digging and pulling up roots.  After he had been employed
+thus about an hour, the young woman joined him and they entered the
+cottage together.
+
+“The old man had, in the meantime, been pensive, but on the appearance
+of his companions he assumed a more cheerful air, and they sat down to
+eat.  The meal was quickly dispatched.  The young woman was again
+occupied in arranging the cottage, the old man walked before the
+cottage in the sun for a few minutes, leaning on the arm of the youth.
+Nothing could exceed in beauty the contrast between these two excellent
+creatures.  One was old, with silver hairs and a countenance beaming
+with benevolence and love; the younger was slight and graceful in his
+figure, and his features were moulded with the finest symmetry, yet his
+eyes and attitude expressed the utmost sadness and despondency.  The
+old man returned to the cottage, and the youth, with tools different
+from those he had used in the morning, directed his steps across the
+fields.
+
+“Night quickly shut in, but to my extreme wonder, I found that the
+cottagers had a means of prolonging light by the use of tapers, and was
+delighted to find that the setting of the sun did not put an end to the
+pleasure I experienced in watching my human neighbours.  In the evening
+the young girl and her companion were employed in various occupations
+which I did not understand; and the old man again took up the
+instrument which produced the divine sounds that had enchanted me in
+the morning.  So soon as he had finished, the youth began, not to play,
+but to utter sounds that were monotonous, and neither resembling the
+harmony of the old man’s instrument nor the songs of the birds; I since
+found that he read aloud, but at that time I knew nothing of the
+science of words or letters.
+
+“The family, after having been thus occupied for a short time,
+extinguished their lights and retired, as I conjectured, to rest.”
+
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 12
+
+“I lay on my straw, but I could not sleep.  I thought of the
+occurrences of the day.  What chiefly struck me was the gentle manners
+of these people, and I longed to join them, but dared not.  I
+remembered too well the treatment I had suffered the night before from
+the barbarous villagers, and resolved, whatever course of conduct I
+might hereafter think it right to pursue, that for the present I would
+remain quietly in my hovel, watching and endeavouring to discover the
+motives which influenced their actions.
+
+“The cottagers arose the next morning before the sun.  The young woman
+arranged the cottage and prepared the food, and the youth departed
+after the first meal.
+
+“This day was passed in the same routine as that which preceded it.
+The young man was constantly employed out of doors, and the girl in
+various laborious occupations within.  The old man, whom I soon
+perceived to be blind, employed his leisure hours on his instrument or
+in contemplation.  Nothing could exceed the love and respect which the
+younger cottagers exhibited towards their venerable companion.  They
+performed towards him every little office of affection and duty with
+gentleness, and he rewarded them by his benevolent smiles.
+
+“They were not entirely happy.  The young man and his companion often
+went apart and appeared to weep.  I saw no cause for their unhappiness,
+but I was deeply affected by it.  If such lovely creatures were
+miserable, it was less strange that I, an imperfect and solitary being,
+should be wretched.  Yet why were these gentle beings unhappy?  They
+possessed a delightful house (for such it was in my eyes) and every
+luxury; they had a fire to warm them when chill and delicious viands
+when hungry; they were dressed in excellent clothes; and, still more,
+they enjoyed one another’s company and speech, interchanging each day
+looks of affection and kindness.  What did their tears imply?  Did they
+really express pain?  I was at first unable to solve these questions,
+but perpetual attention and time explained to me many appearances which
+were at first enigmatic.
+
+“A considerable period elapsed before I discovered one of the causes of
+the uneasiness of this amiable family:  it was poverty, and they
+suffered that evil in a very distressing degree.  Their nourishment
+consisted entirely of the vegetables of their garden and the milk of
+one cow, which gave very little during the winter, when its masters
+could scarcely procure food to support it.  They often, I believe,
+suffered the pangs of hunger very poignantly, especially the two
+younger cottagers, for several times they placed food before the old
+man when they reserved none for themselves.
+
+“This trait of kindness moved me sensibly.  I had been accustomed,
+during the night, to steal a part of their store for my own
+consumption, but when I found that in doing this I inflicted pain on
+the cottagers, I abstained and satisfied myself with berries, nuts, and
+roots which I gathered from a neighbouring wood.
+
+“I discovered also another means through which I was enabled to assist
+their labours.  I found that the youth spent a great part of each day
+in collecting wood for the family fire, and during the night I often
+took his tools, the use of which I quickly discovered, and brought home
+firing sufficient for the consumption of several days.
+
+“I remember, the first time that I did this, the young woman, when she
+opened the door in the morning, appeared greatly astonished on seeing a great
+pile of wood on the outside. She uttered some words in a loud voice, and the
+youth joined her, who also expressed surprise. I observed, with pleasure,
+that he did not go to the forest that day, but spent it in repairing the
+cottage and cultivating the garden.
+
+“By degrees I made a discovery of still greater moment. I found that
+these people possessed a method of communicating their experience and
+feelings to one another by articulate sounds. I perceived that the words
+they spoke sometimes produced pleasure or pain, smiles or sadness, in the
+minds and countenances of the hearers.  This was indeed a godlike science,
+and I ardently desired to become acquainted with it. But I was baffled in
+every attempt I made for this purpose. Their pronunciation was quick, and
+the words they uttered, not having any apparent connection with visible
+objects, I was unable to discover any clue by which I could unravel the
+mystery of their reference.  By great application, however, and after having
+remained during the space of several revolutions of the moon in my hovel, I
+discovered the names that were given to some of the most familiar objects of
+discourse; I learned and applied the words, _fire, milk, bread,_ and
+_wood._ I learned also the names of the cottagers themselves. The youth
+and his companion had each of them several names, but the old man had only
+one, which was _father._ The girl was called _sister_ or
+_Agatha,_ and the youth _Felix, brother,_ or _son_. I cannot
+describe the delight I felt when I learned the ideas appropriated to each of
+these sounds and was able to pronounce them.  I distinguished several other
+words without being able as yet to understand or apply them, such as _good,
+dearest, unhappy._
+
+“I spent the winter in this manner.  The gentle manners and beauty of
+the cottagers greatly endeared them to me; when they were unhappy, I
+felt depressed; when they rejoiced, I sympathised in their joys.  I saw
+few human beings besides them, and if any other happened to enter the
+cottage, their harsh manners and rude gait only enhanced to me the
+superior accomplishments of my friends.  The old man, I could perceive,
+often endeavoured to encourage his children, as sometimes I found that
+he called them, to cast off their melancholy.  He would talk in a
+cheerful accent, with an expression of goodness that bestowed pleasure
+even upon me.  Agatha listened with respect, her eyes sometimes filled
+with tears, which she endeavoured to wipe away unperceived; but I
+generally found that her countenance and tone were more cheerful after
+having listened to the exhortations of her father.  It was not thus
+with Felix.  He was always the saddest of the group, and even to my
+unpractised senses, he appeared to have suffered more deeply than his
+friends.  But if his countenance was more sorrowful, his voice was more
+cheerful than that of his sister, especially when he addressed the old
+man.
+
+“I could mention innumerable instances which, although slight, marked
+the dispositions of these amiable cottagers.  In the midst of poverty
+and want, Felix carried with pleasure to his sister the first little
+white flower that peeped out from beneath the snowy ground.  Early in
+the morning, before she had risen, he cleared away the snow that
+obstructed her path to the milk-house, drew water from the well, and
+brought the wood from the outhouse, where, to his perpetual
+astonishment, he found his store always replenished by an invisible
+hand.  In the day, I believe, he worked sometimes for a neighbouring
+farmer, because he often went forth and did not return until dinner,
+yet brought no wood with him.  At other times he worked in the garden,
+but as there was little to do in the frosty season, he read to the old
+man and Agatha.
+
+“This reading had puzzled me extremely at first, but by degrees I
+discovered that he uttered many of the same sounds when he read as when
+he talked.  I conjectured, therefore, that he found on the paper signs
+for speech which he understood, and I ardently longed to comprehend
+these also; but how was that possible when I did not even understand
+the sounds for which they stood as signs?  I improved, however,
+sensibly in this science, but not sufficiently to follow up any kind of
+conversation, although I applied my whole mind to the endeavour, for I
+easily perceived that, although I eagerly longed to discover myself to
+the cottagers, I ought not to make the attempt until I had first become
+master of their language, which knowledge might enable me to make them
+overlook the deformity of my figure, for with this also the contrast
+perpetually presented to my eyes had made me acquainted.
+
+“I had admired the perfect forms of my cottagers—their grace, beauty,
+and delicate complexions; but how was I terrified when I viewed myself
+in a transparent pool!  At first I started back, unable to believe that
+it was indeed I who was reflected in the mirror; and when I became
+fully convinced that I was in reality the monster that I am, I was
+filled with the bitterest sensations of despondence and mortification.
+Alas!  I did not yet entirely know the fatal effects of this miserable
+deformity.
+
+“As the sun became warmer and the light of day longer, the snow
+vanished, and I beheld the bare trees and the black earth.  From this
+time Felix was more employed, and the heart-moving indications of
+impending famine disappeared.  Their food, as I afterwards found, was
+coarse, but it was wholesome; and they procured a sufficiency of it.
+Several new kinds of plants sprang up in the garden, which they
+dressed; and these signs of comfort increased daily as the season
+advanced.
+
+“The old man, leaning on his son, walked each day at noon, when it did
+not rain, as I found it was called when the heavens poured forth its
+waters.  This frequently took place, but a high wind quickly dried the
+earth, and the season became far more pleasant than it had been.
+
+“My mode of life in my hovel was uniform.  During the morning I
+attended the motions of the cottagers, and when they were dispersed in
+various occupations, I slept; the remainder of the day was spent in
+observing my friends.  When they had retired to rest, if there was any
+moon or the night was star-light, I went into the woods and collected
+my own food and fuel for the cottage.  When I returned, as often as it
+was necessary, I cleared their path from the snow and performed those
+offices that I had seen done by Felix.  I afterwards found that these
+labours, performed by an invisible hand, greatly astonished them; and
+once or twice I heard them, on these occasions, utter the words _good
+spirit, wonderful_; but I did not then understand the signification
+of these terms.
+
+“My thoughts now became more active, and I longed to discover the
+motives and feelings of these lovely creatures; I was inquisitive to
+know why Felix appeared so miserable and Agatha so sad.  I thought
+(foolish wretch!) that it might be in my power to restore happiness to
+these deserving people.  When I slept or was absent, the forms of the
+venerable blind father, the gentle Agatha, and the excellent Felix
+flitted before me.  I looked upon them as superior beings who would be
+the arbiters of my future destiny.  I formed in my imagination a
+thousand pictures of presenting myself to them, and their reception of
+me.  I imagined that they would be disgusted, until, by my gentle
+demeanour and conciliating words, I should first win their favour and
+afterwards their love.
+
+“These thoughts exhilarated me and led me to apply with fresh ardour to
+the acquiring the art of language.  My organs were indeed harsh, but
+supple; and although my voice was very unlike the soft music of their
+tones, yet I pronounced such words as I understood with tolerable ease.
+It was as the ass and the lap-dog; yet surely the gentle ass whose
+intentions were affectionate, although his manners were rude, deserved
+better treatment than blows and execration.
+
+“The pleasant showers and genial warmth of spring greatly altered the
+aspect of the earth.  Men who before this change seemed to have been
+hid in caves dispersed themselves and were employed in various arts of
+cultivation.  The birds sang in more cheerful notes, and the leaves
+began to bud forth on the trees.  Happy, happy earth!  Fit habitation
+for gods, which, so short a time before, was bleak, damp, and
+unwholesome.  My spirits were elevated by the enchanting appearance of
+nature; the past was blotted from my memory, the present was tranquil,
+and the future gilded by bright rays of hope and anticipations of joy.”
+
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 13
+
+“I now hasten to the more moving part of my story.  I shall relate
+events that impressed me with feelings which, from what I had been,
+have made me what I am.
+
+“Spring advanced rapidly; the weather became fine and the skies
+cloudless.  It surprised me that what before was desert and gloomy
+should now bloom with the most beautiful flowers and verdure.  My
+senses were gratified and refreshed by a thousand scents of delight and
+a thousand sights of beauty.
+
+“It was on one of these days, when my cottagers periodically rested
+from labour—the old man played on his guitar, and the children
+listened to him—that I observed the countenance of Felix was
+melancholy beyond expression; he sighed frequently, and once his father
+paused in his music, and I conjectured by his manner that he inquired
+the cause of his son’s sorrow.  Felix replied in a cheerful accent, and
+the old man was recommencing his music when someone tapped at the door.
+
+“It was a lady on horseback, accompanied by a country-man as a guide.
+The lady was dressed in a dark suit and covered with a thick black
+veil.  Agatha asked a question, to which the stranger only replied by
+pronouncing, in a sweet accent, the name of Felix.  Her voice was
+musical but unlike that of either of my friends.  On hearing this word,
+Felix came up hastily to the lady, who, when she saw him, threw up her
+veil, and I beheld a countenance of angelic beauty and expression.  Her
+hair of a shining raven black, and curiously braided; her eyes were
+dark, but gentle, although animated; her features of a regular
+proportion, and her complexion wondrously fair, each cheek tinged with
+a lovely pink.
+
+“Felix seemed ravished with delight when he saw her, every trait of
+sorrow vanished from his face, and it instantly expressed a degree of
+ecstatic joy, of which I could hardly have believed it capable; his
+eyes sparkled, as his cheek flushed with pleasure; and at that moment I
+thought him as beautiful as the stranger.  She appeared affected by
+different feelings; wiping a few tears from her lovely eyes, she held
+out her hand to Felix, who kissed it rapturously and called her, as
+well as I could distinguish, his sweet Arabian.  She did not appear to
+understand him, but smiled.  He assisted her to dismount, and
+dismissing her guide, conducted her into the cottage.  Some
+conversation took place between him and his father, and the young
+stranger knelt at the old man’s feet and would have kissed his hand,
+but he raised her and embraced her affectionately.
+
+“I soon perceived that although the stranger uttered articulate sounds
+and appeared to have a language of her own, she was neither understood
+by nor herself understood the cottagers.  They made many signs which I
+did not comprehend, but I saw that her presence diffused gladness
+through the cottage, dispelling their sorrow as the sun dissipates the
+morning mists.  Felix seemed peculiarly happy and with smiles of
+delight welcomed his Arabian.  Agatha, the ever-gentle Agatha, kissed
+the hands of the lovely stranger, and pointing to her brother, made
+signs which appeared to me to mean that he had been sorrowful until she
+came.  Some hours passed thus, while they, by their countenances,
+expressed joy, the cause of which I did not comprehend.  Presently I
+found, by the frequent recurrence of some sound which the stranger
+repeated after them, that she was endeavouring to learn their language;
+and the idea instantly occurred to me that I should make use of the
+same instructions to the same end.  The stranger learned about twenty
+words at the first lesson; most of them, indeed, were those which I had
+before understood, but I profited by the others.
+
+“As night came on, Agatha and the Arabian retired early.  When they
+separated Felix kissed the hand of the stranger and said, ‘Good night
+sweet Safie.’  He sat up much longer, conversing with his father, and
+by the frequent repetition of her name I conjectured that their lovely
+guest was the subject of their conversation.  I ardently desired to
+understand them, and bent every faculty towards that purpose, but found
+it utterly impossible.
+
+“The next morning Felix went out to his work, and after the usual
+occupations of Agatha were finished, the Arabian sat at the feet of the
+old man, and taking his guitar, played some airs so entrancingly
+beautiful that they at once drew tears of sorrow and delight from my
+eyes.  She sang, and her voice flowed in a rich cadence, swelling or
+dying away like a nightingale of the woods.
+
+“When she had finished, she gave the guitar to Agatha, who at first
+declined it.  She played a simple air, and her voice accompanied it in
+sweet accents, but unlike the wondrous strain of the stranger.  The old
+man appeared enraptured and said some words which Agatha endeavoured to
+explain to Safie, and by which he appeared to wish to express that she
+bestowed on him the greatest delight by her music.
+
+“The days now passed as peaceably as before, with the sole alteration
+that joy had taken place of sadness in the countenances of my friends.
+Safie was always gay and happy; she and I improved rapidly in the
+knowledge of language, so that in two months I began to comprehend most
+of the words uttered by my protectors.
+
+“In the meanwhile also the black ground was covered with herbage, and
+the green banks interspersed with innumerable flowers, sweet to the
+scent and the eyes, stars of pale radiance among the moonlight woods;
+the sun became warmer, the nights clear and balmy; and my nocturnal
+rambles were an extreme pleasure to me, although they were considerably
+shortened by the late setting and early rising of the sun, for I never
+ventured abroad during daylight, fearful of meeting with the same
+treatment I had formerly endured in the first village which I entered.
+
+“My days were spent in close attention, that I might more speedily
+master the language; and I may boast that I improved more rapidly than
+the Arabian, who understood very little and conversed in broken
+accents, whilst I comprehended and could imitate almost every word that
+was spoken.
+
+“While I improved in speech, I also learned the science of letters as
+it was taught to the stranger, and this opened before me a wide field
+for wonder and delight.
+
+“The book from which Felix instructed Safie was Volney’s _Ruins
+of Empires_. I should not have understood the purport of this book had not
+Felix, in reading it, given very minute explanations. He had chosen this
+work, he said, because the declamatory style was framed in imitation of the
+Eastern authors. Through this work I obtained a cursory knowledge of history
+and a view of the several empires at present existing in the world; it gave
+me an insight into the manners, governments, and religions of the different
+nations of the earth. I heard of the slothful Asiatics, of the stupendous
+genius and mental activity of the Grecians, of the wars and wonderful virtue
+of the early Romans—of their subsequent degenerating—of the
+decline of that mighty empire, of chivalry, Christianity, and kings. I heard
+of the discovery of the American hemisphere and wept with Safie over the
+hapless fate of its original inhabitants.
+
+“These wonderful narrations inspired me with strange feelings.  Was
+man, indeed, at once so powerful, so virtuous and magnificent, yet so
+vicious and base?  He appeared at one time a mere scion of the evil
+principle and at another as all that can be conceived of noble and
+godlike.  To be a great and virtuous man appeared the highest honour
+that can befall a sensitive being; to be base and vicious, as many on
+record have been, appeared the lowest degradation, a condition more
+abject than that of the blind mole or harmless worm.  For a long time I
+could not conceive how one man could go forth to murder his fellow, or
+even why there were laws and governments; but when I heard details of
+vice and bloodshed, my wonder ceased and I turned away with disgust and
+loathing.
+
+“Every conversation of the cottagers now opened new wonders to me.
+While I listened to the instructions which Felix bestowed upon the
+Arabian, the strange system of human society was explained to me.  I
+heard of the division of property, of immense wealth and squalid
+poverty, of rank, descent, and noble blood.
+
+“The words induced me to turn towards myself.  I learned that the
+possessions most esteemed by your fellow creatures were high and
+unsullied descent united with riches.  A man might be respected with
+only one of these advantages, but without either he was considered,
+except in very rare instances, as a vagabond and a slave, doomed to
+waste his powers for the profits of the chosen few!  And what was I? Of
+my creation and creator I was absolutely ignorant, but I knew that I
+possessed no money, no friends, no kind of property.  I was, besides,
+endued with a figure hideously deformed and loathsome; I was not even
+of the same nature as man.  I was more agile than they and could
+subsist upon coarser diet; I bore the extremes of heat and cold with
+less injury to my frame; my stature far exceeded theirs.  When I looked
+around I saw and heard of none like me.  Was I, then, a monster, a blot
+upon the earth, from which all men fled and whom all men disowned?
+
+“I cannot describe to you the agony that these reflections inflicted
+upon me; I tried to dispel them, but sorrow only increased with
+knowledge.  Oh, that I had for ever remained in my native wood, nor
+known nor felt beyond the sensations of hunger, thirst, and heat!
+
+“Of what a strange nature is knowledge!  It clings to the mind when it
+has once seized on it like a lichen on the rock.  I wished sometimes to
+shake off all thought and feeling, but I learned that there was but one
+means to overcome the sensation of pain, and that was death—a state
+which I feared yet did not understand.  I admired virtue and good
+feelings and loved the gentle manners and amiable qualities of my
+cottagers, but I was shut out from intercourse with them, except
+through means which I obtained by stealth, when I was unseen and
+unknown, and which rather increased than satisfied the desire I had of
+becoming one among my fellows.  The gentle words of Agatha and  the
+animated smiles of the charming Arabian were not for me.  The mild
+exhortations of the old man and the lively conversation of the loved
+Felix were not for me. Miserable, unhappy wretch!
+
+“Other lessons were impressed upon me even more deeply.  I heard of the
+difference of sexes, and the birth and growth of children, how the
+father doted on the smiles of the infant, and the lively sallies of the
+older child, how all the life and cares of the mother were wrapped up
+in the precious charge, how the mind of youth expanded and gained
+knowledge, of brother, sister, and all the various relationships which
+bind one human being to another in mutual bonds.
+
+“But where were my friends and relations?  No father had watched my
+infant days, no mother had blessed me with smiles and caresses; or if
+they had, all my past life was now a blot, a blind vacancy in which I
+distinguished nothing.  From my earliest remembrance I had been as I
+then was in height and proportion.  I had never yet seen a being
+resembling me or who claimed any intercourse with me.  What was I?  The
+question again recurred, to be answered only with groans.
+
+“I will soon explain to what these feelings tended, but allow me now to
+return to the cottagers, whose story excited in me such various
+feelings of indignation, delight, and wonder, but which all terminated
+in additional love and reverence for my protectors (for so I loved, in
+an innocent, half-painful self-deceit, to call them).”
+
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 14
+
+“Some time elapsed before I learned the history of my friends.  It was
+one which could not fail to impress itself deeply on my mind, unfolding
+as it did a number of circumstances, each interesting and wonderful to
+one so utterly inexperienced as I was.
+
+“The name of the old man was De Lacey.  He was descended from a good
+family in France, where he had lived for many years in affluence,
+respected by his superiors and beloved by his equals.  His son was bred
+in the service of his country, and Agatha had ranked with ladies of the
+highest distinction.  A few months before my arrival they had lived in
+a large and luxurious city called Paris, surrounded by friends and
+possessed of every enjoyment which virtue, refinement of intellect, or
+taste, accompanied by a moderate fortune, could afford.
+
+“The father of Safie had been the cause of their ruin.  He was a
+Turkish merchant and had inhabited Paris for many years, when, for some
+reason which I could not learn, he became obnoxious to the government.
+He was seized and cast into prison the very day that Safie arrived from
+Constantinople to join him.  He was tried and condemned to death.  The
+injustice of his sentence was very flagrant; all Paris was indignant;
+and it was judged that his religion and wealth rather than the crime
+alleged against him had been the cause of his condemnation.
+
+“Felix had accidentally been present at the trial; his horror and
+indignation were uncontrollable when he heard the decision of the
+court.  He made, at that moment, a solemn vow to deliver him and then
+looked around for the means.  After many fruitless attempts to gain
+admittance to the prison, he found a strongly grated window in an
+unguarded part of the building, which lighted the dungeon of the
+unfortunate Muhammadan, who, loaded with chains, waited in despair the
+execution of the barbarous sentence.  Felix visited the grate at night
+and made known to the prisoner his intentions in his favour.  The Turk,
+amazed and delighted, endeavoured to kindle the zeal of his deliverer
+by promises of reward and wealth.  Felix rejected his offers with
+contempt, yet when he saw the lovely Safie, who was allowed to visit
+her father and who by her gestures expressed her lively gratitude, the
+youth could not help owning to his own mind that the captive possessed
+a treasure which would fully reward his toil and hazard.
+
+“The Turk quickly perceived the impression that his daughter had made
+on the heart of Felix and endeavoured to secure him more entirely in
+his interests by the promise of her hand in marriage so soon as he
+should be conveyed to a place of safety.  Felix was too delicate to
+accept this offer, yet he looked forward to the probability of the
+event as to the consummation of his happiness.
+
+“During the ensuing days, while the preparations were going forward for
+the escape of the merchant, the zeal of Felix was warmed by several
+letters that he received from this lovely girl, who found means to
+express her thoughts in the language of her lover by the aid of an old
+man, a servant of her father who understood French.  She thanked him in
+the most ardent terms for his intended services towards her parent, and
+at the same time she gently deplored her own fate.
+
+“I have copies of these letters, for I found means, during my residence
+in the hovel, to procure the implements of writing; and the letters
+were often in the hands of Felix or Agatha.  Before I depart I will
+give them to you; they will prove the truth of my tale; but at present,
+as the sun is already far declined, I shall only have time to repeat
+the substance of them to you.
+
+“Safie related that her mother was a Christian Arab, seized and made a
+slave by the Turks; recommended by her beauty, she had won the heart of
+the father of Safie, who married her.  The young girl spoke in high and
+enthusiastic terms of her mother, who, born in freedom, spurned the
+bondage to which she was now reduced.  She instructed her daughter in
+the tenets of her religion and taught her to aspire to higher powers of
+intellect and an independence of spirit forbidden to the female
+followers of Muhammad.  This lady died, but her lessons were indelibly
+impressed on the mind of Safie, who sickened at the prospect of again
+returning to Asia and being immured within the walls of a harem,
+allowed only to occupy herself with infantile amusements, ill-suited to
+the temper of her soul, now accustomed to grand ideas and a noble
+emulation for virtue.  The prospect of marrying a Christian and
+remaining in a country where women were allowed to take a rank in
+society was enchanting to her.
+
+“The day for the execution of the Turk was fixed, but on the night
+previous to it he quitted his prison and before morning was distant
+many leagues from Paris.  Felix had procured passports in the name of
+his father, sister, and himself.  He had previously communicated his
+plan to the former, who aided the deceit by quitting his house, under
+the pretence of a journey and concealed himself, with his daughter, in
+an obscure part of Paris.
+
+“Felix conducted the fugitives through France to Lyons and across Mont
+Cenis to Leghorn, where the merchant had decided to wait a favourable
+opportunity of passing into some part of the Turkish dominions.
+
+“Safie resolved to remain with her father until the moment of his
+departure, before which time the Turk renewed his promise that she
+should be united to his deliverer; and Felix remained with them in
+expectation of that event; and in the meantime he enjoyed the society
+of the Arabian, who exhibited towards him the simplest and tenderest
+affection.  They conversed with one another through the means of an
+interpreter, and sometimes with the interpretation of looks; and Safie
+sang to him the divine airs of her native country.
+
+“The Turk allowed this intimacy to take place and encouraged the hopes
+of the youthful lovers, while in his heart he had formed far other
+plans.  He loathed the idea that his daughter should be united to a
+Christian, but he feared the resentment of Felix if he should appear
+lukewarm, for he knew that he was still in the power of his deliverer
+if he should choose to betray him to the Italian state which they
+inhabited.  He revolved a thousand plans by which he should be enabled
+to prolong the deceit until it might be no longer necessary, and
+secretly to take his daughter with him when he departed.  His plans
+were facilitated by the news which arrived from Paris.
+
+“The government of France were greatly enraged at the escape of their
+victim and spared no pains to detect and punish his deliverer.  The
+plot of Felix was quickly discovered, and De Lacey and Agatha were
+thrown into prison.  The news reached Felix and roused him from his
+dream of pleasure.  His blind and aged father and his gentle sister lay
+in a noisome dungeon while he enjoyed the free air and the society of
+her whom he loved.  This idea was torture to him.  He quickly arranged
+with the Turk that if the latter should find a favourable opportunity
+for escape before Felix could return to Italy, Safie should remain as a
+boarder at a convent at Leghorn; and then, quitting the lovely Arabian,
+he hastened to Paris and delivered himself up to the vengeance of the
+law, hoping to free De Lacey and Agatha by this proceeding.
+
+“He did not succeed.  They remained confined for five months before the
+trial took place, the result of which deprived them of their fortune
+and condemned them to a perpetual exile from their native country.
+
+“They found a miserable asylum in the cottage in Germany, where I
+discovered them.  Felix soon learned that the treacherous Turk, for
+whom he and his family endured such unheard-of oppression, on
+discovering that his deliverer was thus reduced to poverty and ruin,
+became a traitor to good feeling and honour and had quitted Italy with
+his daughter, insultingly sending Felix a pittance of money to aid him,
+as he said, in some plan of future maintenance.
+
+“Such were the events that preyed on the heart of Felix and rendered
+him, when I first saw him, the most miserable of his family.  He could
+have endured poverty, and while this distress had been the meed of his
+virtue, he gloried in it; but the ingratitude of the Turk and the loss
+of his beloved Safie were misfortunes more bitter and irreparable.  The
+arrival of the Arabian now infused new life into his soul.
+
+“When the news reached Leghorn that Felix was deprived of his wealth
+and rank, the merchant commanded his daughter to think no more of her
+lover, but to prepare to return to her native country.  The generous
+nature of Safie was outraged by this command; she attempted to
+expostulate with her father, but he left her angrily, reiterating his
+tyrannical mandate.
+
+“A few days after, the Turk entered his daughter’s apartment and told
+her hastily that he had reason to believe that his residence at Leghorn
+had been divulged and that he should speedily be delivered up to the
+French government; he had consequently hired a vessel to convey him to
+Constantinople, for which city he should sail in a few hours.  He
+intended to leave his daughter under the care of a confidential
+servant, to follow at her leisure with the greater part of his
+property, which had not yet arrived at Leghorn.
+
+“When alone, Safie resolved in her own mind the plan of conduct that it
+would become her to pursue in this emergency.  A residence in Turkey
+was abhorrent to her; her religion and her feelings were alike averse
+to it.  By some papers of her father which fell into her hands she
+heard of the exile of her lover and learnt the name of the spot where
+he then resided.  She hesitated some time, but at length she formed her
+determination.  Taking with her some jewels that belonged to her and a
+sum of money, she quitted Italy with an attendant, a native of Leghorn,
+but who understood the common language of Turkey, and departed for
+Germany.
+
+“She arrived in safety at a town about twenty leagues from the cottage
+of De Lacey, when her attendant fell dangerously ill.  Safie nursed her
+with the most devoted affection, but the poor girl died, and the
+Arabian was left alone, unacquainted with the language of the country
+and utterly ignorant of the customs of the world.  She fell, however,
+into good hands.  The Italian had mentioned the name of the spot for
+which they were bound, and after her death the woman of the house in
+which they had lived took care that Safie should arrive in safety at
+the cottage of her lover.”
+
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 15
+
+“Such was the history of my beloved cottagers.  It impressed me deeply.
+I learned, from the views of social life which it developed, to admire
+their virtues and to deprecate the vices of mankind.
+
+“As yet I looked upon crime as a distant evil, benevolence and
+generosity were ever present before me, inciting within me a desire to
+become an actor in the busy scene where so many admirable qualities
+were called forth and displayed.  But in giving an account of the
+progress of my intellect, I must not omit a circumstance which occurred
+in the beginning of the month of August of the same year.
+
+“One night during my accustomed visit to the neighbouring wood where I
+collected my own food and brought home firing for my protectors, I found on
+the ground a leathern portmanteau containing several articles of dress and
+some books.  I eagerly seized the prize and returned with it to my hovel. 
+Fortunately the books were written in the language, the elements of which I
+had acquired at the cottage; they consisted of _Paradise Lost_, a volume
+of _Plutarch’s Lives_, and the _Sorrows of Werter_. The
+possession of these treasures gave me extreme delight; I now continually
+studied and exercised my mind upon these histories, whilst my friends were
+employed in their ordinary occupations.
+
+“I can hardly describe to you the effect of these books.  They produced
+in me an infinity of new images and feelings, that sometimes raised me
+to ecstasy, but more frequently sunk me into the lowest dejection.  In
+the _Sorrows of Werter_, besides the interest of its simple and affecting
+story, so many opinions are canvassed and so many lights thrown upon
+what had hitherto been to me obscure subjects that I found in it a
+never-ending source of speculation and astonishment.  The gentle and
+domestic manners it described, combined with lofty sentiments and
+feelings, which had for their object something out of self, accorded
+well with my experience among my protectors and with the wants which
+were for ever alive in my own bosom.  But I thought Werter himself a
+more divine being than I had ever beheld or imagined; his character
+contained no pretension, but it sank deep.  The disquisitions upon
+death and suicide were calculated to fill  me with wonder.  I did not
+pretend to enter into the merits of the case, yet I inclined towards
+the opinions of the hero, whose extinction I wept, without precisely
+understanding it.
+
+“As I read, however, I applied much personally to my own feelings and
+condition.  I found myself similar yet at the same time strangely
+unlike to the beings concerning whom I read and to whose conversation I
+was a listener.  I sympathised with and partly understood them, but I
+was unformed in mind; I was dependent on none and related to none.
+‘The path of my departure was free,’ and there was none to lament my
+annihilation.  My person was hideous and my stature gigantic.  What did
+this mean?  Who was I?  What was I?  Whence did I come?  What was my
+destination?  These questions continually recurred, but I was unable to
+solve them.
+
+“The volume of _Plutarch’s Lives_ which I possessed contained the
+histories of the first founders of the ancient republics.  This book
+had a far different effect upon me from the _Sorrows of Werter_.  I
+learned from Werter’s imaginations despondency and gloom, but Plutarch
+taught me high thoughts; he elevated me above the wretched sphere of my
+own reflections, to admire and love the heroes of past ages.  Many
+things I read surpassed my understanding and experience.  I had a very
+confused knowledge of kingdoms, wide extents of country, mighty rivers,
+and boundless seas.  But I was perfectly unacquainted with towns and
+large assemblages of men. The cottage of my protectors had been the
+only school in which I had studied human nature, but this book
+developed new and mightier scenes of action.  I read of men concerned
+in public affairs, governing or massacring their species.  I felt the
+greatest ardour for virtue rise within me, and abhorrence for vice, as
+far as I understood the signification of those terms, relative as they
+were, as I applied them, to pleasure and pain alone.  Induced by these
+feelings, I was of course led to admire peaceable lawgivers, Numa,
+Solon, and Lycurgus, in preference to Romulus and Theseus.  The
+patriarchal lives of my protectors caused these impressions to take a
+firm hold on my mind; perhaps, if my first introduction to humanity had
+been made by a young soldier, burning for glory and slaughter, I should
+have been imbued with different sensations.
+
+“But _Paradise Lost_ excited different and far deeper emotions.  I read
+it, as I had read the other volumes which had fallen into my hands, as
+a true history.  It moved every feeling of wonder and awe that the
+picture of an omnipotent God warring with his creatures was capable of
+exciting.  I often referred the several situations, as their similarity
+struck me, to my own.  Like Adam, I was apparently united by no link to
+any other being in existence; but his state was far different from mine
+in every other respect.  He had come forth from the hands of God a
+perfect creature, happy and prosperous, guarded by the especial care of
+his Creator; he was allowed to converse with and acquire knowledge from
+beings of a superior nature, but I was wretched, helpless, and alone.
+Many times I considered Satan as the fitter emblem of my condition, for
+often, like him, when I viewed the bliss of my protectors, the bitter
+gall of envy rose within me.
+
+“Another circumstance strengthened and confirmed these feelings.  Soon
+after my arrival in the hovel I discovered some papers in the pocket of
+the dress which I had taken from your laboratory.  At first I had
+neglected them, but now that I was able to decipher the characters in
+which they were written, I began to study them with diligence.  It was
+your journal of the four months that preceded my creation.  You
+minutely described in these papers every step you took in the progress
+of your work; this history was mingled with accounts of domestic
+occurrences.  You doubtless recollect these papers.  Here they are.
+Everything is related in them which bears reference to my accursed
+origin; the whole detail of that series of disgusting circumstances
+which produced it is set in view; the minutest description of my odious
+and loathsome person is given, in language which painted your own
+horrors and rendered mine indelible.  I sickened as I read.  ‘Hateful
+day when I received life!’ I exclaimed in agony.  ‘Accursed creator!
+Why did you form a monster so hideous that even _you_ turned from me in
+disgust?  God, in pity, made man beautiful and alluring, after his own
+image; but my form is a filthy type of yours, more horrid even from the
+very resemblance.  Satan had his companions, fellow devils, to admire
+and encourage him, but I am solitary and abhorred.’
+
+“These were the reflections of my hours of despondency and solitude;
+but when I contemplated the virtues of the cottagers, their amiable and
+benevolent dispositions, I persuaded myself that when they should
+become acquainted with my admiration of their virtues they  would
+compassionate me and overlook my personal deformity.  Could they turn
+from their door one, however monstrous, who solicited their compassion
+and friendship?  I resolved, at least, not to despair, but in every way
+to fit myself for an interview with them which would decide my fate.  I
+postponed this attempt for some months longer, for the importance
+attached to its success inspired me with a dread lest I should fail.
+Besides, I found that my understanding improved so much with every
+day’s experience that I was unwilling to commence this undertaking
+until a few more months should have added to my sagacity.
+
+“Several changes, in the meantime, took place in the cottage.  The
+presence of Safie diffused happiness among its inhabitants, and I also
+found that a greater degree of plenty reigned there.  Felix and Agatha
+spent more time in amusement and conversation, and were assisted in
+their labours by servants.  They did not appear rich, but they were
+contented and happy; their feelings were serene and peaceful, while
+mine became every day more tumultuous.  Increase of knowledge only
+discovered to me more clearly what a wretched outcast I was.  I
+cherished hope, it is true, but it vanished when I beheld my person
+reflected in water or my shadow in the moonshine, even as that frail
+image and that inconstant shade.
+
+“I endeavoured to crush these fears and to fortify myself for the trial
+which in a few months I resolved to undergo; and sometimes I allowed my
+thoughts, unchecked by reason, to ramble in the fields of Paradise, and
+dared to fancy amiable and lovely creatures sympathising with my
+feelings and cheering my gloom; their angelic countenances breathed
+smiles of consolation.  But it was all a dream; no Eve soothed my
+sorrows nor shared my thoughts; I was alone.  I remembered Adam’s
+supplication to his Creator.  But where was mine?  He had abandoned me,
+and in the bitterness of my heart I cursed him.
+
+“Autumn passed thus.  I saw, with surprise and grief, the leaves decay
+and fall, and nature again assume the barren and bleak appearance it
+had worn when I first beheld the woods and the lovely moon.  Yet I did
+not heed the bleakness of the weather; I was better fitted by my
+conformation for the endurance of cold than heat.  But my chief
+delights were the sight of the flowers, the birds, and all the gay
+apparel of summer; when those deserted me, I turned with more attention
+towards the cottagers.  Their happiness was not decreased by the
+absence of summer.  They loved and sympathised with one another; and
+their joys, depending on each other, were not interrupted by the
+casualties that took place around them.  The more I saw of them, the
+greater became my desire to claim their protection and kindness; my
+heart yearned to be known and loved by these amiable creatures; to see
+their sweet looks directed towards me with affection was the utmost
+limit of my ambition.  I dared not think that they would turn them from
+me with disdain and horror.  The poor that stopped at their door were
+never driven away.  I asked, it is true, for greater treasures than a
+little food or rest:  I required kindness and sympathy; but I did not
+believe myself utterly unworthy of it.
+
+“The winter advanced, and an entire revolution of the seasons had taken
+place since I awoke into life.  My attention at this time was solely
+directed towards my plan of introducing myself into the cottage of my
+protectors.  I revolved many projects, but that on which I finally
+fixed was to enter the dwelling when the blind old man should be alone.
+I had sagacity enough to discover that the unnatural hideousness of my
+person was the chief object of horror with those who had formerly
+beheld me.  My voice, although harsh, had nothing terrible in it; I
+thought, therefore, that if in the absence of his children I could gain
+the good will and mediation of the old De Lacey, I might by his means
+be tolerated by my younger protectors.
+
+“One day, when the sun shone on the red leaves that strewed the ground
+and diffused cheerfulness, although it denied warmth, Safie, Agatha,
+and Felix departed on a long country walk, and the old man, at his own
+desire, was left alone in the cottage.  When his children had departed,
+he took up his guitar and played several mournful but sweet airs, more
+sweet and mournful than I had ever heard him play before.  At first his
+countenance was illuminated with pleasure, but as he continued,
+thoughtfulness and sadness succeeded; at length, laying aside the
+instrument, he sat absorbed in reflection.
+
+“My heart beat quick; this was the hour and moment of trial, which
+would decide my hopes or realise my fears. The servants were gone to a
+neighbouring fair.  All was silent in and around the cottage; it was an
+excellent opportunity; yet, when I proceeded to execute my plan, my
+limbs failed me and I sank to the ground.  Again I rose, and exerting
+all the firmness of which I was master, removed the planks which I had
+placed before my hovel to conceal my retreat.  The fresh air revived
+me, and with renewed determination I approached the door of their
+cottage.
+
+“I knocked. ‘Who is there?’ said the old man. ‘Come in.’
+
+“I entered. ‘Pardon this intrusion,’ said I; ‘I am
+a traveller in want of a little rest; you would greatly oblige me if you
+would allow me to remain a few minutes before the fire.’
+
+“‘Enter,’ said De Lacey, ‘and I will try in what
+manner I can to relieve your wants; but, unfortunately, my children are
+from home, and as I am blind, I am afraid I shall find it difficult to
+procure food for you.’
+
+“‘Do not trouble yourself, my kind host; I have food; it is
+warmth and rest only that I need.’
+
+“I sat down, and a silence ensued.  I knew that every minute was
+precious to me, yet I remained irresolute in what manner to commence
+the interview, when the old man addressed me.
+
+‘By your language, stranger, I suppose you are my countryman; are you
+French?’
+
+“‘No; but I was educated by a French family and understand that
+language only.  I am now going to claim the protection of some friends,
+whom I sincerely love, and of whose favour I have some hopes.’
+
+“‘Are they Germans?’
+
+“‘No, they are French.  But let us change the subject.  I am an
+unfortunate and deserted creature, I look around and I have no relation
+or friend upon earth.  These amiable people to whom I go have never
+seen me and know little of me.  I am full of fears, for if I fail
+there, I am an outcast in the world for ever.’
+
+“‘Do not despair. To be friendless is indeed to be unfortunate, but
+the hearts of men, when unprejudiced by any obvious self-interest, are
+full of brotherly love and charity.  Rely, therefore, on your hopes;
+and if these friends are good and amiable, do not despair.’
+
+“‘They are kind—they are the most excellent creatures in the world;
+but, unfortunately, they are prejudiced against me.  I have good
+dispositions; my life has been hitherto harmless and in some degree
+beneficial; but a fatal prejudice clouds their eyes, and where they
+ought to see a feeling and kind friend, they behold only a detestable
+monster.’
+
+“‘That is indeed unfortunate; but if you are really blameless, cannot
+you undeceive them?’
+
+“‘I am about to undertake that task; and it is on that account that I
+feel so many overwhelming terrors.  I tenderly love these friends; I
+have, unknown to them, been for many months in the habits of daily
+kindness towards them; but they believe that I wish to injure them, and
+it is that prejudice which I wish to overcome.’
+
+“‘Where do these friends reside?’
+
+“‘Near this spot.’
+
+“The old man paused and then continued, ‘If you will unreservedly
+confide to me the particulars of your tale, I perhaps may be of use in
+undeceiving them.  I am blind and cannot judge of your countenance, but
+there is something in your words which persuades me that you are
+sincere.  I am poor and an exile, but it will afford me true pleasure
+to be in any way serviceable to a human creature.’
+
+“‘Excellent man!  I thank you and accept your generous offer.  You
+raise me from the dust by this kindness; and I trust that, by your aid,
+I shall not be driven from the society and sympathy of your fellow
+creatures.’
+
+“‘Heaven forbid!  Even if you were really criminal, for that can only
+drive you to desperation, and not instigate you to virtue.  I also am
+unfortunate; I and my family have been condemned, although innocent;
+judge, therefore, if I do not feel for your misfortunes.’
+
+“‘How can I thank you, my best and only benefactor?  From your lips
+first have I heard the voice of kindness directed towards me; I shall
+be for ever grateful; and your present humanity assures me of success
+with those friends whom I am on the point of meeting.’
+
+“‘May I know the names and residence of those friends?’
+
+“I paused. This, I thought, was the moment of decision, which was to
+rob me of or bestow happiness on me for ever.  I struggled vainly for
+firmness sufficient to answer him, but the effort destroyed all my
+remaining strength; I sank on the chair and sobbed aloud.  At that
+moment I heard the steps of my younger protectors.  I had not a moment
+to lose, but seizing the hand of the old man, I cried, ‘Now is the
+time!  Save and protect me!  You and your family are the friends whom I
+seek.  Do not you desert me in the hour of trial!’
+
+“‘Great God!’ exclaimed the old man.  ‘Who are you?’
+
+“At that instant the cottage door was opened, and Felix, Safie, and
+Agatha entered.  Who can describe their horror and consternation on
+beholding me?  Agatha fainted, and Safie, unable to attend to her
+friend, rushed out of the cottage.  Felix darted forward, and with
+supernatural force tore me from his father, to whose knees I clung, in
+a transport of fury, he dashed me to the ground and struck me violently
+with a stick.  I could have torn him limb from limb, as the lion rends
+the antelope.  But my heart sank within me as with bitter sickness, and
+I refrained.  I saw him on the point of repeating his blow, when,
+overcome by pain and anguish, I quitted the cottage, and in the general
+tumult escaped unperceived to my hovel.”
+
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 16
+
+“Cursed, cursed creator!  Why did I live?  Why, in that instant, did I
+not extinguish the spark of existence which you had so wantonly
+bestowed?  I know not; despair had not yet taken possession of me; my
+feelings were those of rage and revenge.  I could with pleasure have
+destroyed the cottage and its inhabitants and have glutted myself with
+their shrieks and misery.
+
+“When night came I quitted my retreat and wandered in the wood; and
+now, no longer restrained by the fear of discovery, I gave vent to my
+anguish in fearful howlings.  I was like a wild beast that had broken
+the toils, destroying the objects that obstructed me and ranging
+through the wood with a stag-like swiftness.  Oh!  What a miserable
+night I passed!  The cold stars shone in mockery, and the bare trees
+waved their branches above me; now and then the sweet voice of a bird
+burst forth amidst the universal stillness.  All, save I, were at rest
+or in enjoyment; I, like the arch-fiend, bore a hell within me, and
+finding myself unsympathised with, wished to tear up the trees, spread
+havoc and destruction around me, and then to have sat down and enjoyed
+the ruin.
+
+“But this was a luxury of sensation that could not endure; I became
+fatigued with excess of bodily exertion and sank on the damp grass in
+the sick impotence of despair.  There was none among the myriads of men
+that existed who would pity or assist me; and should I feel kindness
+towards my enemies?  No; from that moment I declared everlasting war
+against the species, and more than all, against him who had formed me
+and sent me forth to this insupportable misery.
+
+“The sun rose; I heard the voices of men and knew that it was
+impossible to return to my retreat during that day.  Accordingly I hid
+myself in some thick underwood, determining to devote the ensuing hours
+to reflection on my situation.
+
+“The pleasant sunshine and the pure air of day restored me to some
+degree of tranquillity; and when I considered what had passed at the
+cottage, I could not help believing that I had been too hasty in my
+conclusions.  I had certainly acted imprudently.  It was apparent that
+my conversation had interested the father in my behalf, and  I was a
+fool in having exposed my person to the horror of his children.  I
+ought to have familiarised the old De Lacey to me, and by degrees to
+have discovered myself to the rest of his family, when they should have
+been  prepared for my approach.  But I did not believe my errors to be
+irretrievable, and after much consideration I resolved to return to the
+cottage, seek the old man, and by my representations win him to my
+party.
+
+“These thoughts calmed me, and in the afternoon I sank into a profound
+sleep; but the fever of my blood did not allow me to be visited by
+peaceful dreams.  The horrible scene of the preceding day was for ever
+acting before my eyes; the females were flying and the enraged Felix
+tearing me from his father’s feet.  I awoke exhausted, and finding that
+it was already night, I crept forth from my hiding-place, and went in
+search of food.
+
+“When my hunger was appeased, I directed my steps towards the
+well-known path that conducted to the cottage.  All there was at peace.
+I crept into my hovel and remained in silent expectation of the
+accustomed hour when the family arose.  That hour passed, the sun
+mounted high in the heavens, but the cottagers did not appear.  I
+trembled violently, apprehending some dreadful misfortune.  The inside
+of the cottage was dark, and I heard no motion; I cannot describe the
+agony of this suspense.
+
+“Presently two countrymen passed by, but pausing near the cottage, they
+entered into conversation, using violent gesticulations; but I did not
+understand what they said, as they spoke the language of the country,
+which differed from that of my protectors.  Soon after, however, Felix
+approached with another man; I was surprised, as I knew that he had not
+quitted the cottage that morning, and waited anxiously to discover from
+his discourse the meaning of these unusual appearances.
+
+“‘Do you consider,’ said his companion to him,
+‘that you will be obliged to pay three months’ rent and to lose
+the produce of your garden? I do not wish to take any unfair advantage, and
+I beg therefore that you will take some days to consider of your
+determination.’
+
+“‘It is utterly useless,’ replied Felix; ‘we can
+never again inhabit your cottage. The life of my father is in the greatest
+danger, owing to the dreadful circumstance that I have related. My wife and
+my sister will never recover from their horror. I entreat you not to reason
+with me any more. Take possession of your tenement and let me fly from this
+place.’
+
+“Felix trembled violently as he said this.  He and his companion
+entered the cottage, in which they remained for a few minutes, and then
+departed.  I never saw any of the family of De Lacey more.
+
+“I continued for the remainder of the day in my hovel in a state of
+utter and stupid despair.  My protectors had departed and had broken
+the only link that held me to the world.  For the first time the
+feelings of revenge and hatred filled my bosom, and I did not strive to
+control them, but allowing myself to be borne away by the stream, I
+bent my mind towards injury and death.  When I thought of my friends,
+of the mild voice of De Lacey, the gentle eyes of Agatha, and the
+exquisite beauty of the Arabian, these thoughts vanished and a gush of
+tears somewhat soothed me.  But again when I reflected that they had
+spurned and deserted me, anger returned, a rage of anger, and unable to
+injure anything human, I turned my fury towards inanimate objects.  As
+night advanced, I placed a variety of combustibles around the cottage,
+and after having destroyed every vestige of cultivation in the garden,
+I waited with forced impatience until the moon had sunk to commence my
+operations.
+
+“As the night advanced, a fierce wind arose from the woods and quickly
+dispersed the clouds that had loitered in the heavens; the blast tore
+along like a mighty avalanche and produced a kind of insanity in my
+spirits that burst all bounds of reason and reflection.  I lighted the
+dry branch of a tree and danced with fury around the devoted cottage,
+my eyes still fixed on the western horizon, the edge of which the moon
+nearly touched.  A part of its orb was at length hid, and I waved my
+brand; it sank, and with a loud scream I fired the straw, and heath,
+and bushes, which I had collected.  The wind fanned the fire, and the
+cottage was quickly enveloped by the flames, which clung to it and
+licked it with their forked and destroying tongues.
+
+“As soon as I was convinced that no assistance could save any part of
+the habitation, I quitted the scene and sought for refuge in the woods.
+
+“And now, with the world before me, whither should I bend my steps?  I
+resolved to fly far from the scene of my misfortunes; but to me, hated
+and despised, every country must be equally horrible.  At length the
+thought of you crossed my mind.  I learned from your papers that you
+were my father, my creator; and to whom could I apply with more fitness
+than to him who had given me life?  Among the lessons that Felix had
+bestowed upon Safie, geography had not been omitted; I had learned from
+these the relative situations of the different countries of the earth.
+You had mentioned Geneva as the name of your native town, and towards
+this place I resolved to proceed.
+
+“But how was I to direct myself?  I knew that I must travel in a
+southwesterly direction to reach my destination, but the sun was my
+only guide.  I did not know the names of the towns that I was to pass
+through, nor could I ask information from a single human being; but I
+did not despair.  From you only could I hope for succour, although
+towards you I felt no sentiment but that of hatred.  Unfeeling,
+heartless creator!  You had endowed me with perceptions and passions
+and then cast me abroad an object for the scorn and horror of mankind.
+But on you only had I any claim for pity and redress, and from you I
+determined to seek that justice which I vainly attempted to gain from
+any other being that wore the human form.
+
+“My travels were long and the sufferings I endured intense.  It was
+late in autumn when I quitted the district where I had so long resided.
+I travelled only at night, fearful of encountering the visage of a
+human being.  Nature decayed around me, and the sun became heatless;
+rain and snow poured around me; mighty rivers were frozen; the surface
+of the earth was hard and chill, and bare, and I found no shelter.  Oh,
+earth!  How often did I imprecate curses on the cause of my being!  The
+mildness of my nature had fled, and all within me was turned to gall
+and bitterness.  The nearer I approached to your habitation, the more
+deeply did I feel the spirit of revenge enkindled in my heart.  Snow
+fell, and the waters were hardened, but I rested not.  A few incidents
+now and then directed me, and I possessed a map of the country; but I
+often wandered wide from my path.  The agony of my feelings allowed me
+no respite; no incident occurred from which my rage and misery could
+not extract its food; but a circumstance that happened when I arrived
+on the confines of Switzerland, when the sun had recovered its warmth
+and the earth again began to look green, confirmed in an especial
+manner the bitterness and horror of my feelings.
+
+“I generally rested during the day and travelled only when I was
+secured by night from the view of man.  One morning, however, finding
+that my path lay through a deep wood, I ventured to continue my journey
+after the sun had risen; the day, which was one of the first of spring,
+cheered even me by the loveliness of its sunshine and the balminess of
+the air.  I felt emotions of gentleness and pleasure, that had long
+appeared dead, revive within me.  Half surprised by the novelty of
+these sensations, I allowed myself to be borne away by them, and
+forgetting my solitude and deformity, dared to be happy.  Soft tears
+again bedewed my cheeks, and I even raised my humid eyes with
+thankfulness towards the blessed sun, which bestowed such joy upon me.
+
+“I continued to wind among the paths of the wood, until I came to its
+boundary, which was skirted by a deep and rapid river, into which many
+of the trees bent their branches, now budding with the fresh spring.
+Here I paused, not exactly knowing what path to pursue, when I heard
+the sound of voices, that induced me to conceal myself under the shade
+of a cypress.  I was scarcely hid when a young girl came running
+towards the spot where I was concealed, laughing, as if she ran from
+someone in sport.  She continued her course along the precipitous sides
+of the river, when suddenly her foot slipped, and she fell into the
+rapid stream.  I rushed from my hiding-place and with extreme labour,
+from the force of the current, saved her and dragged her to shore.  She
+was senseless, and I endeavoured by every means in my power to restore
+animation, when I was suddenly interrupted by the approach of a rustic,
+who was probably the person from whom she had playfully fled.  On
+seeing me, he darted towards me, and tearing the girl from my arms,
+hastened towards the deeper parts of the wood.  I followed speedily, I
+hardly knew why; but when the man saw me draw near, he aimed a gun,
+which he carried, at my body and fired.  I sank to the ground, and my
+injurer, with increased swiftness, escaped into the wood.
+
+“This was then the reward of my benevolence!  I had saved a human being
+from destruction, and as a recompense I now writhed under the miserable
+pain of a wound which shattered the flesh and bone.  The feelings of
+kindness and gentleness which I had entertained but a few moments
+before gave place to hellish rage and gnashing of teeth.  Inflamed by
+pain, I vowed eternal hatred and vengeance to all mankind.  But the
+agony of my wound overcame me; my pulses paused, and I fainted.
+
+“For some weeks I led a miserable life in the woods, endeavouring to
+cure the wound which I had received.  The ball had entered my shoulder,
+and I knew not whether it had remained there or passed through; at any
+rate I had no means of extracting it.  My sufferings were augmented
+also by the oppressive sense of the injustice and ingratitude of their
+infliction.  My daily vows rose for revenge—a deep and deadly revenge,
+such as would alone compensate for the outrages and anguish I had
+endured.
+
+“After some weeks my wound healed, and I continued my journey.  The
+labours I endured were no longer to be alleviated by the bright sun or
+gentle breezes of spring; all joy was but a mockery which insulted my
+desolate state and made me feel more painfully that I was not made for
+the enjoyment of pleasure.
+
+“But my toils now drew near a close, and in two months from this time I
+reached the environs of Geneva.
+
+“It was evening when I arrived, and I retired to a hiding-place among
+the fields that surround it to meditate in what manner I should apply
+to you.  I was oppressed by fatigue and hunger and far too unhappy to
+enjoy the gentle breezes of evening or the prospect of the sun setting
+behind the stupendous mountains of Jura.
+
+“At this time a slight sleep relieved me from the pain of reflection,
+which was disturbed by the approach of a beautiful child, who came
+running into the recess I had chosen, with all the sportiveness of
+infancy.  Suddenly, as I gazed on him, an idea seized me that this
+little creature was unprejudiced and had lived too short a time to have
+imbibed a horror of deformity.  If, therefore, I could seize him and
+educate him as my companion and friend, I should not be so desolate in
+this peopled earth.
+
+“Urged by this impulse, I seized on the boy as he passed and drew him
+towards me.  As soon as he beheld my form, he placed his hands before
+his eyes and uttered a shrill scream; I drew his hand forcibly from his
+face and said, ‘Child, what is the meaning of this?  I do not intend to
+hurt you; listen to me.’
+
+“He struggled violently. ‘Let me go,’ he cried;
+‘monster! Ugly wretch! You wish to eat me and tear me to pieces. You
+are an ogre. Let me go, or I will tell my papa.’
+
+“‘Boy, you will never see your father again; you must come with me.’
+
+“‘Hideous monster!  Let me go.  My papa is a syndic—he is M.
+Frankenstein—he will punish you.  You dare not keep me.’
+
+“‘Frankenstein! you belong then to my enemy—to him towards whom I have
+sworn eternal revenge; you shall be my first victim.’
+
+“The child still struggled and loaded me with epithets which carried
+despair to my heart; I grasped his throat to silence him, and in a
+moment he lay dead at my feet.
+
+“I gazed on my victim, and my heart swelled with exultation and hellish
+triumph; clapping my hands, I exclaimed, ‘I too can create desolation;
+my enemy is not invulnerable; this death will carry despair to him, and
+a thousand other miseries shall torment and destroy him.’
+
+“As I fixed my eyes on the child, I saw something glittering on his
+breast.  I took it; it was a portrait of a most lovely woman.  In spite
+of my malignity, it softened and attracted me.  For a few moments I
+gazed with delight on her dark eyes, fringed by deep lashes, and her
+lovely lips; but presently my rage returned; I remembered that I was
+for ever deprived of the delights that such beautiful creatures could
+bestow and that she whose resemblance I contemplated would, in
+regarding me, have changed that air of divine benignity to one
+expressive of disgust and affright.
+
+“Can you wonder that such thoughts transported me with rage?  I only
+wonder that at that moment, instead of venting my sensations in
+exclamations and agony, I did not rush among mankind and perish in the
+attempt to destroy them.
+
+“While I was overcome by these feelings, I left the spot where I had
+committed the murder, and seeking a more secluded hiding-place, I
+entered a barn which had appeared to me to be empty.  A woman was
+sleeping on some straw; she was young, not indeed so beautiful as her
+whose portrait I held, but of an agreeable aspect and blooming in the
+loveliness of youth and health.  Here, I thought, is one of those whose
+joy-imparting smiles are bestowed on all but me.  And then I bent over
+her and whispered, ‘Awake, fairest, thy lover is near—he who would
+give his life but to obtain one look of affection from thine eyes; my
+beloved, awake!’
+
+“The sleeper stirred; a thrill of terror ran through me.  Should she
+indeed awake, and see me, and curse me, and denounce the murderer? Thus
+would she assuredly act if her darkened eyes opened and she beheld me.
+The thought was madness; it stirred the fiend within me—not I, but
+she, shall suffer; the murder I have committed because I am for ever
+robbed of all that she could give me, she shall atone.  The crime had
+its source in her; be hers the punishment!  Thanks to the lessons of
+Felix and the sanguinary laws of man, I had learned now to work
+mischief.  I bent over her and placed the portrait securely in one of
+the folds of her dress.  She moved again, and I fled.
+
+“For some days I haunted the spot where these scenes had taken place,
+sometimes wishing to see you, sometimes resolved to quit the world and
+its miseries for ever.  At length I wandered towards these mountains,
+and have ranged through their immense recesses, consumed by a burning
+passion which you alone can gratify.  We may not part until you have
+promised to comply with my requisition.  I am alone and miserable; man
+will not associate with me; but one as deformed and horrible as myself
+would not deny herself to me.  My companion must be of the same species
+and have the same defects.  This being you must create.”
+
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 17
+
+The being finished speaking and fixed his looks upon me in the
+expectation of a reply.  But I was bewildered, perplexed, and unable to
+arrange my ideas sufficiently to understand the full extent of his
+proposition.  He continued,
+
+“You must create a female for me with whom I can live in the
+interchange of those sympathies necessary for my being.  This you alone
+can do, and I demand it of you as a right which you must not refuse to
+concede.”
+
+The latter part of his tale had kindled anew in me the anger that had
+died away while he narrated his peaceful life among the cottagers, and
+as he said this I could no longer suppress the rage that burned within
+me.
+
+“I do refuse it,” I replied; “and no torture shall ever extort a
+consent from me.  You may render me the most miserable of men, but you
+shall never make me base in my own eyes.  Shall I create another like
+yourself, whose joint wickedness might desolate the world.  Begone!  I
+have answered you; you may torture me, but I will never consent.”
+
+“You are in the wrong,” replied the fiend; “and instead
+of threatening, I am content to reason with you. I am malicious because I
+am miserable. Am I not shunned and hated by all mankind? You, my creator,
+would tear me to pieces and triumph; remember that, and tell me why I
+should pity man more than he pities me? You would not call it murder if you
+could precipitate me into one of those ice-rifts and destroy my frame, the
+work of your own hands. Shall I respect man when he condemns me? Let him
+live with me in the interchange of kindness, and instead of injury I would
+bestow every benefit upon him with tears of gratitude at his acceptance.
+But that cannot be; the human senses are insurmountable barriers to our
+union. Yet mine shall not be the submission of abject slavery. I will
+revenge my injuries; if I cannot inspire love, I will cause fear, and
+chiefly towards you my arch-enemy, because my creator, do I swear
+inextinguishable hatred. Have a care; I will work at your destruction, nor
+finish until I desolate your heart, so that you shall curse the hour of
+your birth.”
+
+A fiendish rage animated him as he said this; his face was wrinkled
+into contortions too horrible for human eyes to behold; but presently
+he calmed himself and proceeded—
+
+“I intended to reason. This passion is detrimental to me, for you do
+not reflect that _you_ are the cause of its excess. If any being felt
+emotions of benevolence towards me, I should return them a hundred and a
+hundredfold; for that one creature’s sake I would make peace with the
+whole kind! But I now indulge in dreams of bliss that cannot be realised.
+What I ask of you is reasonable and moderate; I demand a creature of
+another sex, but as hideous as myself; the gratification is small, but it
+is all that I can receive, and it shall content me. It is true, we shall be
+monsters, cut off from all the world; but on that account we shall be more
+attached to one another. Our lives will not be happy, but they will be
+harmless and free from the misery I now feel. Oh! My creator, make me
+happy; let me feel gratitude towards you for one benefit! Let me see that I
+excite the sympathy of some existing thing; do not deny me my
+request!”
+
+I was moved.  I shuddered when I thought of the possible consequences
+of my consent, but I felt that there was some justice in his argument.
+His tale and the feelings he now expressed proved him to be a creature
+of fine sensations, and did I not as his maker owe him all the portion
+of happiness that it was in my power to bestow?  He saw my change of
+feeling and continued,
+
+“If you consent, neither you nor any other human being shall ever see
+us again; I will go to the vast wilds of South America.  My food is not
+that of man; I do not destroy the lamb and the kid to glut my appetite;
+acorns and berries afford me sufficient nourishment.  My companion will
+be of the same nature as myself and will be content with the same fare.
+We shall make our bed of dried leaves; the sun will shine on us as on
+man and will ripen our food.  The picture I present to you is peaceful
+and human, and you must feel that you could deny it only in the
+wantonness of power and cruelty.  Pitiless as you have been towards me,
+I now see compassion in your eyes; let me seize the favourable moment
+and persuade you to promise what I so ardently desire.”
+
+“You propose,” replied I, “to fly from the habitations of
+man, to dwell in those wilds where the beasts of the field will be your
+only companions. How can you, who long for the love and sympathy of man,
+persevere in this exile? You will return and again seek their kindness, and
+you will meet with their detestation; your evil passions will be renewed,
+and you will then have a companion to aid you in the task of destruction.
+This may not be; cease to argue the point, for I cannot consent.”
+
+“How inconstant are your feelings! But a moment ago you were moved by
+my representations, and why do you again harden yourself to my complaints?
+I swear to you, by the earth which I inhabit, and by you that made me, that
+with the companion you bestow, I will quit the neighbourhood of man and
+dwell, as it may chance, in the most savage of places. My evil passions
+will have fled, for I shall meet with sympathy! My life will flow quietly
+away, and in my dying moments I shall not curse my maker.”
+
+His words had a strange effect upon me.  I compassionated him and
+sometimes felt a wish to console him, but when I looked upon him, when
+I saw the filthy mass that moved and talked, my heart sickened and my
+feelings were altered to those of horror and hatred.  I tried to stifle
+these sensations; I thought that as I could not sympathise with him, I
+had no right to withhold from him the small portion of happiness which
+was yet in my power to bestow.
+
+“You swear,” I said, “to be harmless; but have you not
+already shown a degree of malice that should reasonably make me distrust
+you? May not even this be a feint that will increase your triumph by
+affording a wider scope for your revenge?”
+
+“How is this?  I must not be trifled with, and I demand an answer.  If
+I have no ties and no affections, hatred and vice must be my portion;
+the love of another will destroy the cause of my crimes, and I shall
+become a thing of whose existence everyone will be ignorant.  My vices
+are the children of a forced solitude that I abhor, and my virtues will
+necessarily arise when I live in communion with an equal.  I shall feel
+the affections of a sensitive being and become linked to the chain of
+existence and events from which I am now excluded.”
+
+I paused some time to reflect on all he had related and the various
+arguments which he had employed. I thought of the promise of virtues which
+he had displayed on the opening of his existence and the subsequent blight
+of all kindly feeling by the loathing and scorn which his protectors had
+manifested towards him. His power and threats were not omitted in my
+calculations; a creature who could exist in the ice-caves of the glaciers
+and hide himself from pursuit among the ridges of inaccessible precipices
+was a being possessing faculties it would be vain to cope with. After a
+long pause of reflection I concluded that the justice due both to him and
+my fellow creatures demanded of me that I should comply with his request.
+Turning to him, therefore, I said,
+
+“I consent to your demand, on your solemn oath to quit Europe for ever,
+and every other place in the neighbourhood of man, as soon as I shall
+deliver into your hands a female who will accompany you in your exile.”
+
+“I swear,” he cried, “by the sun, and by the blue sky of
+heaven, and by the fire of love that burns my heart, that if you grant my
+prayer, while they exist you shall never behold me again. Depart to your
+home and commence your labours; I shall watch their progress with
+unutterable anxiety; and fear not but that when you are ready I shall
+appear.”
+
+Saying this, he suddenly quitted me, fearful, perhaps, of any change in
+my sentiments.  I saw him descend the mountain with greater speed than
+the flight of an eagle, and quickly lost among the undulations of the
+sea of ice.
+
+His tale had occupied the whole day, and the sun was upon the verge of
+the horizon when he departed.  I knew that I ought to hasten my descent
+towards the valley, as I should soon be encompassed in darkness; but my
+heart was heavy, and my steps slow.  The labour of winding among the
+little paths of the mountain and fixing my feet firmly as I advanced
+perplexed me, occupied as I was by the emotions which the occurrences
+of the day had produced.  Night was far advanced when I came to the
+halfway resting-place and seated myself beside the fountain.  The stars
+shone at intervals as the clouds passed from over them; the dark pines
+rose before me, and every here and there a broken tree lay on the
+ground; it was a scene of wonderful solemnity and stirred strange
+thoughts within me.  I wept bitterly, and clasping my hands in agony, I
+exclaimed, “Oh! stars and clouds and winds, ye are all about to mock
+me; if ye really pity me, crush sensation and memory; let me become as
+nought; but if not, depart, depart, and leave me in darkness.”
+
+These were wild and miserable thoughts, but I cannot describe to you
+how the eternal twinkling of the stars weighed upon me and how I
+listened to every blast of wind as if it were a dull ugly siroc on its
+way to consume me.
+
+Morning dawned before I arrived at the village of Chamounix; I took no
+rest, but returned immediately to Geneva.  Even in my own heart I could
+give no expression to my sensations—they weighed on me with a
+mountain’s weight and their excess destroyed my agony beneath them.
+Thus I returned home, and entering the house, presented myself to the
+family.  My haggard and wild appearance awoke intense alarm, but I
+answered no question, scarcely did I speak.  I felt as if I were placed
+under a ban—as if I had no right to claim their sympathies—as if
+never more might I enjoy companionship with them.  Yet even thus I
+loved them to adoration; and to save them, I resolved to dedicate
+myself to my most abhorred task.  The prospect of such an occupation
+made every other circumstance of existence pass before me like a dream,
+and that thought only had to me the reality of life.
+
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 18
+
+Day after day, week after week, passed away on my return to Geneva; and
+I could not collect the courage to recommence my work.  I feared the
+vengeance of the disappointed fiend, yet I was unable to overcome my
+repugnance to the task which was enjoined me.  I found that I could not
+compose a female without again devoting several months to profound
+study and laborious disquisition.  I had heard of some discoveries
+having been made by an English philosopher, the knowledge of which was
+material to my success, and I sometimes thought of obtaining my
+father’s consent to visit England for this purpose; but I clung to
+every pretence of delay and shrank from taking the first step in an
+undertaking whose immediate necessity began to appear less absolute to
+me.  A change indeed had taken place in me; my health, which had
+hitherto declined, was now much restored; and my spirits, when
+unchecked by the memory of my unhappy promise, rose proportionably.  My
+father saw this change with pleasure, and he turned his thoughts
+towards the best method of eradicating the remains of my melancholy,
+which every now and then would return by fits, and with a devouring
+blackness overcast the approaching sunshine.  At these moments I took
+refuge in the most perfect solitude.  I passed whole days on the lake
+alone in a little boat, watching the clouds and listening to the
+rippling of the waves, silent and listless.  But the fresh air and
+bright sun seldom failed to restore me to some degree of composure, and
+on my return I met the salutations of my friends with a readier smile
+and a more cheerful heart.
+
+It was after my return from one of these rambles that my father,
+calling me aside, thus addressed me,
+
+“I am happy to remark, my dear son, that you have resumed your former
+pleasures and seem to be returning to yourself.  And yet you are still
+unhappy and still avoid our society.  For some time I was lost in
+conjecture as to the cause of this, but yesterday an idea struck me,
+and if it is well founded, I conjure you to avow it.  Reserve on such a
+point would be not only useless, but draw down treble misery on us all.”
+
+I trembled violently at his exordium, and my father continued—
+
+“I confess, my son, that I have always looked forward to your
+marriage with our dear Elizabeth as the tie of our domestic comfort and the
+stay of my declining years. You were attached to each other from your
+earliest infancy; you studied together, and appeared, in dispositions and
+tastes, entirely suited to one another. But so blind is the experience of
+man that what I conceived to be the best assistants to my plan may have
+entirely destroyed it. You, perhaps, regard her as your sister, without any
+wish that she might become your wife. Nay, you may have met with another
+whom you may love; and considering yourself as bound in honour to
+Elizabeth, this struggle may occasion the poignant misery which you appear
+to feel.”
+
+“My dear father, reassure yourself.  I love my cousin tenderly and
+sincerely.  I never saw any woman who excited, as Elizabeth does, my
+warmest admiration and affection.  My future hopes and prospects are
+entirely bound up in the expectation of our union.”
+
+“The expression of your sentiments of this subject, my dear Victor,
+gives me more pleasure than I have for some time experienced.  If you
+feel thus, we shall assuredly be happy, however present events may cast
+a gloom over us.  But it is this gloom which appears to have taken so
+strong a hold of your mind that I wish to dissipate.  Tell me,
+therefore, whether you object to an immediate solemnisation of the
+marriage.  We have been unfortunate, and recent events have drawn us
+from that everyday tranquillity befitting my years and infirmities. You
+are younger; yet I do not suppose, possessed as you are of a competent
+fortune, that an early marriage would at all interfere with any future
+plans of honour and utility that you may have formed.  Do not suppose,
+however, that I wish to dictate happiness to you or that a delay on
+your part would cause me any serious uneasiness.  Interpret my words
+with candour and answer me, I conjure you, with confidence and
+sincerity.”
+
+I listened to my father in silence and remained for some time incapable
+of offering any reply.  I revolved rapidly in my mind a multitude of
+thoughts and endeavoured to arrive at some conclusion.  Alas!  To me
+the idea of an immediate union with my Elizabeth was one of horror and
+dismay.  I was bound by a solemn promise which I had not yet fulfilled
+and dared not break, or if I did, what manifold miseries might not
+impend over me and my devoted family!  Could I enter into a festival
+with this deadly weight yet hanging round my neck and bowing me to the
+ground?  I must perform my engagement and let the monster depart with
+his mate before I allowed myself to enjoy the delight of a union from
+which I expected peace.
+
+I remembered also the necessity imposed upon me of either journeying to
+England or entering into a long correspondence with those philosophers
+of that country whose knowledge and discoveries were of indispensable
+use to me in my present undertaking.  The latter method of obtaining
+the desired intelligence was dilatory and unsatisfactory; besides, I
+had an insurmountable aversion to the idea of engaging myself in my
+loathsome task in my father’s house while in habits of familiar
+intercourse with those I loved.  I knew that a thousand fearful
+accidents might occur, the slightest of which would disclose a tale to
+thrill all connected with me with horror.  I was aware also that I
+should often lose all self-command, all capacity of hiding the
+harrowing sensations that would possess me during the progress of my
+unearthly occupation.  I must absent myself from all I loved while thus
+employed.  Once commenced, it would quickly be achieved, and I might be
+restored to my family in peace and happiness.  My promise fulfilled,
+the monster would depart for ever.  Or (so my fond fancy imaged) some
+accident might meanwhile occur to destroy him and put an end to my
+slavery for ever.
+
+These feelings dictated my answer to my father.  I expressed a wish to
+visit England, but concealing the true reasons of this request, I
+clothed my desires under a guise which excited no suspicion, while I
+urged my desire with an earnestness that easily induced my father to
+comply.  After so long a period of an absorbing melancholy that
+resembled madness in its intensity and effects, he was glad to find
+that I was capable of taking pleasure in the idea of such a journey,
+and he hoped that change of scene and varied amusement would, before my
+return, have restored me entirely to myself.
+
+The duration of my absence was left to my own choice; a few months, or
+at most a year, was the period contemplated.  One paternal kind
+precaution he had taken to ensure my having a companion.  Without
+previously communicating with me, he had, in concert with Elizabeth,
+arranged that Clerval should join me at Strasburgh.  This interfered
+with the solitude I coveted for the prosecution of my task; yet at the
+commencement of my journey the presence of my friend could in no way be
+an impediment, and truly I rejoiced that thus I should be saved many
+hours of lonely, maddening reflection.  Nay, Henry might stand between
+me and the intrusion of my foe.  If I were alone, would he not at times
+force his abhorred presence on me to remind me of my task or to
+contemplate its progress?
+
+To England, therefore, I was bound, and it was understood that my union
+with Elizabeth should take place immediately on my return.  My father’s
+age rendered him extremely averse to delay.  For myself, there was one
+reward I promised myself from my detested toils—one consolation for my
+unparalleled sufferings; it was the prospect of that day when,
+enfranchised from my miserable slavery, I might claim Elizabeth and
+forget the past in my union with her.
+
+I now made arrangements for my journey, but one feeling haunted me
+which filled me with fear and agitation.  During my absence I should
+leave my friends unconscious of the existence of their enemy and
+unprotected from his attacks, exasperated as he might be by my
+departure.  But he had promised to follow me wherever I might go, and
+would he not accompany me to England?  This imagination was dreadful in
+itself, but soothing inasmuch as it supposed the safety of my friends.
+I was agonised with the idea of the possibility that the reverse of
+this might happen.  But through the whole period during which I was the
+slave of my creature I allowed myself to be governed by the impulses of
+the moment; and my present sensations strongly intimated that the fiend
+would follow me and exempt my family from the danger of his
+machinations.
+
+It was in the latter end of September that I again quitted my native
+country.  My journey had been my own suggestion, and Elizabeth
+therefore acquiesced, but she was filled with disquiet at the idea of
+my suffering, away from her, the inroads of misery and grief.  It had
+been her care which provided me a companion in Clerval—and yet a man
+is blind to a thousand minute circumstances which call forth a woman’s
+sedulous attention.  She longed to bid me hasten my return; a thousand
+conflicting emotions rendered her mute as she bade me a tearful, silent
+farewell.
+
+I threw myself into the carriage that was to convey me away, hardly
+knowing whither I was going, and careless of what was passing around.
+I remembered only, and it was with a bitter anguish that I reflected on
+it, to order that my chemical instruments should be packed to go with
+me.  Filled with dreary imaginations, I passed through many beautiful
+and majestic scenes, but my eyes were fixed and unobserving.  I could
+only think of the bourne of my travels and the work which was to occupy
+me whilst they endured.
+
+After some days spent in listless indolence, during which I traversed
+many leagues, I arrived at Strasburgh, where I waited two days for
+Clerval.  He came.  Alas, how great was the contrast between us!  He
+was alive to every new scene, joyful when he saw the beauties of the
+setting sun, and more happy when he beheld it rise and recommence a new
+day.  He pointed out to me the shifting colours of the landscape and
+the appearances of the sky.  “This is what it is to live,” he cried;
+“now I enjoy existence!  But you, my dear Frankenstein, wherefore are
+you desponding and sorrowful!” In truth, I was occupied by gloomy
+thoughts and neither saw the descent of the evening star nor the golden
+sunrise reflected in the Rhine.  And you, my friend, would be far more
+amused with the journal of Clerval, who observed the scenery with an
+eye of feeling and delight, than in listening to my reflections.  I, a
+miserable wretch, haunted by a curse that shut up every avenue to
+enjoyment.
+
+We had agreed to descend the Rhine in a boat from Strasburgh to
+Rotterdam, whence we might take shipping for London.  During this
+voyage we passed many willowy islands and saw several beautiful towns.
+We stayed a day at Mannheim, and on the fifth from our departure from
+Strasburgh, arrived at Mainz.  The course of the Rhine below Mainz
+becomes much more picturesque.  The river descends rapidly and winds
+between hills, not high, but steep, and of beautiful forms.  We saw
+many ruined castles standing on the edges of precipices, surrounded by
+black woods, high and inaccessible.  This part of the Rhine, indeed,
+presents a singularly variegated landscape.  In one spot you view
+rugged hills, ruined castles overlooking tremendous precipices, with
+the dark Rhine rushing beneath; and on the sudden turn of a promontory,
+flourishing vineyards with green sloping banks and a meandering river
+and populous towns occupy the scene.
+
+We travelled at the time of the vintage and heard the song of the labourers
+as we glided down the stream. Even I, depressed in mind, and my spirits
+continually agitated by gloomy feelings, even I was pleased. I lay at the
+bottom of the boat, and as I gazed on the cloudless blue sky, I seemed to
+drink in a tranquillity to which I had long been a stranger. And if these
+were my sensations, who can describe those of Henry? He felt as if he had
+been transported to Fairy-land and enjoyed a happiness seldom tasted by
+man. “I have seen,” he said, “the most beautiful scenes
+of my own country; I have visited the lakes of Lucerne and Uri, where the
+snowy mountains descend almost perpendicularly to the water, casting black
+and impenetrable shades, which would cause a gloomy and mournful appearance
+were it not for the most verdant islands that relieve the eye by their gay
+appearance; I have seen this lake agitated by a tempest, when the wind tore
+up whirlwinds of water and gave you an idea of what the water-spout must be
+on the great ocean; and the waves dash with fury the base of the mountain,
+where the priest and his mistress were overwhelmed by an avalanche and
+where their dying voices are still said to be heard amid the pauses of the
+nightly wind; I have seen the mountains of La Valais, and the Pays de Vaud;
+but this country, Victor, pleases me more than all those wonders. The
+mountains of Switzerland are more majestic and strange, but there is a
+charm in the banks of this divine river that I never before saw equalled.
+Look at that castle which overhangs yon precipice; and that also on the
+island, almost concealed amongst the foliage of those lovely trees; and now
+that group of labourers coming from among their vines; and that village
+half hid in the recess of the mountain. Oh, surely the spirit that inhabits
+and guards this place has a soul more in harmony with man than those who
+pile the glacier or retire to the inaccessible peaks of the mountains of
+our own country.”
+
+Clerval! Beloved friend! Even now it delights me to record your words and
+to dwell on the praise of which you are so eminently deserving. He was a
+being formed in the “very poetry of nature.” His wild and
+enthusiastic imagination was chastened by the sensibility of his heart. His
+soul overflowed with ardent affections, and his friendship was of that
+devoted and wondrous nature that the worldly-minded teach us to look for only
+in the imagination. But even human sympathies were not sufficient to
+satisfy his eager mind. The scenery of external nature, which others regard
+only with admiration, he loved with ardour:—
+
+     ——The sounding cataract
+     Haunted him like a passion:  the tall rock,
+     The mountain, and the deep and gloomy wood,
+     Their colours and their forms, were then to him
+     An appetite; a feeling, and a love,
+     That had no need of a remoter charm,
+     By thought supplied, or any interest
+     Unborrow’d from the eye.
+     
+                    [Wordsworth’s “Tintern Abbey”.]
+
+
+
+And where does he now exist?  Is this gentle and lovely being lost
+for ever?  Has this mind, so replete with ideas, imaginations fanciful
+and magnificent, which formed a world, whose existence depended on the
+life of its creator;—has this mind perished?  Does it now only exist
+in my memory?  No, it is not thus; your form so divinely wrought, and
+beaming with beauty, has decayed, but your spirit still visits and
+consoles your unhappy friend.
+
+Pardon this gush of sorrow; these ineffectual words are but a slight
+tribute to the unexampled worth of Henry, but they soothe my heart,
+overflowing with the anguish which his remembrance creates.  I will
+proceed with my tale.
+
+Beyond Cologne we descended to the plains of Holland; and we resolved to
+post the remainder of our way, for the wind was contrary and the stream of
+the river was too gentle to aid us.
+
+Our journey here lost the interest arising from beautiful scenery, but we
+arrived in a few days at Rotterdam, whence we proceeded by sea to England.
+It was on a clear morning, in the latter days of December, that I first saw
+the white cliffs of Britain. The banks of the Thames presented a new scene;
+they were flat but fertile, and almost every town was marked by the
+remembrance of some story. We saw Tilbury Fort and remembered the Spanish
+Armada, Gravesend, Woolwich, and Greenwich—places which I had heard
+of even in my country.
+
+At length we saw the numerous steeples of London, St. Paul’s towering
+above all, and the Tower famed in English history.
+
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 19
+
+London was our present point of rest; we determined to remain several
+months in this wonderful and celebrated city.  Clerval desired the
+intercourse of the men of genius and talent who flourished at this
+time, but this was with me a secondary object; I was principally
+occupied with the means of obtaining the information necessary for the
+completion of my promise and quickly availed myself of the letters of
+introduction that I had brought with me, addressed to the most
+distinguished natural philosophers.
+
+If this journey had taken place during my days of study and happiness,
+it would have afforded me inexpressible pleasure.  But a blight had
+come over my existence, and I only visited these people for the sake of
+the information they might give me on the subject in which my interest
+was so terribly profound.  Company was irksome to me; when alone, I
+could fill my mind with the sights of heaven and earth; the voice of
+Henry soothed me, and I could thus cheat myself into a transitory
+peace.  But busy, uninteresting, joyous faces brought back despair to
+my heart.  I saw an insurmountable barrier placed between me and my
+fellow men; this barrier was sealed with the blood of William and
+Justine, and to reflect on the events connected with those names filled
+my soul with anguish.
+
+But in Clerval I saw the image of my former self; he was inquisitive
+and anxious to gain experience and instruction.  The difference of
+manners which he observed was to him an inexhaustible source of
+instruction and amusement.  He was also pursuing an object he had long
+had in view.  His design was to visit India, in the belief that he had
+in his knowledge of its various languages, and in the views he had
+taken of its society, the means of materially assisting the progress of
+European colonization and trade.  In Britain only could he further the
+execution of his plan.  He was for ever busy, and the only check to his
+enjoyments was my sorrowful and dejected mind.  I tried to conceal this
+as much as possible, that I might not debar him from the pleasures
+natural to one who was entering on a new scene of life, undisturbed by
+any care or bitter recollection.  I often refused to accompany him,
+alleging another engagement, that I might remain alone.  I now also
+began to collect the materials necessary for my new creation, and this
+was to me like the torture of single drops of water continually falling
+on the head.  Every thought that was devoted to it was an extreme
+anguish, and every word that I spoke in allusion to it caused my lips
+to quiver, and my heart to palpitate.
+
+After passing some months in London, we received a letter from a person in
+Scotland who had formerly been our visitor at Geneva. He mentioned the
+beauties of his native country and asked us if those were not sufficient
+allurements to induce us to prolong our journey as far north as Perth,
+where he resided. Clerval eagerly desired to accept this invitation, and I,
+although I abhorred society, wished to view again mountains and streams and
+all the wondrous works with which Nature adorns her chosen dwelling-places.
+
+We had arrived in England at the beginning of October, and it was now
+February. We accordingly determined to commence our journey towards the
+north at the expiration of another month. In this expedition we did not
+intend to follow the great road to Edinburgh, but to visit Windsor, Oxford,
+Matlock, and the Cumberland lakes, resolving to arrive at the completion of
+this tour about the end of July. I packed up my chemical instruments and
+the materials I had collected, resolving to finish my labours in some
+obscure nook in the northern highlands of Scotland.
+
+We quitted London on the 27th of March and remained a few days at
+Windsor, rambling in its beautiful forest.  This was a new scene to us
+mountaineers; the majestic oaks, the quantity of game, and the herds of
+stately deer were all novelties to us.
+
+From thence we proceeded to Oxford.  As we entered this city, our minds
+were filled with the remembrance of the events that had been transacted
+there more than a century and a half before.  It was here that Charles
+I. had collected his forces.  This city had remained faithful to him,
+after the whole nation had forsaken his cause to join the standard of
+Parliament and liberty.  The memory of that unfortunate king and his
+companions, the amiable Falkland, the insolent Goring, his queen, and
+son, gave a peculiar interest to every part of the city which they
+might be supposed to have inhabited.  The spirit of elder days found a
+dwelling here, and we delighted to trace its footsteps.  If these
+feelings had not found an imaginary gratification, the appearance of
+the city had yet in itself sufficient beauty to obtain our admiration.
+The colleges are ancient and picturesque; the streets are almost
+magnificent; and the lovely Isis, which flows beside it through meadows
+of exquisite verdure, is spread forth into a placid expanse of waters,
+which reflects its majestic assemblage of towers, and spires, and
+domes, embosomed among aged trees.
+
+I enjoyed this scene, and yet my enjoyment was embittered both by the
+memory of the past and the anticipation of the future.  I was formed
+for peaceful happiness.  During my youthful days discontent never
+visited my mind, and if I was ever overcome by _ennui_, the sight of what
+is beautiful in nature or the study of what is excellent and sublime in
+the productions of man could always interest my heart and communicate
+elasticity to my spirits.  But I am a blasted tree; the bolt has
+entered my soul; and I felt then that I should survive to exhibit what
+I shall soon cease to be—a miserable spectacle of wrecked humanity,
+pitiable to others and intolerable to myself.
+
+We passed a considerable period at Oxford, rambling among its environs
+and endeavouring to identify every spot which might relate to the most
+animating epoch of English history.  Our little voyages of discovery
+were often prolonged by the successive objects that presented
+themselves.  We visited the tomb of the illustrious Hampden and the
+field on which that patriot fell.  For a moment my soul was elevated
+from its debasing and miserable fears to contemplate the divine ideas
+of liberty and self-sacrifice of which these sights were the monuments
+and the remembrancers.  For an instant I dared to shake off my chains
+and look around me with a free and lofty spirit, but the iron had eaten
+into my flesh, and I sank again, trembling and hopeless, into my
+miserable self.
+
+We left Oxford with regret and proceeded to Matlock, which was our next
+place of rest.  The country in the neighbourhood of this village
+resembled, to a greater degree, the scenery of Switzerland; but
+everything is on a lower scale, and the green hills want the crown of
+distant white Alps which always attend on the piny mountains of my
+native country.  We visited the wondrous cave and the little cabinets
+of natural history, where the curiosities are disposed in the same
+manner as in the collections at Servox and Chamounix.  The latter name
+made me tremble when pronounced by Henry, and I hastened to quit
+Matlock, with which that terrible scene was thus associated.
+
+From Derby, still journeying northwards, we passed two months in
+Cumberland and Westmorland.  I could now almost fancy myself among the
+Swiss mountains.  The little patches of snow which yet lingered on the
+northern sides of the mountains, the lakes, and the dashing of the
+rocky streams were all familiar and dear sights to me.  Here also we
+made some acquaintances, who almost contrived to cheat me into
+happiness.  The delight of Clerval was proportionably greater than
+mine; his mind expanded in the company of men of talent, and he found
+in his own nature greater capacities and resources than he could have
+imagined himself to have possessed while he associated with his
+inferiors.  “I could pass my life here,” said he to me; “and among
+these mountains I should scarcely regret Switzerland and the Rhine.”
+
+But he found that a traveller’s life is one that includes much pain
+amidst its enjoyments.  His feelings are for ever on the stretch; and
+when he begins to sink into repose, he finds himself obliged to quit
+that on which he rests in pleasure for something new, which again
+engages his attention, and which also he forsakes for other novelties.
+
+We had scarcely visited the various lakes of Cumberland and Westmorland
+and conceived an affection for some of the inhabitants when the period
+of our appointment with our Scotch friend approached, and we left them
+to travel on.  For my own part I was not sorry.  I had now neglected my
+promise for some time, and I feared the effects of the dæmon’s
+disappointment.  He might remain in Switzerland and wreak his vengeance
+on my relatives.  This idea pursued me and tormented me at every moment
+from which I might otherwise have snatched repose and peace.  I waited
+for my letters with feverish impatience; if they were delayed I was
+miserable and overcome by a thousand fears; and when they arrived and I
+saw the superscription of Elizabeth or my father, I hardly dared to
+read and ascertain my fate.  Sometimes I thought that the fiend
+followed me and might expedite my remissness by murdering my companion.
+When these thoughts possessed me, I would not quit Henry for a moment,
+but followed him as his shadow, to protect him from the fancied rage of
+his destroyer.  I felt as if I had committed some great crime, the
+consciousness of which haunted me.  I was guiltless, but I had indeed
+drawn down a horrible curse upon my head, as mortal as that of crime.
+
+I visited Edinburgh with languid eyes and mind; and yet that city might
+have interested the most unfortunate being. Clerval did not like it so well
+as Oxford, for the antiquity of the latter city was more pleasing to him.
+But the beauty and regularity of the new town of Edinburgh, its romantic
+castle and its environs, the most delightful in the world, Arthur’s
+Seat, St. Bernard’s Well, and the Pentland Hills, compensated him for
+the change and filled him with cheerfulness and admiration. But I was
+impatient to arrive at the termination of my journey.
+
+We left Edinburgh in a week, passing through Coupar, St. Andrew’s, and
+along the banks of the Tay, to Perth, where our friend expected us.
+But I was in no mood to laugh and talk with strangers or enter into
+their feelings or plans with the good humour expected from a guest; and
+accordingly I told Clerval that I wished to make the tour of Scotland
+alone.  “Do you,” said I, “enjoy yourself, and let this be our
+rendezvous.  I may be absent a month or two; but do not interfere with
+my motions, I entreat you; leave me to peace and solitude for a short
+time; and when I return, I hope it will be with a lighter heart, more
+congenial to your own temper.”
+
+Henry wished to dissuade me, but seeing me bent on this plan, ceased to
+remonstrate.  He entreated me to write often.  “I had rather be with
+you,” he said, “in your solitary rambles, than with these Scotch
+people, whom I do not know; hasten, then, my dear  friend, to return,
+that I may again feel myself somewhat at home, which I cannot do in
+your absence.”
+
+Having parted from my friend, I determined to visit some remote spot of
+Scotland and finish my work in solitude. I did not doubt but that the
+monster followed me and would discover himself to me when I should have
+finished, that he might receive his companion.
+
+With this resolution I traversed the northern highlands and fixed on one of
+the remotest of the Orkneys as the scene of my labours. It was a place
+fitted for such a work, being hardly more than a rock whose high sides were
+continually beaten upon by the waves. The soil was barren, scarcely
+affording pasture for a few miserable cows, and oatmeal for its
+inhabitants, which consisted of five persons, whose gaunt and scraggy limbs
+gave tokens of their miserable fare. Vegetables and bread, when they
+indulged in such luxuries, and even fresh water, was to be procured from
+the mainland, which was about five miles distant.
+
+On the whole island there were but three miserable huts, and one of
+these was vacant when I arrived.  This I hired.  It contained but two
+rooms, and these exhibited all the squalidness of the most miserable
+penury.  The thatch had fallen in, the walls were unplastered, and the
+door was off its hinges.  I ordered it to be repaired, bought some
+furniture, and took possession, an incident which would doubtless have
+occasioned some surprise had not all the senses of the cottagers been
+benumbed by want and squalid poverty.  As it was, I lived ungazed at
+and unmolested, hardly thanked for the pittance of food and clothes
+which I gave, so much does suffering blunt even the coarsest sensations
+of men.
+
+In this retreat I devoted the morning to labour; but in the evening,
+when the weather permitted, I walked on the stony beach of the sea to
+listen to the waves as they roared and dashed at my feet.  It was a
+monotonous yet ever-changing scene.  I thought of Switzerland; it was
+far different from this desolate and appalling landscape.  Its hills
+are covered with vines, and its cottages are scattered thickly in the
+plains.  Its fair lakes reflect a blue and gentle sky, and when
+troubled by the winds, their tumult is but as the play of a lively
+infant when compared to the roarings of the giant ocean.
+
+In this manner I distributed my occupations when I first arrived, but
+as I proceeded in my labour, it became every day more horrible and
+irksome to me.  Sometimes I could not prevail on myself to enter my
+laboratory for several days, and at other times I toiled day and night
+in order to complete my work.  It was, indeed, a filthy process in
+which I was engaged.  During my first experiment, a kind of
+enthusiastic frenzy had blinded me to the horror of my employment; my
+mind was intently fixed on the consummation of my labour, and my eyes
+were shut to the horror of my proceedings.  But now I went to it in
+cold blood, and my heart often sickened at the work of my hands.
+
+Thus situated, employed in the most detestable occupation, immersed in
+a solitude where nothing could for an instant call my attention from
+the actual scene in which I was engaged, my spirits became unequal; I
+grew restless and nervous.  Every moment I feared to meet my
+persecutor.  Sometimes I sat with my eyes fixed on the ground, fearing
+to raise them lest they should encounter the object which I so much
+dreaded to behold.  I feared to wander from the sight of my fellow
+creatures lest when alone he should come to claim his companion.
+
+In the mean time I worked on, and my labour was already considerably
+advanced.  I looked towards its completion with a tremulous and eager
+hope, which I dared not trust myself to question but which was
+intermixed with obscure forebodings of evil that made my heart sicken
+in my bosom.
+
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 20
+
+I sat one evening in my laboratory; the sun had set, and the moon was just
+rising from the sea; I had not sufficient light for my employment, and I
+remained idle, in a pause of consideration of whether I should leave my
+labour for the night or hasten its conclusion by an unremitting attention
+to it. As I sat, a train of reflection occurred to me which led me to
+consider the effects of what I was now doing. Three years before, I was
+engaged in the same manner and had created a fiend whose unparalleled
+barbarity had desolated my heart and filled it for ever with the bitterest
+remorse. I was now about to form another being of whose dispositions I was
+alike ignorant; she might become ten thousand times more malignant than her
+mate and delight, for its own sake, in murder and wretchedness. He had
+sworn to quit the neighbourhood of man and hide himself in deserts, but she
+had not; and she, who in all probability was to become a thinking and
+reasoning animal, might refuse to comply with a compact made before her
+creation. They might even hate each other; the creature who already lived
+loathed his own deformity, and might he not conceive a greater abhorrence
+for it when it came before his eyes in the female form? She also might turn
+with disgust from him to the superior beauty of man; she might quit him,
+and he be again alone, exasperated by the fresh provocation of being
+deserted by one of his own species.
+
+Even if they were to leave Europe and inhabit the deserts of the new world,
+yet one of the first results of those sympathies for which the dæmon
+thirsted would be children, and a race of devils would be propagated upon
+the earth who might make the very existence of the species of man a
+condition precarious and full of terror. Had I right, for my own benefit,
+to inflict this curse upon everlasting generations? I had before been moved
+by the sophisms of the being I had created; I had been struck senseless by
+his fiendish threats; but now, for the first time, the wickedness of my
+promise burst upon me; I shuddered to think that future ages might curse me
+as their pest, whose selfishness had not hesitated to buy its own peace at
+the price, perhaps, of the existence of the whole human race.
+
+I trembled and my heart failed within me, when, on looking up, I saw by
+the light of the moon the dæmon at the casement.  A ghastly grin
+wrinkled his lips as he gazed on me, where I sat fulfilling the task
+which he had allotted to me.  Yes, he had followed me in my travels; he
+had loitered in forests, hid himself in caves, or taken refuge in wide
+and desert heaths; and he now came to mark my progress and claim the
+fulfilment of my promise.
+
+As I looked on him, his countenance expressed the utmost extent of
+malice and treachery.  I thought with a sensation of madness on my
+promise of creating another like to him, and trembling with passion,
+tore to pieces the thing on which I was engaged.  The wretch saw me
+destroy the creature on whose future existence he depended for
+happiness, and with a howl of devilish despair and revenge, withdrew.
+
+I left the room, and locking the door, made a solemn vow in my own
+heart never to resume my labours; and then, with trembling steps, I
+sought my own apartment. I was alone; none were near me to dissipate
+the gloom and relieve me from the sickening oppression of the most
+terrible reveries.
+
+Several hours passed, and I remained near my window gazing on the sea;
+it was almost motionless, for the winds were hushed, and all nature
+reposed under the eye of the quiet moon.  A few fishing vessels alone
+specked the water, and now and then the gentle breeze wafted the sound
+of voices as the fishermen called to one another.  I felt the silence,
+although I was hardly conscious of its extreme profundity, until my ear
+was suddenly arrested by the paddling of oars near the shore, and a
+person landed close to my house.
+
+In a few minutes after, I heard the creaking of my door, as if some one
+endeavoured to open it softly. I trembled from head to foot; I felt a
+presentiment of who it was and wished to rouse one of the peasants who
+dwelt in a cottage not far from mine; but I was overcome by the sensation
+of helplessness, so often felt in frightful dreams, when you in vain
+endeavour to fly from an impending danger, and was rooted to the spot.
+
+Presently I heard the sound of footsteps along the passage; the door
+opened, and the wretch whom I dreaded appeared. Shutting the door, he
+approached me and said in a smothered voice,
+
+“You have destroyed the work which you began; what is it that you
+intend? Do you dare to break your promise? I have endured toil and misery;
+I left Switzerland with you; I crept along the shores of the Rhine, among
+its willow islands and over the summits of its hills. I have dwelt many
+months in the heaths of England and among the deserts of Scotland. I have
+endured incalculable fatigue, and cold, and hunger; do you dare destroy my
+hopes?”
+
+“Begone!  I do break my promise; never will I create another like
+yourself, equal in deformity and wickedness.”
+
+“Slave, I before reasoned with you, but you have proved yourself
+unworthy of my condescension.  Remember that I have power; you believe
+yourself miserable, but I can make you so wretched that the light of
+day will be hateful to you.  You are my creator, but I am your master;
+obey!”
+
+“The hour of my irresolution is past, and the period of your power is
+arrived.  Your threats cannot move me to do an act of wickedness; but
+they confirm me in a determination of not creating you a companion in
+vice.  Shall I, in cool blood, set loose upon the earth a dæmon whose
+delight is in death and wretchedness?  Begone!  I am firm, and your
+words will only exasperate my rage.”
+
+The monster saw my determination in my face and gnashed his teeth in the
+impotence of anger. “Shall each man,” cried he, “find a
+wife for his bosom, and each beast have his mate, and I be alone? I had
+feelings of affection, and they were requited by detestation and scorn.
+Man! You may hate, but beware! Your hours will pass in dread and misery,
+and soon the bolt will fall which must ravish from you your happiness for
+ever. Are you to be happy while I grovel in the intensity of my
+wretchedness? You can blast my other passions, but revenge
+remains—revenge, henceforth dearer than light or food! I may die, but
+first you, my tyrant and tormentor, shall curse the sun that gazes on your
+misery. Beware, for I am fearless and therefore powerful. I will watch with
+the wiliness of a snake, that I may sting with its venom. Man, you shall
+repent of the injuries you inflict.”
+
+“Devil, cease; and do not poison the air with these sounds of malice.
+I have declared my resolution to you, and I am no coward to bend
+beneath words.  Leave me; I am inexorable.”
+
+“It is well.  I go; but remember, I shall be with you on your
+wedding-night.”
+
+I started forward and exclaimed, “Villain!  Before you sign my
+death-warrant, be sure that you are yourself safe.”
+
+I would have seized him, but he eluded me and quitted the house with
+precipitation.  In a few moments I saw him in his boat, which shot
+across the waters with an arrowy swiftness and was soon lost amidst the
+waves.
+
+All was again silent, but his words rang in my ears. I burned with rage to
+pursue the murderer of my peace and precipitate him into the ocean. I
+walked up and down my room hastily and perturbed, while my imagination
+conjured up a thousand images to torment and sting me. Why had I not
+followed him and closed with him in mortal strife? But I had suffered him
+to depart, and he had directed his course towards the mainland. I shuddered
+to think who might be the next victim sacrificed to his insatiate revenge.
+And then I thought again of his words—“_I will be with you on
+your wedding-night._” That, then, was the period fixed for the
+fulfilment of my destiny. In that hour I should die and at once satisfy and
+extinguish his malice. The prospect did not move me to fear; yet when I
+thought of my beloved Elizabeth, of her tears and endless sorrow, when she
+should find her lover so barbarously snatched from her, tears, the first I
+had shed for many months, streamed from my eyes, and I resolved not to fall
+before my enemy without a bitter struggle.
+
+The night passed away, and the sun rose from the ocean; my feelings became
+calmer, if it may be called calmness when the violence of rage sinks into
+the depths of despair. I left the house, the horrid scene of the last
+night’s contention, and walked on the beach of the sea, which I
+almost regarded as an insuperable barrier between me and my fellow
+creatures; nay, a wish that such should prove the fact stole across me. I
+desired that I might pass my life on that barren rock, wearily, it is true,
+but uninterrupted by any sudden shock of misery. If I returned, it was to
+be sacrificed or to see those whom I most loved die under the grasp of a
+dæmon whom I had myself created.
+
+I walked about the isle like a restless spectre, separated from all it
+loved and miserable in the separation.  When it became noon, and the
+sun rose higher, I lay down on the grass and was overpowered by a deep
+sleep.  I had been awake the whole of the preceding night, my nerves
+were agitated, and my eyes inflamed by watching and misery.  The sleep
+into which I now sank refreshed me; and when I awoke, I again felt as
+if I belonged to a race of human beings like myself, and I began to
+reflect upon what had passed with greater composure; yet still the
+words of the fiend rang in my ears like a death-knell; they appeared
+like a dream, yet distinct and oppressive as a reality.
+
+The sun had far descended, and I still sat on the shore, satisfying my
+appetite, which had become ravenous, with an oaten cake, when I saw a
+fishing-boat land close to me, and one of the men brought me a packet;
+it contained letters from Geneva, and one from Clerval entreating me to
+join him.  He said that he was wearing away his time fruitlessly where
+he was, that letters from the friends he had formed in London desired
+his return to complete the negotiation they had entered into for his
+Indian enterprise.  He could not any longer delay his departure; but as
+his journey to London might be followed, even sooner than he now
+conjectured, by his longer voyage, he entreated me to bestow as much of
+my society on him as I could spare.  He besought me, therefore, to
+leave my solitary isle and to meet him at Perth, that we might proceed
+southwards together.  This letter in a degree recalled me to life, and
+I determined to quit my island at the expiration of two days.
+
+Yet, before I departed, there was a task to perform, on which I shuddered
+to reflect; I must pack up my chemical instruments, and for that purpose I
+must enter the room which had been the scene of my odious work, and I must
+handle those utensils the sight of which was sickening to me. The next
+morning, at daybreak, I summoned sufficient courage and unlocked the door
+of my laboratory. The remains of the half-finished creature, whom I had
+destroyed, lay scattered on the floor, and I almost felt as if I had
+mangled the living flesh of a human being. I paused to collect myself and
+then entered the chamber. With trembling hand I conveyed the instruments
+out of the room, but I reflected that I ought not to leave the relics of my
+work to excite the horror and suspicion of the peasants; and I accordingly
+put them into a basket, with a great quantity of stones, and laying them
+up, determined to throw them into the sea that very night; and in the
+meantime I sat upon the beach, employed in cleaning and arranging my
+chemical apparatus.
+
+Nothing could be more complete than the alteration that had taken place
+in my feelings since the night of the appearance of the dæmon.  I had
+before regarded my promise with a gloomy despair as a thing that, with
+whatever consequences, must be fulfilled; but I now felt as if a film
+had been taken from before my eyes and that I for the first time saw
+clearly.  The idea of renewing my labours did not for one instant occur
+to me; the threat I had heard weighed on my thoughts, but I did not
+reflect that a voluntary act of mine could avert it.  I had resolved in
+my own mind that to create another like the fiend I had first made
+would be an act of the basest and most atrocious selfishness, and I
+banished from my mind every thought that could lead to a different
+conclusion.
+
+Between two and three in the morning the moon rose; and I then, putting my
+basket aboard a little skiff, sailed out about four miles from the shore.
+The scene was perfectly solitary; a few boats were returning towards land,
+but I sailed away from them. I felt as if I was about the commission of a
+dreadful crime and avoided with shuddering anxiety any encounter with my
+fellow creatures. At one time the moon, which had before been clear, was
+suddenly overspread by a thick cloud, and I took advantage of the moment of
+darkness and cast my basket into the sea; I listened to the gurgling sound
+as it sank and then sailed away from the spot. The sky became clouded, but
+the air was pure, although chilled by the northeast breeze that was then
+rising. But it refreshed me and filled me with such agreeable sensations
+that I resolved to prolong my stay on the water, and fixing the rudder in a
+direct position, stretched myself at the bottom of the boat. Clouds hid the
+moon, everything was obscure, and I heard only the sound of the boat as its
+keel cut through the waves; the murmur lulled me, and in a short time I
+slept soundly.
+
+I do not know how long I remained in this situation, but when I awoke I
+found that the sun had already mounted considerably. The wind was high, and
+the waves continually threatened the safety of my little skiff. I found
+that the wind was northeast and must have driven me far from the coast from
+which I had embarked. I endeavoured to change my course but quickly found
+that if I again made the attempt the boat would be instantly filled with
+water. Thus situated, my only resource was to drive before the wind. I
+confess that I felt a few sensations of terror. I had no compass with me
+and was so slenderly acquainted with the geography of this part of the
+world that the sun was of little benefit to me. I might be driven into the
+wide Atlantic and feel all the tortures of starvation or be swallowed up in
+the immeasurable waters that roared and buffeted around me. I had already
+been out many hours and felt the torment of a burning thirst, a prelude to
+my other sufferings. I looked on the heavens, which were covered by clouds
+that flew before the wind, only to be replaced by others; I looked upon the
+sea; it was to be my grave. “Fiend,” I exclaimed, “your
+task is already fulfilled!” I thought of Elizabeth, of my father, and
+of Clerval—all left behind, on whom the monster might satisfy his
+sanguinary and merciless passions. This idea plunged me into a reverie so
+despairing and frightful that even now, when the scene is on the point of
+closing before me for ever, I shudder to reflect on it.
+
+Some hours passed thus; but by degrees, as the sun declined towards the
+horizon, the wind died away into a gentle breeze and the sea became
+free from breakers.  But these gave place to a heavy swell; I felt sick
+and hardly able to hold the rudder, when suddenly I saw a line of high
+land towards the south.
+
+Almost spent, as I was, by fatigue and the dreadful suspense I endured
+for several hours, this sudden certainty of life rushed like a flood of
+warm joy to my heart, and tears gushed from my eyes.
+
+How mutable are our feelings, and how strange is that clinging love we have
+of life even in the excess of misery! I constructed another sail with a
+part of my dress and eagerly steered my course towards the land. It had a
+wild and rocky appearance, but as I approached nearer I easily perceived
+the traces of cultivation. I saw vessels near the shore and found myself
+suddenly transported back to the neighbourhood of civilised man. I
+carefully traced the windings of the land and hailed a steeple which I at
+length saw issuing from behind a small promontory. As I was in a state of
+extreme debility, I resolved to sail directly towards the town, as a place
+where I could most easily procure nourishment. Fortunately I had money with
+me. As I turned the promontory I perceived a small neat town and a good
+harbour, which I entered, my heart bounding with joy at my unexpected
+escape.
+
+As I was occupied in fixing the boat and arranging the sails, several
+people crowded towards the spot.  They seemed much surprised at my
+appearance, but instead of offering me any assistance, whispered
+together with gestures that at any other time might have produced in me
+a slight sensation of alarm. As it was, I merely remarked that they
+spoke English, and I therefore addressed them in that language.  “My
+good friends,” said I, “will you be so kind as to tell me the name of
+this town and inform me where I am?”
+
+“You will know that soon enough,” replied a man with a hoarse voice.
+“Maybe you are come to a place that will not prove much to your taste,
+but you will not be consulted as to your quarters, I promise you.”
+
+I was exceedingly surprised on receiving so rude an answer from a
+stranger, and I was also disconcerted on perceiving the frowning and
+angry countenances of his companions.  “Why do you answer me so
+roughly?”  I replied.  “Surely it is not the custom of Englishmen to
+receive strangers so inhospitably.”
+
+“I do not know,” said the man, “what the custom of the
+English may be, but it is the custom of the Irish to hate villains.”
+
+While this strange dialogue continued, I perceived the crowd rapidly
+increase. Their faces expressed a mixture of curiosity and anger, which
+annoyed and in some degree alarmed me. I inquired the way to the inn, but
+no one replied. I then moved forward, and a murmuring sound arose from the
+crowd as they followed and surrounded me, when an ill-looking man
+approaching tapped me on the shoulder and said, “Come, sir, you must
+follow me to Mr. Kirwin’s to give an account of yourself.”
+
+“Who is Mr. Kirwin?  Why am I to give an account of myself?  Is not
+this a free country?”
+
+“Ay, sir, free enough for honest folks.  Mr. Kirwin is a magistrate,
+and you are to give an account of the death of a gentleman who was
+found murdered here last night.”
+
+This answer startled me, but I presently recovered myself. I was innocent;
+that could easily be proved; accordingly I followed my conductor in silence
+and was led to one of the best houses in the town. I was ready to sink from
+fatigue and hunger, but being surrounded by a crowd, I thought it politic
+to rouse all my strength, that no physical debility might be construed into
+apprehension or conscious guilt. Little did I then expect the calamity that
+was in a few moments to overwhelm me and extinguish in horror and despair
+all fear of ignominy or death.
+
+I must pause here, for it requires all my fortitude to recall the memory of
+the frightful events which I am about to relate, in proper detail, to my
+recollection.
+
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 21
+
+I was soon introduced into the presence of the magistrate, an old
+benevolent man with calm and mild manners.  He looked upon me, however,
+with some degree of severity, and then, turning towards my conductors,
+he asked who appeared as witnesses on this occasion.
+
+About half a dozen men came forward; and, one being selected by the
+magistrate, he deposed that he had been out fishing the night before with
+his son and brother-in-law, Daniel Nugent, when, about ten o’clock,
+they observed a strong northerly blast rising, and they accordingly put in
+for port. It was a very dark night, as the moon had not yet risen; they did
+not land at the harbour, but, as they had been accustomed, at a creek about
+two miles below. He walked on first, carrying a part of the fishing tackle,
+and his companions followed him at some distance. As he was proceeding
+along the sands, he struck his foot against something and fell at his
+length on the ground. His companions came up to assist him, and by the
+light of their lantern they found that he had fallen on the body of a man,
+who was to all appearance dead. Their first supposition was that it was the
+corpse of some person who had been drowned and was thrown on shore by the
+waves, but on examination they found that the clothes were not wet and even
+that the body was not then cold. They instantly carried it to the cottage
+of an old woman near the spot and endeavoured, but in vain, to restore it
+to life. It appeared to be a handsome young man, about five and twenty
+years of age. He had apparently been strangled, for there was no sign of
+any violence except the black mark of fingers on his neck.
+
+The first part of this deposition did not in the least interest me, but
+when the mark of the fingers was mentioned I remembered the murder of
+my brother and felt myself extremely agitated; my limbs trembled, and a
+mist came over my eyes, which obliged me to lean on a chair for
+support.  The magistrate observed me with a keen eye and of course drew
+an unfavourable augury from my manner.
+
+The son confirmed his father’s account, but when Daniel Nugent was
+called he swore positively that just before the fall of his companion, he
+saw a boat, with a single man in it, at a short distance from the shore;
+and as far as he could judge by the light of a few stars, it was the same
+boat in which I had just landed.
+
+A woman deposed that she lived near the beach and was standing at the door
+of her cottage, waiting for the return of the fishermen, about an hour
+before she heard of the discovery of the body, when she saw a boat with
+only one man in it push off from that part of the shore where the corpse
+was afterwards found.
+
+Another woman confirmed the account of the fishermen having brought the
+body into her house; it was not cold.  They put it into a bed and
+rubbed it, and Daniel went to the town for an apothecary, but life was
+quite gone.
+
+Several other men were examined concerning my landing, and they agreed
+that, with the strong north wind that had arisen during the night, it
+was very probable that I had beaten about for many hours and had been
+obliged to return nearly to the same spot from which I had departed.
+Besides, they observed that it appeared that I had brought the body
+from another place, and it was likely that as I did not appear to know
+the shore, I might have put into the harbour ignorant of the distance
+of the town of —— from the place where I had deposited the corpse.
+
+Mr. Kirwin, on hearing this evidence, desired that I should be taken into
+the room where the body lay for interment, that it might be observed what
+effect the sight of it would produce upon me. This idea was probably
+suggested by the extreme agitation I had exhibited when the mode of the
+murder had been described. I was accordingly conducted, by the magistrate
+and several other persons, to the inn. I could not help being struck by the
+strange coincidences that had taken place during this eventful night; but,
+knowing that I had been conversing with several persons in the island I had
+inhabited about the time that the body had been found, I was perfectly
+tranquil as to the consequences of the affair.
+
+I entered the room where the corpse lay and was led up to the coffin. How
+can I describe my sensations on beholding it? I feel yet parched with
+horror, nor can I reflect on that terrible moment without shuddering and
+agony. The examination, the presence of the magistrate and witnesses,
+passed like a dream from my memory when I saw the lifeless form of Henry
+Clerval stretched before me. I gasped for breath, and throwing myself on
+the body, I exclaimed, “Have my murderous machinations deprived you
+also, my dearest Henry, of life? Two I have already destroyed; other
+victims await their destiny; but you, Clerval, my friend, my
+benefactor—”
+
+The human frame could no longer support the agonies that I endured, and
+I was carried out of the room in strong convulsions.
+
+A fever succeeded to this. I lay for two months on the point of death; my
+ravings, as I afterwards heard, were frightful; I called myself the
+murderer of William, of Justine, and of Clerval. Sometimes I entreated my
+attendants to assist me in the destruction of the fiend by whom I was
+tormented; and at others I felt the fingers of the monster already grasping
+my neck, and screamed aloud with agony and terror. Fortunately, as I spoke
+my native language, Mr. Kirwin alone understood me; but my gestures and
+bitter cries were sufficient to affright the other witnesses.
+
+Why did I not die? More miserable than man ever was before, why did I not
+sink into forgetfulness and rest? Death snatches away many blooming
+children, the only hopes of their doting parents; how many brides and
+youthful lovers have been one day in the bloom of health and hope, and the
+next a prey for worms and the decay of the tomb! Of what materials was I
+made that I could thus resist so many shocks, which, like the turning of
+the wheel, continually renewed the torture?
+
+But I was doomed to live and in two months found myself as awaking from
+a dream, in a prison, stretched on a wretched bed, surrounded by
+gaolers, turnkeys, bolts, and all the miserable apparatus of a dungeon.
+It was morning, I remember, when I thus awoke to understanding; I had
+forgotten the particulars of what had happened and only felt as if some
+great misfortune had suddenly overwhelmed me; but when I looked around
+and saw the barred windows and the squalidness of the room in which I
+was, all flashed across my memory and I groaned bitterly.
+
+This sound disturbed an old woman who was sleeping in a chair beside
+me.  She was a hired nurse, the wife of one of the turnkeys, and her
+countenance expressed all those bad qualities which often characterise
+that class.  The lines of her face were hard and rude, like that of
+persons accustomed to see without sympathising in sights of misery. Her
+tone expressed her entire indifference; she addressed me in English,
+and the voice struck me as one that I had heard during my sufferings.
+
+“Are you better now, sir?” said she.
+
+I replied in the same language, with a feeble voice, “I believe I am;
+but if it be all true, if indeed I did not dream, I am sorry that I am
+still alive to feel this misery and horror.”
+
+“For that matter,” replied the old woman, “if you mean about the
+gentleman you murdered, I believe that it were better for you if you
+were dead, for I fancy it will go hard with you!  However, that’s none
+of my business; I am sent to nurse you and get you well; I do my duty
+with a safe conscience; it were well if everybody did the same.”
+
+I turned with loathing from the woman who could utter so unfeeling a
+speech to a person just saved, on the very edge of death; but I felt
+languid and unable to reflect on all that had passed.  The whole series
+of my life appeared to me as a dream; I sometimes doubted if indeed it
+were all true, for it never presented itself to my mind with the force
+of reality.
+
+As the images that floated before me became more distinct, I grew
+feverish; a darkness pressed around me; no one was near me who soothed
+me with the gentle voice of love; no dear hand supported me.  The
+physician came and prescribed medicines, and the old woman prepared
+them for me; but utter carelessness was visible in the first, and the
+expression of brutality was strongly marked in the visage of the
+second.  Who could be interested in the fate of a murderer but the
+hangman who would gain his fee?
+
+These were my first reflections, but I soon learned that Mr. Kirwin had
+shown me extreme kindness.  He had caused the best room in the prison
+to be prepared for me (wretched indeed was the best); and it was he who
+had provided a physician and a nurse.  It is true, he seldom came to
+see me, for although he ardently desired to relieve the sufferings of
+every human creature, he did not wish to be present at the agonies and
+miserable ravings of a murderer.  He came, therefore, sometimes to see
+that I was not neglected, but his visits were short and with long
+intervals.
+
+One day, while I was gradually recovering, I was seated in a chair, my eyes
+half open and my cheeks livid like those in death. I was overcome by gloom
+and misery and often reflected I had better seek death than desire to
+remain in a world which to me was replete with wretchedness. At one time I
+considered whether I should not declare myself guilty and suffer the
+penalty of the law, less innocent than poor Justine had been. Such were my
+thoughts when the door of my apartment was opened and Mr. Kirwin entered.
+His countenance expressed sympathy and compassion; he drew a chair close to
+mine and addressed me in French,
+
+“I fear that this place is very shocking to you; can I do anything to
+make you more comfortable?”
+
+“I thank you, but all that you mention is nothing to me; on the whole
+earth there is no comfort which I am capable of receiving.”
+
+“I know that the sympathy of a stranger can be but of little relief to
+one borne down as you are by so strange a misfortune.  But you will, I
+hope, soon quit this melancholy abode, for doubtless evidence can
+easily be brought to free you from the criminal charge.”
+
+“That is my least concern; I am, by a course of strange events, become
+the most miserable of mortals.  Persecuted and tortured as I am and
+have been, can death be any evil to me?”
+
+“Nothing indeed could be more unfortunate and agonising than the
+strange chances that have lately occurred.  You were thrown, by some
+surprising accident, on this shore, renowned for its hospitality,
+seized immediately, and charged with murder.  The first sight that was
+presented to your eyes was the body of your friend, murdered in so
+unaccountable a manner and placed, as it were, by some fiend across
+your path.”
+
+As Mr. Kirwin said this, notwithstanding the agitation I endured on
+this retrospect of my sufferings, I also felt considerable surprise at
+the knowledge he seemed to possess concerning me.  I suppose some
+astonishment was exhibited in my countenance, for Mr. Kirwin hastened
+to say,
+
+“Immediately upon your being taken ill, all the papers that were on
+your person were brought me, and I examined them that I might discover some
+trace by which I could send to your relations an account of your misfortune
+and illness. I found several letters, and, among others, one which I
+discovered from its commencement to be from your father. I instantly wrote
+to Geneva; nearly two months have elapsed since the departure of my letter.
+But you are ill; even now you tremble; you are unfit for agitation of any
+kind.”
+
+“This suspense is a thousand times worse than the most horrible event;
+tell me what new scene of death has been acted, and whose murder I am
+now to lament?”
+
+“Your family is perfectly well,” said Mr. Kirwin with
+gentleness; “and someone, a friend, is come to visit you.”
+
+I know not by what chain of thought the idea presented itself, but it
+instantly darted into my mind that the murderer had come to mock at my
+misery and taunt me with the death of Clerval, as a new incitement for
+me to comply with his hellish desires.  I put my hand before my eyes,
+and cried out in agony,
+
+“Oh! Take him away! I cannot see him; for God’s sake, do not
+let him enter!”
+
+Mr. Kirwin regarded me with a troubled countenance.  He could not help
+regarding my exclamation as a presumption of my guilt and said in
+rather a severe tone,
+
+“I should have thought, young man, that the presence of your father
+would have been welcome instead of inspiring such violent repugnance.”
+
+“My father!” cried I, while every feature and every muscle was relaxed
+from anguish to pleasure.  “Is my father indeed come?  How kind, how
+very kind!  But where is he, why does he not hasten to me?”
+
+My change of manner surprised and pleased the magistrate; perhaps he
+thought that my former exclamation was a momentary return of delirium,
+and now he instantly resumed his former benevolence.  He rose and
+quitted the room with my nurse, and in a moment my father entered it.
+
+Nothing, at this moment, could have given me greater pleasure than the
+arrival of my father. I stretched out my hand to him and cried,
+
+“Are you then safe—and Elizabeth—and Ernest?”
+
+My father calmed me with assurances of their welfare and endeavoured, by
+dwelling on these subjects so interesting to my heart, to raise my
+desponding spirits; but he soon felt that a prison cannot be the abode of
+cheerfulness. “What a place is this that you inhabit, my son!”
+said he, looking mournfully at the barred windows and wretched appearance
+of the room. “You travelled to seek happiness, but a fatality seems
+to pursue you. And poor Clerval—”
+
+The name of my unfortunate and murdered friend was an agitation too
+great to be endured in my weak state; I shed tears.
+
+“Alas! Yes, my father,” replied I; “some destiny of the
+most horrible kind hangs over me, and I must live to fulfil it, or surely I
+should have died on the coffin of Henry.”
+
+We were not allowed to converse for any length of time, for the
+precarious state of my health rendered every precaution necessary that
+could ensure tranquillity.  Mr. Kirwin came in and insisted that my
+strength should not be exhausted by too much exertion.  But the
+appearance of my father was to me like that of my good angel, and I
+gradually recovered my health.
+
+As my sickness quitted me, I was absorbed by a gloomy and black
+melancholy that nothing could dissipate.  The image of Clerval was
+for ever before me, ghastly and murdered.  More than once the agitation
+into which these reflections threw me made my friends dread a dangerous
+relapse.  Alas!  Why did they preserve so miserable and detested a
+life?  It was surely that I might fulfil my destiny, which is now
+drawing to a close.  Soon, oh, very soon, will death extinguish these
+throbbings and relieve me from the mighty weight of anguish that bears
+me to the dust; and, in executing the award of justice, I shall also
+sink to rest.  Then the appearance of death was distant, although the
+wish was ever present to my thoughts; and I often sat for hours
+motionless and speechless, wishing for some mighty revolution that
+might bury me and my destroyer in its ruins.
+
+The season of the assizes approached.  I had already been three months
+in prison, and although I was still weak and in continual danger of a
+relapse, I was obliged to travel nearly a hundred miles to the country
+town where the court was held.  Mr. Kirwin charged himself with every
+care of collecting witnesses and arranging my defence.  I was spared
+the disgrace of appearing publicly as a criminal, as the case was not
+brought before the court that decides on life and death.  The grand
+jury rejected the bill, on its being proved that I was on the Orkney
+Islands at the hour the body of my friend was found; and a fortnight
+after my removal I was liberated from prison.
+
+My father was enraptured on finding me freed from the vexations of a
+criminal charge, that I was again allowed to breathe the fresh
+atmosphere and permitted to return to my native country.  I did not
+participate in these feelings, for to me the walls of a dungeon or a
+palace were alike hateful.  The cup of life was poisoned for ever, and
+although the sun shone upon me, as upon the happy and gay of heart, I
+saw around me nothing but a dense and frightful darkness, penetrated by
+no light but the glimmer of two eyes that glared upon me.  Sometimes
+they were the expressive eyes of Henry, languishing in death, the dark
+orbs nearly covered by the lids and the long black lashes that fringed
+them; sometimes it was the watery, clouded eyes of the monster, as I
+first saw them in my chamber at Ingolstadt.
+
+My father tried to awaken in me the feelings of affection.  He talked
+of Geneva, which I should soon visit, of Elizabeth and Ernest; but
+these words only drew deep groans from me.  Sometimes, indeed, I felt a
+wish for happiness and thought with melancholy delight of my beloved
+cousin or longed, with a devouring _maladie du pays_, to see once more
+the blue lake and rapid Rhone, that had been so dear to me in early
+childhood; but my general state of feeling was a torpor in which a
+prison was as welcome a residence as the divinest scene in nature; and
+these fits were seldom interrupted but by paroxysms of anguish and
+despair.  At these moments I often endeavoured to put an end to the
+existence I loathed, and it required unceasing attendance and vigilance
+to restrain me from committing some dreadful act of violence.
+
+Yet one duty remained to me, the recollection of which finally
+triumphed over my selfish despair.  It was necessary that I should
+return without delay to Geneva, there to watch over the lives of those
+I so fondly loved and to lie in wait for the murderer, that if any
+chance led me to the place of his concealment, or if he dared again to
+blast me by his presence, I might, with unfailing aim, put an end to
+the existence of the monstrous image which  I had endued with the
+mockery of a soul still more monstrous.  My father still desired to
+delay our departure, fearful that I could not sustain the fatigues of a
+journey, for I was a shattered wreck—the shadow of a human being.  My
+strength was gone.  I was a mere skeleton, and fever night and day
+preyed upon my wasted frame.
+
+Still, as I urged our leaving Ireland with such inquietude and impatience,
+my father thought it best to yield. We took our passage on board a vessel
+bound for Havre-de-Grace and sailed with a fair wind from the Irish shores.
+It was midnight. I lay on the deck looking at the stars and listening to
+the dashing of the waves. I hailed the darkness that shut Ireland from my
+sight, and my pulse beat with a feverish joy when I reflected that I should
+soon see Geneva. The past appeared to me in the light of a frightful dream;
+yet the vessel in which I was, the wind that blew me from the detested
+shore of Ireland, and the sea which surrounded me, told me too forcibly
+that I was deceived by no vision and that Clerval, my friend and dearest
+companion, had fallen a victim to me and the monster of my creation. I
+repassed, in my memory, my whole life; my quiet happiness while residing
+with my family in Geneva, the death of my mother, and my departure for
+Ingolstadt. I remembered, shuddering, the mad enthusiasm that hurried me on
+to the creation of my hideous enemy, and I called to mind the night in
+which he first lived. I was unable to pursue the train of thought; a
+thousand feelings pressed upon me, and I wept bitterly.
+
+Ever since my recovery from the fever, I had been in the custom of taking
+every night a small quantity of laudanum, for it was by means of this drug
+only that I was enabled to gain the rest necessary for the preservation of
+life. Oppressed by the recollection of my various misfortunes, I now
+swallowed double my usual quantity and soon slept profoundly. But sleep did
+not afford me respite from thought and misery; my dreams presented a
+thousand objects that scared me. Towards morning I was possessed by a kind
+of nightmare; I felt the fiend’s grasp in my neck and could not free
+myself from it; groans and cries rang in my ears. My father, who was
+watching over me, perceiving my restlessness, awoke me; the dashing waves
+were around, the cloudy sky above, the fiend was not here: a sense of
+security, a feeling that a truce was established between the present hour
+and the irresistible, disastrous future imparted to me a kind of calm
+forgetfulness, of which the human mind is by its structure peculiarly
+susceptible.
+
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 22
+
+The voyage came to an end.  We landed, and proceeded to Paris.  I soon
+found that I had overtaxed my strength and that I must repose before I
+could continue my journey.  My father’s care and attentions were
+indefatigable, but he did not know the origin of my sufferings and
+sought erroneous methods to remedy the incurable ill.  He wished me to
+seek amusement in society.  I abhorred the face of man.  Oh, not
+abhorred!  They were my brethren, my fellow beings, and I felt
+attracted even to the most repulsive among them, as to creatures of an
+angelic nature and celestial mechanism.  But I felt that I had no right
+to share their intercourse.  I had unchained an enemy among them whose
+joy it was to shed their blood and to revel in their groans.  How they
+would, each and all, abhor me and hunt me from the world, did they know
+my unhallowed acts and the crimes which had their source in me!
+
+My father yielded at length to my desire to avoid society and strove by
+various arguments to banish my despair.  Sometimes he thought that I
+felt deeply the degradation of being obliged to answer a charge of
+murder, and he endeavoured to prove to me the futility of pride.
+
+“Alas!  My father,” said I, “how little do you know me. 
+Human beings, their feelings and passions, would indeed be degraded if such
+a wretch as I felt pride.  Justine, poor unhappy Justine, was as innocent
+as I, and she suffered the same charge; she died for it; and I am the cause
+of this—I murdered her.  William, Justine, and Henry—they all
+died by my hands.”
+
+My father had often, during my imprisonment, heard me make the same
+assertion; when I thus accused myself, he sometimes seemed to desire an
+explanation, and at others he appeared to consider it as the offspring of
+delirium, and that, during my illness, some idea of this kind had presented
+itself to my imagination, the remembrance of which I preserved in my
+convalescence. I avoided explanation and maintained a continual silence
+concerning the wretch I had created. I had a persuasion that I should be
+supposed mad, and this in itself would for ever have chained my tongue. But,
+besides, I could not bring myself to disclose a secret which would fill my
+hearer with consternation and make fear and unnatural horror the inmates of
+his breast. I checked, therefore, my impatient thirst for sympathy and was
+silent when I would have given the world to have confided the fatal secret.
+Yet, still, words like those I have recorded would burst uncontrollably
+from me. I could offer no explanation of them, but their truth in part
+relieved the burden of my mysterious woe.
+
+Upon this occasion my father said, with an expression of unbounded wonder,
+“My dearest Victor, what infatuation is this? My dear son, I entreat
+you never to make such an assertion again.”
+
+“I am not mad,” I cried energetically; “the sun and the heavens, who
+have viewed my operations, can bear witness of my truth.  I am the
+assassin of those most innocent victims; they died by my machinations.
+A thousand times would I have shed my own blood, drop by drop, to have
+saved their lives; but I could not, my father, indeed I could not
+sacrifice the whole human race.”
+
+The conclusion of this speech convinced my father that my ideas were
+deranged, and he instantly changed the subject of our conversation and
+endeavoured to alter the course of my thoughts.  He wished as much as
+possible to obliterate the memory of the scenes that had taken place in
+Ireland and never alluded to them or suffered me to speak of my
+misfortunes.
+
+As time passed away I became more calm; misery had her dwelling in my
+heart, but I no longer talked in the same incoherent manner of my own
+crimes; sufficient for me was the consciousness of them.  By the utmost
+self-violence I curbed the imperious voice of wretchedness, which
+sometimes desired to declare itself to the whole world, and my manners
+were calmer and more composed than they had ever been since my journey
+to the sea of ice.
+
+A few days before we left Paris on our way to Switzerland, I received the
+following letter from Elizabeth:
+
+“My dear Friend,
+
+“It gave me the greatest pleasure to receive a letter from my uncle
+dated at Paris; you are no longer at a formidable distance, and I may
+hope to see you in less than a fortnight.  My poor cousin, how much you
+must have suffered!  I expect to see you looking even more ill than
+when you quitted Geneva.  This winter has been passed most miserably,
+tortured as I have been by anxious suspense; yet I hope to see peace in
+your countenance and to find that your heart is not totally void of
+comfort and tranquillity.
+
+“Yet I fear that the same feelings now exist that made you so miserable
+a year ago, even perhaps augmented by time.  I would not disturb you at
+this period, when so many misfortunes weigh upon you, but a
+conversation that I had with my uncle previous to his departure renders
+some explanation necessary before we meet.
+
+Explanation! You may possibly say, What can Elizabeth have to explain? If
+you really say this, my questions are answered and all my doubts satisfied.
+But you are distant from me, and it is possible that you may dread and yet
+be pleased with this explanation; and in a probability of this being the
+case, I dare not any longer postpone writing what, during your absence, I
+have often wished to express to you but have never had the courage to begin.
+
+“You well know, Victor, that our union had been the favourite plan of
+your parents ever since our infancy.  We were told this when young, and
+taught to look forward to it as an event that would certainly take
+place.  We were affectionate playfellows during childhood, and, I
+believe, dear and valued friends to one another as we grew older. But
+as brother and sister often entertain a lively affection towards each
+other without desiring a more intimate union, may not such also be our
+case?  Tell me, dearest Victor.  Answer me, I conjure you by our mutual
+happiness, with simple truth—Do you not love another?
+
+“You have travelled; you have spent several years of your life at
+Ingolstadt; and I confess to you, my friend, that when I saw you last
+autumn so unhappy, flying to solitude from the society of every
+creature, I could not help supposing that you might regret our
+connection and believe yourself bound in honour to fulfil the wishes of
+your parents, although they opposed themselves to your inclinations.
+But this is false reasoning.  I confess to you, my friend, that I love
+you and that in my airy dreams of futurity you have been my constant
+friend and companion.   But it is your happiness I desire as well as my
+own when I declare to you that our marriage would render me eternally
+miserable unless it were the dictate of your own free choice.  Even now
+I weep to think that, borne down as you are by the cruellest
+misfortunes, you may stifle, by the word _honour_, all hope of that
+love and happiness which would alone restore you to yourself.  I, who
+have so disinterested an affection for you, may increase your miseries
+tenfold by being an obstacle to your wishes.  Ah! Victor, be assured
+that your cousin and playmate has too sincere a love for you not to be
+made miserable by this supposition.  Be happy, my friend; and if you
+obey me in this one request, remain satisfied that nothing on earth
+will have the power to interrupt my tranquillity.
+
+“Do not let this letter disturb you; do not answer tomorrow, or the
+next day, or even until you come, if it will give you pain.  My uncle
+will send me news of your health, and if I see but one smile on your
+lips when we meet, occasioned by this or any other exertion of mine, I
+shall need no other happiness.
+
+“Elizabeth Lavenza.
+
+
+
+“Geneva, May 18th, 17—”
+
+
+
+This letter revived in my memory what I had before forgotten, the threat of
+the fiend—“_I will be with you on your
+wedding-night!_” Such was my sentence, and on that night would the
+dæmon employ every art to destroy me and tear me from the glimpse of
+happiness which promised partly to console my sufferings. On that night he
+had determined to consummate his crimes by my death. Well, be it so; a
+deadly struggle would then assuredly take place, in which if he were
+victorious I should be at peace and his power over me be at an end. If he
+were vanquished, I should be a free man. Alas! What freedom? Such as the
+peasant enjoys when his family have been massacred before his eyes, his
+cottage burnt, his lands laid waste, and he is turned adrift, homeless,
+penniless, and alone, but free. Such would be my liberty except that in my
+Elizabeth I possessed a treasure, alas, balanced by those horrors of
+remorse and guilt which would pursue me until death.
+
+Sweet and beloved Elizabeth! I read and reread her letter, and some
+softened feelings stole into my heart and dared to whisper paradisiacal
+dreams of love and joy; but the apple was already eaten, and the
+angel’s arm bared to drive me from all hope. Yet I would die to make
+her happy. If the monster executed his threat, death was inevitable; yet,
+again, I considered whether my marriage would hasten my fate. My
+destruction might indeed arrive a few months sooner, but if my torturer
+should suspect that I postponed it, influenced by his menaces, he would
+surely find other and perhaps more dreadful means of revenge. He had vowed
+_to be with me on my wedding-night_, yet he did not consider that
+threat as binding him to peace in the meantime, for as if to show me that
+he was not yet satiated with blood, he had murdered Clerval immediately
+after the enunciation of his threats. I resolved, therefore, that if my
+immediate union with my cousin would conduce either to hers or my
+father’s happiness, my adversary’s designs against my life
+should not retard it a single hour.
+
+In this state of mind I wrote to Elizabeth.  My letter was calm and
+affectionate.  “I fear, my beloved girl,” I said, “little happiness
+remains for us on earth; yet all that I may one day enjoy is centred in
+you.  Chase away your idle fears; to you alone do I consecrate my life
+and my endeavours for contentment.  I have one secret, Elizabeth, a
+dreadful one; when revealed to you, it will chill your frame with
+horror, and then, far from being surprised at my misery, you will only
+wonder that I survive what I have endured.  I will confide this tale of
+misery and terror to you the day after our marriage shall take place,
+for, my sweet cousin, there must be perfect confidence between us.  But
+until then, I conjure you, do not mention or allude to it.  This I most
+earnestly entreat, and I know you will comply.”
+
+In about a week after the arrival of Elizabeth’s letter we returned
+to Geneva. The sweet girl welcomed me with warm affection, yet tears were
+in her eyes as she beheld my emaciated frame and feverish cheeks. I saw a
+change in her also. She was thinner and had lost much of that heavenly
+vivacity that had before charmed me; but her gentleness and soft looks of
+compassion made her a more fit companion for one blasted and miserable as I
+was.
+
+The tranquillity which I now enjoyed did not endure. Memory brought madness
+with it, and when I thought of what had passed, a real insanity possessed
+me; sometimes I was furious and burnt with rage, sometimes low and
+despondent. I neither spoke nor looked at anyone, but sat motionless,
+bewildered by the multitude of miseries that overcame me.
+
+Elizabeth alone had the power to draw me from these fits; her gentle voice
+would soothe me when transported by passion and inspire me with human
+feelings when sunk in torpor. She wept with me and for me. When reason
+returned, she would remonstrate and endeavour to inspire me with
+resignation. Ah! It is well for the unfortunate to be resigned, but for the
+guilty there is no peace. The agonies of remorse poison the luxury there is
+otherwise sometimes found in indulging the excess of grief.
+
+Soon after my arrival my father spoke of my immediate marriage with
+Elizabeth. I remained silent.
+
+“Have you, then, some other attachment?”
+
+“None on earth.  I love Elizabeth and look forward to our union with
+delight.  Let the day therefore be fixed; and on it I will consecrate
+myself, in life or death, to the happiness of my cousin.”
+
+“My dear Victor, do not speak thus.  Heavy misfortunes have befallen
+us, but let us only cling closer to what remains and transfer our love
+for those whom we have lost to those who yet live.  Our circle will be
+small but bound close by the ties of affection and mutual misfortune.
+And when time shall have softened your despair, new and dear objects of
+care will be born to replace those of whom we have been so cruelly
+deprived.”
+
+Such were the lessons of my father.  But to me the remembrance of the
+threat returned; nor can you wonder that, omnipotent as the fiend had
+yet been in his deeds of blood, I should almost regard him as
+invincible, and that when he had pronounced the words “_I shall be with
+you on your wedding-night_,” I should regard the threatened fate as
+unavoidable.  But death was no evil to me if the loss of Elizabeth were
+balanced with it, and I therefore, with a contented and even cheerful
+countenance, agreed with my father that if my cousin would consent, the
+ceremony should take place in ten days, and thus put, as I imagined,
+the seal to my fate.
+
+Great God!  If for one instant I had thought what might be the hellish
+intention of my fiendish adversary, I would rather have banished myself
+for ever from my native country and wandered a friendless outcast over
+the earth than have consented to this miserable marriage.  But, as if
+possessed of magic powers, the monster had blinded me to his real
+intentions; and when I thought that I had prepared only my own death, I
+hastened that of a far dearer victim.
+
+As the period fixed for our marriage drew nearer, whether from cowardice or
+a prophetic feeling, I felt my heart sink within me. But I concealed my
+feelings by an appearance of hilarity that brought smiles and joy to the
+countenance of my father, but hardly deceived the ever-watchful and nicer
+eye of Elizabeth. She looked forward to our union with placid contentment,
+not unmingled with a little fear, which past misfortunes had impressed,
+that what now appeared certain and tangible happiness might soon dissipate
+into an airy dream and leave no trace but deep and everlasting regret.
+
+Preparations were made for the event, congratulatory visits were received,
+and all wore a smiling appearance. I shut up, as well as I could, in my own
+heart the anxiety that preyed there and entered with seeming earnestness
+into the plans of my father, although they might only serve as the
+decorations of my tragedy. Through my father’s exertions a part of
+the inheritance of Elizabeth had been restored to her by the Austrian
+government. A small possession on the shores of Como belonged to her. It
+was agreed that, immediately after our union, we should proceed to Villa
+Lavenza and spend our first days of happiness beside the beautiful lake
+near which it stood.
+
+In the meantime I took every precaution to defend my person in case the
+fiend should openly attack me.  I carried pistols and a dagger
+constantly about me and was ever on the watch to prevent artifice, and
+by these means gained a greater degree of tranquillity.  Indeed, as the
+period approached, the threat appeared more as a delusion, not to be
+regarded as worthy to disturb my peace, while the happiness I hoped for
+in my marriage wore a greater appearance of certainty as the day fixed
+for its solemnisation drew nearer and I heard it continually spoken of
+as an occurrence which no accident could possibly prevent.
+
+Elizabeth seemed happy; my tranquil demeanour contributed greatly to
+calm her mind.  But on the day that was to fulfil my wishes and my
+destiny, she was melancholy, and a presentiment of evil pervaded her;
+and perhaps also she thought of the dreadful secret which I had
+promised to reveal to her on the following day.  My father was in the
+meantime overjoyed, and, in the bustle of preparation, only recognised in
+the melancholy of his niece the diffidence of a bride.
+
+After the ceremony was performed a large party assembled at my
+father’s, but it was agreed that Elizabeth and I should commence our
+journey by water, sleeping that night at Evian and continuing our
+voyage on the following day.  The day was fair, the wind favourable;
+all smiled on our nuptial embarkation.
+
+Those were the last moments of my life during which I enjoyed the
+feeling of happiness.  We passed rapidly along; the sun was hot, but we
+were sheltered from its rays by a kind of canopy while we enjoyed the
+beauty of the scene, sometimes on one side of the lake, where we saw
+Mont Salêve, the pleasant banks of Montalègre, and at a distance,
+surmounting all, the beautiful Mont Blanc, and the assemblage of snowy
+mountains that in vain endeavour to emulate her; sometimes coasting the
+opposite banks, we saw the mighty Jura opposing its dark side to the
+ambition that would quit its native country, and an almost
+insurmountable barrier to the invader who should wish to enslave it.
+
+I took the hand of Elizabeth.  “You are sorrowful, my love.  Ah!  If
+you knew what I have suffered and what I may yet endure, you would
+endeavour to let me taste the quiet and freedom from despair that this
+one day at least permits me to enjoy.”
+
+“Be happy, my dear Victor,” replied Elizabeth; “there is, I hope,
+nothing to distress you; and be assured that if a lively joy is not
+painted in my face, my heart is contented.  Something whispers to me
+not to depend too much on the prospect that is opened before us, but I
+will not listen to such a sinister voice.  Observe how fast we move
+along and how the clouds, which sometimes obscure and sometimes rise
+above the dome of Mont Blanc, render this scene of beauty still more
+interesting.  Look also at the innumerable fish that are swimming in
+the clear waters, where we can distinguish every pebble that lies at
+the bottom.  What a divine day!  How happy and serene all nature
+appears!”
+
+Thus Elizabeth endeavoured to divert her thoughts and mine from all
+reflection upon melancholy subjects.  But her temper was fluctuating;
+joy for a few instants shone in her eyes, but it continually gave place
+to distraction and reverie.
+
+The sun sank lower in the heavens; we passed the river Drance and
+observed its path through the chasms of the higher and the glens of the
+lower hills.  The Alps here come closer to the lake, and we approached
+the amphitheatre of mountains which forms its eastern boundary.  The
+spire of Evian shone under the woods that surrounded it and the range
+of mountain above mountain by which it was overhung.
+
+The wind, which had hitherto carried us along with amazing rapidity,
+sank at sunset to a light breeze; the soft air just ruffled the water
+and caused a pleasant motion among the trees as we approached the
+shore, from which it wafted the most delightful scent of flowers and
+hay.  The sun sank beneath the horizon as we landed, and as I touched
+the shore I felt those cares and fears revive which soon were to clasp
+me and cling to me for ever.
+
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 23
+
+It was eight o’clock when we landed; we walked for a short time on the
+shore, enjoying the transitory light, and then retired to the inn and
+contemplated the lovely scene of waters, woods, and mountains, obscured
+in darkness, yet still displaying their black outlines.
+
+The wind, which had fallen in the south, now rose with great violence
+in the west.  The moon had reached her summit in the heavens and was
+beginning to descend; the clouds swept across it swifter than the
+flight of the vulture and dimmed her rays, while the lake reflected the
+scene of the busy heavens, rendered still busier by the restless waves
+that were beginning to rise.  Suddenly a heavy storm of rain descended.
+
+I had been calm during the day, but so soon as night obscured the
+shapes of objects, a thousand fears arose in my mind.  I was anxious
+and watchful, while my right hand grasped a pistol which was hidden in
+my bosom; every sound terrified me, but I resolved that I would sell my
+life dearly and not shrink from the conflict until my own life or that
+of my adversary was extinguished.
+
+Elizabeth observed my agitation for some time in timid and fearful silence,
+but there was something in my glance which communicated terror to her, and
+trembling, she asked, “What is it that agitates you, my dear Victor?
+What is it you fear?”
+
+“Oh! Peace, peace, my love,” replied I; “this night, and
+all will be safe; but this night is dreadful, very dreadful.”
+
+I passed an hour in this state of mind, when suddenly I reflected how
+fearful the combat which I momentarily expected would be to my wife,
+and I earnestly entreated her to retire, resolving not to join her
+until I had obtained some knowledge as to the situation of my enemy.
+
+She left me, and I continued some time walking up and down the passages
+of the house and inspecting every corner that might afford a retreat to
+my adversary.  But I discovered no trace of him and was beginning to
+conjecture that some fortunate chance had intervened to prevent the
+execution of his menaces when suddenly I heard a shrill and dreadful
+scream.  It came from the room into which Elizabeth had retired.  As I
+heard it, the whole truth rushed into my mind, my arms dropped, the
+motion of every muscle and fibre was suspended; I could feel the blood
+trickling in my veins and tingling in the extremities of my limbs. This
+state lasted but for an instant; the scream was repeated, and I rushed
+into the room.
+
+Great God! Why did I not then expire! Why am I here to relate the
+destruction of the best hope and the purest creature on earth? She was
+there, lifeless and inanimate, thrown across the bed, her head hanging down
+and her pale and distorted features half covered by her hair. Everywhere I
+turn I see the same figure—her bloodless arms and relaxed form flung
+by the murderer on its bridal bier. Could I behold this and live? Alas!
+Life is obstinate and clings closest where it is most hated. For a moment
+only did I lose recollection; I fell senseless on the ground.
+
+When I recovered I found myself surrounded by the people of the inn; their
+countenances expressed a breathless terror, but the horror of others
+appeared only as a mockery, a shadow of the feelings that oppressed me. I
+escaped from them to the room where lay the body of Elizabeth, my love, my
+wife, so lately living, so dear, so worthy. She had been moved from the
+posture in which I had first beheld her, and now, as she lay, her head upon
+her arm and a handkerchief thrown across her face and neck, I might have
+supposed her asleep. I rushed towards her and embraced her with ardour, but
+the deadly languor and coldness of the limbs told me that what I now held
+in my arms had ceased to be the Elizabeth whom I had loved and cherished.
+The murderous mark of the fiend’s grasp was on her neck, and the
+breath had ceased to issue from her lips.
+
+While I still hung over her in the agony of despair, I happened to look up.
+The windows of the room had before been darkened, and I felt a kind of
+panic on seeing the pale yellow light of the moon illuminate the chamber.
+The shutters had been thrown back, and with a sensation of horror not to be
+described, I saw at the open window a figure the most hideous and abhorred.
+A grin was on the face of the monster; he seemed to jeer, as with his
+fiendish finger he pointed towards the corpse of my wife. I rushed towards
+the window, and drawing a pistol from my bosom, fired; but he eluded me,
+leaped from his station, and running with the swiftness of lightning,
+plunged into the lake.
+
+The report of the pistol brought a crowd into the room. I pointed to
+the spot where he had disappeared, and we followed the track with
+boats; nets were cast, but in vain.  After passing several hours, we
+returned hopeless, most of my companions believing it to have been a
+form conjured up by my fancy.  After having landed, they proceeded to
+search the country, parties going in different directions among the
+woods and vines.
+
+I attempted to accompany them and proceeded a short distance from the
+house, but my head whirled round, my steps were like those of a drunken
+man, I fell at last in a state of utter exhaustion; a film covered my
+eyes, and my skin was parched with the heat of fever.  In this state I
+was carried back and placed on a bed, hardly conscious of what had
+happened; my eyes wandered round the room as if to seek something that
+I had lost.
+
+After an interval I arose, and as if by instinct, crawled into the room
+where the corpse of my beloved lay.  There were women weeping around; I
+hung over it and joined my sad tears to theirs; all this time no
+distinct idea presented itself to my mind, but my thoughts rambled to
+various subjects, reflecting confusedly on my misfortunes and their
+cause.  I was bewildered, in a cloud of wonder and horror.  The death
+of William, the execution of Justine, the murder of Clerval, and lastly
+of my wife; even at that moment I knew not that my only remaining
+friends were safe from the malignity of the fiend; my father even now
+might be writhing under his grasp, and Ernest might be dead at his
+feet.  This idea made me shudder and recalled me to action.  I started
+up and resolved to return to Geneva with all possible speed.
+
+There were no horses to be procured, and I must return by the lake; but the
+wind was unfavourable, and the rain fell in torrents. However, it was
+hardly morning, and I might reasonably hope to arrive by night. I hired men
+to row and took an oar myself, for I had always experienced relief from
+mental torment in bodily exercise. But the overflowing misery I now felt,
+and the excess of agitation that I endured rendered me incapable of any
+exertion. I threw down the oar, and leaning my head upon my hands, gave way
+to every gloomy idea that arose. If I looked up, I saw scenes which were
+familiar to me in my happier time and which I had contemplated but the day
+before in the company of her who was now but a shadow and a recollection.
+Tears streamed from my eyes. The rain had ceased for a moment, and I saw
+the fish play in the waters as they had done a few hours before; they had
+then been observed by Elizabeth. Nothing is so painful to the human mind as
+a great and sudden change. The sun might shine or the clouds might lower,
+but nothing could appear to me as it had done the day before. A fiend had
+snatched from me every hope of future happiness; no creature had ever been
+so miserable as I was; so frightful an event is single in the history of
+man.
+
+But why should I dwell upon the incidents that followed this last
+overwhelming event? Mine has been a tale of horrors; I have reached their
+_acme_, and what I must now relate can but be tedious to you. Know
+that, one by one, my friends were snatched away; I was left desolate. My
+own strength is exhausted, and I must tell, in a few words, what remains of
+my hideous narration.
+
+I arrived at Geneva. My father and Ernest yet lived, but the former sunk
+under the tidings that I bore. I see him now, excellent and venerable old
+man! His eyes wandered in vacancy, for they had lost their charm and their
+delight—his Elizabeth, his more than daughter, whom he doted on with
+all that affection which a man feels, who in the decline of life, having
+few affections, clings more earnestly to those that remain. Cursed, cursed
+be the fiend that brought misery on his grey hairs and doomed him to waste
+in wretchedness! He could not live under the horrors that were accumulated
+around him; the springs of existence suddenly gave way; he was unable to
+rise from his bed, and in a few days he died in my arms.
+
+What then became of me?  I know not; I lost sensation, and chains and
+darkness were the only objects that pressed upon me.  Sometimes,
+indeed, I dreamt that I wandered in flowery meadows and pleasant vales
+with the friends of my youth, but I awoke and found myself in a
+dungeon.  Melancholy followed, but by degrees I gained a clear
+conception of my miseries and situation and was then released from my
+prison.  For they had called me mad, and during many months, as I
+understood, a solitary cell had been my habitation.
+
+Liberty, however, had been a useless gift to me, had I not, as I
+awakened to reason, at the same time awakened to revenge.  As the
+memory of past misfortunes pressed upon me, I began to reflect on their
+cause—the monster whom I had created, the miserable dæmon whom I had
+sent abroad into the world for my destruction.  I was possessed by a
+maddening rage when I thought of him, and desired and ardently prayed
+that I might have him within my grasp to wreak a great and signal
+revenge on his cursed head.
+
+Nor did my hate long confine itself to useless wishes; I began to
+reflect on the best means of securing him; and for this purpose, about
+a month after my release, I repaired to a criminal judge in the town
+and told him that I had an accusation to make, that I knew the
+destroyer of my family, and that I required him to exert his whole
+authority for the apprehension of the murderer.
+
+The magistrate listened to me with attention and kindness. “Be
+assured, sir,” said he, “no pains or exertions on my part shall
+be spared to discover the villain.”
+
+“I thank you,” replied I; “listen, therefore, to the
+deposition that I have to make. It is indeed a tale so strange that I
+should fear you would not credit it were there not something in truth
+which, however wonderful, forces conviction. The story is too connected to
+be mistaken for a dream, and I have no motive for falsehood.” My
+manner as I thus addressed him was impressive but calm; I had formed in my
+own heart a resolution to pursue my destroyer to death, and this purpose
+quieted my agony and for an interval reconciled me to life. I now related
+my history briefly but with firmness and precision, marking the dates with
+accuracy and never deviating into invective or exclamation.
+
+The magistrate appeared at first perfectly incredulous, but as I continued
+he became more attentive and interested; I saw him sometimes shudder with
+horror; at others a lively surprise, unmingled with disbelief, was painted
+on his countenance.
+
+When I had concluded my narration, I said, “This is the being whom I
+accuse and for whose seizure and punishment I call upon you to exert your
+whole power. It is your duty as a magistrate, and I believe and hope that
+your feelings as a man will not revolt from the execution of those
+functions on this occasion.”
+
+This address caused a considerable change in the physiognomy of my own
+auditor. He had heard my story with that half kind of belief that is given
+to a tale of spirits and supernatural events; but when he was called upon
+to act officially in consequence, the whole tide of his incredulity
+returned. He, however, answered mildly, “I would willingly afford you
+every aid in your pursuit, but the creature of whom you speak appears to
+have powers which would put all my exertions to defiance. Who can follow an
+animal which can traverse the sea of ice and inhabit caves and dens where
+no man would venture to intrude? Besides, some months have elapsed since
+the commission of his crimes, and no one can conjecture to what place he
+has wandered or what region he may now inhabit.”
+
+“I do not doubt that he hovers near the spot which I inhabit, and if
+he has indeed taken refuge in the Alps, he may be hunted like the chamois
+and destroyed as a beast of prey. But I perceive your thoughts; you do not
+credit my narrative and do not intend to pursue my enemy with the
+punishment which is his desert.”
+
+As I spoke, rage sparkled in my eyes; the magistrate was intimidated.
+“You are mistaken,” said he. “I will exert myself, and if
+it is in my power to seize the monster, be assured that he shall suffer
+punishment proportionate to his crimes. But I fear, from what you have
+yourself described to be his properties, that this will prove
+impracticable; and thus, while every proper measure is pursued, you should
+make up your mind to disappointment.”
+
+“That cannot be; but all that I can say will be of little avail.  My
+revenge is of no moment to you; yet, while I allow it to be a vice, I
+confess that it is the devouring and only passion of my soul.  My rage
+is unspeakable when I reflect that the murderer, whom I have turned
+loose upon society, still exists.  You refuse my just demand; I have
+but one resource, and I devote myself, either in my life or death, to
+his destruction.”
+
+I trembled with excess of agitation as I said this; there was a frenzy
+in my manner, and something, I doubt not, of that haughty fierceness
+which the martyrs of old are said to have possessed.  But to a Genevan
+magistrate, whose mind was occupied by far other ideas than those of
+devotion and heroism, this elevation of mind had much the appearance of
+madness.  He endeavoured to soothe me as a nurse does a child and
+reverted to my tale as the effects of delirium.
+
+“Man,” I cried, “how ignorant art thou in thy pride of
+wisdom! Cease; you know not what it is you say.”
+
+I broke from the house angry and disturbed and retired to meditate on
+some other mode of action.
+
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 24
+
+My present situation was one in which all voluntary thought was
+swallowed up and lost.  I was hurried away by fury; revenge alone
+endowed me with strength and composure; it moulded my feelings and
+allowed me to be calculating and calm at periods when otherwise
+delirium or death would have been my portion.
+
+My first resolution was to quit Geneva for ever; my country, which, when I
+was happy and beloved, was dear to me, now, in my adversity, became
+hateful. I provided myself with a sum of money, together with a few jewels
+which had belonged to my mother, and departed.
+
+And now my wanderings began which are to cease but with life. I have
+traversed a vast portion of the earth and have endured all the hardships
+which travellers in deserts and barbarous countries are wont to meet. How I
+have lived I hardly know; many times have I stretched my failing limbs upon
+the sandy plain and prayed for death. But revenge kept me alive; I dared
+not die and leave my adversary in being.
+
+When I quitted Geneva my first labour was to gain some clue by which I
+might trace the steps of my fiendish enemy.  But my plan was unsettled,
+and I wandered many hours round the confines of the town, uncertain
+what path I should pursue.  As night approached I found myself at the
+entrance of the cemetery where William, Elizabeth, and my father
+reposed.  I entered it and approached the tomb which marked their
+graves.  Everything was silent except the leaves of the trees, which
+were gently agitated by the wind; the night was nearly dark, and the
+scene would have been solemn and affecting even to an uninterested
+observer.  The spirits of the departed seemed to flit around and to
+cast a shadow, which was felt but not seen, around the head of the
+mourner.
+
+The deep grief which this scene had at first excited quickly gave way to
+rage and despair. They were dead, and I lived; their murderer also lived,
+and to destroy him I must drag out my weary existence. I knelt on the grass
+and kissed the earth and with quivering lips exclaimed, “By the
+sacred earth on which I kneel, by the shades that wander near me, by the
+deep and eternal grief that I feel, I swear; and by thee, O Night, and the
+spirits that preside over thee, to pursue the dæmon who caused this misery,
+until he or I shall perish in mortal conflict. For this purpose I will
+preserve my life; to execute this dear revenge will I again behold the sun
+and tread the green herbage of earth, which otherwise should vanish from my
+eyes for ever. And I call on you, spirits of the dead, and on you, wandering
+ministers of vengeance, to aid and conduct me in my work. Let the cursed
+and hellish monster drink deep of agony; let him feel the despair that now
+torments me.”
+
+I had begun my adjuration with solemnity and an awe which almost assured me
+that the shades of my murdered friends heard and approved my devotion, but
+the furies possessed me as I concluded, and rage choked my utterance.
+
+I was answered through the stillness of night by a loud and fiendish
+laugh.  It rang on my ears long and heavily; the mountains re-echoed
+it, and I felt as if all hell surrounded me with mockery and laughter.
+Surely in that moment I should have been possessed by frenzy and have
+destroyed my miserable existence but that my vow was heard and that I
+was reserved for vengeance.  The laughter died away, when a well-known
+and abhorred voice, apparently close to my ear, addressed me in an
+audible whisper, “I am satisfied, miserable wretch!  You have
+determined to live, and I am satisfied.”
+
+I darted towards the spot from which the sound proceeded, but the devil
+eluded my grasp.  Suddenly the broad disk of the moon arose and shone
+full upon his ghastly and distorted shape as he fled with more than
+mortal speed.
+
+I pursued him, and for many months this has been my task.  Guided by a
+slight clue, I followed the windings of the Rhone, but vainly.  The
+blue Mediterranean appeared, and by a strange chance, I saw the fiend
+enter by night and hide himself in a vessel bound for the Black Sea.  I
+took my passage in the same ship, but he escaped, I know not how.
+
+Amidst the wilds of Tartary and Russia, although he still evaded me, I
+have ever followed in his track.  Sometimes the peasants, scared by
+this horrid apparition, informed me of his path; sometimes he himself,
+who feared that if I lost all trace of him I should despair and die,
+left some mark to guide me.  The snows descended on my head, and I saw
+the print of his huge step on the white plain.  To you first entering
+on life, to whom care is new and agony unknown, how can you understand
+what I have felt and still feel?  Cold, want, and fatigue were the
+least pains which I was destined to endure; I was cursed by some devil
+and carried about with me my eternal hell; yet still a spirit of good
+followed and directed my steps and when I most murmured would suddenly
+extricate me from seemingly insurmountable difficulties.  Sometimes,
+when nature, overcome by hunger, sank under the exhaustion, a repast
+was prepared for me in the desert that restored and inspirited me.  The
+fare was, indeed, coarse, such as the peasants of the country ate, but
+I will not doubt that it was set there by the spirits that I had
+invoked to aid me.  Often, when all was dry, the heavens cloudless, and
+I was parched by thirst, a slight cloud would bedim the sky, shed the
+few drops that revived me, and vanish.
+
+I followed, when I could, the courses of the rivers; but the dæmon
+generally avoided these, as it was here that the population of the
+country chiefly collected.  In other places human beings were seldom
+seen, and I generally subsisted on the wild animals that crossed my
+path.  I had money with me and gained the friendship of the villagers
+by distributing it; or I brought with me some food that I had killed,
+which, after taking a small part, I always presented to those who had
+provided me with fire and utensils for cooking.
+
+My life, as it passed thus, was indeed hateful to me, and it was during
+sleep alone that I could taste joy. O blessed sleep! Often, when most
+miserable, I sank to repose, and my dreams lulled me even to rapture. The
+spirits that guarded me had provided these moments, or rather hours, of
+happiness that I might retain strength to fulfil my pilgrimage. Deprived of
+this respite, I should have sunk under my hardships. During the day I was
+sustained and inspirited by the hope of night, for in sleep I saw my
+friends, my wife, and my beloved country; again I saw the benevolent
+countenance of my father, heard the silver tones of my Elizabeth’s
+voice, and beheld Clerval enjoying health and youth. Often, when wearied by
+a toilsome march, I persuaded myself that I was dreaming until night should
+come and that I should then enjoy reality in the arms of my dearest
+friends. What agonising fondness did I feel for them! How did I cling to
+their dear forms, as sometimes they haunted even my waking hours, and
+persuade myself that they still lived! At such moments vengeance, that
+burned within me, died in my heart, and I pursued my path towards the
+destruction of the dæmon more as a task enjoined by heaven, as the
+mechanical impulse of some power of which I was unconscious, than as the
+ardent desire of my soul.
+
+What his feelings were whom I pursued I cannot know. Sometimes, indeed, he
+left marks in writing on the barks of the trees or cut in stone that guided
+me and instigated my fury. “My reign is not yet
+over”—these words were legible in one of these
+inscriptions—“you live, and my power is complete. Follow me; I
+seek the everlasting ices of the north, where you will feel the misery of
+cold and frost, to which I am impassive. You will find near this place, if
+you follow not too tardily, a dead hare; eat and be refreshed. Come on, my
+enemy; we have yet to wrestle for our lives, but many hard and miserable
+hours must you endure until that period shall arrive.”
+
+Scoffing devil!  Again do I vow vengeance; again do I devote thee,
+miserable fiend, to torture and death.  Never will I give up my search
+until he or I perish; and then with what ecstasy shall I join my
+Elizabeth and my departed friends, who even now prepare for me the
+reward of my tedious toil and horrible pilgrimage!
+
+As I still pursued my journey to the northward, the snows thickened and the
+cold increased in a degree almost too severe to support. The peasants were
+shut up in their hovels, and only a few of the most hardy ventured forth to
+seize the animals whom starvation had forced from their hiding-places to
+seek for prey. The rivers were covered with ice, and no fish could be
+procured; and thus I was cut off from my chief article of maintenance.
+
+The triumph of my enemy increased with the difficulty of my labours. One
+inscription that he left was in these words: “Prepare! Your toils
+only begin; wrap yourself in furs and provide food, for we shall soon enter
+upon a journey where your sufferings will satisfy my everlasting
+hatred.”
+
+My courage and perseverance were invigorated by these scoffing words; I
+resolved not to fail in my purpose, and calling on Heaven to support
+me, I continued with unabated fervour to traverse immense deserts,
+until the ocean appeared at a distance and formed the utmost boundary
+of the horizon.  Oh!  How unlike it was to the blue seasons of the
+south!  Covered with ice, it was only to be distinguished from land by
+its superior wildness and ruggedness.  The Greeks wept for joy when
+they beheld the Mediterranean from the hills of Asia, and hailed with
+rapture the boundary of their toils.  I did not weep, but I knelt down
+and with a full heart thanked my guiding spirit for conducting me in
+safety to the place where I hoped, notwithstanding my adversary’s gibe,
+to meet and grapple with him.
+
+Some weeks before this period I had procured a sledge and dogs and thus
+traversed the snows with inconceivable speed.  I know not whether the
+fiend possessed the same advantages, but I found that, as before I had
+daily lost ground in the pursuit, I now gained on him, so much so that
+when I first saw the ocean he was but one day’s journey in advance, and
+I hoped to intercept him before he should reach the beach.  With new
+courage, therefore, I pressed on, and in two days arrived at a wretched
+hamlet on the seashore.  I inquired of the inhabitants concerning the
+fiend and gained accurate information.  A gigantic monster, they said,
+had arrived the night before, armed with a gun and many pistols,
+putting to flight the inhabitants of a solitary cottage through fear of
+his terrific appearance.  He had carried off their store of winter
+food, and placing it in a sledge, to draw which he had seized on a
+numerous drove of trained dogs, he had harnessed them, and the same
+night, to the joy of the horror-struck villagers, had pursued his
+journey across the sea in a direction that led to no land; and they
+conjectured that he must speedily be destroyed by the breaking of the
+ice or frozen by the eternal  frosts.
+
+On hearing this information I suffered a temporary access of despair.
+He had escaped me, and I must commence a destructive and almost endless
+journey across the mountainous ices of the ocean, amidst cold that few
+of the inhabitants could long endure and which I, the native of a
+genial and sunny climate, could not hope to survive.  Yet at the idea
+that the fiend should live and be triumphant, my rage and vengeance
+returned, and like a mighty tide, overwhelmed every other feeling.
+After a slight repose, during which the spirits of the dead hovered
+round and instigated me to toil and revenge, I prepared for my journey.
+
+I exchanged my land-sledge for one fashioned for the inequalities of
+the Frozen Ocean, and purchasing a plentiful stock of provisions, I
+departed from land.
+
+I cannot guess how many days have passed since then, but I have endured
+misery which nothing but the eternal sentiment of a just retribution
+burning within my heart could have enabled me to support.  Immense and
+rugged mountains of ice often barred up my passage, and I often heard
+the thunder of the ground sea, which threatened my destruction.  But
+again the frost came and made the paths of the sea secure.
+
+By the quantity of provision which I had consumed, I should guess that
+I had passed three weeks in this journey; and the continual protraction
+of hope, returning back upon the heart, often wrung bitter drops of
+despondency and grief from my eyes.  Despair had indeed almost secured
+her prey, and I should soon have sunk beneath this misery.  Once, after
+the poor animals that conveyed me had with incredible toil gained the
+summit of a sloping ice mountain, and one, sinking under his fatigue,
+died, I viewed the expanse before me with anguish, when suddenly my eye
+caught a dark speck upon the dusky plain.  I strained my sight to
+discover what it could be and uttered a wild cry of ecstasy when I
+distinguished a sledge and the distorted proportions of a well-known
+form within.  Oh!  With what a burning gush did hope revisit my heart!
+Warm tears filled my eyes, which I hastily wiped away, that they might
+not intercept the view I had of the dæmon; but still my sight was
+dimmed by the burning drops, until, giving way to the emotions that
+oppressed me, I wept aloud.
+
+But this was not the time for delay; I disencumbered the dogs of their
+dead companion, gave them a plentiful portion of food, and after an
+hour’s rest, which was absolutely necessary, and yet which was bitterly
+irksome to me, I continued my route.  The sledge was still visible, nor
+did I again lose sight of it except at the moments when for a short
+time some ice-rock concealed it with its intervening crags.  I indeed
+perceptibly gained on it, and when, after nearly two days’ journey, I
+beheld my enemy at no more than a mile distant, my heart bounded within
+me.
+
+But now, when I appeared almost within grasp of my foe, my hopes were
+suddenly extinguished, and I lost all trace of him more utterly than I had
+ever done before. A ground sea was heard; the thunder of its progress, as
+the waters rolled and swelled beneath me, became every moment more ominous
+and terrific. I pressed on, but in vain. The wind arose; the sea roared;
+and, as with the mighty shock of an earthquake, it split and cracked with a
+tremendous and overwhelming sound. The work was soon finished; in a few
+minutes a tumultuous sea rolled between me and my enemy, and I was left
+drifting on a scattered piece of ice that was continually lessening and
+thus preparing for me a hideous death.
+
+In this manner many appalling hours passed; several of my dogs died, and I
+myself was about to sink under the accumulation of distress when I saw your
+vessel riding at anchor and holding forth to me hopes of succour and life.
+I had no conception that vessels ever came so far north and was astounded
+at the sight. I quickly destroyed part of my sledge to construct oars, and
+by these means was enabled, with infinite fatigue, to move my ice raft in
+the direction of your ship. I had determined, if you were going southwards,
+still to trust myself to the mercy of the seas rather than abandon my
+purpose. I hoped to induce you to grant me a boat with which I could pursue
+my enemy. But your direction was northwards. You took me on board when my
+vigour was exhausted, and I should soon have sunk under my multiplied
+hardships into a death which I still dread, for my task is unfulfilled.
+
+Oh!  When will my guiding spirit, in conducting me to the dæmon, allow
+me the rest I so much desire; or must I die, and he yet live?  If I do,
+swear to me, Walton, that he shall not escape, that you will seek him
+and satisfy my vengeance in his death.  And do I dare to ask of you to
+undertake my pilgrimage, to endure the hardships that I have undergone?
+No; I am not so selfish.  Yet, when I am dead, if he should appear, if
+the ministers of vengeance should conduct him to you, swear that he
+shall not live—swear that he shall not triumph over my accumulated
+woes and survive to add to the list of his dark crimes.  He is eloquent
+and persuasive, and once his words had even power over my heart; but
+trust him not.  His soul is as hellish as his form, full of treachery
+and fiend-like malice.  Hear him not; call on the names of William,
+Justine, Clerval, Elizabeth, my father, and of the wretched Victor, and
+thrust your sword into his heart.  I will hover near and direct the
+steel aright.
+
+Walton, _in continuation._
+
+
+August 26th, 17—.
+
+
+You have read this strange and terrific story, Margaret; and do you not
+feel your blood congeal with horror, like that which even now curdles
+mine?  Sometimes, seized with sudden agony, he could not continue his
+tale; at others, his voice broken, yet piercing, uttered with
+difficulty the words so replete with anguish.  His fine and lovely eyes
+were now lighted up with indignation, now subdued to downcast sorrow
+and quenched in infinite wretchedness.  Sometimes he commanded his
+countenance and tones and related the most horrible incidents with a
+tranquil voice, suppressing every mark of agitation; then, like a
+volcano bursting forth, his face would suddenly change to an expression
+of the wildest rage as he shrieked out imprecations on his persecutor.
+
+His tale is connected and told with an appearance of the simplest truth,
+yet I own to you that the letters of Felix and Safie, which he showed me,
+and the apparition of the monster seen from our ship, brought to me a
+greater conviction of the truth of his narrative than his asseverations,
+however earnest and connected. Such a monster has, then, really existence!
+I cannot doubt it, yet I am lost in surprise and admiration. Sometimes I
+endeavoured to gain from Frankenstein the particulars of his
+creature’s formation, but on this point he was impenetrable.
+
+“Are you mad, my friend?” said he. “Or whither does your
+senseless curiosity lead you? Would you also create for yourself and the
+world a demoniacal enemy? Peace, peace! Learn my miseries and do not seek
+to increase your own.”
+
+Frankenstein discovered that I made notes concerning his history; he asked
+to see them and then himself corrected and augmented them in many places,
+but principally in giving the life and spirit to the conversations he held
+with his enemy. “Since you have preserved my narration,” said
+he, “I would not that a mutilated one should go down to
+posterity.”
+
+Thus has a week passed away, while I have listened to the strangest
+tale that ever imagination formed.  My thoughts and every feeling of my
+soul have been drunk up by the interest for my guest which this tale
+and his own elevated and gentle manners have created.  I wish to soothe
+him, yet can I counsel one so infinitely miserable, so destitute of
+every hope of consolation, to live?  Oh, no!  The only joy that he can
+now know will be when he composes his shattered spirit to peace and
+death.  Yet he enjoys one comfort, the offspring of solitude and
+delirium; he believes that when in dreams he holds converse with his
+friends and derives from that communion consolation for his miseries or
+excitements to his vengeance, that they are not the creations of his
+fancy, but the beings themselves who visit him from the regions of a
+remote world.  This faith gives a solemnity to his reveries that render
+them to me almost as imposing and interesting as truth.
+
+Our conversations are not always confined to his own history and
+misfortunes.  On every point of general literature he displays
+unbounded knowledge and a quick and piercing apprehension.  His
+eloquence is forcible and touching; nor can I hear him, when he relates
+a pathetic incident or endeavours to move the passions of pity or love,
+without tears.  What a glorious creature must he have been in the days
+of his prosperity, when he is thus noble and godlike in ruin!  He seems
+to feel his own worth and the greatness of his fall.
+
+“When younger,” said he, “I believed myself destined for
+some great enterprise. My feelings are profound, but I possessed a coolness
+of judgment that fitted me for illustrious achievements. This sentiment of
+the worth of my nature supported me when others would have been oppressed,
+for I deemed it criminal to throw away in useless grief those talents that
+might be useful to my fellow creatures. When I reflected on the work I had
+completed, no less a one than the creation of a sensitive and rational
+animal, I could not rank myself with the herd of common projectors. But
+this thought, which supported me in the commencement of my career, now
+serves only to plunge me lower in the dust. All my speculations and hopes
+are as nothing, and like the archangel who aspired to omnipotence, I am
+chained in an eternal hell. My imagination was vivid, yet my powers of
+analysis and application were intense; by the union of these qualities I
+conceived the idea and executed the creation of a man. Even now I cannot
+recollect without passion my reveries while the work was incomplete. I trod
+heaven in my thoughts, now exulting in my powers, now burning with the idea
+of their effects. From my infancy I was imbued with high hopes and a lofty
+ambition; but how am I sunk! Oh! My friend, if you had known me as I once
+was, you would not recognise me in this state of degradation. Despondency
+rarely visited my heart; a high destiny seemed to bear me on, until I fell,
+never, never again to rise.”
+
+Must I then lose this admirable being? I have longed for a friend; I have
+sought one who would sympathise with and love me. Behold, on these desert
+seas I have found such a one, but I fear I have gained him only to know his
+value and lose him. I would reconcile him to life, but he repulses the idea.
+
+“I thank you, Walton,” he said, “for your kind intentions towards so
+miserable a wretch; but when you speak of new ties and fresh
+affections, think you that any can replace those who are gone?  Can any
+man be to me as Clerval was, or any woman another Elizabeth?  Even
+where the affections are not strongly moved by any superior excellence,
+the companions of our childhood always possess a certain power over our
+minds which hardly any later friend can obtain.  They know our
+infantine dispositions, which, however they may be afterwards modified,
+are never eradicated; and they can judge of our actions with more
+certain conclusions as to the integrity of our motives.  A sister or a
+brother can never, unless indeed such symptoms have been shown early,
+suspect the other of fraud or false dealing, when another friend,
+however strongly he may be attached, may, in spite of himself, be
+contemplated with suspicion.  But I enjoyed friends, dear not only
+through habit and association, but from their own merits; and wherever
+I am, the soothing voice of my Elizabeth and the conversation of
+Clerval will be ever whispered in my ear. They are dead, and but one
+feeling in such a solitude can persuade me to preserve my life.  If I
+were engaged in any high undertaking or design, fraught with extensive
+utility to my fellow creatures, then could I live to fulfil it.  But
+such is not my destiny; I must pursue and destroy the being to whom I
+gave existence; then my lot on earth will be fulfilled and I may die.”
+
+My beloved Sister,
+
+September 2d.
+
+
+I write to you, encompassed by peril and ignorant whether I am ever
+doomed to see again dear England and the dearer friends that inhabit
+it.  I am surrounded by mountains of ice which admit of no escape and
+threaten every moment to crush my vessel.  The brave fellows whom I
+have persuaded to be my companions look towards me for aid, but I have
+none to bestow.  There is something terribly appalling in our
+situation, yet my courage and hopes do not desert me.  Yet it is
+terrible to reflect that the lives of all these men are endangered
+through me.  If we are lost, my mad schemes are the cause.
+
+And what, Margaret, will be the state of your mind? You will not hear of my
+destruction, and you will anxiously await my return. Years will pass, and
+you will have visitings of despair and yet be tortured by hope. Oh! My
+beloved sister, the sickening failing of your heart-felt expectations is,
+in prospect, more terrible to me than my own death. But you have a husband
+and lovely children; you may be happy. Heaven bless you and make you so!
+
+My unfortunate guest regards me with the tenderest compassion.  He
+endeavours to fill me with hope and talks as if life were a possession
+which he valued.  He reminds me how often the same accidents have
+happened to other navigators who have attempted this sea, and in spite
+of myself, he fills me with cheerful auguries.  Even the sailors feel
+the power of his eloquence; when he speaks, they no longer despair; he
+rouses their energies, and while they hear his voice they believe these
+vast mountains of ice are mole-hills which will vanish before the
+resolutions of man.  These feelings are transitory; each day of
+expectation delayed fills them with fear, and I almost dread a mutiny
+caused by this despair.
+
+September 5th.
+
+
+A scene has just passed of such uncommon interest that, although it is
+highly probable that these papers may never reach you, yet I cannot
+forbear recording it.
+
+We are still surrounded by mountains of ice, still in imminent danger
+of being crushed in their conflict.  The cold is excessive, and many of
+my unfortunate comrades have already found a grave amidst this scene of
+desolation.  Frankenstein has daily declined in health; a feverish fire
+still glimmers in his eyes, but he is exhausted, and when suddenly
+roused to any exertion, he speedily sinks again into apparent
+lifelessness.
+
+I mentioned in my last letter the fears I entertained of a mutiny.
+This morning, as I sat watching the wan countenance of my friend—his
+eyes half closed and his limbs hanging listlessly—I was roused by half
+a dozen of the sailors, who demanded admission into the cabin.  They
+entered, and their leader addressed me.  He told me that he and his
+companions had been chosen by the other sailors to come in deputation
+to me to make me a requisition which, in justice, I could not refuse.
+We were immured in ice and should probably never escape, but they
+feared that if, as was possible, the ice should dissipate and a free
+passage be opened, I should be rash enough to continue my voyage and
+lead them into fresh dangers, after they might happily have surmounted
+this.  They insisted, therefore, that I should engage with a solemn
+promise that if the vessel should be freed I would instantly direct my
+course southwards.
+
+This speech troubled me.  I had not despaired, nor had I yet conceived
+the idea of returning if set free.  Yet could I, in justice, or even in
+possibility, refuse this demand?  I hesitated before I answered, when
+Frankenstein, who had at first been silent, and indeed appeared hardly
+to have force enough to attend, now roused himself; his eyes sparkled,
+and his cheeks flushed with momentary vigour.  Turning towards the men,
+he said,
+
+“What do you mean? What do you demand of your captain? Are you, then,
+so easily turned from your design? Did you not call this a glorious
+expedition? “And wherefore was it glorious? Not because the way was
+smooth and placid as a southern sea, but because it was full of dangers and
+terror, because at every new incident your fortitude was to be called forth
+and your courage exhibited, because danger and death surrounded it, and
+these you were to brave and overcome. For this was it a glorious, for this
+was it an honourable undertaking. You were hereafter to be hailed as the
+benefactors of your species, your names adored as belonging to brave men
+who encountered death for honour and the benefit of mankind. And now,
+behold, with the first imagination of danger, or, if you will, the first
+mighty and terrific trial of your courage, you shrink away and are content
+to be handed down as men who had not strength enough to endure cold and
+peril; and so, poor souls, they were chilly and returned to their warm
+firesides. Why, that requires not this preparation; ye need not have come
+thus far and dragged your captain to the shame of a defeat merely to prove
+yourselves cowards. Oh! Be men, or be more than men. Be steady to your
+purposes and firm as a rock. This ice is not made of such stuff as your
+hearts may be; it is mutable and cannot withstand you if you say that it
+shall not. Do not return to your families with the stigma of disgrace
+marked on your brows. Return as heroes who have fought and conquered and
+who know not what it is to turn their backs on the foe.”
+
+He spoke this with a voice so modulated to the different feelings expressed
+in his speech, with an eye so full of lofty design and heroism, that can
+you wonder that these men were moved? They looked at one another and were
+unable to reply. I spoke; I told them to retire and consider of what had
+been said, that I would not lead them farther north if they strenuously
+desired the contrary, but that I hoped that, with reflection, their courage
+would return.
+
+They retired and I turned towards my friend, but he was sunk in languor and
+almost deprived of life.
+
+How all this will terminate, I know not, but I had rather die than
+return shamefully, my purpose unfulfilled.  Yet I fear such will be my
+fate; the men, unsupported by ideas of glory and honour, can never
+willingly continue to endure their present hardships.
+
+September 7th.
+
+
+The die is cast; I have consented to return if we are not destroyed.
+Thus are my hopes blasted by cowardice and indecision; I come back
+ignorant and disappointed.  It requires more philosophy than I possess
+to bear this injustice with patience.
+
+September 12th.
+
+
+It is past; I am returning to England.  I have lost my hopes of utility
+and glory; I have lost my friend.  But I will endeavour to detail these
+bitter circumstances to you, my dear sister; and while I am wafted
+towards England and towards you, I will not despond.
+
+September 9th, the ice began to move, and roarings like thunder were heard
+at a distance as the islands split and cracked in every direction. We were
+in the most imminent peril, but as we could only remain passive, my chief
+attention was occupied by my unfortunate guest whose illness increased in
+such a degree that he was entirely confined to his bed. The ice cracked
+behind us and was driven with force towards the north; a breeze sprang from
+the west, and on the 11th the passage towards the south became perfectly
+free. When the sailors saw this and that their return to their native
+country was apparently assured, a shout of tumultuous joy broke from them,
+loud and long-continued. Frankenstein, who was dozing, awoke and asked the
+cause of the tumult. “They shout,” I said, “because they
+will soon return to England.”
+
+“Do you, then, really return?”
+
+“Alas!  Yes; I cannot withstand their demands.  I cannot lead them
+unwillingly to danger, and I must return.”
+
+“Do so, if you will; but I will not.  You may give up your purpose, but
+mine is assigned to me by Heaven, and I dare not.  I am weak, but
+surely the spirits who assist my vengeance will endow me with
+sufficient strength.”  Saying this, he endeavoured to spring from the
+bed, but the exertion was too great for him; he fell back and fainted.
+
+It was long before he was restored, and I often thought that life was
+entirely extinct.  At length he opened his eyes; he breathed with
+difficulty and was unable to speak.  The surgeon gave him a composing
+draught and ordered us to leave him undisturbed. In the meantime he
+told me that my friend had certainly not many hours to live.
+
+His sentence was pronounced, and I could only grieve and be patient. I sat
+by his bed, watching him; his eyes were closed, and I thought he slept; but
+presently he called to me in a feeble voice, and bidding me come near,
+said, “Alas! The strength I relied on is gone; I feel that I shall
+soon die, and he, my enemy and persecutor, may still be in being. Think
+not, Walton, that in the last moments of my existence I feel that burning
+hatred and ardent desire of revenge I once expressed; but I feel myself
+justified in desiring the death of my adversary. During these last days I
+have been occupied in examining my past conduct; nor do I find it blamable.
+In a fit of enthusiastic madness I created a rational creature and was
+bound towards him to assure, as far as was in my power, his happiness and
+well-being. This was my duty, but there was another still paramount to
+that. My duties towards the beings of my own species had greater claims to
+my attention because they included a greater proportion of happiness or
+misery. Urged by this view, I refused, and I did right in refusing, to
+create a companion for the first creature. He showed unparalleled malignity
+and selfishness in evil; he destroyed my friends; he devoted to destruction
+beings who possessed exquisite sensations, happiness, and wisdom; nor do I
+know where this thirst for vengeance may end. Miserable himself that he may
+render no other wretched, he ought to die. The task of his destruction was
+mine, but I have failed. When actuated by selfish and vicious motives, I
+asked you to undertake my unfinished work, and I renew this request now,
+when I am only induced by reason and virtue.
+
+“Yet I cannot ask you to renounce your country and friends to fulfil
+this task; and now that you are returning to England, you will have
+little chance of meeting with him.  But the consideration of these
+points, and the well balancing of what you may esteem your duties, I
+leave to you; my judgment and ideas are already disturbed by the near
+approach of death.  I dare not ask you to do what I think right, for I
+may still be misled by passion.
+
+“That he should live to be an instrument of mischief disturbs me; in
+other respects, this hour, when I momentarily expect my release, is the
+only happy one which I have enjoyed for several years.  The forms of
+the beloved dead flit before me, and I hasten to their arms.  Farewell,
+Walton!  Seek happiness in tranquillity and avoid ambition, even if it
+be only the apparently innocent one of distinguishing yourself in
+science and discoveries.  Yet why do I say this?  I have myself been
+blasted in these hopes, yet another may succeed.”
+
+His voice became fainter as he spoke, and at length, exhausted by his
+effort, he sank into silence.  About half an hour afterwards he
+attempted again to speak but was unable; he pressed my hand feebly, and
+his eyes closed for ever, while the irradiation of a gentle smile passed
+away from his lips.
+
+Margaret, what comment can I make on the untimely extinction of this
+glorious spirit?  What can I say that will enable you to understand the
+depth of my sorrow?  All that I should express would be inadequate and
+feeble.  My tears flow; my mind is overshadowed by a cloud of
+disappointment.  But I journey towards England, and I may there find
+consolation.
+
+I am interrupted.  What do these sounds portend?  It is midnight; the
+breeze blows fairly, and the watch on deck scarcely stir.  Again there
+is a sound as of a human voice, but hoarser; it comes from the cabin
+where the remains of Frankenstein still lie.  I must arise and examine.
+Good night, my sister.
+
+Great God! what a scene has just taken place! I am yet dizzy with the
+remembrance of it. I hardly know whether I shall have the power to detail
+it; yet the tale which I have recorded would be incomplete without this
+final and wonderful catastrophe.
+
+I entered the cabin where lay the remains of my ill-fated and admirable
+friend. Over him hung a form which I cannot find words to
+describe—gigantic in stature, yet uncouth and distorted in its
+proportions. As he hung over the coffin, his face was concealed by long
+locks of ragged hair; but one vast hand was extended, in colour and
+apparent texture like that of a mummy. When he heard the sound of my
+approach, he ceased to utter exclamations of grief and horror and sprung
+towards the window. Never did I behold a vision so horrible as his face, of
+such loathsome yet appalling hideousness. I shut my eyes involuntarily and
+endeavoured to recollect what were my duties with regard to this destroyer.
+I called on him to stay.
+
+He paused, looking on me with wonder, and again turning towards the
+lifeless form of his creator, he seemed to forget my presence, and
+every feature and gesture seemed instigated by the wildest rage of some
+uncontrollable passion.
+
+“That is also my victim!” he exclaimed. “In his murder my
+crimes are consummated; the miserable series of my being is wound to its
+close! Oh, Frankenstein! Generous and self-devoted being! What does it
+avail that I now ask thee to pardon me? I, who irretrievably destroyed thee
+by destroying all thou lovedst. Alas! He is cold, he cannot answer
+me.”
+
+His voice seemed suffocated, and my first impulses, which had suggested to
+me the duty of obeying the dying request of my friend in destroying his
+enemy, were now suspended by a mixture of curiosity and compassion. I
+approached this tremendous being; I dared not again raise my eyes to his
+face, there was something so scaring and unearthly in his ugliness. I
+attempted to speak, but the words died away on my lips. The monster
+continued to utter wild and incoherent self-reproaches. At length I
+gathered resolution to address him in a pause of the tempest of his passion.
+
+“Your repentance,” I said, “is now superfluous. If you
+had listened to the voice of conscience and heeded the stings of remorse
+before you had urged your diabolical vengeance to this extremity,
+Frankenstein would yet have lived.”
+
+“And do you dream?” said the dæmon.  “Do you think that I was then
+dead to agony and remorse?  He,” he continued, pointing to the corpse,
+“he suffered not in the consummation of the deed. Oh!  Not the
+ten-thousandth portion of the anguish that was mine during the
+lingering detail of its execution.  A frightful selfishness hurried me
+on, while my heart was poisoned with remorse.  Think you that the
+groans of Clerval were music to my ears?  My heart was fashioned to be
+susceptible of love and sympathy, and when wrenched by misery to vice
+and hatred, it did not endure the violence of the change without
+torture such as you cannot even imagine.
+
+“After the murder of Clerval I returned to Switzerland, heart-broken
+and overcome.  I pitied Frankenstein; my pity amounted to horror; I
+abhorred myself.  But when I discovered that he, the author at once of
+my existence and of its unspeakable torments, dared to hope for
+happiness, that while he accumulated wretchedness and despair upon me
+he sought his own enjoyment in feelings and passions from the
+indulgence of which I was for ever barred, then impotent envy and bitter
+indignation filled me with an insatiable thirst for vengeance.  I
+recollected my threat and resolved that it should be accomplished.  I
+knew that I was preparing for myself a deadly torture, but I was the
+slave, not the master, of an impulse which I detested yet could not
+disobey.  Yet when she died!  Nay, then I was not miserable.  I had
+cast off all feeling, subdued all anguish, to riot in the excess of my
+despair.  Evil thenceforth became my good.  Urged thus far, I had no
+choice but to adapt my nature to an element which I had willingly
+chosen.  The completion of my demoniacal design became an insatiable
+passion.  And now it is ended; there is my last victim!”
+
+I was at first touched by the expressions of his misery; yet, when I called
+to mind what Frankenstein had said of his powers of eloquence and
+persuasion, and when I again cast my eyes on the lifeless form of my
+friend, indignation was rekindled within me. “Wretch!” I said.
+“It is well that you come here to whine over the desolation that you
+have made. You throw a torch into a pile of buildings, and when they are
+consumed, you sit among the ruins and lament the fall. Hypocritical fiend!
+If he whom you mourn still lived, still would he be the object, again would
+he become the prey, of your accursed vengeance. It is not pity that you
+feel; you lament only because the victim of your malignity is withdrawn
+from your power.”
+
+“Oh, it is not thus—not thus,” interrupted the being.
+“Yet such must be the impression conveyed to you by what appears to
+be the purport of my actions. Yet I seek not a fellow feeling in my misery.
+No sympathy may I ever find. When I first sought it, it was the love of
+virtue, the feelings of happiness and affection with which my whole being
+overflowed, that I wished to be participated. But now that virtue has
+become to me a shadow, and that happiness and affection are turned into
+bitter and loathing despair, in what should I seek for sympathy? I am
+content to suffer alone while my sufferings shall endure; when I die, I am
+well satisfied that abhorrence and opprobrium should load my memory. Once
+my fancy was soothed with dreams of virtue, of fame, and of enjoyment. Once
+I falsely hoped to meet with beings who, pardoning my outward form, would
+love me for the excellent qualities which I was capable of unfolding. I was
+nourished with high thoughts of honour and devotion. But now crime has
+degraded me beneath the meanest animal. No guilt, no mischief, no
+malignity, no misery, can be found comparable to mine. When I run over the
+frightful catalogue of my sins, I cannot believe that I am the same
+creature whose thoughts were once filled with sublime and transcendent
+visions of the beauty and the majesty of goodness. But it is even so; the
+fallen angel becomes a malignant devil. Yet even that enemy of God and man
+had friends and associates in his desolation; I am alone.
+
+“You, who call Frankenstein your friend, seem to have a knowledge of my
+crimes and his misfortunes. But in the detail which he gave you of them
+he could not sum up the hours and months of misery which I endured
+wasting in impotent passions. For while I destroyed his hopes, I did
+not satisfy my own desires. They were for ever ardent and craving; still
+I desired love and fellowship, and I was still spurned.  Was there no
+injustice in this? Am I to be thought the only criminal, when all
+humankind sinned against me? Why do you not hate Felix, who drove his
+friend from his door with contumely? Why do you not execrate the rustic
+who sought to destroy the saviour of his child? Nay, these are virtuous
+and immaculate beings! I, the miserable and the abandoned, am an
+abortion, to be spurned at, and kicked, and trampled on. Even now my
+blood boils at the recollection of this injustice.
+
+“But it is true that I am a wretch. I have murdered the lovely and
+the helpless; I have strangled the innocent as they slept and grasped to
+death his throat who never injured me or any other living thing. I have
+devoted my creator, the select specimen of all that is worthy of love and
+admiration among men, to misery; I have pursued him even to that
+irremediable ruin. There he lies, white and cold in death. You hate me, but
+your abhorrence cannot equal that with which I regard myself. I look on the
+hands which executed the deed; I think on the heart in which the
+imagination of it was conceived and long for the moment when these hands
+will meet my eyes, when that imagination will haunt my thoughts no more.
+
+“Fear not that I shall be the instrument of future mischief. My work
+is nearly complete. Neither yours nor any man’s death is needed to
+consummate the series of my being and accomplish that which must be done,
+but it requires my own. Do not think that I shall be slow to perform this
+sacrifice. I shall quit your vessel on the ice raft which brought me
+thither and shall seek the most northern extremity of the globe; I shall
+collect my funeral pile and consume to ashes this miserable frame, that its
+remains may afford no light to any curious and unhallowed wretch who would
+create such another as I have been. I shall die. I shall no longer feel the
+agonies which now consume me or be the prey of feelings unsatisfied, yet
+unquenched. He is dead who called me into being; and when I shall be no
+more, the very remembrance of us both will speedily vanish. I shall no
+longer see the sun or stars or feel the winds play on my cheeks. Light,
+feeling, and sense will pass away; and in this condition must I find my
+happiness. Some years ago, when the images which this world affords first
+opened upon me, when I felt the cheering warmth of summer and heard the
+rustling of the leaves and the warbling of the birds, and these were all to
+me, I should have wept to die; now it is my only consolation. Polluted by
+crimes and torn by the bitterest remorse, where can I find rest but in
+death?
+
+“Farewell!  I leave you, and in you the last of humankind whom these
+eyes will ever behold. Farewell, Frankenstein! If thou wert yet alive
+and yet cherished a desire of revenge against me, it would be better
+satiated in my life than in my destruction. But it was not so; thou
+didst seek my extinction, that I might not cause greater wretchedness;
+and if yet, in some mode unknown to me, thou hadst not ceased to think
+and feel, thou wouldst not desire against me a vengeance greater than
+that which I feel. Blasted as thou wert, my agony was still superior to
+thine, for the bitter sting of remorse will not cease to rankle in my
+wounds until death shall close them for ever.
+
+“But soon,” he cried with sad and solemn enthusiasm, “I
+shall die, and what I now feel be no longer felt. Soon these burning
+miseries will be extinct. I shall ascend my funeral pile triumphantly and
+exult in the agony of the torturing flames. The light of that conflagration
+will fade away; my ashes will be swept into the sea by the winds. My spirit
+will sleep in peace, or if it thinks, it will not surely think thus.
+Farewell.”
+
+He sprang from the cabin-window as he said this, upon the ice raft
+which lay close to the vessel.  He was soon borne away by the waves and
+lost in darkness and distance.
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Frankenstein, by
+Mary Wollstonecraft (Godwin) Shelley
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diff --git a/notebooks/genefinder-going-beyond.ipynb b/notebooks/genefinder-going-beyond.ipynb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5bb56771..00000000
--- a/notebooks/genefinder-going-beyond.ipynb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,269 +0,0 @@
-{
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "# GeneFinder solutions – Going Beyond"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "This notebook contains solutions for *some* of the Going Beyond extension to the GeneFinder project. It is a supplement to [GeneFinder solutions](/notes/genefinder-solutions.md)."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Metagenomics"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "from load import load_nitrogenase_seq, load_metagenome\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def find_longest_common_substring_length(s1, s2):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Return the length of the longest common substring of `s1` and `s2`.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    Examples\n",
-    "    --------\n",
-    "    >>> find_longest_common_substring_length('abc', 'xaz')\n",
-    "    1\n",
-    "    >>> find_longest_common_substring_length('abc', 'xabz')\n",
-    "    2\n",
-    "    >>> find_longest_common_substring_length('abc', 'xabcz')\n",
-    "    3\n",
-    "    >>> find_longest_common_substring_length('abc', 'xyabcz')\n",
-    "    3\n",
-    "    >>> find_longest_common_substring_length('abc', 'abcz')\n",
-    "    3\n",
-    "    >>> find_longest_common_substring_length('abc', 'xyabc')\n",
-    "    3\n",
-    "    >>> find_longest_common_substring_length('abc', 'xyz')\n",
-    "    0\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    longest_len = 0\n",
-    "    for i1 in range(len(s1)):\n",
-    "        for i2 in range(len(s2)):\n",
-    "            offset = 0\n",
-    "            while i1 + offset < len(s1) and i2 + offset < len(s2) and s1[i1 + offset] == s2[i2 + offset]:\n",
-    "                offset += 1\n",
-    "            longest_len = max(longest_len, offset)\n",
-    "    return longest_len\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def find_snippet_with_greatest_overlap(target_sequence, snippets):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Return the name of the snippet whose sequence has the greatest overlap with target_sequence.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    Arguments\n",
-    "    ---------\n",
-    "    snippets : list\n",
-    "        A list of tuples of (snippet_name, sequence).\n",
-    "    target_sequence : str\n",
-    "        The nucleotide sequence\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    Examples\n",
-    "    --------\n",
-    "    >>> snippets = [('1', 'AG'), ('2', 'AGAGAG'), ('3', 'ATAGA')]\n",
-    "    >>> find_snippet_with_greatest_overlap('TAG', snippets)\n",
-    "    '3'\n",
-    "    >>> find_snippet_with_greatest_overlap('AGAG', snippets)\n",
-    "    '2'\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    snippet_name, _ = max(snippets, key=lambda snippet: find_longest_common_substring_length(snippet[1], target_sequence))\n",
-    "    return snippet_name\n",
-    "\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def main():\n",
-    "    nitrogenase = load_nitrogenase_seq()\n",
-    "    metagenome = load_metagenome()\n",
-    "    print find_snippet_with_greatest_overlap(nitrogenase, metagenome)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "\n",
-    "if __name__ == \"__main__\":\n",
-    "    import sys\n",
-    "    if len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1] == 'test':\n",
-    "        import doctest\n",
-    "        doctest.testmod()\n",
-    "    else:\n",
-    "        main()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Multiprocessing"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "This section includes variant implementations of `longest_ORF_noncoding`. From top to bottom, they increase in concision, and make increasing use of list comprehensions."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "from multiprocessing import Pool\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def longest_ORF_noncoding(dna, num_trials):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Compute the maximum length of the longest ORF over num_trials shuffles of the specified sequence.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Arguments\n",
-    "    ---------\n",
-    "    dna : string\n",
-    "        A DNA sequence.\n",
-    "    num_trials : int\n",
-    "        The number of random shuffles.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Returns\n",
-    "    -------\n",
-    "    int\n",
-    "        The maximum length longest ORF\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Examples\n",
-    "    --------\n",
-    "    >>> random.seed(1)\n",
-    "    >>> longest_ORF_noncoding(\"ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA\", 100)\n",
-    "    19\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    p = Pool()\n",
-    "    shuffles = []\n",
-    "    for _ in range(num_trials):\n",
-    "        shuffles.append(shuffle_string(dna))\n",
-    "    orfs = p.map(longest_ORF, shuffles)\n",
-    "    n = 0\n",
-    "    for orf in orfs:\n",
-    "        if len(orf) > n:\n",
-    "            n = len(orf)\n",
-    "    return n"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "from multiprocessing import Pool\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def longest_ORF_noncoding(dna, num_trials):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> random.seed(1)\n",
-    "    >>> longest_ORF_noncoding(\"ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA\", 100)\n",
-    "    19\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    p = Pool()\n",
-    "    shuffles = []\n",
-    "    for _ in range(num_trials):\n",
-    "        shuffles.append(shuffle_string(dna))\n",
-    "    n = 0\n",
-    "    for orf in p.map(longest_ORF, shuffles):\n",
-    "        if orf:\n",
-    "            n = max(n, len(orf))\n",
-    "    return n"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "from multiprocessing import Pool\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def longest_ORF_noncoding(dna, num_trials):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> random.seed(1)\n",
-    "    >>> longest_ORF_noncoding(\"ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA\", 100)\n",
-    "    19\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    p = Pool()\n",
-    "    shuffles = [shuffles.append(shuffle_string(dna)) for _ in range(num_trials)]\n",
-    "    lengths = [orf\n",
-    "               for orf in p.map(longest_ORF, shuffles)\n",
-    "               if orf]\n",
-    "    return max(lengths, default=0)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "from multiprocessing import Pool\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def longest_ORF_noncoding(dna, num_trials):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Compute the maximum length of the longest ORF over num_trials shuffles of the specified sequence.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Arguments\n",
-    "    ---------\n",
-    "    dna : string\n",
-    "        A DNA sequence.\n",
-    "    num_trials : int\n",
-    "        The number of random shuffles.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Returns\n",
-    "    -------\n",
-    "    int\n",
-    "        The maximum length longest ORF\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Examples\n",
-    "    --------\n",
-    "    >>> random.seed(1)\n",
-    "    >>> longest_ORF_noncoding(\"ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA\", 100)\n",
-    "    19\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    p = Pool()\n",
-    "    return max(len(orf)\n",
-    "               for orf in p.map(longest_ORF, (shuffle_string(dna) for _ in range(num_trials)))\n",
-    "               if orf)"
-   ]
-  }
- ],
- "metadata": {
-  "anaconda-cloud": {},
-  "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python [default]",
-   "language": "python",
-   "name": "python3"
-  },
-  "language_info": {
-   "codemirror_mode": {
-    "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
-   },
-   "file_extension": ".py",
-   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
-   "name": "python",
-   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.5.2"
-  }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
-}
diff --git a/notebooks/genefinder-solutions.ipynb b/notebooks/genefinder-solutions.ipynb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6ff28e05..00000000
--- a/notebooks/genefinder-solutions.ipynb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1630 +0,0 @@
-{
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "# GeneFinder solutions"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Topics discussed:\n",
-    "\n",
-    "* Adding minimal test cases\n",
-    "* Coding convention for fruitful functions that can return `None`\n",
-    "* Docstring style conventions (*not* used in the code that was given you)\n",
-    "* Doctesting functions that return `None`\n",
-    "* Global variables – when to use, how to name\n",
-    "* Naming conventions for placeholder variables\n",
-    "* Validating parameter values\n",
-    "* Upcoming material:\n",
-    "  * Dictionaries\n",
-    "  * Exceptions\n",
-    "* Advanced and optional topics:\n",
-    "  * List comprehensions\n",
-    "  * Regular expressions\n",
-    "  * Using `random.seed` to test functions that call `random`\n",
-    " \n",
-    " Also see [GeneFinder – going beyond](/notes/genefinder-going-beyond.md)."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## `get_complement`"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "This section discusses some implementations of `get_complement`, that use a variety of different techniques.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "I've also corrected the *wording* of the docstring, which said \"complementary nucleotide nucleotide\"; and the *style* – it's been modified to conform to the [numpy docstring style guide](http://sphinxcontrib-napoleon.readthedocs.io/en/latest/example_numpy.html). You weren't expected to do that, but it was bugging me."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 3,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import doctest\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def get_complement(nucleotide):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Return the complementary nucleotide\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Parameters\n",
-    "    ----------\n",
-    "    nucleotide : string\n",
-    "        A nucleotide (A, C, G, or T) represented as a string.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Returns\n",
-    "    -------\n",
-    "    string\n",
-    "        The complementary nucleotide.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    Examples\n",
-    "    -------\n",
-    "    >>> get_complement('A')\n",
-    "    'T'\n",
-    "    >>> get_complement('C')\n",
-    "    'G'\n",
-    "    >>> get_complement('T')\n",
-    "    'A'\n",
-    "    >>> get_complement('G')\n",
-    "    'C'\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    if nucleotide == 'A':\n",
-    "        return 'T'\n",
-    "    elif nucleotide == 'T':\n",
-    "        return 'A'\n",
-    "    elif nucleotide == 'C':\n",
-    "        return 'G'\n",
-    "    elif nucleotide == 'G':\n",
-    "        return 'C'\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(get_complement, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Since each branch of the `if` executes a `return` statement, `elif` could be replaced by `if`. This is neither better nor worse than the preceding implementation.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "\\[In the following function definitions, parts of the docstring have been omitted.\\]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 7,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import doctest\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def get_complement(nucleotide):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> get_complement('A')\n",
-    "    'T'\n",
-    "    >>> get_complement('C')\n",
-    "    'G'\n",
-    "    >>> get_complement('T')\n",
-    "    'A'\n",
-    "    >>> get_complement('G')\n",
-    "    'C'\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    if nucleotide == 'A':\n",
-    "        return 'T'\n",
-    "    if nucleotide == 'T':\n",
-    "        return 'A'\n",
-    "    if nucleotide == 'C':\n",
-    "        return 'G'\n",
-    "    if nucleotide == 'G':\n",
-    "        return 'C'\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(get_complement, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### Exceptions"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "What does `get_complement` do when passed an invalid value, say `X`? The specification doesn't say.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "The above implementations return `None`.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "This satisfies the specification, and the doctests pass.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "However, a bug in code that *calls* `get_complement` won't produce a visible error until some distance from the point where `get_complement` is called. (I'll discuss this more in class on Monday.)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Here's a technique for detecting the problem within `get_complement`, and stopping immediately with a stack trace. We'll use a trick: `invalid_nucleotide` isn't defined, and it's an error to call an undefined function."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 29,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "NameError",
-     "evalue": "name 'invalid_nucleotide' is not defined",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-29-b7752a309d67>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     12\u001b[0m     \u001b[0minvalid_nucleotide\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     13\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 14\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mget_complement\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'X'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-29-b7752a309d67>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mget_complement\u001b[0;34m(nucleotide)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     10\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mnucleotide\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m==\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'G'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     11\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'C'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 12\u001b[0;31m     \u001b[0minvalid_nucleotide\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m     13\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     14\u001b[0m \u001b[0mget_complement\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'X'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
-      "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'invalid_nucleotide' is not defined"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "import doctest\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def get_complement(nucleotide):\n",
-    "    if nucleotide == 'A':\n",
-    "        return 'T'\n",
-    "    if nucleotide == 'T':\n",
-    "        return 'A'\n",
-    "    if nucleotide == 'C':\n",
-    "        return 'G'\n",
-    "    if nucleotide == 'G':\n",
-    "        return 'C'\n",
-    "    invalid_nucleotide()\n",
-    "\n",
-    "get_complement('X')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Soon you'll read about [exceptions](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/errors.html#raising-exceptions). These allow you to say what you mean instead of using a trick. Note the final `Exception` line in the output from the following code:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 28,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "Exception",
-     "evalue": "Invalid nucleotide: X",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-28-044bac9e6f3f>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     12\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mException\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'Invalid nucleotide: {}'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mformat\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mnucleotide\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     13\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 14\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mget_complement\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'X'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-28-044bac9e6f3f>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mget_complement\u001b[0;34m(nucleotide)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     10\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mnucleotide\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m==\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'G'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     11\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'C'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 12\u001b[0;31m     \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mException\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'Invalid nucleotide: {}'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mformat\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mnucleotide\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m     13\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     14\u001b[0m \u001b[0mget_complement\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'X'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
-      "\u001b[0;31mException\u001b[0m: Invalid nucleotide: X"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "import doctest\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def get_complement(nucleotide):\n",
-    "    if nucleotide == 'A':\n",
-    "        return 'T'\n",
-    "    if nucleotide == 'T':\n",
-    "        return 'A'\n",
-    "    if nucleotide == 'C':\n",
-    "        return 'G'\n",
-    "    if nucleotide == 'G':\n",
-    "        return 'C'\n",
-    "    raise Exception('Invalid nucleotide: {}'.format(nucleotide))\n",
-    "\n",
-    "get_complement('X')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "If you really want to show off your Python expertise, read up on Python's [built-in exception types](https://docs.python.org/3.4/library/exceptions.html#concrete-exceptions). You'll discover a more specific exception than `Exception`, that's perfect for this purpose:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 27,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "ValueError",
-     "evalue": "Invalid nucleotide: X",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-27-0126a11762bc>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     23\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     24\u001b[0m \u001b[0mdoctest\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mrun_docstring_examples\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mget_complement\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mglobals\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 25\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mget_complement\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'X'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-27-0126a11762bc>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mget_complement\u001b[0;34m(nucleotide)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     20\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mnucleotide\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m==\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'G'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     21\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'C'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 22\u001b[0;31m     \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mValueError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'Invalid nucleotide: {}'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mformat\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mnucleotide\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m     23\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     24\u001b[0m \u001b[0mdoctest\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mrun_docstring_examples\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mget_complement\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mglobals\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
-      "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m: Invalid nucleotide: X"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "import doctest\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def get_complement(nucleotide):\n",
-    "    if nucleotide == 'A':\n",
-    "        return 'T'\n",
-    "    if nucleotide == 'T':\n",
-    "        return 'A'\n",
-    "    if nucleotide == 'C':\n",
-    "        return 'G'\n",
-    "    if nucleotide == 'G':\n",
-    "        return 'C'\n",
-    "    raise ValueError('Invalid nucleotide: {}'.format(nucleotide))\n",
-    "\n",
-    "get_complement('X')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### `get_complement` – other approaches"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The implementation techniques above used \"data-shaped code\". One of the pieces of data in this case is the list of nucleotides (`A`, `C`, `T`, and `G`). (The other is the nucleotide we're taking the complement of.) The function contains an `if` or `elif` statement for each nucleotide. If you were to add another nucleotide, you'd have to add aother `if` statement.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "The following approaches put the list of nucleotides into values instead of `if` statements."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 8,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def get_complement(nucleotide):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> get_complement('A')\n",
-    "    'T'\n",
-    "    >>> get_complement('C')\n",
-    "    'G'\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    nucleotides = 'ATCG'\n",
-    "    complements = 'TAGC'\n",
-    "    i = nucleotides.index(nucleotide)\n",
-    "    return complements[i]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(get_complement, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 5,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def get_complement(nucleotide):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> get_complement('A')\n",
-    "    'T'\n",
-    "    >>> get_complement('C')\n",
-    "    'G'\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    nucleotides = 'ACGT'\n",
-    "    i = nucleotides.index(nucleotide)\n",
-    "    return nucleotides[3 - i]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(get_complement, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 7,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def get_complement(nucleotide):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> get_complement('A')\n",
-    "    'T'\n",
-    "    >>> get_complement('C')\n",
-    "    'G'\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    complements = {'A': 'T', 'T': 'A', 'C': 'G', 'G': 'C'}\n",
-    "    return complements[nucleotide]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(get_complement, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### Global variables"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "`complements` is used as a **constant**. It's set to the same value each time we run the function, and is never modified.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "We might therefore use a **global variable** (at **top level** or **module scope**), instead of a **local variable**, to hold this value. See the implementation below.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Note that I've renamed the variable from `complement` to `nucleotide_complements`. This follows the principle that the further the distance between a variable's **definition** and it's **use**, the more descriptive the name should be. It also keeps us from using up a good short variable name such as `complement`, and having to remember not to use it as a function parameter name or local variable.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Note that Python global variables, [by convention](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/#global-variable-names), are written in [snakecase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_case) (*e.g.* `complement_table`). Other programming languages write global constant as `ComplementTable` or `COMPLEMENT_TABLE`."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 40,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "nucleotide_complements = {'A': 'T', 'T': 'A', 'C': 'G', 'G': 'C'}\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def get_complement(nucleotide):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> get_complement('A')\n",
-    "    'T'\n",
-    "    >>> get_complement('C')\n",
-    "    'G'\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    return nucleotide_complements[nucleotide]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(get_complement, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## `get_reverse_complement`"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "This first implementation reverses the sequence (`dna[::-1]`), and then takes the complement of each nucleotide from that reversed sequence:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 13,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def get_reverse_complement(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Compute the reverse complementary sequence of DNA for the specified DNA sequence.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    Parameters\n",
-    "    ----------\n",
-    "    dna : string\n",
-    "        A DNA sequence.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    Returns\n",
-    "    -------\n",
-    "    string\n",
-    "        The reverse complementary DNA sequence.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Examples\n",
-    "    --------\n",
-    "    >>> get_reverse_complement(\"ATGCCCGCTTT\")\n",
-    "    'AAAGCGGGCAT'\n",
-    "    >>> get_reverse_complement(\"CCGCGTTCA\")\n",
-    "    'TGAACGCGG'\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    reversed_complement = ''\n",
-    "    for nucleotide in dna[::-1]:\n",
-    "        reversed_complement += get_complement(nucleotide)\n",
-    "    return reversed_complement\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(get_reverse_complement, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "We could also turn this around: find the nucleotide complements *first*, and then reverse *that*:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 41,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def get_reverse_complement(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> get_reverse_complement(\"ATGCCCGCTTT\")\n",
-    "    'AAAGCGGGCAT'\n",
-    "    >>> get_reverse_complement(\"CCGCGTTCA\")\n",
-    "    'TGAACGCGG'\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    complement = ''\n",
-    "    for nucleotide in dna:\n",
-    "        complement += get_complement(nucleotide)\n",
-    "    return complement[::-1]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(get_reverse_complement, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### `get_reverse_complement` – list comprehension solution"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def get_reverse_complement(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> get_reverse_complement(\"ATGCCCGCTTT\")\n",
-    "    'AAAGCGGGCAT'\n",
-    "    >>> get_reverse_complement(\"CCGCGTTCA\")\n",
-    "    'TGAACGCGG'\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    return ''.join([get_complement(nucleotide) for nucleotide in dna[::-1]])\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(get_reverse_complement, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "source": [
-    "Since the list is only constructed in order to pass it as argument to `join`, we can instead use a [generator expression](https://nedbatchelder.com/blog/201605/generator_comprehensions.html)."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def coding_strand_to_AA(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> coding_strand_to_AA(\"ATGCGA\")\n",
-    "    'MR'\n",
-    "    >>> coding_strand_to_AA(\"ATGCCCGCTTT\")\n",
-    "    'MPA'\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    return ''.join(aa_table[dna[i:i + 3]] for i in range(0, len(dna), 3))\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(coding_strand_to_AA, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## `rest_of_ORF`"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "I've added some examples, that test smaller sequences, to the starter code for `rest_of_ORF`. If there's a bug that shows up with these simpler tests, it will be easier to spot and debug, then looking at the original test."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 9,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def rest_of_ORF(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Return the open reading frame that starts at the start of the DNA sequence.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    The open return frame is the prefix up to but not including the first in-frame stop codon.\n",
-    "    If there is no in frame stop codon, returns the whole string.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Arguments\n",
-    "    ---------\n",
-    "    dna : string\n",
-    "        A DNA sequence that begins with a start codon.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    Returns\n",
-    "    -------\n",
-    "    string\n",
-    "        The open reading frame.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Examples\n",
-    "    --------\n",
-    "    >>> rest_of_ORF(\"ATG\")\n",
-    "    'ATG'\n",
-    "    >>> rest_of_ORF(\"ATGCCC\")\n",
-    "    'ATGCCC'\n",
-    "    >>> rest_of_ORF(\"ATGTGAA\")\n",
-    "    'ATG'\n",
-    "    >>> rest_of_ORF(\"ATGAGATAGG\")\n",
-    "    'ATGAGA'\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    for i in range(0, len(dna), 3):\n",
-    "        if dna[i:i+3] in [\"TAA\", \"TAG\", \"TGA\"]:\n",
-    "            return dna[0:i]\n",
-    "    return dna\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(rest_of_ORF, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### Regular Expression solution"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The following technique use a [**regular expression**](https://docs.python.org/3/howto/regex.html) to match a repeated (`+?`) count of three-character (`...`) groups (`(...)`), followed by one of (`|`) `TAA`, `TAG`, or `TGA`."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 49,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import re\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def rest_of_ORF(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> rest_of_ORF(\"ATGTGAA\")\n",
-    "    'ATG'\n",
-    "    >>> rest_of_ORF(\"ATGAGATAGG\")\n",
-    "    'ATGAGA'\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    m = re.match(r'((...)+?)(TAA|TAG|TGA)', dna)\n",
-    "    if m:\n",
-    "        return m.group(1)\n",
-    "    return dna\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(rest_of_ORF, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## `find_all_ORFs_oneframe`"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "This first approach doesn't work:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 10,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "**********************************************************************\n",
-      "File \"__main__\", line 27, in NoName\n",
-      "Failed example:\n",
-      "    find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"ATGATGCCCTAG\")\n",
-      "Expected:\n",
-      "    ['ATGATGCCC']\n",
-      "Got:\n",
-      "    ['ATGATGCCC', 'ATGCCC']\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def find_all_ORFs_oneframe(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Find all non-nested open reading frames in the given DNA sequence.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    This function only finds ORFs that are in the default frame of the sequence\n",
-    "    (i.e. they start on indices that are multiples of 3).\n",
-    "    By non-nested we mean that if an ORF occurs entirely within\n",
-    "    another ORF, it should not be included in the returned list of ORFs.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Arguments\n",
-    "    ---------\n",
-    "    dna : string\n",
-    "        A DNA sequence.\n",
-    "        \n",
-    "    Returns\n",
-    "    -------\n",
-    "    list[string]\n",
-    "        Non-nested ORFs.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Examples\n",
-    "    --------\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"ATG\")\n",
-    "    ['ATG']\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"CATGCC\")\n",
-    "    []\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"ATGCCCTAGATGTTTTAG\")\n",
-    "    ['ATGCCC', 'ATGTTT']\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"ATGATGCCCTAG\")\n",
-    "    ['ATGATGCCC']\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"ATGCATGAATGTAGATAGATGTGCCC\")\n",
-    "    ['ATGCATGAATGTAGA', 'ATGTGCCC']\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    orfs = []\n",
-    "    for i in range(0, len(dna), 3):\n",
-    "        if dna[i:i+3] == 'ATG':\n",
-    "            orf = rest_of_ORF(dna[i:])\n",
-    "            orfs.append(orf)\n",
-    "            i += len(orf)\n",
-    "    return orfs\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(find_all_ORFs_oneframe, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "This implementation includes the nested ORFs in its result. This is because when it finds an ORF, it's not actually skipping to its end before looking for the next start codon. The line `i += len(orf)` changes the value of `i`, but the next time through the loop body, `for i in range` resets `i` to the next value from `range`, so the `i += len(orf)` line doesn't actually have a lasting effect."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "We can't use a `for in range` loop, because sometimes we need to step the index forwards by three (when we *don't* find a start tag), and sometimes skip forwards by the length of the ORF (when we *do* find a start tag). “Unpack” the `for i in range` to `i = 0; while i < len` to get more access to `i`:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 61,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def find_all_ORFs_oneframe(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Find all non-nested open reading frames in the given DNA sequence.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    This function only finds ORFs that are in the default frame of the sequence\n",
-    "    (i.e. they start on indices that are multiples of 3).\n",
-    "    By non-nested we mean that if an ORF occurs entirely within\n",
-    "    another ORF, it should not be included in the returned list of ORFs.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Arguments\n",
-    "    ---------\n",
-    "    dna : string\n",
-    "        A DNA sequence.\n",
-    "        \n",
-    "    Returns\n",
-    "    -------\n",
-    "    list[string]\n",
-    "        Non-nested ORFs.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Examples\n",
-    "    --------\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"ATG\")\n",
-    "    ['ATG']\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"CATGCC\")\n",
-    "    []\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"ATGCCCTAGATGTTTTAG\")\n",
-    "    ['ATGCCC', 'ATGTTT']\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"ATGATGCCCTAG\")\n",
-    "    ['ATGATGCCC']\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"ATGCATGAATGTAGATAGATGTGCCC\")\n",
-    "    ['ATGCATGAATGTAGA', 'ATGTGCCC']\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    orfs = []\n",
-    "    i = 0\n",
-    "    while i < len(dna):\n",
-    "        if dna[i:i+3] == 'ATG':\n",
-    "            orf = rest_of_ORF(dna[i:])\n",
-    "            orfs.append(orf)\n",
-    "            i += len(orf)\n",
-    "        else:\n",
-    "            i += 3\n",
-    "    return orfs\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(find_all_ORFs_oneframe, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### Another approach"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Did I say we can't use `for i in range`? We *can*, if we keep track of whether we're inside an ORF (in which case we want to *turn off* looking for start codons). The following code uses a boolean variable to keep track of whether we're inside an ORF, and another variable to count how many nucleotides of the ORF are left, so that we can tell when we've exited it."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 62,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def find_all_ORFs_oneframe(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"ATG\")\n",
-    "    ['ATG']\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"CATGCC\")\n",
-    "    []\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"ATGCCCTAGATGTTTTAG\")\n",
-    "    ['ATGCCC', 'ATGTTT']\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"ATGATGCCCTAG\")\n",
-    "    ['ATGATGCCC']\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"ATGCATGAATGTAGATAGATGTGCCC\")\n",
-    "    ['ATGCATGAATGTAGA', 'ATGTGCCC']\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    orfs = []\n",
-    "    inside_orf = False\n",
-    "    remaining_orf_len = None\n",
-    "    for i in range(0, len(dna), 3):\n",
-    "        if inside_orf:\n",
-    "            remaining_orf_len -= 3\n",
-    "            if remaining_orf_len == 0:\n",
-    "                inside_orf = False\n",
-    "        elif dna[i:i+3] == 'ATG':\n",
-    "            orf = rest_of_ORF(dna[i:])\n",
-    "            orfs.append(orf)\n",
-    "            inside_orf = True\n",
-    "            remaining_orf_len = len(orf) - 3\n",
-    "    return orfs\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(find_all_ORFs_oneframe, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Instead of maintaining *two* variables – `inside_orf` to remember if we're inside an ORF, and `remaining_orf_len` to track how much of the ORF is left – we can use just `remaining_orf_len` to serve both purposes. If this is greater than zero, we're in an ORF. If it's value 0, we're not.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "On the one hand, it's simpler to track this through a single variable instead of two. Then we don't have to think so hard to prove that the variables won't get out of sync with each other. On the other, using the variable for two purposes is trickier."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 63,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def find_all_ORFs_oneframe(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"ATG\")\n",
-    "    ['ATG']\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"CATGCC\")\n",
-    "    []\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"ATGCCCTAGATGTTTTAG\")\n",
-    "    ['ATGCCC', 'ATGTTT']\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"ATGATGCCCTAG\")\n",
-    "    ['ATGATGCCC']\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"ATGCATGAATGTAGATAGATGTGCCC\")\n",
-    "    ['ATGCATGAATGTAGA', 'ATGTGCCC']\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    orfs = []\n",
-    "    remaining_orf_len = 0\n",
-    "    for i in range(0, len(dna), 3):\n",
-    "        if remaining_orf_len > 0:\n",
-    "            remaining_orf_len -= 3\n",
-    "        elif dna[i:i+3] == 'ATG':\n",
-    "            orf = rest_of_ORF(dna[i:])\n",
-    "            orfs.append(orf)\n",
-    "            inside_orf = True\n",
-    "            remaining_orf_len = len(orf) - 3\n",
-    "    return orfs\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(find_all_ORFs_oneframe, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "We can further simplify the code by defining `remaining_orf_len >= 0` to mean we're in an ORF, and `remaining_orf_len < 0` to mean we're not. This lets us *always* decrement `remaining_orf_len`."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 65,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def find_all_ORFs_oneframe(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"ATG\")\n",
-    "    ['ATG']\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"CATGCC\")\n",
-    "    []\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"ATGCCCTAGATGTTTTAG\")\n",
-    "    ['ATGCCC', 'ATGTTT']\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"ATGATGCCCTAG\")\n",
-    "    ['ATGATGCCC']\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_oneframe(\"ATGCATGAATGTAGATAGATGTGCCC\")\n",
-    "    ['ATGCATGAATGTAGA', 'ATGTGCCC']\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    orfs = []\n",
-    "    remaining_orf_len = 0\n",
-    "    for i in range(0, len(dna), 3):\n",
-    "        if remaining_orf_len <= 0 and dna[i:i+3] == 'ATG':\n",
-    "            orf = rest_of_ORF(dna[i:])\n",
-    "            orfs.append(orf)\n",
-    "            inside_orf = True\n",
-    "            remaining_orf_len = len(orf)\n",
-    "        remaining_orf_len -= 3\n",
-    "    return orfs\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(find_all_ORFs_oneframe, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## `find_all_ORFs`"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 11,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def find_all_ORFs(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Find all non-nested open reading frames in the given DNA sequence in all 3 possible frames.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Non-nested means the same thing here that it does in find_all_ORFs_oneframe.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    Arguments\n",
-    "    ---------\n",
-    "    dna : string\n",
-    "        A DNA sequence.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Returns\n",
-    "    -------\n",
-    "    string\n",
-    "        A list of non-nested ORFs.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    Examples\n",
-    "    --------\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs(\"ATGCATGAATGTAG\")\n",
-    "    ['ATGCATGAATGTAG', 'ATGAATGTAG', 'ATG']\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    orfs = []\n",
-    "    for i in range(3):\n",
-    "        orfs.extend(find_all_ORFs_oneframe(dna[i:]))\n",
-    "    return orfs\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(find_all_ORFs, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### `find_all_ORFs` – list comprehension solution"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def find_all_ORFs(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Find all non-nested open reading frames in the given DNA sequence in all 3 possible frames.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Non-nested means the same thing here that it does in find_all_ORFs_oneframe.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    Arguments\n",
-    "    ---------\n",
-    "    dna : string\n",
-    "        A DNA sequence.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Returns\n",
-    "    -------\n",
-    "    string\n",
-    "        A list of non-nested ORFs.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    Examples\n",
-    "    --------\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs(\"ATGCATGAATGTAG\")\n",
-    "    ['ATGCATGAATGTAG', 'ATGAATGTAG', 'ATG']\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    return [orf\n",
-    "            for i in range(3)\n",
-    "            for orf in find_all_ORFs_oneframe(dna[i:])]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(find_all_ORFs, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## `find_all_ORFs_both_strands`\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Here's a variety of different approaches. This is a matter of taste."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 14,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "**********************************************************************\n",
-      "File \"__main__\", line 16, in NoName\n",
-      "Failed example:\n",
-      "    find_all_ORFs_both_strands(\"ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA\")\n",
-      "Expected:\n",
-      "    ['ATGCGAATG', 'ATGCTACATTCGCAT']\n",
-      "Got:\n",
-      "    ['ATGCGAATG', 'ATG', 'ATGCTACATTCGCAT']\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def find_all_ORFs_both_strands(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Find all non-nested open reading frames in the given DNA sequence on both strands.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Arguments\n",
-    "    ---------\n",
-    "    dna : string\n",
-    "        A DNA sequence.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Returns\n",
-    "    -------\n",
-    "    string\n",
-    "        A list of non-nested ORFs.\n",
-    "        \n",
-    "    Examples\n",
-    "    --------\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_both_strands(\"ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA\")\n",
-    "    ['ATGCGAATG', 'ATGCTACATTCGCAT']\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    other_strand = get_reverse_complement(dna)\n",
-    "    orfs = []\n",
-    "    orfs.extend(find_all_ORFs(dna))\n",
-    "    orfs.extend(find_all_ORFs(other_strand))\n",
-    "    return orfs\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(find_all_ORFs_both_strands, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 75,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def find_all_ORFs_both_strands(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_both_strands(\"ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA\")\n",
-    "    ['ATGCGAATG', 'ATGCTACATTCGCAT']\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    orfs = []\n",
-    "    orfs.extend(find_all_ORFs(dna))\n",
-    "    orfs.extend(find_all_ORFs(get_reverse_complement(dna)))\n",
-    "    return orfs\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(find_all_ORFs_both_strands, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 76,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def find_all_ORFs_both_strands(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_both_strands(\"ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA\")\n",
-    "    ['ATGCGAATG', 'ATGCTACATTCGCAT']\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    orfs = find_all_ORFs(dna)\n",
-    "    orfs.extend(find_all_ORFs(get_reverse_complement(dna)))\n",
-    "    return orfs\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(find_all_ORFs_both_strands, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 77,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def find_all_ORFs_both_strands(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_both_strands(\"ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA\")\n",
-    "    ['ATGCGAATG', 'ATGCTACATTCGCAT']\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    return find_all_ORFs(dna) + find_all_ORFs(get_reverse_complement(dna))\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(find_all_ORFs_both_strands, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 78,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def find_all_ORFs_both_strands(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> find_all_ORFs_both_strands(\"ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA\")\n",
-    "    ['ATGCGAATG', 'ATGCTACATTCGCAT']\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    orfs = []\n",
-    "    for strand in [dna, get_reverse_complement(dna)]:\n",
-    "        orfs += find_all_ORFs(strand)\n",
-    "    return orfs\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(find_all_ORFs_both_strands, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## `longest_ORF`"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "I've added two different examples to test that the function returns `None` when there's no ORF. (Normally you'd add one or the other.) This is to illustrate why you might want to use `print` when writing the doctest for a function that is expected to return `None`. Evaluating a function that returns `None` in the Python prompt (and therefore within a doctest example) doesn't print anything. This can be confusing to read."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 95,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def longest_ORF(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Find the longest ORF on both strands of the specified sequence.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Arguments\n",
-    "    ---------\n",
-    "    dna : string\n",
-    "        A DNA sequence.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Returns\n",
-    "    -------\n",
-    "    string\n",
-    "        The longest ORF\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Examples\n",
-    "    --------\n",
-    "    >>> print(longest_ORF(\"CCC\"))\n",
-    "    None\n",
-    "    >>> longest_ORF(\"CCC\")\n",
-    "    >>> longest_ORF(\"ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA\")\n",
-    "    'ATGCTACATTCGCAT'\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    best = None\n",
-    "    best_len = 0\n",
-    "    for orf in find_all_ORFs_both_strands(dna):\n",
-    "        if len(orf) > best_len:\n",
-    "            best = orf\n",
-    "            best_len = len(orf)\n",
-    "    return best\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(longest_ORF, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "`len(string)` isn't very expensive, so we can also do this with one variable (`best`) instead of keeping two variables (`best` and `best_len`) in sync:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 96,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def longest_ORF(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> print(longest_ORF(\"CCC\"))\n",
-    "    None\n",
-    "    >>> longest_ORF(\"ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA\")\n",
-    "    'ATGCTACATTCGCAT'\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    best = None\n",
-    "    for orf in find_all_ORFs_both_strands(dna):\n",
-    "        if not best or len(orf) > len(best):\n",
-    "            best = orf\n",
-    "    return best\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(longest_ORF, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The following two implementations are more expensive, but less code. It's more expensive because sorting is more work than keep track of the longer, and because `sorted` makes a list."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 98,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def longest_ORF(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> print(longest_ORF(\"CCC\"))\n",
-    "    None\n",
-    "    >>> longest_ORF(\"ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA\")\n",
-    "    'ATGCTACATTCGCAT'\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    orfs = find_all_ORFs_both_strands(dna)\n",
-    "    if orfs:\n",
-    "        return sorted(orfs, key=len)[-1]\n",
-    "    return None\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(longest_ORF, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 15,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def longest_ORF(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> print(longest_ORF(\"CCC\"))\n",
-    "    None\n",
-    "    >>> longest_ORF(\"ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA\")\n",
-    "    'ATGCTACATTCGCAT'\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    orfs = find_all_ORFs_both_strands(dna)\n",
-    "    if orfs:\n",
-    "        return sorted(orfs, key=len, reverse=True)[0]\n",
-    "    return None\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(longest_ORF, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The final line `return None` isn't necessary. A function that don't execute a `return` statement *implicitly* returns `None` anyway.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "It is, however, standard practice to add an *explicit* return to a fruitful function, that returns `None` when called with some arguments and other values when called with other arguments. This makes it easier to tell by scanning the implementation whether a function is fruitful or fruitless."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Use the `max` function to regain the efficiency of the initial approaches."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 21,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def longest_ORF(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> print(longest_ORF(\"CCC\"))\n",
-    "    None\n",
-    "    >>> longest_ORF(\"ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA\")\n",
-    "    'ATGCTACATTCGCAT'\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    orfs = find_all_ORFs_both_strands(dna)\n",
-    "    if orfs:\n",
-    "        return max(orfs, key=len)\n",
-    "    else:\n",
-    "        return None\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(longest_ORF, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## `longest_ORF_noncoding`"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Use `random.seed` to test functions that use random numbers. This resets the “random” number sequence (which isn't really random), so that it produces the same values in the same order each time.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "The variable named `_` (single underscore) is a **placeholder variable**, for a \"don't care\" value. It's used when the language syntax requires that we use a variable name, but we never read the value of the variable."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 30,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import random\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def shuffle_string(s):\n",
-    "    return ''.join(random.sample(s, len(s)))\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def longest_ORF_noncoding(dna, num_trials):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Compute the maximum length of the longest ORF over num_trials shuffles of the specified sequence.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Arguments\n",
-    "    ---------\n",
-    "    dna : string\n",
-    "        A DNA sequence.\n",
-    "    num_trials : int\n",
-    "        The number of random shuffles.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Returns\n",
-    "    -------\n",
-    "    int\n",
-    "        The maximum length longest ORF\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Examples\n",
-    "    --------\n",
-    "    >>> random.seed(1)\n",
-    "    >>> longest_ORF_noncoding(\"ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA\", 100)\n",
-    "    19\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    max_len = 0\n",
-    "    for _ in range(num_trials):\n",
-    "        orf = longest_ORF(shuffle_string(dna))\n",
-    "        if orf:\n",
-    "            max_len = max(max_len, len(orf))\n",
-    "    return max_len\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(longest_ORF_noncoding, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 19,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def longest_ORF_noncoding(dna, num_trials):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> random.seed(1)\n",
-    "    >>> longest_ORF_noncoding(\"ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA\", 100)\n",
-    "    19\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    lens = []\n",
-    "    for _ in range(num_trials):\n",
-    "        orf = longest_ORF(shuffle_string(dna))\n",
-    "        if orf:\n",
-    "            lens.append(len(orf))\n",
-    "    return max(lens)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(longest_ORF_noncoding, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "### `longest_ORF_noncoding` using a list comprehension"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def longest_ORF_noncoding(dna, num_trials):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> random.seed(1)\n",
-    "    >>> longest_ORF_noncoding(\"ATGCGAATGTAGCATCAAA\", 100)\n",
-    "    19\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    return max(len(longest_ORF(shuffle_string(dna)) or '') for _ in xrange(num_trials))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## `coding_strand_to_AA`"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def coding_strand_to_AA(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Compute the protein encoded by a DNA sequence.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    This function does not check for start and stop codons.\n",
-    "    (It assumes that the DNA sequence represents a protein coding region).\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    Parameters\n",
-    "    ----------\n",
-    "    dna : string\n",
-    "        A DNA sequence.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Returns\n",
-    "    -------\n",
-    "    string\n",
-    "        The sequence of amino acids encoded by the input DNA fragment.\n",
-    "        \n",
-    "    Examples\n",
-    "    --------\n",
-    "    >>> coding_strand_to_AA(\"ATGCGA\")\n",
-    "    'MR'\n",
-    "    >>> coding_strand_to_AA(\"ATGCCCGCTTT\")\n",
-    "    'MPA'\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    aas = ''\n",
-    "    for i in range(0, len(dna), 3):\n",
-    "        codon = dna[i:i+3]\n",
-    "        aas += aa_table[codon]\n",
-    "    return aas\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(coding_strand_to_AA, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### `coding_strand_to_AA` – list comprehension solution"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def coding_strand_to_AA(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> coding_strand_to_AA(\"ATGCGA\")\n",
-    "    'MR'\n",
-    "    >>> coding_strand_to_AA(\"ATGCCCGCTTT\")\n",
-    "    'MPA'\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    return ''.join([aa_table[dna[i:i + 3]] for i in range(0, len(dna), 3)])\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(coding_strand_to_AA, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Since the list is only constructed in order to pass it as argument to `join`, we can instead use a [generator expression](https://nedbatchelder.com/blog/201605/generator_comprehensions.html)."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def coding_strand_to_AA(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> coding_strand_to_AA(\"ATGCGA\")\n",
-    "    'MR'\n",
-    "    >>> coding_strand_to_AA(\"ATGCCCGCTTT\")\n",
-    "    'MPA'\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    return ''.join(aa_table[dna[i:i + 3]] for i in range(0, len(dna), 3))\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(coding_strand_to_AA, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## `gene_finder`"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def gene_finder(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Return the amino acid sequences that are likely coded by the specified DNA sequence.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    Parameters\n",
-    "    ----------\n",
-    "    dna : string\n",
-    "        A DNA sequence.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Returns\n",
-    "    -------\n",
-    "    list[string]\n",
-    "        A list of all amino acid sequences coded by the DNA sequence.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    Examples:\n",
-    "    >>> random.seed(1)\n",
-    "    >>> gene_finder(\"ATGTCATTGCGTGTGAGACAGATTGATCGTCGCGAATGGCTATTGGCGCAAACCGCGACAGAATGCCAGCGCCATGGCCGGGAA\" \\\n",
-    "                    \"GCGACGCTGGAATATCCGACGCGACAGGGAATGTGGGTTCGGTTGAGCGATGCAGAAAAACGGTGGTCGGCCTGGATTAAACCT\" \\\n",
-    "                    \"GGGGACTGGCTTGAGCATGTCTCTCCCGCTCTGGCTGGGGCGGCGGTTTCTGCTGGCGCTGAGCACCTGGTCGTTCCCTGGCTT\")\n",
-    "    ['MSLRVRQIDRREWLLAQTATECQRHGREATLEYPTRQGMWVRLSDAEKRWSAWIKPGDWLEHVSPALAGAAVSAGAEHLVVPWL']\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    threshold = longest_ORF_noncoding(dna, 1500)\n",
-    "    aas = []\n",
-    "    for orf in find_all_ORFs_both_strands(dna):\n",
-    "        if len(orf) > threshold:\n",
-    "            aas.append(coding_strand_to_AA(orf))\n",
-    "    return aas"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### `gene_finder` – list comprehension solution"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def gene_finder(dna):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> random.seed(1)\n",
-    "    >>> gene_finder(\"ATGTCATTGCGTGTGAGACAGATTGATCGTCGCGAATGGCTATTGGCGCAAACCGCGACAGAATGCCAGCGCCATGGCCGGGAA\" \\\n",
-    "                    \"GCGACGCTGGAATATCCGACGCGACAGGGAATGTGGGTTCGGTTGAGCGATGCAGAAAAACGGTGGTCGGCCTGGATTAAACCT\" \\\n",
-    "                    \"GGGGACTGGCTTGAGCATGTCTCTCCCGCTCTGGCTGGGGCGGCGGTTTCTGCTGGCGCTGAGCACCTGGTCGTTCCCTGGCTT\")\n",
-    "    ['MSLRVRQIDRREWLLAQTATECQRHGREATLEYPTRQGMWVRLSDAEKRWSAWIKPGDWLEHVSPALAGAAVSAGAEHLVVPWL']\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    threshold = longest_ORF_noncoding(dna, 1500)\n",
-    "    return [coding_strand_to_AA(orf)\n",
-    "            for orf in find_all_ORFs_both_strands(dna)\n",
-    "            if len(orf) > threshold]"
-   ]
-  }
- ],
- "metadata": {
-  "anaconda-cloud": {},
-  "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python [default]",
-   "language": "python",
-   "name": "python3"
-  },
-  "language_info": {
-   "codemirror_mode": {
-    "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
-   },
-   "file_extension": ".py",
-   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
-   "name": "python",
-   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.5.2"
-  }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
-}
diff --git a/notebooks/is-triangle.ipynb b/notebooks/is-triangle.ipynb
deleted file mode 100644
index 645ad995..00000000
--- a/notebooks/is-triangle.ipynb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,648 +0,0 @@
-{
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "# Day 4 Notes"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## `has_triangle`, the hard way"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "We're asked to write a function that returns True iff either of two triplets is a triangle.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "`is_triangle` does something close to what we want. We'll use it for reference."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false,
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def is_triangle(a, b, c):\n",
-    "    if a > b + c:\n",
-    "        return False\n",
-    "    if b > a + c:\n",
-    "        return False\n",
-    "    if c > a + b:\n",
-    "        return False\n",
-    "    return True"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Now incorporate two copies of `is_triangle` into our new function:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 78,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false,
-    "scrolled": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "**********************************************************************\n",
-      "File \"__main__\", line 5, in NoName\n",
-      "Failed example:\n",
-      "    has_triangles(3, 4, 5, 6)\n",
-      "Expected:\n",
-      "    True\n",
-      "Got nothing\n",
-      "**********************************************************************\n",
-      "File \"__main__\", line 7, in NoName\n",
-      "Failed example:\n",
-      "    has_triangles(10, 4, 5, 6)\n",
-      "Expected nothing\n",
-      "Got:\n",
-      "    False\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "import doctest\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def has_triangles_1(a, b, c, d):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Return true iff either of (a, b, c) and (b, c, d) is a triangle.\n",
-    "    >>> has_triangles(3, 4, 5, 6)\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> has_triangles(10, 4, 5, 6)\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    # first copy of is_triangle; tests a, b, c\n",
-    "    if a > b + c:\n",
-    "        return False\n",
-    "    if b > a + c:\n",
-    "        return False\n",
-    "    if c > a + b:\n",
-    "        return False\n",
-    "    # second copy of is_triangle; tests b, c, d\n",
-    "    if b > c + d:\n",
-    "        return False\n",
-    "    if c > b + d:\n",
-    "        return False\n",
-    "    if d > b + c:\n",
-    "        return False\n",
-    "    return True\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(has_triangles_1, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Oops! The implementation above returns True if *both* (a, b, c), (b, c, d) are triangles,\n",
-    "instead of if *either* of these is a triangle.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "You might be able to see in the code that it returns False if *either* triplet is *not* a triangle.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Returning False iff either of two things is False, is the same as returning True iff both those things are True. [[De Morgan's Laws](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Morgan's_laws)].\n",
-    "\n",
-    "This is difficult to fix starting from the implementation of `is_triangle` above, because it returns out of the whole function as soon as it detects a triangle violation.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "We'll modify `is_triangle` to remember its result into a variable instead of returning right away. This will be easier to work with."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def is_triangle_2(a, b, c):\n",
-    "    result = True\n",
-    "    if a > b + c:\n",
-    "        return result\n",
-    "    if b > a + c:\n",
-    "        return result\n",
-    "    if c > a + b:\n",
-    "        return result\n",
-    "    return result"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def has_triangles_2(a, b, c, d):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Return true iff either of (a, b, c) and (b, c, d) is a triangle.\n",
-    "    >>> has_triangles(3, 4, 5, 6)\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> has_triangles(10, 4, 5, 6)\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    # first copy of the new is_triangle\n",
-    "    tri1 = True\n",
-    "    if a > b + c:\n",
-    "        tri1 = False\n",
-    "    if b > a + c:\n",
-    "        tri1 = False\n",
-    "    if c > a + b:\n",
-    "        tri1 = False\n",
-    "    # second copy\n",
-    "    tri2 = True\n",
-    "    if b > c + d:\n",
-    "        return tri2\n",
-    "    if c > b + d:\n",
-    "        return tri2\n",
-    "    if d > b + c:\n",
-    "        return tri2\n",
-    "    return tri1 and tri2"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "`has_triangles_2` is functionally identical to `has_triangles_1`. It doesn't fix the bug. It is, however, easier to work with.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "In particular, now we can change the final `and` to `or`."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 82,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "**********************************************************************\n",
-      "File \"__main__\", line 3, in NoName\n",
-      "Failed example:\n",
-      "    has_triangles(3, 4, 5, 6)\n",
-      "Expected:\n",
-      "    True\n",
-      "Got nothing\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def has_triangles_2(a, b, c, d):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Return true iff either of (a, b, c) and (b, c, d) is a triangle.\n",
-    "    >>> has_triangles(3, 4, 5, 6)\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> has_triangles(10, 4, 5, 6)\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    # first copy of the new is_triangle\n",
-    "    tri1 = True\n",
-    "    if a > b + c:\n",
-    "        tri1 = False\n",
-    "    if b > a + c:\n",
-    "        tri1 = False\n",
-    "    if c > a + b:\n",
-    "        tri1 = False\n",
-    "    # second copy\n",
-    "    tri2 = True\n",
-    "    if b > c + d:\n",
-    "        tri2 = False\n",
-    "    if c > b + d:\n",
-    "        tri2 = False\n",
-    "    if d > b + c:\n",
-    "        tri2 = False\n",
-    "    # now combine them\n",
-    "    return tri1 and tri2\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(has_triangles_2, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "`has_triangles_2` fixes the problem for the computer, but not for the human. It's still difficult to read. It's therefore difficult to match up the implementation against the specification; and it's difficult to test. (There's a lot of different paths the code could take, and it's effortful to construct test cases for them all.)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Instead of using the original `is_triangle` to copy from, we can simply call it."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def has_triangles_3(a, b, c, d):\n",
-    "    tri1 = is_triangle_1(a, b, c)\n",
-    "    tri2 = is_triangle_1(b, c, d)\n",
-    "    return tri1 and tri2"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Or eliminate the temporary variables:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def has_triangles_4(a, b, c, d):\n",
-    "    return is_triangle(a, b, c) and is_triangle(b, c, d)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "## Lists and `for`"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 83,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def contains_triangle(triplets):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Returns true if any of triplets is the sides of a triangle.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    Triplets is a list of triples. Each triple is a list of three numbers.\n",
-    "    Example:\n",
-    "    >>> contains_triangle([[10, 2, 3]])\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    >>> contains_triangle([[10, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    for triplet in triplets:\n",
-    "        a = triplet[0]\n",
-    "        b = triplet[1]\n",
-    "        c = triplet[2]\n",
-    "        if is_triangle(a, b, c):\n",
-    "            return True\n",
-    "    return False\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(contains_triangle, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Code Golfing `is_triangle`"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 77,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "True"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 77,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "# as presented\n",
-    "def is_triangle(a, b, c):\n",
-    "    if a > b + c:\n",
-    "        return False\n",
-    "    if b > a + c:\n",
-    "        return False\n",
-    "    if c > a + b:\n",
-    "        return False\n",
-    "    return True\n",
-    "\n",
-    "# ->\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def is_triangle(a, b, c):\n",
-    "    return not (a > b + c) and not (b > a + c) and not (c > a + b)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "# ->\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def is_triangle(a, b, c):\n",
-    "    return a <= b + c and b <= a + c and c <= a + b\n",
-    "\n",
-    "is_triangle(3, 4, 5)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 59,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "True"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 59,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def has_triangle(a, b, c, d):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Return true if either or both (a, b, c) or (b, c, d) is a triangle.\"\"\"\n",
-    "    # Return true if (a, b, c) and (b, c, d) are both triangle.\n",
-    "    tri1 = is_triangle(a, b, c)\n",
-    "    tri2 = is_triangle(b, c, d)\n",
-    "    return tri1 or tri2\n",
-    "\n",
-    "# has_triangle(3, 4, 5, 6)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "has_triangle(10, 4, 5, 6)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 72,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "True"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 72,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def contains_triangle(triples):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Return true if any of the triples is a triangle.\"\"\"\n",
-    "    for a, b, c in triples:\n",
-    "        if is_triangle(a, b, c):\n",
-    "            return True\n",
-    "    return False\n",
-    "\n",
-    "contains_triangle([[1, 1, 3], [3, 4, 5]])"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "# Code-Golfing contains_triangle"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 83,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def contains_triangle(triplets):\n",
-    "    for triplet in triplets:\n",
-    "        a, b, c = triplet[0]\n",
-    "        if is_triangle(a, b, c):\n",
-    "            return True\n",
-    "    return False"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 83,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def contains_triangle(triplets):\n",
-    "    for triplet in triplets:\n",
-    "        if is_triangle(triplet[0], triplet[1], triplet[2]):\n",
-    "            return True\n",
-    "    return False"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### Code-Golfing using advanced techniques"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Using a \"starred expression\", to unpack the elements in a list (triplets) into individual values that are successive arguments to `is_triangle`.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "[In other languages you may see this called \"spread\", \"splat\", \"argument unpacking\", or \"variadic arguments\".]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 83,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def contains_triangle(triplets):\n",
-    "    for triplet in triplets:\n",
-    "        if is_triangle(*triplet):\n",
-    "            return True\n",
-    "    return False"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Using the `any` function, and a [generator comprehension](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0289/):"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def contains_triangle(triplets):\n",
-    "    return any(is_triangle(a, b, c) for a, b, c in triplets)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Starred expression together with a generator comprehension:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def contains_triangle(triplets):\n",
-    "    return any(is_triangle(*triplet) for triplet in triplets)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Now let's code-golf `is_triangle`. (Conceptually) unpacking this is left as an exercise for the reader.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "I've changed the signature of `is_triangle` to take a triple instead of three separate sides. You could use the original signature by starting each of these with:\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    def  is_triangle(a, b, c):\n",
-    "        sides = [a, b, c]\n",
-    "        …"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 92,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def is_triangle(a, b, c):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Return true iff either of (a, b, c) and (b, c, d) is a triangle.\n",
-    "    >>> is_triangle(3, 4, 5)\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_triangle(10, 4, 5)\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    sides = [a, b, c]\n",
-    "    # The following overwrites the original parameter values of a, b, c.\n",
-    "    # We are very far from readable code at this point anyway…\n",
-    "    for i, a in enumerate(sides):\n",
-    "        b, c = sides[:i] + sides[i + 1:]\n",
-    "        if a > b + c:\n",
-    "            return False\n",
-    "    return True\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_triangle, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 93,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def is_triangle(a, b, c):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Return true iff either of (a, b, c) and (b, c, d) is a triangle.\n",
-    "    >>> is_triangle(3, 4, 5)\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_triangle(10, 4, 5)\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    sides = [a, b, c]\n",
-    "    return all(a <= b + c\n",
-    "               for i, a in enumerate(sides)\n",
-    "               for b, c in [sides[:i] + sides[i + 1:]])\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_triangle, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 97,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import itertools\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def is_triangle(a, b, c):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Return true iff either of (a, b, c) and (b, c, d) is a triangle.\n",
-    "    >>> is_triangle(3, 4, 5)\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_triangle(10, 4, 5)\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    return all(a <= b + c for a, b, c in itertools.permutations([a, b, c]))\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_triangle, globals())"
-   ]
-  }
- ],
- "metadata": {
-  "anaconda-cloud": {},
-  "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python [default]",
-   "language": "python",
-   "name": "python3"
-  },
-  "language_info": {
-   "codemirror_mode": {
-    "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
-   },
-   "file_extension": ".py",
-   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
-   "name": "python",
-   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.5.2"
-  }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
-}
diff --git a/notebooks/iteration-and-design.ipynb b/notebooks/iteration-and-design.ipynb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1e41b331..00000000
--- a/notebooks/iteration-and-design.ipynb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,466 +0,0 @@
-{
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "# Iteration and Design"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "> An exploration of Python iteration constructs, in the context of software design.\n",
-    ">\n",
-    "> This page covers the same programming language constructs as [Iteration Basics](iteration-basics), but adds principles for choosing between them, and relates them to concepts of software engineering.\n",
-    ">\n",
-    "> Standard terms from software engineering are written in **bold**."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## I. Data-Shaped Code"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Let's print all the characters of a string, one per line:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 1,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "飛\n",
-      "ぶ\n",
-      "火\n",
-      "鳥\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "text = \"飛ぶ火鳥\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(text[0])\n",
-    "print(text[1])\n",
-    "print(text[2])\n",
-    "print(text[3])"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### Changes to the Data"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "This code runs fine on this exact data (and on any other four-character string, such as \"fire\" or \"burn\"), but it's *fragile* – a slight change to the data will break it.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "\\[Terminology: Fragile is the opposite of **robust**. \"Robustness\" is one of the **non-functional** properties, or **design considerations**, of a design.\\]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "To see, this let's replace \"飛ぶ火鳥\" by a longer string:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 5,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "火\n",
-      "鳥\n",
-      "が\n",
-      "飛\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "text = \"火鳥が飛んでいる\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(text[0])\n",
-    "print(text[1])\n",
-    "print(text[2])\n",
-    "print(text[3])"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Oops, what happened? Now we are only seeing the first four characters of the text.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "That word *four* in the previous sentence is a hint. That's how many characters the first string had. We changed the *data*, but not the *code*, but our design requires that the code be kept in sync with the data (the number of lines of code must match the number of characters in the string).\n",
-    "\n",
-    "This (almost) fixes it:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 3,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "火\n",
-      "鳥\n",
-      "が\n",
-      "飛\n",
-      "ん\n",
-      "で\n",
-      "で\n",
-      "る\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "text = \"火鳥が飛んでいる\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(text[0])\n",
-    "print(text[1])\n",
-    "print(text[2])\n",
-    "print(text[3])\n",
-    "print(text[4])\n",
-    "print(text[5])\n",
-    "print(text[5])\n",
-    "print(text[7])"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Now we've printed eight characters, one for each character of the string.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "The code above still isn't correct, though. Can you spot the mistake?\n",
-    "\n",
-    "You can find it either (1) by inspecting the code, or (2) by comparing the *input* (the data – in this case, the value of `text`) to the *output*.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "It's easy to *make* this kind of mistake – I copied the code, and forgot to change a `5` to a `6`. It's difficult to *spot* it.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "\\[Terminology: it's easy to **inject** this category of **defect**. It's expensive to **detect** it.\\]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### Changes to the Specification"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The original specification was:\n",
-    "\n",
-    "> Print all the characters of a string, one per line.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "The customer has changed this to:\n",
-    "\n",
-    "> Print all the characters of a string, one per line. Parenthesize each character.\n",
-    ">\n",
-    "> For example, if the string is \"飛ぶ火鳥\", the program should print `(飛)` on the first line, `(ぶ)` on the second line, and so on.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "\\[Aside: You'll noticed that I've supplemented the specification with an example. This is good technique for verifying that the author and reader of the specification understand it the same way. It can also reveal potential defects in the specification – if the specification and the examples don't agree, at least one of them is wrong. Specification examples are like [doctest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctest), for specifications – and can be used as fodder for the actual code tests.\\]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Here's the code from the first cell, again:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 1,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "飛\n",
-      "ぶ\n",
-      "火\n",
-      "鳥\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "text = \"飛ぶ火鳥\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(text[0])\n",
-    "print(text[1])\n",
-    "print(text[2])\n",
-    "print(text[3])"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "And here I've modified the code to match the modified specification:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 7,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "(飛)\n",
-      "(ぶ)\n",
-      "(火)\n",
-      "(鳥)\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "text = \"飛ぶ火鳥\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print('(' + text[0] + ')')\n",
-    "print('(' + text[1] + ')')\n",
-    "print('(' + text[2] + ')')\n",
-    "print('(' + text[3] + ')')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "So – this *works* (it meets the **functional requirements**), but it's not *robust*, as we've seen above.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Also, making a small change to the specification (adding the statement \"parenthesize each character\") required making a large change to the code (editing every line).\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Another small change to the specification (adding \"there should be a space between the parentheses and the characters, *e.g.* `( 飛 )`\") would require editing every line of the code again.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "\\[Terminology: the code has low **extensibility**.\\]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## II. Specification-Shaped Code"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The advantage of the `for` statement, from [Iteration Basics](iteration-basics), is that it shapes the *lines* of code to the specification, and the *behavior* of the code to the data. (The versions above shaped the *lines* of code to the data.)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "### First difference: The lines of code do *not* line up against the data\n",
-    "\n",
-    "The behavior of the code comes from the data, but the lines of code themselves do not line up against the lines of data.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "This means the same lines of code can re-shape themselves to different data:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 10,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "飛\n",
-      "ぶ\n",
-      "火\n",
-      "鳥\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "text = \"飛ぶ火鳥\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "# Print all the characters of a string, one per line.\n",
-    "for c in text:\n",
-    "    print(c)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 13,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "火\n",
-      "鳥\n",
-      "が\n",
-      "飛\n",
-      "ん\n",
-      "で\n",
-      "い\n",
-      "る\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "text = \"火鳥が飛んでいる\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "# Print all the characters of a string, one per line.\n",
-    "for c in text:\n",
-    "    print(c)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### Second difference: the implementation *does* match the specification\n",
-    "\n",
-    "The lines of code correspond closely to the specification:\n",
-    "\n",
-    ">Print all the characters of a string, one per line.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "\"Print\" in the specification corresponds to `print` in the code. \"all the characters of the string\" corresponds to `for c in text` in the code. It's not a *mechanical* translation, but it is relatively easy to check the code against the specification."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 17,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "飛\n",
-      "ぶ\n",
-      "火\n",
-      "鳥\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "text = \"飛ぶ火鳥\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "# Print all the characters of a string, one per line.\n",
-    "for c in text:\n",
-    "    print(c)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "This also means that a simple (local) change to the specification requires only a local change to the implementation."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 19,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "(飛)\n",
-      "(ぶ)\n",
-      "(火)\n",
-      "(鳥)\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "text = \"飛ぶ火鳥\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "# Print all the characters of a string, one per line.\n",
-    "for c in text:\n",
-    "    print('(' + c + ')')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Appendix: Trade-Offs"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The implementation that uses `for` is more **general** and more **abstract** than the implementation that uses a different line to write each character.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "It's more *general* because it works on a wider variety of inputs, without change.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "It's more *abstract* because the relationship between the data, the implementation, and the output is *less direct*. (That's what we give up by making the relationship between specification and the implementation *more* direct.) In the original implementation, a single line of code operated on a single piece of the input (a character) to produce a single piece of output (a line containing that character). In the final implementation, a single line operates on all the pieces of the input, behaving differently (printing a different character) on each piece. \n",
-    "\n",
-    "Generality and abstraction aren't all sunshine and roses. (\"Engineering is the navigation of trade-offs.\")\n",
-    "\n",
-    "1. The relation between the *lines of code* and the *output* is more abstract. Which line in the original program (at the top of this page, without the `for` statement) was responsible for printing just the second character of the string? Which line in the final code program is?\n",
-    "\n",
-    "2. It's more difficult to make exceptions. Consider the following specification. How would you change the original program to do this? How would you change the final program?\n",
-    "\n",
-    "> Print all the characters of a string, one per line. Parenthesize each character except the second.\n",
-    ">\n",
-    "> For example, if the string is \"飛ぶ火鳥\", the program should print (飛) on the first line, ぶ on the second line, `(火)` on the third line, and so on."
-   ]
-  }
- ],
- "metadata": {
-  "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3",
-   "language": "python",
-   "name": "python3"
-  },
-  "language_info": {
-   "codemirror_mode": {
-    "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
-   },
-   "file_extension": ".py",
-   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
-   "name": "python",
-   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.5.2"
-  }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
-}
diff --git a/notebooks/iteration-basics.ipynb b/notebooks/iteration-basics.ipynb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5c289d0d..00000000
--- a/notebooks/iteration-basics.ipynb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,537 +0,0 @@
-{
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "# Iteration Basics\n",
-    "\n",
-    "> From copy/paste to `for`"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Replacing Repeated Code by `for`"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The following code prints all the characters of a string, one per line:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 1,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "飛\n",
-      "ぶ\n",
-      "火\n",
-      "鳥\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "text = \"飛ぶ火鳥\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(text[0])\n",
-    "print(text[1])\n",
-    "print(text[2])\n",
-    "print(text[3])"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Now let's replace \"飛ぶ火鳥\" by a longer string:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 5,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "火\n",
-      "鳥\n",
-      "が\n",
-      "飛\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "text = \"火鳥が飛んでいる\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(text[0])\n",
-    "print(text[1])\n",
-    "print(text[2])\n",
-    "print(text[3])"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "This didn't quite work. It only printed the first four characters.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "We added characters to the data, so we need to add lines to the code:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 1,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "火\n",
-      "鳥\n",
-      "が\n",
-      "飛\n",
-      "ん\n",
-      "で\n",
-      "い\n",
-      "る\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "text = \"火鳥が飛んでいる\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(text[0])\n",
-    "print(text[1])\n",
-    "print(text[2])\n",
-    "print(text[3])\n",
-    "print(text[4])\n",
-    "print(text[5])\n",
-    "print(text[6])\n",
-    "print(text[7])"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "This is inconvenient. Each time we change the data, we have to change the code."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "A `for` loop lets you write code that works with different lengths of data. Note that the code in the following two cells is the same. When it's run, it \"re-shapes\" itself to the data."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 2,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "飛\n",
-      "ぶ\n",
-      "火\n",
-      "鳥\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "text = \"飛ぶ火鳥\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "for c in text:\n",
-    "    print(c)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 3,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "火\n",
-      "鳥\n",
-      "が\n",
-      "飛\n",
-      "ん\n",
-      "で\n",
-      "い\n",
-      "る\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "text = \"火鳥が飛んでいる\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "for c in text:\n",
-    "    print(c)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## An Equivalence"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "`for c in text` is the same as doing this:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 4,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "飛\n",
-      "ぶ\n",
-      "火\n",
-      "鳥\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "text = \"飛ぶ火鳥\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "c = text[0]\n",
-    "print(c)\n",
-    "c = text[1]\n",
-    "print(c)\n",
-    "c = text[2]\n",
-    "print(c)\n",
-    "c = text[3]\n",
-    "print(c)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "except that with the `for` loop, Python figures out, while the program is running, how many times to repeat the\n",
-    "\n",
-    "```python\n",
-    "c = text[…]\n",
-    "print(c)\n",
-    "```\n",
-    "\n",
-    "block based on the length of `text`."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## From `while` to `for`"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The following three programs are functionally equivalent.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "See \"Iteration Example\" for an explanation of `range`, and discussion of the advantages of `for` over `while`."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 7,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "飛\n",
-      "ぶ\n",
-      "火\n",
-      "鳥\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "text = \"飛ぶ火鳥\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "i = 0\n",
-    "while i < len(text):\n",
-    "    c = text[i]\n",
-    "    print(c)\n",
-    "    i = i + 1"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Replacing `while` by `for`:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 7,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "飛\n",
-      "ぶ\n",
-      "火\n",
-      "鳥\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "text = \"飛ぶ火鳥\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "for i in range(len(text)):\n",
-    "    c = text[i]\n",
-    "    print(c)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Iterating directly over the characters, instead of over the indices:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 2,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "飛\n",
-      "ぶ\n",
-      "火\n",
-      "鳥\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "text = \"飛ぶ火鳥\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "for c in text:\n",
-    "    print(c)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Using `enumerate` to read both the index and the item"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The following programs are all functionally equivalent.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "See \"Iteration Example\" for an explanation of `enumerate`."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 8,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "0 飛\n",
-      "1 ぶ\n",
-      "2 火\n",
-      "3 鳥\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "text = \"飛ぶ火鳥\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "i = 0\n",
-    "while i < len(text):\n",
-    "    c = text[i]\n",
-    "    print(i, c)\n",
-    "    i = i + 1"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 9,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "0 飛\n",
-      "1 ぶ\n",
-      "2 火\n",
-      "3 鳥\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "text = \"飛ぶ火鳥\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "for i in range(len(text)):\n",
-    "    c = text[i]\n",
-    "    print(i, c)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 10,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "0 飛\n",
-      "1 ぶ\n",
-      "2 火\n",
-      "3 鳥\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "text = \"飛ぶ火鳥\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "for i_c in enumerate(text):\n",
-    "    i = i_c[0]\n",
-    "    c = i_c[1]\n",
-    "    print(i, c)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 12,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "0 飛\n",
-      "1 ぶ\n",
-      "2 火\n",
-      "3 鳥\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "text = \"飛ぶ火鳥\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "for i_c in enumerate(text):\n",
-    "    i, c = i_c\n",
-    "    print(i, c)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 13,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "0 飛\n",
-      "1 ぶ\n",
-      "2 火\n",
-      "3 鳥\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "text = \"飛ぶ火鳥\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "for i, c in enumerate(text):\n",
-    "    print(i, c)"
-   ]
-  }
- ],
- "metadata": {
-  "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3",
-   "language": "python",
-   "name": "python3"
-  },
-  "language_info": {
-   "codemirror_mode": {
-    "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
-   },
-   "file_extension": ".py",
-   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
-   "name": "python",
-   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.5.2"
-  }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
-}
diff --git a/notebooks/iteration-example.ipynb b/notebooks/iteration-example.ipynb
deleted file mode 100644
index 40050414..00000000
--- a/notebooks/iteration-example.ipynb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1026 +0,0 @@
-{
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "# Iteration Example"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "> **Detailed design ~ Control flow ~ `while` and `for` ~ `range` ~ Relating design to implementation ~ Nested loops ~ Functions – an alternative ~ `enumerate`**"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Let's write a script that computes the number of letters in the words in a list. For example, if the list has the words \"fabulous\", \"flying\", and \"phoenix\", the number of letters is 8 + 6 + 7 = 21.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Here's a **detailed design** (or **low-level design**) that is intended to satisfy this specification:\n",
-    "\n",
-    "1. For each word in the list:\n",
-    "  1. Count its letters\n",
-    "  2. Add that count to a running total\n",
-    "2. Return the total\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Let's implement this design using `while` and `break`:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 3,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "these words total 21 letters\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "words = [\"fabulous\", \"flying\", \"phoenix\"]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "letter_count = 0\n",
-    "i = 0\n",
-    "while True:\n",
-    "    w = words[i]\n",
-    "    letter_count = letter_count + len(w)\n",
-    "    i = i + 1\n",
-    "    if i >= len(words):\n",
-    "        break\n",
-    "print(\"these words total\", letter_count, \"letters\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Note how many *places* and *ways* the variable `i` is used. I've labelled these with comments below."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 3,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "these words total 21 letters\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "words = [\"fabulous\", \"flying\", \"phoenix\"]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "letter_count = 0\n",
-    "i = 0                    # <- initialize\n",
-    "while True:\n",
-    "    w = words[i]         # <- index\n",
-    "    letter_count = letter_count + len(w)\n",
-    "    i = i + 1            # <- increment\n",
-    "    if i >= len(words):  # <- test\n",
-    "        break\n",
-    "print(\"these words total\", letter_count, \"letters\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Also note the **control flow** – which parts of the code decide how many times the loop is executed; equivalently in this case, for each line of code, what happens next."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 64,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "these words total 21 letters\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "words = [\"fabulous\", \"flying\", \"phoenix\"]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "letter_count = 0\n",
-    "i = 0\n",
-    "while True:              # <- loop for ever – but not really, because:\n",
-    "    w = words[i]\n",
-    "    letter_count = letter_count + len(w)\n",
-    "    i = i + 1\n",
-    "    if i >= len(words):\n",
-    "        break            # <- terminate the loop\n",
-    "print(\"these words total\", letter_count, \"letters\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "This implementation distributes a single idea (\"for each word in the list\") from the design, across a number of different places in the implementation. It makes it difficult to match the implementation to the specification, and see if they describe the same process.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "\"For each word\" is split into pieces, and woven into different parts of the script.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "It's also hard to read off where the `while` loop terminates. It looks from the `while` line like it goes on forever; you have to read to the end of its body to find the `break`, hidden inside of an `if`.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "We can reduce the number of different places that the implementation of \"For each word\" pops up, and also making the control flow more readable, by moving the termination condition into the `while` test:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 4,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "these words total 21 letters\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "words = [\"fabulous\", \"flying\", \"phoenix\"]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "letter_count = 0\n",
-    "i = 0                  # <- initialize\n",
-    "while i < len(words):  # <- test and terminate\n",
-    "    w = words[i]       # <- index\n",
-    "    letter_count = letter_count + len(w)\n",
-    "    i = i + 1          # <- increment\n",
-    "print(\"these words total\", letter_count, \"letters\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### `for` and `range`"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "We can go one step further by replacing `while`, with `for` and `range`.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "First, let's review how `range` works.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "`range` returns a sequence that acts like `[0, 1, 2, 3]`, except we don't have to know when we write the code how long the list should be.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "(The value returned by `range` only acts behaves as a list, it isn't an actual list. This works fine in a `for` loop, but it means that `print` isn't completely helpful for learning about it. We'll work around this by applying the `list` function to the value returned by `range`. This creates the list that the range value behaves like.)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 60,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "len(words) = 3\n",
-      "range(3) = range(0, 3)\n",
-      "range(3) behaves as [0, 1, 2]\n",
-      "range(len(words)) behaves as [0, 1, 2]\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "print(\"len(words) =\", len(words))\n",
-    "print(\"range(3) =\", range(3))\n",
-    "print(\"range(3) behaves as\", list(range(3)))\n",
-    "print(\"range(len(words)) behaves as\", list(range(len(words))))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "`for` introduces a variable (just like `=` does), assigns it the first item in a sequence (just like `i = range(len(words))[0]` would), and runs the body of the loop (just like `while` does). Then it assigns the variable the *next* item in the sequence, and runs the loop again.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "```python\n",
-    "for item in lst:\n",
-    "  # code\n",
-    "```\n",
-    "\n",
-    "is just the same as:\n",
-    "\n",
-    "```python\n",
-    "i = 0\n",
-    "while i < len(lst):\n",
-    "    # code\n",
-    "    i = i + 1\n",
-    "```\n",
-    "\n",
-    "except that Python takes care of managing `i` for us."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 5,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "these words total 21 letters\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "words = [\"fabulous\", \"flying\", \"phoenix\"]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "letter_count = 0\n",
-    "for i in range(len(words)): # <- initialize, increment, test, and terminate\n",
-    "    w = words[i]            # <- index\n",
-    "    letter_count = letter_count + len(w)\n",
-    "print(\"these words total\", letter_count, \"letters\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Now \"For each word\" only pops up in two places: in the `for` line where `i` is *assigned* etc., and in `w = words[i]` where we *use* it.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "We can do one better. Instead of using `for` to iterate over the indices – which we only need in order to get the words of the list – we can iterate over the words themselves."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 38,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "these words total 21 letters\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "words = [\"fabulous\", \"flying\", \"phoenix\"]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "letter_count = 0\n",
-    "for w in words: # <- initialize, index, increment, test, and terminate\n",
-    "    letter_count = letter_count + len(w)\n",
-    "print(\"these words total\", letter_count, \"letters\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Compare \"For each word\" from the *specification*, to `for w in words` from the *implementation*. This is a much closer match.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Something to strive for in your programs is an implementation whose structure matches the specification and the design. Sometimes this involves creating functions that matches words of the specification. (This is where \"Growing a Language\" comes in.) Sometimes it involves re-thinking the design – is there a clearer way to say the same thing, that lends itself better to coding."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Nested Loops"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The refinement above reduced the number of lines of code, and it reduced the number of \"bookkeeping\" variables.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Each line of code is a home for bugs to breed. Each place a variable is used, is an opportunity to use the wrong variable – and therefore introduce a bug.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "The rest of this section illustrates this.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Consider this new specification:\n",
-    "\n",
-    "> Given a list of words, compute the number of vowels in all the words.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "This is very similar to the original specification, so we'll start with that."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Return for a moment to our *original* implementation of the letter counter:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "words = [\"fabulous\", \"flying\", \"phoenix\"]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "letter_count = 0\n",
-    "i = 0                    # <- initialize\n",
-    "while True:\n",
-    "    w = words[i]         # <- index\n",
-    "    letter_count = letter_count + len(w)\n",
-    "    i = i + 1            # <- increment\n",
-    "    if i >= len(words):  # <- test\n",
-    "        break            # <- terminate\n",
-    "print(\"these words total\", letter_count, \"letters\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Here's code to count the vowels in a single word:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 33,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "fabulous contains 4 vowels\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "word = \"fabulous\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "vowel_count = 0\n",
-    "i = 0\n",
-    "while i < len(word):\n",
-    "    c = word[i]\n",
-    "    if c in 'aeiouy':\n",
-    "        vowel_count = vowel_count + 1\n",
-    "    i = i + 1\n",
-    "print(word, \"contains\", vowel_count, \"vowels\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "We can combine the previous two cells (sum the number of letters in all the word, count the number of vowels in a single word) into a single script:\n",
-    "\n",
-    "There's a couple of gotchas:\n",
-    "\n",
-    "1. The first script uses `w` for the word. The second script uses `word`. We need to either rename `w` to `word` in the first script, or `word` to `w` in the second script. (We'll do the second.)\n",
-    "2. The first script uses `i` to index into the list of words. The second script uses `i` to index into the characters within a single word. We need to rename one of these variables. (We'll rename `i` in the second script to `j`.) Be careful to rename *all* the occurrences of `i` in the second script.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "The modified vowel-counter looks like this:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "w = \"fabulous\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "vowel_count = 0\n",
-    "j = 0\n",
-    "while j < len(w):\n",
-    "    c = w[j]\n",
-    "    if c in 'aeiouy':\n",
-    "        vowel_count = vowel_count + 1\n",
-    "    j = j + 1\n",
-    "print(w, \"contains\", vowel_count, \"vowels\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "And putting them together:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 9,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "these words have 9 vowels in all\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "words = [\"fabulous\", \"flying\", \"phoenix\"]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "vowel_count = 0\n",
-    "i = 0                    # <- outer initialization\n",
-    "while i < len(words):    # <- outer test\n",
-    "    w = words[i]         # <- outer index\n",
-    "    j = 0                  # <- inner initialization\n",
-    "    while j < len(w):      # <- inner test\n",
-    "        c = w[j]           # <- inner index\n",
-    "        if c in 'aeiouy':\n",
-    "            vowel_count = vowel_count + 1\n",
-    "        j = j + 1          # <- inner increment\n",
-    "    i = i + 1            # <- outer increment\n",
-    "print(\"these words have\", vowel_count, \"vowels in all\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "In practice, it's very hard to do this reliably. References to `i` are mixed with references to `j`, and it's easy to slip up.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "See if you can spot the problem with the following script. This script never terminates."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "words = [\"fabulous\", \"flying\", \"phoenix\"]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "vowel_count = 0\n",
-    "i = 0                    # <- outer initialization\n",
-    "while i < len(words):    # <- outer test\n",
-    "    w = words[i]         # <- outer index\n",
-    "    j = 0                  # <- inner initialization\n",
-    "    while j < len(w):      # <- inner test\n",
-    "        c = w[j]           # <- inner index\n",
-    "        if c in 'aeiouy':\n",
-    "            vowel_count = vowel_count + 1\n",
-    "        i = i + 1          # <- inner increment OR IS IT?\n",
-    "    i = i + 1            # <- outer increment\n",
-    "print(\"these words have\", vowel_count, \"vowels in all\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Now let's switch to our final implementation of the letter counter, that used `range`:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 38,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "these words total 21 letters\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "words = [\"fabulous\", \"flying\", \"phoenix\"]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "letter_count = 0\n",
-    "for w in words: # <- initialize, index, increment, test, and terminate\n",
-    "    letter_count = letter_count + len(w)\n",
-    "print(\"these words total\", letter_count, \"letters\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Here's a vowel counter that also uses `range`:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 39,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "fabulous contains 4 vowels\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "word = \"fabulous\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "vowel_count = 0\n",
-    "for c in word:\n",
-    "    if c in 'aeiouy':\n",
-    "        vowel_count = vowel_count + 1\n",
-    "print(word, \"contains\", vowel_count, \"vowels\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "It's much easier to fuse these two cells. We still need to rename `word` in the vowel counter to `w`, but there's no colliding loop counters such as `i` and `j` the last time we tried this."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 11,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "these words have 9 vowels in all\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "words = [\"fabulous\", \"flying\", \"phoenix\"]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "vowel_count = 0\n",
-    "for w in words: # <- outer initialize, index, increment, test, and terminate\n",
-    "    for c in w:\n",
-    "        if c in 'aeiouy': # <- inner initialize, index, increment, test, and terminate\n",
-    "            vowel_count = vowel_count + 1\n",
-    "print(\"these words have\", vowel_count, \"vowels in all\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### Another Approach: Functions"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "You might have noticed there's another way to compose *units of functionality*, such as \"do something to each word in list\" and \"count vowels in a word\". That's to compose *functions*.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Returning once again to our original implementations of \"sum the lengths of the words\" and \"count the vowels in a single word\", let's turn each of these scripts into a function:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 47,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "these words total 21 letters\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def count_letters_in_word_list(words):\n",
-    "    count = 0\n",
-    "    i = 0\n",
-    "    while True:\n",
-    "        w = words[i]\n",
-    "        count = count + len(w)\n",
-    "        i = i + 1\n",
-    "        if i >= len(words):\n",
-    "            break\n",
-    "    return count\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(\"these words total\", count_letters_in_word_list([\"fabulous\", \"flying\", \"phoenix\"]), \"letters\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 48,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "fabulous contains 4 vowels\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def count_vowels(word):\n",
-    "    vowel_count = 0\n",
-    "    i = 0\n",
-    "    while i < len(word):\n",
-    "        c = word[i]\n",
-    "        if c in 'aeiouy':\n",
-    "            vowel_count = vowel_count + 1\n",
-    "        i = i + 1\n",
-    "    return vowel_count\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(word, \"contains\", count_vowels(\"fabulous\"), \"vowels\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "We combine them by changing `count_letters_in_word_list` to call `count_vowels` instead of `len`. (I've also renamed the function `count_letters_in_word_list` to `count_vowels_in_word_list`.)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 51,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "these words have 21 vowels in all\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def count_vowels_in_word_list(words):  # <- renamed the function\n",
-    "    count = 0\n",
-    "    i = 0\n",
-    "    while True:\n",
-    "        w = words[i]\n",
-    "        count = count + len(w)   # <- this is the only other change\n",
-    "        i = i + 1\n",
-    "        if i >= len(words):\n",
-    "            break\n",
-    "    return count\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(\"these words have\", count_vowels_in_word_list([\"fabulous\", \"flying\", \"phoenix\"]), \"vowels in all\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "We could change the implementation of `count_vowels` without changing `count_vowels_in_word_list`.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "We could also change the implementation of `count_vowels_in_word_list` without changing `count_vowels`.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "We can mix and match: any correct implementation `count_vowels` works with any correct implementation of `count_vowels_in_word_list`.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Separating these units of *functionality* into separate *functions* therefore insulates them from each other in a way that fusing them into a single script can't do."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 50,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "fabulous contains 4 vowels\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def count_vowels(word):\n",
-    "    vowel_count = 0\n",
-    "    for c in word:\n",
-    "        if c in 'aeiouy':\n",
-    "            vowel_count = vowel_count + 1\n",
-    "    return vowel_count\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(word, \"contains\", count_vowels(\"fabulous\"), \"vowels\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 52,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "these words have 9 vowels in all\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def count_vowels_in_word_list(words):\n",
-    "    count = 0\n",
-    "    for w in words:\n",
-    "        count = count + count_vowels(w)\n",
-    "    return count\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(\"these words have\", count_vowels_in_word_list([\"fabulous\", \"flying\", \"phoenix\"]), \"vowels in all\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## `enumerate` provides the index *and* the item"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Let's return to the original brief – count the letters in all the words – and add a requirement:\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Print the number of letters in each word, indexed by position.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "For example, if the list has \"fabulous\", \"flying\", and \"phoenix\", the script should print:\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    word #1 has 8 letters\n",
-    "    word #2 has 6 letters\n",
-    "    word #3 has 7 letters\n",
-    "    these words total 21 letters\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Having seen the advantages of `for w in words`, "
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 54,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "NameError",
-     "evalue": "name 'i' is not defined",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[0;31m----------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-54-7df716470494>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mfor\u001b[0m \u001b[0mw\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32min\u001b[0m \u001b[0mwords\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      5\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mlen\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mw\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 6\u001b[0;31m     \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"word #\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mi\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"has\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mn\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"letters\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      7\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mletter_count\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mletter_count\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0mn\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      8\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"these words total\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mletter_count\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"letters\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
-      "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'i' is not defined"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "words = [\"fabulous\", \"flying\", \"phoenix\"]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "letter_count = 0\n",
-    "for w in words:\n",
-    "    n = len(w)\n",
-    "    print(\"word #{} has {} letters\".format(i + 1, n))\n",
-    "    letter_count = letter_count + n\n",
-    "print(\"these words total\", letter_count, \"letters\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Oops! `for w in words` doesn't give us an index variable, just the item itself. This was an advantage because we didn't have to manage the index variable, but it's a disadvantage if we actually want it.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "We could create our own index variable to keep track of where we are within the list:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 56,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "word #1 has 8 letters\n",
-      "word #2 has 6 letters\n",
-      "word #3 has 7 letters\n",
-      "these words total 21 letters\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "words = [\"fabulous\", \"flying\", \"phoenix\"]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "letter_count = 0\n",
-    "i = 0\n",
-    "for w in words:\n",
-    "    n = len(w)\n",
-    "    print(\"word #{} has {} letters\".format(i + 1, n))\n",
-    "    i = i + 1\n",
-    "    letter_count = letter_count + n\n",
-    "print(\"these words total\", letter_count, \"letters\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "But now we're using two different mechanisms to traverse the same list at the same pace: the `for` loop with `w`, and our own `i`. Maybe it's better to iterate over the indices instead of the words:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 35,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "word #1 has 8 letters\n",
-      "word #2 has 6 letters\n",
-      "word #3 has 7 letters\n",
-      "these words total 21 letters\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "words = [\"fabulous\", \"flying\", \"phoenix\"]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "letter_count = 0\n",
-    "for i in range(len(words)):\n",
-    "    w = words[i]\n",
-    "    n = len(w)\n",
-    "    print(\"word #{} has {} letters\".format(i + 1, n))\n",
-    "    letter_count = letter_count + n\n",
-    "print(\"these words total\", letter_count, \"letters\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "This is acceptable, but it's galling to have to go back to iterating over indices just to get to the words. And this is a very common requirement.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "An alternative is the `enumerate` function, which generates a sequence of pairs: (index, item).\n",
-    "\n",
-    "(The value `(0, 'fabulous')` is a *tuple*. It behaves the same as the list `[0, 'fabulous']`, for our purposes.)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 61,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "enumerate(words) = <enumerate object at 0x106a9f948>\n",
-      "enumerate(words) behaves as [(0, 'fabulous'), (1, 'flying'), (2, 'phoenix')]\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "print(\"enumerate(words) =\", enumerate(words))\n",
-    "print(\"enumerate(words) behaves as\", list(enumerate(words)))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 62,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "word #1 has 8 letters\n",
-      "word #2 has 6 letters\n",
-      "word #3 has 7 letters\n",
-      "these words total 21 letters\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "words = [\"fabulous\", \"flying\", \"phoenix\"]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "letter_count = 0\n",
-    "for index_and_word in enumerate(words):\n",
-    "    i = index_and_word[0]\n",
-    "    w = index_and_word[1]\n",
-    "    n = len(w)\n",
-    "    print(\"word #{} has {} letters\".format(i + 1, n))\n",
-    "    letter_count = letter_count + n\n",
-    "print(\"these words total\", letter_count, \"letters\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "This can be simplified using the shortcut `a, b = pair`, which is equivalent to `a = pair[0]; b = pair[1]` if `pair` is a list or tuple with length 2."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 36,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "word #1 has 8 letters\n",
-      "word #2 has 6 letters\n",
-      "word #3 has 7 letters\n",
-      "these words total 21 letters\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "words = [\"fabulous\", \"flying\", \"phoenix\"]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "letter_count = 0\n",
-    "for index_and_word in enumerate(words):\n",
-    "    i, w = index_and_word\n",
-    "    n = len(w)\n",
-    "    print(\"word #{} has {} letters\".format(i + 1, n))\n",
-    "    letter_count = letter_count + n\n",
-    "print(\"these words total\", letter_count, \"letters\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "This can further be simplified by replacing `index_and_word` by `i, w`, instead of assigning them from it later."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 37,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "word #1 has 8 letters\n",
-      "word #2 has 6 letters\n",
-      "word #3 has 7 letters\n",
-      "these words total 21 letters\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "words = [\"fabulous\", \"flying\", \"phoenix\"]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "letter_count = 0\n",
-    "for i, w in enumerate(words):\n",
-    "    n = len(w)\n",
-    "    print(\"word #{} has {} letters\".format(i + 1, n))\n",
-    "    letter_count = letter_count + n\n",
-    "print(\"these words total\", letter_count, \"letters\")"
-   ]
-  }
- ],
- "metadata": {
-  "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3",
-   "language": "python",
-   "name": "python3"
-  },
-  "language_info": {
-   "codemirror_mode": {
-    "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
-   },
-   "file_extension": ".py",
-   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
-   "name": "python",
-   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.5.2"
-  }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
-}
diff --git a/notebooks/iteration-patterns.ipynb b/notebooks/iteration-patterns.ipynb
index 21de6a41..b9900236 100644
--- a/notebooks/iteration-patterns.ipynb
+++ b/notebooks/iteration-patterns.ipynb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "You've learned three *ways* to iterate:\n",
+    "You've learned three **ways** to iterate:\n",
     "\n",
     "1. Using a `while` loop:\n",
     "    ```python\n",
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
     "        // do something with item\n",
     "    ```\n",
     "\n",
-    "This page discusses three *uses* for iteration:\n",
+    "This page discusses three **uses** for iteration:\n",
     "\n",
     "**Mapping**\n",
     "\n",
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@
     "1. modify the original list\n",
     "2. return a new list.\n",
     "\n",
-    "These correspond to `chop` and `middle` from the first reading journal."
+    "These correspond to `chop` and `middle` from first reading journal."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@
    "source": [
     "#### `for` and `map`: a connection\n",
     "\n",
-    "In \"Iteration Basics\", we learned that the `for` statement replaces a number of different statements: that initialize, test, use, and increment the *loop variable*. With `for`, Python handles this for us automatically.\n",
+    "The `for` statement replaces a number of different statements: that initialize, test, use, and increment the *loop variable*. With `for`, Python handles this for us automatically.\n",
     "\n",
     "Similarly, the `map` function replaces a number of different statements: that initialize, modify, and return the *accumulator variable*."
    ]
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@
     "\n",
     "These are two different ways of writing: the set of numbers $\\{n + 10\\}$, for $n$ from $\\{2, 4, 6\\}$. (This set is equal to $\\{12, 14, 16\\}$.)\n",
     "\n",
-    "Python provides **set comprehensions**. The following set comprehension is equal to the Python set `{12, 14, 16}`: \n",
+    "Python provides **set comprehensions** (we'll learn about Python sets later). The following set comprehension is equal to the Python set `{12, 14, 16}`: \n",
     "\n",
     "```python\n",
     "{n + 10 for n in {2, 4, 6}}\n",
@@ -381,7 +381,9 @@
     "\n",
     "*Filtering* returns a list that contains only some items from the original list.\n",
     "\n",
-    "We will only work with implementations that create a new list. See [this Stack Overflow question](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10665591/how-to-remove-list-elements-in-a-for-loop-in-python) for a discussion of some of the pitfalls with trying to delete items from a list from inside a `for` loop."
+    "We will only work with implementations that create a new list. See [this Stack Overflow question](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10665591/how-to-remove-list-elements-in-a-for-loop-in-python) for a discussion of some of the pitfalls with trying to delete items from a list from inside a `for` loop.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Note: you will need to implement your own `is_even` function that returns `True` or `False`"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -472,7 +474,7 @@
    ],
    "source": [
     "def evens(ns):\n",
-    "    return [n for n in [2, 4, 6] if is_even(n)]\n",
+    "    return [n for n in ns if is_even(n)]\n",
     "\n",
     "evens([1, 2, 3, 4])"
    ]
@@ -481,7 +483,9 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "## Reduce"
+    "## Reduce\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The _reduce_ pattern combines the items in a list into a single value."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -553,7 +557,7 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "Instead of writing our implementation of `add`, we can use the [operator module](https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/operator.html) to get a Python *function* that acts like the `+` *operator*."
+    "Instead of writing our implementation of `add`, we could use the [operator module](https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/operator.html) to get a Python *function* that acts like the `+` *operator*."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -599,7 +603,7 @@
    "name": "python",
    "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
    "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.5.2"
+   "version": "3.6.4"
   }
  },
  "nbformat": 4,
diff --git a/notebooks/palindromes.ipynb b/notebooks/palindromes.ipynb
deleted file mode 100644
index f06e5596..00000000
--- a/notebooks/palindromes.ipynb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,983 +0,0 @@
-{
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "# Palindrome Notes"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Iterative strategy"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 35,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import doctest\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def is_palindrome(s):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('divide')\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    for i in range(len(s)):\n",
-    "        if s[i] != s[len(s) - 1 - i]:\n",
-    "            return False\n",
-    "    return True\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Abbreviate `s[len(s) - n]` as `s[-m]`:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 59,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import doctest\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def is_palindrome(s):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('divide')\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    for i in range(len(s)):\n",
-    "        if s[i] != s[-1 - i]:\n",
-    "            return False\n",
-    "    return True\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Stop at the middle. (More efficient; same functionality.)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 37,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import doctest\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def is_palindrome(s):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('divide')\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    for i in range(len(s) // 2):\n",
-    "        if s[i] != s[len(s) -1 - i]:\n",
-    "            return False\n",
-    "    return True\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "It's good to have test cases for special and extreme cases. (In this case, the empty string.)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 38,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import doctest\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def is_palindrome(s):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('a')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('divide')\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    for i in range(len(s) // 2):\n",
-    "        if s[i] != s[len(s) -1 - i]:\n",
-    "            return False\n",
-    "    return True\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### Iterative strategy – ignoring case"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Add a test case we wished passed, and replace `=` by the function we wish we had (`eq_ignores_case`)."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 39,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import doctest\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def palindrome(s):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Returns true iff s is a palindrome.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    A palindrome is a string that is the same reversed, ignoring capitalization.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('a')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('divide')\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('Bob')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    for i in range(len(s)):\n",
-    "        if not eq_ignores_case(s[i], s[-1-i]):\n",
-    "            return False\n",
-    "    return True\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Now write `eq_ignores_case`:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 40,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def eq_ignores_case(a, b):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'a')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'A')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> eq_ignores_case('A', 'a')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> eq_ignores_case('A', 'A')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'b')\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    if a == b:\n",
-    "        return True\n",
-    "    if a.islower() and b.isupper() and a.upper() == b:\n",
-    "        return True\n",
-    "    if b.islower() and a.isupper() and b.upper() == a:\n",
-    "        return True\n",
-    "    return False\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(eq_ignores_case, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Can be simplified to:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 41,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def eq_ignores_case(a, b):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'a')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'A')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> eq_ignores_case('A', 'a')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> eq_ignores_case('A', 'A')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'b')\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    if a == b:\n",
-    "        return True\n",
-    "    if a.upper() == b:\n",
-    "        return True\n",
-    "    if b.upper() == a:\n",
-    "        return True\n",
-    "    return False\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(eq_ignores_case, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Can be simplified to:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 42,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def eq_ignores_case(a, b):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'a')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'A')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> eq_ignores_case('A', 'a')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> eq_ignores_case('A', 'A')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'b')\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    if a == b:\n",
-    "        return True\n",
-    "    if a.upper() == b.upper():\n",
-    "        return True\n",
-    "    return False\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(eq_ignores_case, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Can be simplified to:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 43,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def eq_ignores_case(a, b):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'a')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'A')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> eq_ignores_case('A', 'a')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> eq_ignores_case('A', 'A')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'b')\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    if a.upper() == b.upper():\n",
-    "        return True\n",
-    "    return False\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(eq_ignores_case, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Can be simplified to:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 44,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def eq_ignores_case(a, b):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'a')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'A')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> eq_ignores_case('A', 'a')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> eq_ignores_case('A', 'A')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> eq_ignores_case('a', 'b')\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    return a.upper() == b.upper()\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(eq_ignores_case, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Now the tests pass:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 45,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import doctest\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def is_palindrome(s):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Returns true iff s is a palindrome.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    A palindrome is a string that is the same reversed, ignoring capitalization.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('a')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('divide')\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('Bob')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    for i in range(len(s)):\n",
-    "        if not eq_ignores_case(s[i], s[-1-i]):\n",
-    "            return False\n",
-    "    return True\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### Iterative strategy – ignoring punctuation"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "First, unpack the `for i` in the previous definition of `is_palindrome`, for more control over its iteration than `for i in range` allows.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "We will add test cases for the new functionality (ignoring punctation) that we want to test, but these test cases won't pass."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 60,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import doctest\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def is_palindrome(s):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Returns true iff s is a palindrome.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    A palindrome is a string that is the same reversed, ignoring punctuation and capitalization.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('a')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('divide')\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('Re-divider')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('Bob')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('A man, a plan, a canal – Panama!')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    i = 0\n",
-    "    while i < len(s):\n",
-    "        if not eq_ignores_case(s[i], s[-1-i]):\n",
-    "            return False\n",
-    "        i += 1\n",
-    "    return True\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(palindrome, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Now introduce a distinct variable for iterating from the end of the loop. This still doesn't make the tests pass, but it's one step closer."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 61,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "**********************************************************************\n",
-      "File \"__main__\", line 16, in NoName\n",
-      "Failed example:\n",
-      "    is_palindrome('Re-divider')\n",
-      "Expected:\n",
-      "    True\n",
-      "Got:\n",
-      "    False\n",
-      "**********************************************************************\n",
-      "File \"__main__\", line 20, in NoName\n",
-      "Failed example:\n",
-      "    is_palindrome('A man, a plan, a canal – Panama!')\n",
-      "Expected:\n",
-      "    True\n",
-      "Got:\n",
-      "    False\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "import doctest\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def is_palindrome(s):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Returns true iff s is a palindrome.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    A palindrome is a string that is the same reversed, ignoring punctuation and capitalization.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('a')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('divide')\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('Re-divider')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('Bob')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('A man, a plan, a canal – Panama!')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    i = 0\n",
-    "    j = len(s) - 1\n",
-    "    while i < len(s):\n",
-    "        if not eq_ignores_case(s[i], s[j]):\n",
-    "            return False\n",
-    "        i += 1\n",
-    "        j -= 1\n",
-    "    return True\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Step over punctuation. The following uses a slightly different approach from in class: defining a function `is_punct` instead of using `c in punct` each time.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "It also changes the loop test to `i < j` to detect when the left and right indices meet in the middle. This avoids the need for more complicated `while` statements to avoid running the indices off the end of the string while skipping over punctuation."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 1,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "**********************************************************************\n",
-      "File \"__main__\", line 15, in NoName\n",
-      "Failed example:\n",
-      "    is_palindrome('divide')\n",
-      "Exception raised:\n",
-      "    Traceback (most recent call last):\n",
-      "      File \"/Users/osteele/anaconda3/lib/python3.5/doctest.py\", line 1321, in __run\n",
-      "        compileflags, 1), test.globs)\n",
-      "      File \"<doctest NoName[2]>\", line 1, in <module>\n",
-      "        is_palindrome('divide')\n",
-      "      File \"<ipython-input-1-397877bcfdf1>\", line 35, in is_palindrome\n",
-      "        if not eq_ignores_case(s[i], s[j]):\n",
-      "    NameError: name 'eq_ignores_case' is not defined\n",
-      "**********************************************************************\n",
-      "File \"__main__\", line 17, in NoName\n",
-      "Failed example:\n",
-      "    is_palindrome('redivider')\n",
-      "Exception raised:\n",
-      "    Traceback (most recent call last):\n",
-      "      File \"/Users/osteele/anaconda3/lib/python3.5/doctest.py\", line 1321, in __run\n",
-      "        compileflags, 1), test.globs)\n",
-      "      File \"<doctest NoName[3]>\", line 1, in <module>\n",
-      "        is_palindrome('redivider')\n",
-      "      File \"<ipython-input-1-397877bcfdf1>\", line 35, in is_palindrome\n",
-      "        if not eq_ignores_case(s[i], s[j]):\n",
-      "    NameError: name 'eq_ignores_case' is not defined\n",
-      "**********************************************************************\n",
-      "File \"__main__\", line 19, in NoName\n",
-      "Failed example:\n",
-      "    is_palindrome('Re-divider')\n",
-      "Exception raised:\n",
-      "    Traceback (most recent call last):\n",
-      "      File \"/Users/osteele/anaconda3/lib/python3.5/doctest.py\", line 1321, in __run\n",
-      "        compileflags, 1), test.globs)\n",
-      "      File \"<doctest NoName[4]>\", line 1, in <module>\n",
-      "        is_palindrome('Re-divider')\n",
-      "      File \"<ipython-input-1-397877bcfdf1>\", line 35, in is_palindrome\n",
-      "        if not eq_ignores_case(s[i], s[j]):\n",
-      "    NameError: name 'eq_ignores_case' is not defined\n",
-      "**********************************************************************\n",
-      "File \"__main__\", line 21, in NoName\n",
-      "Failed example:\n",
-      "    is_palindrome('Bob')\n",
-      "Exception raised:\n",
-      "    Traceback (most recent call last):\n",
-      "      File \"/Users/osteele/anaconda3/lib/python3.5/doctest.py\", line 1321, in __run\n",
-      "        compileflags, 1), test.globs)\n",
-      "      File \"<doctest NoName[5]>\", line 1, in <module>\n",
-      "        is_palindrome('Bob')\n",
-      "      File \"<ipython-input-1-397877bcfdf1>\", line 35, in is_palindrome\n",
-      "        if not eq_ignores_case(s[i], s[j]):\n",
-      "    NameError: name 'eq_ignores_case' is not defined\n",
-      "**********************************************************************\n",
-      "File \"__main__\", line 23, in NoName\n",
-      "Failed example:\n",
-      "    is_palindrome('A man, a plan, a canal – Panama!')\n",
-      "Exception raised:\n",
-      "    Traceback (most recent call last):\n",
-      "      File \"/Users/osteele/anaconda3/lib/python3.5/doctest.py\", line 1321, in __run\n",
-      "        compileflags, 1), test.globs)\n",
-      "      File \"<doctest NoName[6]>\", line 1, in <module>\n",
-      "        is_palindrome('A man, a plan, a canal – Panama!')\n",
-      "      File \"<ipython-input-1-397877bcfdf1>\", line 35, in is_palindrome\n",
-      "        if not eq_ignores_case(s[i], s[j]):\n",
-      "    NameError: name 'eq_ignores_case' is not defined\n",
-      "**********************************************************************\n",
-      "File \"__main__\", line 25, in NoName\n",
-      "Failed example:\n",
-      "    is_palindrome('Doc, note I dissent. A fast never prevents a fatness. I diet on cod.')\n",
-      "Exception raised:\n",
-      "    Traceback (most recent call last):\n",
-      "      File \"/Users/osteele/anaconda3/lib/python3.5/doctest.py\", line 1321, in __run\n",
-      "        compileflags, 1), test.globs)\n",
-      "      File \"<doctest NoName[7]>\", line 1, in <module>\n",
-      "        is_palindrome('Doc, note I dissent. A fast never prevents a fatness. I diet on cod.')\n",
-      "      File \"<ipython-input-1-397877bcfdf1>\", line 35, in is_palindrome\n",
-      "        if not eq_ignores_case(s[i], s[j]):\n",
-      "    NameError: name 'eq_ignores_case' is not defined\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "import doctest\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def is_punct(c):\n",
-    "    return c in ' -–.,!'\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def is_palindrome(s):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"Returns true iff s is a palindrome.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    A palindrome is a string that is the same reversed, ignoring punctuation or capitalization.\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('a')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('divide')\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('Re-divider')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('Bob')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('A man, a plan, a canal – Panama!')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('Doc, note I dissent. A fast never prevents a fatness. I diet on cod.')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    i = 0\n",
-    "    j = len(s) - 1\n",
-    "    while i < j:\n",
-    "        while is_punct(s[i]):\n",
-    "            i += 1\n",
-    "        while is_punct(s[j]):\n",
-    "            j -= 1\n",
-    "        if not eq_ignores_case(s[i], s[j]):\n",
-    "            return False\n",
-    "        i += 1\n",
-    "        j -= 1\n",
-    "    return True\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "A more robust implementation of `is_punct`:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 63,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import string\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def is_punct(c):\n",
-    "    return c not in string.ascii_letters"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Compare to Reversed String\n",
-    "\n",
-    "This is a more direct implementation of “A palindrome is a string that is the same reversed”.\n",
-    "The following three implementations use three different methods to reverse a string."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 65,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import doctest\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def is_palindrome(s):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('divide')\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    r = ''\n",
-    "    for i in range(len(s)):\n",
-    "        r += s[-1-i]\n",
-    "    return s == r\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 51,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import doctest\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def is_palindrome(s):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('divide')\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    r = ''.join(reversed(s))\n",
-    "    return s == r\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 52,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import doctest\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def is_palindrome(s):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('divide')\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    r = s[::-1]\n",
-    "    return s == r\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### Ignore case"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 53,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import doctest\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def is_palindrome(s):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> palindrome('divide')\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    >>> palindrome('redivider')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> palindrome('Bob')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    r = s[::-1]\n",
-    "    return s.upper() == r.upper()\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### Ignore punctuation\n",
-    "\n",
-    "This implementation is slightly different from the version in class."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 54,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import doctest\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def is_palindrome(s):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('divide')\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('Bob')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('Re-divider')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    # Remove each punctuation character from s, and assign the new value to s.\n",
-    "    for c in set(s):\n",
-    "        if is_punct(c):\n",
-    "            s = s.replace(c, '')\n",
-    "    r = s[::-1]\n",
-    "    return s.upper() == r.upper()\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Using Recursion"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 56,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import doctest\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def palindrome(s):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('divide')\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    if len(s) == 0:\n",
-    "        return True\n",
-    "    if len(s) == 1:\n",
-    "        return True\n",
-    "    if s[0] != s[-1]:\n",
-    "        return False\n",
-    "    return is_palindrome(s[1:-1])\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### Recursion – ignoring case"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 57,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import doctest\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def is_palindrome(s):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('divide')\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('Bob')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    if len(s) == 0:\n",
-    "        return True\n",
-    "    if len(s) == 1:\n",
-    "        return True\n",
-    "    if s[0].upper() != s[-1].upper():\n",
-    "        return False\n",
-    "    return palindrome(s[1:-1])\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### Recursion – ignore punctuation"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 58,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import doctest\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def is_palindrome(s):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('divide')\n",
-    "    False\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('redivider')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('Bob')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    >>> is_palindrome('Re-divider')\n",
-    "    True\n",
-    "    \"\"\"\n",
-    "    if len(s) <= 1:\n",
-    "        return True\n",
-    "    if is_punct(s[0]):\n",
-    "        return is_palindrome(s[1:])\n",
-    "    if is_punct(s[-1]):\n",
-    "        return is_palindrome(s[:-1])\n",
-    "    if s[0].upper() != s[-1].upper():\n",
-    "        return False\n",
-    "    return is_palindrome(s[1:-1])\n",
-    "\n",
-    "doctest.run_docstring_examples(is_palindrome, globals())"
-   ]
-  }
- ],
- "metadata": {
-  "anaconda-cloud": {},
-  "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3",
-   "language": "python",
-   "name": "python3"
-  },
-  "language_info": {
-   "codemirror_mode": {
-    "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
-   },
-   "file_extension": ".py",
-   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
-   "name": "python",
-   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.5.2"
-  }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
-}
diff --git a/notebooks/recursion.ipynb b/notebooks/recursion.ipynb
deleted file mode 100644
index b3b44236..00000000
--- a/notebooks/recursion.ipynb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,418 +0,0 @@
-{
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "# Recursion Notes"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## I. Counting Codons"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "How many codons are there? That, is how many nucleotide sequences have length three – how many ways are there of combining three nucleotides , each independently drawn from the set $\\{A, C, T, G\\}$. For example, `ATG`, `CAT`, and `GAG` are three-nucleotide codons; `DOG` is not (`D` and `O` are not nucleotides); neither is `CATATG` (it has length 6, not 3).\n",
-    "\n",
-    "### Analysis\n",
-    "\n",
-    "There are three positions. The nucleotide at each position is selected *independently* of the nucleotides at any other position. There's four ways of choosing the first position, and four ways of choosing the second position, and four ways of choosing the third position, so (handwave) there's $4 \\times 4 \\times 4 = 64$ ways of filling all three positions.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "More generally, there's $4^n$ ways of filling the $n$ positions in a $n$-nucleotide sequence.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "(Quick check: is it $4^n$ or $n^4$? Which one works when $n = 1$?)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 1,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "1\n",
-      "4\n",
-      "64\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def C(n):\n",
-    "    return 4 ** n\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(C(0))\n",
-    "print(C(1))\n",
-    "print(C(3))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Let's make this a bit less handwave-y:\n",
-    "\n",
-    "There's four possibilities for the first position: `A`, `C`, `T`, `G`.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "For each of these first-position possibilities, there's *another* four possibilities for the second position, for a total of $4 \\times 4 = 16$. For example, `A` can be extended to `AA`, `AC`, `AT`, and `AG`, giving a total of four 2-nucleotide sequences just starting with `A`.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Each of these 2-nucleotide sequences can be extended in four different ways, for a total of $16 \\times 4 = 64$. For example, `AT` extends to `ATA`, `ATC`, `ATG`, and `ATT`.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Generalizing this, there are $4^n$ $n$-nucleotide sequences."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 2,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "1\n",
-      "4\n",
-      "64\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def C(n):\n",
-    "    a = 1\n",
-    "    for i in range(n):\n",
-    "        a = a * 4\n",
-    "    return a\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "print(C(0))\n",
-    "print(C(1))\n",
-    "print(C(3))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "\n",
-    "## Analysis, with Induction\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Here's another way of analyzing the problem.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "If you're already familiar with **induction** from math, this may help you relate recursion to what you already know.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "if you're *not* familiar with induction from math, this is not the best introduction.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Let $C_n$ denote the number of $n$-length sequences.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "There are four single-nucleotide sequences: the single-nucleotide sequences `A`, `C`, `T`, and `G`. Therefore $C_1 = 4$.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "There are $C_2 = 16$ two-nucleotide sequences. There are four possibilities for the first nucleotide; independently, there are four possibiities for the second nucleotide. $4 \\times 4 = 16$.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "There are $C_3 = 64$ three-nucleotide sequences. A three-nucleotide sequence is a two-nucleotide subsequence followed by a single nucleotide. We already know there's 16 possible choices for the two-nucleotide subsequence. Each of those 16 possibilities can be followed by any of four nucleotides, for a total of $16 \\times 4 = 64$.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "In general, $C_{n+1} = C_n \\times 4$.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "We can go back a step, too. There's only one zero-nucleotide sequence: the empty sequence. Therefore, $C_0 = 1$. $C_1 = C_0 \\times 4 = 1 C \\times 4 = 4$ – the pattern works!\n",
-    "\n",
-    "This gives us the following **recurrence** relation:\n",
-    "\n",
-    "$$\\begin{eqnarray}\n",
-    "C_0 &=& 0 \\\\\n",
-    "C_{n+1} &=& C_n \\times 4\n",
-    "\\end{eqnarray}$$"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Here's four equivalent ways to implement (math) **recurrence** relationship, using (programming) **recursion**:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 4,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "1\n",
-      "4\n",
-      "64\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def C(n):\n",
-    "    if n == 0:\n",
-    "        return 1\n",
-    "    return C(n - 1) * 4\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "print(C(0))\n",
-    "print(C(1))\n",
-    "print(C(3))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 4,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "1\n",
-      "4\n",
-      "64\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def C(n):\n",
-    "    if n == 0:\n",
-    "        return 1\n",
-    "    else:\n",
-    "        return C(n - 1) * 4\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "print(C(0))\n",
-    "print(C(1))\n",
-    "print(C(3))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 3,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "1\n",
-      "4\n",
-      "64\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def C(n):\n",
-    "    if n > 0:\n",
-    "        return C(n - 1) * 4\n",
-    "    return 1\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "print(C(0))\n",
-    "print(C(1))\n",
-    "print(C(3))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 4,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "1\n",
-      "4\n",
-      "64\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def C(n):\n",
-    "    return 1 if n == 0 else C(n - 1) * 4\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "print(C(0))\n",
-    "print(C(1))\n",
-    "print(C(3))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "And here's a couple of common mistakes, and their symptom. See if you can spot the problems in the code."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 5,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "RecursionError",
-     "evalue": "maximum recursion depth exceeded",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[0;31m----------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[0;31mRecursionError\u001b[0m                       Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-5-936cf6aa9c0d>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mC\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m-\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m4\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      3\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 4\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mC\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      5\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mC\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      6\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mC\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
-      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-5-936cf6aa9c0d>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mC\u001b[0;34m(n)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mC\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mn\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0;31m     \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mC\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m-\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m4\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      3\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mC\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      5\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mC\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
-      "... last 1 frames repeated, from the frame below ...\n",
-      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-5-936cf6aa9c0d>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mC\u001b[0;34m(n)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mC\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mn\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0;31m     \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mC\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m-\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m4\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      3\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mC\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      5\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mC\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
-      "\u001b[0;31mRecursionError\u001b[0m: maximum recursion depth exceeded"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def C(n):\n",
-    "    return C(n - 1) * 4\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(C(0))\n",
-    "print(C(1))\n",
-    "print(C(3))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 5,
-   "metadata": {
-    "scrolled": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "1\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "ename": "RecursionError",
-     "evalue": "maximum recursion depth exceeded in comparison",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[0;31mRecursionError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-5-779879d3e859>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      6\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      7\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mC\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 8\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mC\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      9\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mC\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
-      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-5-779879d3e859>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mC\u001b[0;34m(n)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mC\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mn\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m>\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 3\u001b[0;31m         \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mC\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mn\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m4\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      5\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
-      "... last 1 frames repeated, from the frame below ...\n",
-      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-5-779879d3e859>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mC\u001b[0;34m(n)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mC\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mn\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m>\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 3\u001b[0;31m         \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mC\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mn\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m4\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      5\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
-      "\u001b[0;31mRecursionError\u001b[0m: maximum recursion depth exceeded in comparison"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def C(n):\n",
-    "    if n > 0:\n",
-    "        return C(n) * 4\n",
-    "    return 1\n",
-    "\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(C(0))\n",
-    "print(C(1))\n",
-    "print(C(3))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## II. Binary Tree\n",
-    "`build_binary_tree` builds a [binary tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_tree) of depth (or height) $n$. You can look at the output to see what is meant by \"binary tree\", and how it's represented."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 6,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "1\n",
-      "[1, 1]\n",
-      "[[1, 1], [1, 1]]\n",
-      "[[[1, 1], [1, 1]], [[1, 1], [1, 1]]]\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def build_binary_tree(n):\n",
-    "    if n == 0:\n",
-    "        return 1\n",
-    "    return [build_binary_tree(n - 1), build_binary_tree(n - 1)]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(build_binary_tree(0))\n",
-    "print(build_binary_tree(1))\n",
-    "print(build_binary_tree(2))\n",
-    "print(build_binary_tree(3))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Here's a slight variant, that makes *unbalanced* trees, where the left branch is deeper than the right branch."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 9,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "1\n",
-      "[1, 1]\n",
-      "[[1, 1], 1]\n",
-      "[[[1, 1], 1], [1, 1]]\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def build_binary_tree(n):\n",
-    "    if n == 0:\n",
-    "        return 1\n",
-    "    return [build_binary_tree(n - 1), build_binary_tree(max(n - 2, 0))]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(build_binary_tree(0))\n",
-    "print(build_binary_tree(1))\n",
-    "print(build_binary_tree(2))\n",
-    "print(build_binary_tree(3))"
-   ]
-  }
- ],
- "metadata": {
-  "anaconda-cloud": {},
-  "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python [default]",
-   "language": "python",
-   "name": "python3"
-  },
-  "language_info": {
-   "codemirror_mode": {
-    "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
-   },
-   "file_extension": ".py",
-   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
-   "name": "python",
-   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.5.2"
-  }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
-}
diff --git a/pages/description.md b/pages/description.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 322eb117..00000000
--- a/pages/description.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
----
-permalink: description/
-title: Course Description
----
-
-This course is an introduction to software design. It focuses on a model of computation as a set of simultaneous ongoing entities embedded in and interacting with a dynamic environment, for example: computation as it occurs in spreadsheets, video games, web applications, and robots.
-
-Much of the classroom time is spent in collaborative work on program development, with an emphasis on student-student interaction and student-student teaching, facilitated and enriched by the course staff. In addition, design and implementation work is supplemented with observational laboratory assignments, inviting students to consider not only how to build a program, but how to anticipate its behavior and how to modify that behavior.
-
-Both students with no prior background and students with background comparable to the CS AP should find this course interesting and worthwhile.
diff --git a/pages/handouts.html b/pages/handouts.html
index 5816cf40..5c07713b 100644
--- a/pages/handouts.html
+++ b/pages/handouts.html
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ <h2>Activities</h2>
 
 <ul>
   {% for p in site.activities %}
-    <li><a href="{{ p.url }}">{{ p.title }}</a></li>
+    <li><a href="{{ site.baseurl }}{{ p.url }}">{{ p.title }}</a></li>
   {% endfor %}
 </ul>
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ <h2>Handouts</h2>
     {% if file.path == added and ext == 'pdf' %}
       {% assign day = trimmed | split: '/' | first | replace: 'day', '' %}
       {% assign hand = trimmed | split: '/' | last | split: '.' | first | split: 'activity' | last %}
-      <li><a href="{{ file.path }}">Day {{ day }} Handout {{ hand }}</a></li>
+      <li><a href="{{ site.baseurl }}{{ file.path }}">Day {{ day }} Handout {{ hand }}</a></li>
     {% endif %}
   {% endfor %}
 </ul>
diff --git a/pages/home.html b/pages/home.html
index 09db952b..400dc570 100644
--- a/pages/home.html
+++ b/pages/home.html
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 permalink: /
 column-width: 9
 ---
-
+<!--
 {% for p in site.activities %}
   {% assign cur_date = site.time | date: '%Y-%m-%d' %}
   {% assign start_date = p.date | date: '%Y-%m-%d' %}
@@ -24,6 +24,36 @@ <h2 class="title is-2">In-Class Activity</h2>
     {% endif %}
   {% endif %}
 {% endfor %}
+-->
+
+<h2 class="title is-2">Notes</h2>
+<section class="columns box">
+  <section class="column">
+    <h3 class="subtitle is-4">Recent Notes and Activities</h3>
+    <ul>
+      {% for p in site.posts limit: 3 %}
+        <li>
+          <a href="{{ site.baseurl }}{{ p.url }}">{{ p.title }} notes</a>
+          {% if p.categories.size > 0 %}
+            – {{ p.categories | join: ', ' }}
+          {% endif %}
+        </li>
+      {% endfor %}
+      <li><a href="{{ site.baseurl }}{% link pages/lecture-notes.html %}">more…</a></li>
+    </ul>
+  </section>
+
+  <section class="column">
+    <h3 class="subtitle is-4">Recent Notebooks</h3>
+    <ul>
+      {% assign notebooks = site.notebooks | sort_by: 'date' | reverse %}
+      {% for p in notebooks limit: 5 %}
+        <li><a href="{{ site.baseurl }}{{ p.url }}">{{ p.title }}</a></li>
+      {% endfor %}
+      <li><a href="{{ site.baseurl }}{% link pages/lecture-notes.html %}">more…</a></li>
+    </ul>
+  </section>
+</section>
 
 <h2 class="title is-2">Assignments</h2>
 <section class="columns box">
@@ -37,11 +67,11 @@ <h3 class="subtitle is-4">Upcoming</h3>
         <div>
             {% assign parts = assignment.parts | where_exp: "part", "part.due > site.time" %}
             {% if parts.size == nil %}
-              <a href="{{ assignment.url }}">{{ assignment.title }}</a> {% if assignment.parts == nil %} is due {{ assignment.due | date: site.due_datetime_format }}. {% endif %}
+              <a href="{{ site.baseurl }}{{ assignment.url }}">{{ assignment.title }}</a> {% if assignment.parts == nil %} is due {{ assignment.due | date: site.due_datetime_format }}. {% endif %}
             {% endif %}
             {% for part in parts limit: 10 %}
               {% if forloop.index0 > 0 %}</div><div>{% endif %}
-              <a href="{{ assignment.url }}#{{ part.tag }}">{{ assignment.title }} – {{ part.name }}</a> {% if assignment.parts == nil %} is due {{ assignment.due | date: site.due_datetime_format }}. {% endif %}
+              <a href="{{ site.baseurl }}{{ assignment.url }}#{{ part.tag }}">{{ assignment.title }} – {{ part.name }}</a> {% if assignment.parts == nil %} is due {{ assignment.due | date: site.due_datetime_format }}. {% endif %}
               is due {{ part.due | date: site.due_datetime_format }}.
             {% endfor %}
           </div>
@@ -57,50 +87,22 @@ <h3 class="subtitle is-4">Recent</h3>
         {% assign d = site.time | date: '%s' | minus: start_s | divided_by: 86400 %}
         {% if assignment.due < site.time and d < 5 %}
           <div>
-            <a href="{{ assignment.url }}">{{ assignment.title }}</a> was due {{ assignment.due | date: site.due_datetime_format }}.
+            <a href="{{ site.baseurl }}{{ assignment.url }}">{{ assignment.title }}</a> was due {{ assignment.due | date: site.due_datetime_format }}.
           </div>
         {% endif %}
       {% endfor %}
       <div>
-        <a href="{% link pages/assignments.html %}">more…</a>
+        <a href="{{ site.baseurl }}{% link pages/assignments.html %}">more…</a>
       </div>
   </section>
 </section>
 
-<h2 class="title is-2">Notes</h2>
-<section class="columns box">
-  <section class="column">
-    <h3 class="subtitle is-4">Recent Lecture Notes</h3>
-    <ul>
-      {% for p in site.posts limit: 3 %}
-        <li>
-          <a href="{{ p.url }}">{{ p.title }} lecture notes</a>
-          {% if p.categories.size > 0 %}
-            – {{ p.categories | join: ', ' }}
-          {% endif %}
-        </li>
-      {% endfor %}
-      <li><a href="{% link pages/lecture-notes.html %}">more…</a></li>
-    </ul>
-  </section>
-
-
-  <section class="column">
-    <h3 class="subtitle is-4">Recent Notebooks</h3>
-    <ul>
-      {% assign notebooks = site.notebooks | sort_by: 'date' | reverse %}
-      {% for p in notebooks limit: 5 %}
-        <li><a href="{{ p.url }}">{{ p.title }}</a></li>
-      {% endfor %}
-      <li><a href="{% link pages/lecture-notes.html %}">more…</a></li>
-    </ul>
-  </section>
-</section>
+<h2>Office Hours</h2>
 
+<iframe src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vT_K6eHmiKnADBt3OmZJd-Y-fmftkS-KTVXj0LmIl5qEk_BxGkUIPImB9_t8hDjw7WLA1sQWxcmlNDg/pubhtml?gid=0&amp;single=true&amp;widget=true&amp;headers=false" style="width: 700px; height: 200px;"></iframe>
 
-<h2>Office Hours</h2>
-<table class="table box">
-  <tr><th>Who</th><th>When</th><th>Where</th></tr>
+<table class="table box">      
+	<tr><th>Who</th><th>When</th><th>Where</th></tr>
   {% for person in site.data.team %}
   <tr>
     <td>{{ person.first_name }}</td>
@@ -110,6 +112,7 @@ <h2>Office Hours</h2>
   {% endfor %}
 </table>
 
+
 <h2>Course Materials</h2>
 <section class="box">
   <dl>
diff --git a/pages/lecture-notes.html b/pages/lecture-notes.html
index 9e2f22f4..95caaebd 100644
--- a/pages/lecture-notes.html
+++ b/pages/lecture-notes.html
@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
 ---
 permalink: notes/
 title: Notes
+omit_title: true
 ---
 
 <section class="columns">
     <section class="column">
-      <h2>Lecture Notes</h2>
+      <h2>Class Notes and Activities</h2>
       <ul>
       {% for p in site.posts %}
         <li>
-          <a href="{{ p.url }}">{{ p.title }}</a>
+          <a href="{{ site.baseurl }}{{ p.url }}">{{ p.title }}</a>
           {% if p.categories.size > 0 %}
             – <span class="is-size-7">{{ p.categories | join: ', ' }}</span>
           {% endif %}
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ <h2>Notebooks</h2>
     <ul>
       {% assign notebooks = site.notebooks | sort_by: 'date' | reverse %}
       {% for p in notebooks %}
-        <li><a href="{{ p.url }}">{{ p.title }}</a> <small>({{ p.date | date: '%Y-%m-%d' }})</small></li>
+        <li><a href="{{ site.baseurl }}{{ p.url }}">{{ p.title }}</a> <small>({{ p.date | date: '%Y-%m-%d' }})</small></li>
       {% endfor %}
     </ul>
   </section>
diff --git a/pages/policies.md b/pages/policies.md
index 3f3b1172..caef7987 100644
--- a/pages/policies.md
+++ b/pages/policies.md
@@ -51,17 +51,16 @@ Reading journals must be submitted by pushing to GitHub before 9am on the day of
 
 ### Mini-Projects
 
-There will be four mini-projects over the course of the semester. The first two will be completed individually, and you may work in teams on the second two. Combined, these four mini-projects will account for 35% of your final grade.
+There will be four mini-projects over the course of the semester. The first two will be completed individually, and you may work in teams on the second two. Combined, these four mini-projects will account for 40% of your final grade.
 
-Later in the semester, you will have an opportunity to close the feedback loop by revisiting one of your earlier mini-project assignments. Using what you learned in the intervening time, you will reflect upon, make corrections, and extend your previous work. This revision exercise accounts for 5% of your final grade.
 
 ### Late Submissions
 
-The late penalty is 20% per day. However, if you find you are struggling to keep up, the worst thing you can do is to suffer in silence. Please come talk to an instructor or a NINJA. Also, see the bottom of this document for the grading rubric. At the end of the semester we will eliminate the largest late penalty that you have incurred on any mini-project (note that this doesn't apply to things that need to be prepared specifically for a particular class such as project proposals). The one exception to this rule is that if you are 5 days late with an assignment (so you would receive a 0% without late penalty forgiveness), you will still receive a 0% on that assignment.
+The late penalty is 10% per day. However, if you find you are struggling to keep up, the worst thing you can do is to suffer in silence. Please come talk to an instructor or a NINJA. Also, see the bottom of this document for the grading rubric. At the end of the semester we will eliminate the largest late penalty that you have incurred on any mini-project (note that this doesn't apply to things that need to be prepared specifically for a particular class such as project proposals). The one exception to this rule is that if you are 10 days late with an assignment (so you would receive a 0% without late penalty forgiveness), you will still receive a 0% on that assignment.
 
-_Example 1:_ All mini-projects are on time except mini-project 1 which was 2 days late and mini-project 2 which was 3 days late. When we calculate your final grade the fact that you were 3 days late on mini-project 2 will be disregarded.
+_Example 1:_ All mini-projects are on time except mini-project 1 which was 2 days late and mini-project 2 which was 3 days late. When we calculate your final grade, the fact that you were 3 days late on mini-project 2 will be disregarded.
 
-_Example 2:_ All mini-projects are on time except mini-project 4 which is 7 days late. You will receive a 0% for mini-project 4. You do not benefit from late penalty forgiveness.
+_Example 2:_ All mini-projects are on time except mini-project 4 which is 10 days late. You will receive a 0% for mini-project 4. You do not benefit from late penalty forgiveness.
 
 Every file you turn in must have a top-level comment identifying you as the author and listing anyone who made a substantial contribution. This comment is your assertion that the mini-project represents your own work.
 
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ The purpose of the Project Toolbox exercises is to introduce you to a range of s
 
 These exercises will be completed independently at your own pace, and you will be able to select from a range of options to match your interests. They will be assessed on a completion basis.
 
-You will complete at least five Project Toolbox exercises. At least three must be done before Thanksgiving Break, and the remaining exercises can be completed during the first week of the final project.
+You will complete at least five Project Toolbox exercises by the posted deadline. 
 
 ### Final Project
 
@@ -81,11 +80,11 @@ During the second half of the semester you will work will a small team on a proj
 
 We will do lots of fun and useful things during class time. You should plan to be there!
 
-As students, you have some responsibility for creating and maintaining a classroom atmosphere that is conducive to everyone's learning and enjoyment. I hope you will think about how your participation contributes to the learning environment.
+As students, you have some responsibility for creating and maintaining a classroom atmosphere that is conducive to everyone's learning and enjoyment. We hope you will think about how your participation contributes to the learning environment.
 
 Some things you can do to help:
 
-1. Come to class on time! I will do my best to use class time effectively. Late arrivals are disruptive.
+1. Come to class on time! We will do our best to use class time effectively. Late arrivals are disruptive.
 2. Come to class prepared. Make sure you have always completed your reading journal.
 3. Try not to fall behind. If we are all working on the same stuff at the same time, everything works better.
 4. Be active on Slack discussions, both asking and answering questions.
diff --git a/pages/reading-journal.md b/pages/reading-journal.md
index 7602e8a1..8cd1181a 100644
--- a/pages/reading-journal.md
+++ b/pages/reading-journal.md
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Once you have completed your reading journal (not just the reading exercises, bu
 
 ```bash
 $ cd ReadingJournal
-$ git add reading-journal-*.ipynb
+$ git add reading-journal-01.ipynb
 $ git commit -m "Completed reading journal 1"
 $ git push origin master
 ```
@@ -32,16 +32,16 @@ On your laptop, you should have a cloned copy of the ReadingJournal repository f
 $ cd ReadingJournal
 $ git remote -v
 
-origin	git@github.com://sd17fall/ReadingJournal-myname.git (fetch)
-origin	git@github.com://sd17fall/ReadingJournal-myname.git (push)
+origin	git@github.com://{{ site.data.github.organization }}/ReadingJournal-myname.git (fetch)
+origin	git@github.com://{{ site.data.github.organization }}/ReadingJournal-myname.git (push)
 ```
 
-(Depending on how you set up your reading journal, you may see `https://github.com/sd17fall/ReadingJournal-myname.git` instead of `git@github.com://sd17fall/ReadingJournal-myname.git`. Either is acceptable.)
+(Depending on how you set up your reading journal, you may see `https://github.com/{{ site.data.github.organization }}/ReadingJournal-myname.git` instead of `git@github.com://{{ site.data.github.organization }}/ReadingJournal-myname.git`. Either is acceptable.)
 
 We want to keep `origin` (the cloned copy in your GitHub account) for you to push completed work to, but we also want to add the original upstream class master repository for you to pull new assignments from. We can add this additional remote by running:
 
 ```bash
-$ git remote add upstream https://github.com/sd17fall/ReadingJournal.git
+$ git remote add upstream https://github.com/{{ site.data.github.organization }}/ReadingJournal.git
 ```
 
 If you run `git remote -v` now, you should see both `origin` and `upstream` listed.
@@ -55,19 +55,19 @@ Then:
   ```bash
   $ git pull upstream master
   ```
-  This should pull in the latest assignment notebook, which you can then complete and push to your `origin` repository by following the usual submission instructions above.
+  This should pull in the latest assignment notebook. It may trigger a merge process between the work you've previously done and the new notebook from the upstream repo. This will launch an editor with a merge message; save it to continue.
 2. Run `jupyter notebook`.
-3. You will see a list of files, that includes the new notebook file. Click on the new notebook file to open and edit it.
+3. You will see a list of files that includes the new notebook file. Click on the new notebook file to open and edit it.
 4. When you are done editing the notebook, click the floppy disk icon <i class="fa fa-floppy-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>, or select the “File > Save and Checkpoint” menu item, to save your work to disk.
-5. Follow the instructions in the next section, “How to get the stuff from my computer to GitHub”, to commit your changes to the repo on your computer and then push them to GitHub.
+5. Follow the usual instructions to submit your work (add, commit, push to your `origin` repository).
 
 ## Checking that you've submitted your homework
 
 Here’s how you can check your that you've submitted your Reading Journal:
 
-* In a terminal in the `ReadingJournal` directory, type `git remote -v`. This reports the URL of your repository; for example: `https://github.com/sd17fall/ReadingJournal-myname`.
+* In a terminal in the `ReadingJournal` directory, type `git remote -v`. This reports the URL of your repository; for example: `https://github.com/{{ site.data.github.organization }}/ReadingJournal-myname`.
 
-* Open `https://github.com/sd17fall/ReadingJournal-myname` in a browser. Now there’s several places you can verify that you’ve uploaded your work:
+* Open `https://github.com/{{ site.data.github.organization }}/ReadingJournal-myname` in a browser. Now there’s several places you can verify that you’ve uploaded your work:
   * Right above the list of files, it says “{your name} Completed reading journal 1” and “Latest commit f080636 7 hours ago”
   * Next to `reading-journal-1.ipynb`, it says “7 hours ago”.
   * Click on `reading-journal-1.ipynb`, and you will see a (non-interactive) display of the notebook itself. This is verifies both that `git push` works, and that the file you pushed has the content you intended.
diff --git a/pages/recipes.md b/pages/recipes.md
index a8ae809e..24ee2b6a 100644
--- a/pages/recipes.md
+++ b/pages/recipes.md
@@ -20,29 +20,6 @@ $ apt-get install mercurial python-dev python-numpy ffmpeg libsdl-image1.2-dev l
 $ pip install pygame
 ```
 
-macOS:
-
-Install [Home Brew](https://brew.sh). Then:
-
-```bash
-$ brew install sdl sdl_image sdl_mixer sdl_ttf portmidi
-$ pip install pygame
-```
-
-Windows:
-
-First, try this:
-
-```bash
-$ pip install pygame
-```
-The above worked on one test machine.
-If it doesn't work on your laptop, tell us on Slack and try the following:
-
-```bash
-$ conda install -c cogsci pygame
-```
-
 ### Fix "NameError: name 'math' is not defined"
 
 Fix "NameError: name 'math' is not defined" (or another module):
@@ -81,7 +58,7 @@ turtle.mainloop()
 2. [`npm install onchange`](npm install onchange)
 3. Run your program e.g. `onchange '*.py' -- python script.py`
 
-Previous semester have also used [entr](http://entrproject.org) and [pytest-watch](https://github.com/joeyespo/pytest-watch) for this. I also tried [when-changed](https://github.com/joh/when-changed). The first looks like a difficult install on Windows. The other two don't work with macOS High Sierra, and I wasn't able to test them on Windows. Your mileage may vary.
+Previous semester have also used [entr](http://entrproject.org) and [pytest-watch](https://github.com/joeyespo/pytest-watch) for this. I also tried [when-changed](https://github.com/joh/when-changed).
 
 ## Pygame recipes
 
@@ -91,40 +68,6 @@ Previous semester have also used [entr](http://entrproject.org) and [pytest-watc
 os.environ['SDL_VIDEO_WINDOW_POS'] = "0,0"
 ```
 
-### [macOS] Pygame doesn't receive keyboard events
-
-Problem: The Pygame window doesn't get focus.
-Keyboard events go to the last previously focussed windows (e.g. editor window or terminal)
-instead of Pygame.
-
-Once:
-
-```bash
-$ source deactivate
-$ brew install python3
-$ pip3 install pygame
-$ python3 [yourscript.py]
-```
-(If you get an error `command not found: brew`, you will need to [install Homebrew](https://brew.sh) and try again.)
-
-Each time you create a terminal window:
-
-```bash
-$ source deactivate
-$ python3 [yourscript.py]
-```
-
-If this doesn't work, repeat these instructions with `python3` replaced by `/usr/local/bin/python3`.
-
-### [macOS] "ImportError: No module named font"
-
-Problem: Running `pygame.font.init()` raises an exception `ImportError: No module named font`.
-
-Solution:
-1. Install 32-bit Python 3.x (e.g. Python 3.6)
-2. Re-install pygame: `python3 -mpip install pygame`
-3. Use `/usr/local/bin/python3` to run Python.
-
 ## Atom Recipes
 
 ### Enable autosave
@@ -145,12 +88,6 @@ Use [multiple cursors and selections](http://flight-manual.atom.io/using-atom/se
 Make the Hydrogen plugin work with Anaconda Python:
 
 * The easy way: always launch atom by running `atom` in the Anaconda Command Prompt.
-* The harder way (Windows): run `where python` in the Anaconda Command Prompt to find the path to your Python.
-Follow [these instructions](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17872234/how-to-add-python-to-windows-registry)
-to add this path to your Windows registry. **Warning**: Neither the NINJAs nor IT will necessarily be able to
-restore your machine if editing the registry goes awry.
-* The hardest way: Edit the Hydrogen “Kernel Specs” setting to specify the path to something like this: `{"kernelspecs":{"python3":{"resource_dir":"/Users/osteele/anaconda3/lib/python3.5/site-packages/ipykernel/resources","spec":{"env":{},"argv":["/Users/osteele/anaconda3/lib/python3.5","-m","ipykernel","-f","{connection_file}"],"display_name":"Python 3","language":"python"}}}}`, and restart Atom.
-**Warning**: I wasn't able to get this to work. It's easy to clear this setting and restart Atom to fix it again, though.
 
 ## Git Recipes
 
diff --git a/pages/resources.md b/pages/resources.md
index 4c08a1ea..8846bfd1 100644
--- a/pages/resources.md
+++ b/pages/resources.md
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ It is a companion to the [Recipes]({% link pages/recipes.md %}) page.
 ### Python References
 
 * [Think Python, by Allen Downey](http://greenteapress.com/wp/think-python-2e/) – the class text
-* [Python 3.5 Documentation](https://docs.python.org/3.5/)
-* [Python 3.5 Standard Library](https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/index.html)
+* [Python 3.6 Documentation](https://docs.python.org/3.6/)
+* [Python 3.6 Standard Library](https://docs.python.org/3.6/library/index.html)
 * [The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Python](http://docs.python-guide.org/), especially [Writing Great Python Code](http://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/#writing-great-python-code)
 * [Python Tutor](http://www.pythontutor.com) interactive visualization
 
@@ -67,17 +67,10 @@ These have moved to [Atom recipes]({% link pages/recipes.md %}#atom-recipes).
 
 ## Command Line
 
-### Bash (Linux / macOS)
+### Bash
 
 * [Linux at Olin](https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxzZDE1c3ByaW5nfGd4OmMyNzcyOTBjYThlMTM1Mg)
 
-### Windows Command Prompt
-
-* [Introduction to the Windows Command Prompt](https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/tutorials/windows-command-prompt-introduction/)
-* [Windows Command Prompt in 15 Minutes](http://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/spr05/cos126/cmd-prompt.html). (Where it says `java`, think `python` :smile:.)
-* [How to use the Windows command line](https://www.computerhope.com/issues/chusedos.htm)
-* [DOS (Windows command prompt) / Linux equivalents](https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/4/html/Step_by_Step_Guide/ap-doslinux.html)
-
 ## Git
 
 Also see [Git recipes]({% link pages/recipes.md %}#git-recipes) and [Reading Journal instructions]({% link pages/reading-journal.md %}).
@@ -162,10 +155,8 @@ For simple diagrams, you can get by with the draw tools in PowerPoint, Keynote,
 
 #### Diagramming Software
 
-* On Windows, the standard commercial software diagram project is Visio.
- * On the Mac, it’s Omnigraffle, with Sketch nipping at the heels. (Sketch is less good at diagrams, but better at graphic design, so many people use it for everything. In this way it’s similar to Illustrator – but I practically never see software developers use Illustrator for diagrams.)
  * Gliffy and LucidChart are cloud-based collaborative diagram editors. Gliffy is free for students. (I don’t know whether the collaborative features are free.)
- * There’s a variety of free / open source draw programs, and also UML-specific drawing programs, mostly written in Java and portable among Linux/macOS/Windows; I’m not familiar with that world.
+ * There’s a variety of free / open source draw programs, and also UML-specific drawing programs, mostly written in Java; I’m not familiar with that world.
 
 #### Text-based diagram tools.
 
@@ -185,4 +176,4 @@ The [PyCharm](http://jetbrains.com/pycharm) Python IDE (Integrated Development E
 
 Standalone tools include [Epydoc](http://epydoc.sourceforge.net), [Pyreverse](https://www.logilab.org/blogentry/6883), and Allen's own [Lumpy](http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/swampy/lumpy.html). A longer list is [here](https://modeling-languages.com/uml-tools/#UML_tools_for_Python).
 
-These appealing, but I’ve found it more helpfully for understanding a pile of code that has been left, without adequate docs, or your doorstep, than for designing of documenting your own code. Done properly, a diagram is expressive and reflects intent: how you position elements, what you leave out, focus on and emphasize different elements in your design. Just as writing prose documentation for your code can lead you to realize how you *should* have written it (and cause you to go back and revise it, if you’ve got time), the process of creating a diagrams can help you design your system. Tools that run on code that’s already written, and make diagrams mechanically, don’t come out as well, and deprive you of those benefits.
\ No newline at end of file
+These appealing, but I’ve found it more helpfully for understanding a pile of code that has been left, without adequate docs, or your doorstep, than for designing of documenting your own code. Done properly, a diagram is expressive and reflects intent: how you position elements, what you leave out, focus on and emphasize different elements in your design. Just as writing prose documentation for your code can lead you to realize how you *should* have written it (and cause you to go back and revise it, if you’ve got time), the process of creating a diagrams can help you design your system. Tools that run on code that’s already written, and make diagrams mechanically, don’t come out as well, and deprive you of those benefits.
diff --git a/pages/toolboxes.md b/pages/toolboxes.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b62dd5eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pages/toolboxes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+---
+title: Project Toolboxes
+permalink: toolboxes/
+---
+
+{% include toc %}
+
+Software Design and Python are wide worlds, and we only explore part of them in SoftDes.
+The goal of the Project Toolbox exercises is to gain practice with a variety of interesting topics we won't talk about in class.
+By completing them, you will develop a suite of skills that will allow you to do great things on the final project and beyond.
+
+The exercises are modeled after the way many practicing software developers teach themselves as lifelong learners.
+In each, you'll:
+
+  1. Read about a topic
+  2. Try an example
+  3. Extend it in ways that are interesting to you
+
+The basic part of each exercise is intended to be relatively quick, taking an hour or so.
+(If you find yourself taking significantly longer, be sure to ask for help.)
+There are also lots of opportunities to take things further – many of the topics are active research areas, and you could easily work on some of them for a lifetime!
+
+### Tips for success
+
+* **Don't suffer in silence.** Many of these exercises require installing new packages, which can sometimes come with hiccups. If you're struggling with something, let us know about it so we can fix it for you and everyone else.
+* **Start early**. The project toolbox can be a great source of inspiration for your final project – but only if you try them in time.
+* **Have fun** and follow your own learning goals.
+
+## Toolboxes
+
+{% if false %}
+{% assign toolboxes = site.toolboxes | where_exp: 'item', 'item.category==null' | sort: 'title' %}
+{% endif %}
+{% assign toolboxes = site.toolboxes | sort: 'title' %}
+{% for toolbox in toolboxes %}
+* [{{ toolbox.title }}]({{ toolbox.url }}
+){% endfor %}
+
+
+## Submitting exercises
+
+Get the starter code for each Project Toolbox exercise by accepting the GitHub Classroom invite in the "Get Set" section of its instruction page above.
+Each Project Toolbox exercise has a description of the minimum required deliverable.
+
+
+To submit your assignment, push your code to GitHub and fill out the [Toolbox check-off survey]({{ site.data.github.TB_survey }}).
+For several of the exercises, you may want to schedule a brief demo with a NINJA.
+
+You will complete at least 5 Toolbox exercises of your choice over the course of the semester. Due dates for each are listed on the [course calendar](/calendar/).
+
+If you complete your Project Toolbox exercises and you have a great idea for a new one you'd like to create, get in touch with the teaching team!