title | aliases | summary | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
视图 |
|
TiDB 支持视图,视图是虚拟表,结构由创建时的 SELECT 语句定义。使用视图可保证数据安全,简化复杂查询。查询视图类似查询表,TiDB 执行查询时会展开视图。可通过 SHOW CREATE TABLE 或 SHOW CREATE VIEW 查看视图创建语句及相关信息。也可查询 INFORMATION_SCHEMA.VIEWS 表或访问 HTTP API 获取视图元信息。视图有局限性,不支持物化视图,且为只读视图,不支持写入操作。已创建的视图仅支持 DROP 操作。 |
TiDB 支持视图,视图是一张虚拟表,该虚拟表的结构由创建视图时的 SELECT
语句定义。使用视图一方面可以对用户只暴露安全的字段及数据,进而保证底层表的敏感字段及数据的安全。另一方面,将频繁出现的复杂查询定义为视图,可以使复杂查询更加简单便捷。
查询一个视图和查询一张普通表类似。但是 TiDB 在真正执行查询视图时,会将视图展开成创建视图时定义的 SELECT
语句,进而执行展开后的查询语句。
通过以下方式,可以查看 view 相关的信息。
示例:
{{< copyable "sql" >}}
show create view v;
使用该语句可以查看 view 对应的创建语句,及创建 view 时对应的 character_set_client
及 collation_connection
系统变量值。
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| View | Create View | character_set_client | collation_connection |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| v | CREATE ALGORITHM=UNDEFINED DEFINER=`root`@`127.0.0.1` SQL SECURITY DEFINER VIEW `v` (`a`) AS SELECT `s`.`a` FROM `test`.`t` LEFT JOIN `test`.`s` ON `t`.`a`=`s`.`a` | utf8 | utf8_general_ci |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
示例:
{{< copyable "sql" >}}
select * from information_schema.views;
通过查询该表可以查看 view 的相关元信息,如 TABLE_CATALOG
、TABLE_SCHEMA
、TABLE_NAME
、VIEW_DEFINITION
、CHECK_OPTION
、IS_UPDATABLE
、DEFINER
、SECURITY_TYPE
、CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT
、COLLATION_CONNECTION
等。
+---------------+--------------+------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+--------------+----------------+---------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| TABLE_CATALOG | TABLE_SCHEMA | TABLE_NAME | VIEW_DEFINITION | CHECK_OPTION | IS_UPDATABLE | DEFINER | SECURITY_TYPE | CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT | COLLATION_CONNECTION |
+---------------+--------------+------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+--------------+----------------+---------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| def | test | v | SELECT `s`.`a` FROM `test`.`t` LEFT JOIN `test`.`s` ON `t`.`a`=`s`.`a` | CASCADED | NO | root@127.0.0.1 | DEFINER | utf8 | utf8_general_ci |
+---------------+--------------+------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+--------------+----------------+---------------+----------------------+----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
示例:
{{< copyable "" >}}
curl http://127.0.0.1:10080/schema/test/v
通过访问 http://{TiDBIP}:10080/schema/{db}/{view}
可以得到对应 view 的所有元信息。
{
"id": 122,
"name": {
"O": "v",
"L": "v"
},
"charset": "utf8",
"collate": "utf8_general_ci",
"cols": [
{
"id": 1,
"name": {
"O": "a",
"L": "a"
},
"offset": 0,
"origin_default": null,
"default": null,
"default_bit": null,
"default_is_expr": false,
"generated_expr_string": "",
"generated_stored": false,
"dependences": null,
"type": {
"Tp": 0,
"Flag": 0,
"Flen": 0,
"Decimal": 0,
"Charset": "",
"Collate": "",
"Elems": null
},
"state": 5,
"comment": "",
"hidden": false,
"version": 0
}
],
"index_info": null,
"fk_info": null,
"state": 5,
"pk_is_handle": false,
"is_common_handle": false,
"comment": "",
"auto_inc_id": 0,
"auto_id_cache": 0,
"auto_rand_id": 0,
"max_col_id": 1,
"max_idx_id": 0,
"update_timestamp": 416801600091455490,
"ShardRowIDBits": 0,
"max_shard_row_id_bits": 0,
"auto_random_bits": 0,
"pre_split_regions": 0,
"partition": null,
"compression": "",
"view": {
"view_algorithm": 0,
"view_definer": {
"Username": "root",
"Hostname": "127.0.0.1",
"CurrentUser": false,
"AuthUsername": "root",
"AuthHostname": "%"
},
"view_security": 0,
"view_select": "SELECT `s`.`a` FROM `test`.`t` LEFT JOIN `test`.`s` ON `t`.`a`=`s`.`a`",
"view_checkoption": 1,
"view_cols": null
},
"sequence": null,
"Lock": null,
"version": 3,
"tiflash_replica": null
}
以下例子将创建一个视图,并在该视图上进行查询,最后删除该视图。
{{< copyable "sql" >}}
create table t(a int, b int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
{{< copyable "sql" >}}
insert into t values(1, 1),(2,2),(3,3);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
{{< copyable "sql" >}}
create table s(a int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
{{< copyable "sql" >}}
insert into s values(2),(3);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
{{< copyable "sql" >}}
create view v as select s.a from t left join s on t.a = s.a;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
{{< copyable "sql" >}}
select * from v;
+------+
| a |
+------+
| NULL |
| 2 |
| 3 |
+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
{{< copyable "sql" >}}
drop view v;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
目前 TiDB 中的视图有以下局限性:
- 不支持物化视图。
- TiDB 中视图为只读视图,不支持对视图进行
UPDATE
、INSERT
、DELETE
、TRUNCATE
等写入操作。 - 对已创建的视图仅支持
DROP
的 DDL 操作,即DROP [VIEW | TABLE]
。