diff --git a/pylsp_rope/plugin.py b/pylsp_rope/plugin.py
index 7278952..c966390 100644
--- a/pylsp_rope/plugin.py
+++ b/pylsp_rope/plugin.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
     get_resources,
     rope_changeset_to_workspace_edit,
     new_project,
+    is_virtual_document,
 )
 
 
@@ -68,6 +69,11 @@ def pylsp_code_actions(
 ) -> List[typing.CodeAction]:
     logger.info("textDocument/codeAction: %s %s %s", document, range, context)
 
+    # Skip virtual documents (e.g., notebook cells)
+    if is_virtual_document(document.uri):
+        logger.debug("Skipping code actions for virtual document: %s", document.uri)
+        return []
+
     class info:
         current_document, resource = get_resource(workspace, document.uri)
         position = range["start"]
@@ -185,7 +191,9 @@ def pylsp_rename(
         return None
 
     logger.info("textDocument/rename: %s %s %s", document, position, new_name)
-    project = new_project(workspace)  # FIXME: we shouldn't have to always keep creating new projects here
+    project = new_project(
+        workspace
+    )  # FIXME: we shouldn't have to always keep creating new projects here
     document, resource = get_resource(workspace, document.uri, project=project)
 
     rename = Rename(
diff --git a/pylsp_rope/project.py b/pylsp_rope/project.py
index 087584a..17de33b 100644
--- a/pylsp_rope/project.py
+++ b/pylsp_rope/project.py
@@ -23,6 +23,22 @@
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
+def is_virtual_document(document_uri: DocumentUri) -> bool:
+    """
+    Check if a document URI represents a virtual document (e.g., notebook cell).
+
+    Virtual documents have URI schemes other than 'file' (including empty schemes)
+    and don't correspond to actual files on the filesystem.
+    """
+    try:
+        parsed_uri = uris.urlparse(document_uri)
+        scheme = parsed_uri[0] if len(parsed_uri) > 0 else ""
+        return scheme != "file"
+    except Exception:
+        # If we can't parse URI, treat it as virtual for safety
+        return True
+
+
 @lru_cache(maxsize=None)
 def get_project(workspace) -> rope.Project:
     """Get a cached rope Project or create one if it doesn't exist yet"""
@@ -43,20 +59,29 @@ def get_resource(
     document_uri: DocumentUri,
     *,
     project: rope.Project = None,
-) -> Tuple[workspace.Document, rope.Resource]:
+) -> Tuple[workspace.Document, Optional[rope.Resource]]:
     """
     Return a Document and Resource related to an LSP Document.
 
     `project` must be provided if not using instances of rope Project from
     `pylsp_rope.project.get_project()`.
+
+    Returns None as resource if the document is virtual (e.g., notebook cell).
     """
     document = workspace.get_document(document_uri)
+
+    # Handle virtual documents (e.g., notebook cells)
+    if is_virtual_document(document_uri):
+        return document, None
+
     project = project or get_project(workspace)
     resource = libutils.path_to_resource(project, document.path)
     return document, resource
 
 
-def get_resources(workspace, documents: List[DocumentUri]) -> List[rope.Resource]:
+def get_resources(
+    workspace, documents: List[DocumentUri]
+) -> List[Optional[rope.Resource]]:
     if documents is None:
         return None
     return [get_resource(workspace, document_uri)[1] for document_uri in documents]