standard-library.md

স্ট্যান্ডার্ড লাইব্রেরি

তিন ধরণের মডিউল হতে পারে। কিছু মডিউল যেগুলো পাইথনের সাথে বিল্ট-ইন আছে, কিছু আছে যেগুলো অন্য কোন ডেভেলপের তৈরি করেছে, এবং কিছু হতে পারে আপনার নিজের তৈরি। প্রথম ধরণের মডিউলকে বলা হয় স্ট্যান্ডার্ড লাইব্রেরি। অনেক অনেক এরকম লাইব্রেরীর মধ্যে কিছু হচ্ছে - string, re, datetime, math, random, os, multiprocessing, subprocess, socket, email, json, doctest, unittest, pdb, argparse এবং sys যেগুলোর মাধ্যমে খুব সহজেই স্ট্রিং পারসিং, ডাটা সিরিয়ালাইজেশন, টেস্টিং, ডিবাগিং, ডেট টাইম নিয়ে কাজ, কমান্ড লাইন আর্গুমেন্ট রিসিভ, ইমেইল পাঠানো ইত্যাদি অনেক অনেক কাজ করা যায়। সত্যি কথা বলতে - পাইথনের এই বিশাল পরিমাণ স্ট্যান্ডার্ড লাইব্রেরির কালেকশনের জন্যও এটি একটি অন্যতম জনপ্রিয় প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষা।

মজার ব্যাপার হচ্ছে কিছু কিছু মডিউল পাইথনে লেখা আবার কিছু কিছু মডিউল সি প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষায় লেখা। এই লিঙ্কে গেলে পাইথনের স্ট্যান্ডার্ড লাইব্রেরি গুলো সম্পর্কে আরও বিস্তারিত জানা যাবে। আপনাদের সুবিধার্থে লিঙ্ক সহ সেগুলোর লিস্ট নিচেও দেয়া হলঃ

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Built-in Functions
• 3. Built-in Constants
  • 3.1. Constants added by the site module
• 4. Built-in Types
  • 4.1. Truth Value Testing
  • 4.2. Boolean Operations — and, or, not
  • 4.3. Comparisons
  • 4.4. Numeric Types — int, float, complex
  • 4.5. Iterator Types
  • 4.6. Sequence Types — list, tuple, range
  • 4.7. Text Sequence Type — str
  • 4.8. Binary Sequence Types — bytes, bytearray, memoryview
  • 4.9. Set Types — set, frozenset
  • 4.10. Mapping Types — dict
  • 4.11. Context Manager Types
  • 4.12. Other Built-in Types
  • 4.13. Special Attributes
• 5. Built-in Exceptions
  • 5.1. Base classes
  • 5.2. Concrete exceptions
  • 5.3. Warnings
  • 5.4. Exception hierarchy
• 6. Text Processing Services
  • 6.1. string — Common string operations
  • 6.2. re — Regular expression operations
  • 6.3. difflib — Helpers for computing deltas
  • 6.4. textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
  • 6.5. unicodedata — Unicode Database
  • 6.6. stringprep — Internet String Preparation
  • 6.7. readline — GNU readline interface
  • 6.8. rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline
• 7. Binary Data Services
  • 7.1. struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data
  • 7.2. codecs — Codec registry and base classes
• 8. Data Types
  • 8.1. datetime — Basic date and time types
  • 8.2. calendar — General calendar-related functions
  • 8.3. collections — Container datatypes
  • 8.4. collections.abc — Abstract Base Classes for Containers
  • 8.5. heapq — Heap queue algorithm
  • 8.6. bisect — Array bisection algorithm
  • 8.7. array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
  • 8.8. weakref — Weak references
  • 8.9. types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types
  • 8.10. copy — Shallow and deep copy operations
  • 8.11. pprint — Data pretty printer
  • 8.12. reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation
  • 8.13. enum — Support for enumerations
• 9. Numeric and Mathematical Modules
  • 9.1. numbers — Numeric abstract base classes
  • 9.2. math — Mathematical functions
  • 9.3. cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
  • 9.4. decimal — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic
  • 9.5. fractions — Rational numbers
  • 9.6. random — Generate pseudo-random numbers
  • 9.7. statistics — Mathematical statistics functions
• 10. Functional Programming Modules
  • 10.1. itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
  • 10.2. functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects
  • 10.3. operator — Standard operators as functions
• 11. File and Directory Access
  • 11.1. pathlib — Object-oriented filesystem paths
  • 11.2. os.path — Common pathname manipulations
  • 11.3. fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
  • 11.4. stat — Interpreting stat() results
  • 11.5. filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
  • 11.6. tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
  • 11.7. glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
  • 11.8. fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
  • 11.9. linecache — Random access to text lines
  • 11.10. shutil — High-level file operations
  • 11.11. macpath — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions
• 12. Data Persistence
  • 12.1. pickle — Python object serialization
  • 12.2. copyreg — Register pickle support functions
  • 12.3. shelve — Python object persistence
  • 12.4. marshal — Internal Python object serialization
  • 12.5. dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases”
  • 12.6. sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases
• 13. Data Compression and Archiving
  • 13.1. zlib — Compression compatible with gzip
  • 13.2. gzip — Support for gzip files
  • 13.3. bz2 — Support for bzip2 compression
  • 13.4. lzma — Compression using the LZMA algorithm
  • 13.5. zipfile — Work with ZIP archives
  • 13.6. tarfile — Read and write tar archive files
• 14. File Formats
  • 14.1. csv — CSV File Reading and Writing
  • 14.2. configparser — Configuration file parser
  • 14.3. netrc — netrc file processing
  • 14.4. xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
  • 14.5. plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files
• 15. Cryptographic Services
  • 15.1. hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests
  • 15.2. hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
• 16. Generic Operating System Services
  • 16.1. os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
  • 16.2. io — Core tools for working with streams
  • 16.3. time — Time access and conversions
  • 16.4. argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands
  • 16.5. getopt — C-style parser for command line options
  • 16.6. logging — Logging facility for Python
  • 16.7. logging.config — Logging configuration
  • 16.8. logging.handlers — Logging handlers
  • 16.9. getpass — Portable password input
  • 16.10. curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displays
  • 16.11. curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
  • 16.12. curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
  • 16.13. curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses
  • 16.14. platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data
  • 16.15. errno — Standard errno system symbols
  • 16.16. ctypes — A foreign function library for Python
• 17. Concurrent Execution
  • 17.1. threading — Thread-based parallelism
  • 17.2. multiprocessing — Process-based parallelism
  • 17.3. The concurrent package
  • 17.4. concurrent.futures — Launching parallel tasks
  • 17.5. subprocess — Subprocess management
  • 17.6. sched — Event scheduler
  • 17.7. queue — A synchronized queue class
  • 17.8. dummy_threading — Drop-in replacement for the threading module
  • 17.9. _thread — Low-level threading API
  • 17.10. _dummy_thread — Drop-in replacement for the _thread module
• 18. Interprocess Communication and Networking
  • 18.1. socket — Low-level networking interface
  • 18.2. ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
  • 18.3. select — Waiting for I/O completion
  • 18.4. selectors – High-level I/O multiplexing
  • 18.5. asyncio – Asynchronous I/O, event loop, coroutines and tasks
  • 18.6. asyncore — Asynchronous socket handler
  • 18.7. asynchat — Asynchronous socket command/response handler
  • 18.8. signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
  • 18.9. mmap — Memory-mapped file support
• 19. Internet Data Handling
  • 19.1. email — An email and MIME handling package
  • 19.2. json — JSON encoder and decoder
  • 19.3. mailcap — Mailcap file handling
  • 19.4. mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
  • 19.5. mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
  • 19.6. base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings
  • 19.7. binhex — Encode and decode binhex4 files
  • 19.8. binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII
  • 19.9. quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
  • 19.10. uu — Encode and decode uuencode files
• 20. Structured Markup Processing Tools
  • 20.1. html — HyperText Markup Language support
  • 20.2. html.parser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser
  • 20.3. html.entities — Definitions of HTML general entities
  • 20.4. XML Processing Modules
  • 20.5. xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
  • 20.6. xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
  • 20.7. xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation
  • 20.8. xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
  • 20.9. xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
  • 20.10. xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
  • 20.11. xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
  • 20.12. xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
  • 20.13. xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat
• 21. Internet Protocols and Support
  • 21.1. webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller
  • 21.2. cgi — Common Gateway Interface support
  • 21.3. cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
  • 21.4. wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
  • 21.5. urllib — URL handling modules
  • 21.6. urllib.request — Extensible library for opening URLs
  • 21.7. urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib
  • 21.8. urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components
  • 21.9. urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request
  • 21.10. urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
  • 21.11. http — HTTP modules
  • 21.12. http.client — HTTP protocol client
  • 21.13. ftplib — FTP protocol client
  • 21.14. poplib — POP3 protocol client
  • 21.15. imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
  • 21.16. nntplib — NNTP protocol client
  • 21.17. smtplib — SMTP protocol client
  • 21.18. smtpd — SMTP Server
  • 21.19. telnetlib — Telnet client
  • 21.20. uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
  • 21.21. socketserver — A framework for network servers
  • 21.22. http.server — HTTP servers
  • 21.23. http.cookies — HTTP state management
  • 21.24. http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
  • 21.25. xmlrpc — XMLRPC server and client modules
  • 21.26. xmlrpc.client — XML-RPC client access
  • 21.27. xmlrpc.server — Basic XML-RPC servers
  • 21.28. ipaddress — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
• 22. Multimedia Services
  • 22.1. audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
  • 22.2. aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
  • 22.3. sunau — Read and write Sun AU files
  • 22.4. wave — Read and write WAV files
  • 22.5. chunk — Read IFF chunked data
  • 22.6. colorsys — Conversions between color systems
  • 22.7. imghdr — Determine the type of an image
  • 22.8. sndhdr — Determine type of sound file
  • 22.9. ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
• 23. Internationalization
  • 23.1. gettext — Multilingual internationalization services
  • 23.2. locale — Internationalization services
• 24. Program Frameworks
  • 24.1. turtle — Turtle graphics
  • 24.2. cmd — Support for line-oriented command interpreters
  • 24.3. shlex — Simple lexical analysis
• 25. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
  • 25.1. tkinter — Python interface to Tcl/Tk
  • 25.2. tkinter.ttk — Tk themed widgets
  • 25.3. tkinter.tix — Extension widgets for Tk
  • 25.4. tkinter.scrolledtext — Scrolled Text Widget
  • 25.5. IDLE
  • 25.6. Other Graphical User Interface Packages
• 26. Development Tools
  • 26.1. typing — Support for type hints
  • 26.2. pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
  • 26.3. doctest — Test interactive Python examples
  • 26.4. unittest — Unit testing framework
  • 26.5. unittest.mock — mock object library
  • 26.6. unittest.mock — getting started
  • 26.7. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation
  • 26.8. test — Regression tests package for Python
  • 26.9. test.support — Utilities for the Python test suite
• 27. Debugging and Profiling
  • 27.1. bdb — Debugger framework
  • 27.2. faulthandler — Dump the Python traceback
  • 27.3. pdb — The Python Debugger
  • 27.4. The Python Profilers
  • 27.5. timeit — Measure execution time of small code snippets
  • 27.6. trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
  • 27.7. tracemalloc — Trace memory allocations
• 28. Software Packaging and Distribution
  • 28.1. distutils — Building and installing Python modules
  • 28.2. ensurepip — Bootstrapping the pip installer
  • 28.3. venv — Creation of virtual environments
  • 28.4. zipapp — Manage executable python zip archives
• 29. Python Runtime Services
  • 29.1. sys — System-specific parameters and functions
  • 29.2. sysconfig — Provide access to Python’s configuration information
  • 29.3. builtins — Built-in objects
  • 29.4. __main__ — Top-level script environment
  • 29.5. warnings — Warning control
  • 29.6. contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts
  • 29.7. abc — Abstract Base Classes
  • 29.8. atexit — Exit handlers
  • 29.9. traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
  • 29.10. __future__ — Future statement definitions
  • 29.11. gc — Garbage Collector interface
  • 29.12. inspect — Inspect live objects
  • 29.13. site — Site-specific configuration hook
  • 29.14. fpectl — Floating point exception control
• 30. Custom Python Interpreters
  • 30.1. code — Interpreter base classes
  • 30.2. codeop — Compile Python code
• 31. Importing Modules
  • 31.1. zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
  • 31.2. pkgutil — Package extension utility
  • 31.3. modulefinder — Find modules used by a script
  • 31.4. runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
  • 31.5. importlib – The implementation of import
• 32. Python Language Services
  • 32.1. parser — Access Python parse trees
  • 32.2. ast — Abstract Syntax Trees
  • 32.3. symtable — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables
  • 32.4. symbol — Constants used with Python parse trees
  • 32.5. token — Constants used with Python parse trees
  • 32.6. keyword — Testing for Python keywords
  • 32.7. tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
  • 32.8. tabnanny — Detection of ambiguous indentation
  • 32.9. pyclbr — Python class browser support
  • 32.10. py_compile — Compile Python source files
  • 32.11. compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
  • 32.12. dis — Disassembler for Python bytecode
  • 32.13. pickletools — Tools for pickle developers
• 33. Miscellaneous Services
  • 33.1. formatter — Generic output formatting
• 34. MS Windows Specific Services
  • 34.1. msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
  • 34.2. msvcrt – Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
  • 34.3. winreg – Windows registry access
  • 34.4. winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows
• 35. Unix Specific Services
  • 35.1. posix — The most common POSIX system calls
  • 35.2. pwd — The password database
  • 35.3. spwd — The shadow password database
  • 35.4. grp — The group database
  • 35.5. crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
  • 35.6. termios — POSIX style tty control
  • 35.7. tty — Terminal control functions
  • 35.8. pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
  • 35.9. fcntl — The fcntl and ioctl system calls
  • 35.10. pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
  • 35.11. resource — Resource usage information
  • 35.12. nis — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)
  • 35.13. syslog — Unix syslog library routines
• 36. Superseded Modules
  • 36.1. optparse — Parser for command line options
  • 36.2. imp — Access the import internals
• 37. Undocumented Modules
  • 37.1. Platform specific modules