Wikidata-Taxonomy

Command-line tool and library to extract taxonomies from Wikidata.

Installation

wikidata-taxonomy requires at least NodeJs version 6.

Install globally to make command wdtaxonomy accessible from your shell $PATH:

$ npm install -g wikidata-taxonomy

Installation and usage as module and in web applications is described below.

Usage

This module provides the command wdtaxonomy. By default, a usage help is printed:

$ wdtaxonomy


  Usage: wdtaxonomy [options] <id>

  extract taxonomies from Wikidata


  Options:

    -V, --version                           output the version number
    -b, --brief                             omit counting instances and sites
    -c, --children                          get direct subclasses only
    -C, --color                             enforce color output
    -d, --descr                             include item descriptions
    -e, --sparql-endpoint <url>             customize the SPARQL endpoint
    -f, --format <txt|csv|tsv|json|ndjson>  output format
    -i, --instances                         include instances
    -I, --no-instancecount                  omit counting instances
    -j, --json                              use JSON output format
    -l, --lang <lang>                       specify the language to use
    -L, --no-labels                         omit all labels
    -m, --mappings <ids>                    mapping properties (e.g. P1709)
    -n, --no-colors                         disable color output
    -o, --output <file>                     write result to a file
    -P, --property <id>                     hierarchy property (e.g. P279)
    -R, --prune <criteria>                  prune hierarchies (e.g. mappings)
    -p, --post                              use HTTP POST to disable caching
    -r, --reverse                           get superclasses instead
    -s, --sparql                            print SPARQL query and exit
    -S, --no-sitecount                      omit counting sites
    -t, --total                             count total number of instances
    -u, --user <name>                       user to the SPARQL endpoint
    -U, --uris                              show full URIs in output formats
    -v, --verbose                           make the output more verbose
    -w, --password <string>                 password to the SPARQL endpoint
    -h, --help                              output usage information

The first arguments needs to be a Wikidata identifier to be used as root of the taxonomy. For instance extract a taxonomy of planets (Q634):

$ wdtaxonomy Q634

To look up by label, use wikidata-cli (e.g wd id planet or wd f planet).

The extracted taxonomy by default is based on statements using the property "subclass of" (P279) or "subproperty of" (P1647). Taxonomy extraction and output can be controlled by several options. Option --sparql (or -s) prints the underlying SPARQL queries instead of executing them.

Examples

Direct subclasses of planet (Q634) with description and mappings:

$ wdtaxonomy Q634 -c -d -m =

The hierarchy properties P279 ("subclass of") and P31 ("instance of") to build taxonomies from can be changed with option property (-P).

Members of (P463) the European Union (Q458):

$ wdtaxonomy Q458 -P P463

Members of (P463) the European Union (Q458) and number of its citizens in Wikidata (P27):

$ wdtaxonomy Q458 -P 463/27

Wikiversity (Q370) editions mapped to their homepage URL (P856):

$ wdtaxonomy Q370 -i -m P856

Biological taxonomy of mammals (Q7377):

$ wdtaxonomy Q7377 -P P171 --brief

Property constraints (Q21502402) with number of properties that have each constraint:

$ wdtaxonomy Q21502402 -P 279,2302

As Wikidata is no strict ontology, subproperties are not factored in. For instance this query does not include members of the European Union although P463 is a subproperty of P361.

Parts of (P361) the European Union (Q458):

$ wdtaxonomy Q458 -P P361

A taxonomy of subproperties can be queried like taxonomies of items. The hierarchy property is set to P1647 ("subproperty of") by default:

$ wdtaxonomy P361
$ wdtaxonomy P361 -P P1647  # equivalent

Subproperties of "part of" (P361) and which of them have an inverse property (P1696):

$ wdtaxonomy P361 -P P1647/P1696

Inverse properties are neither factored in so queries like these do not necessarily return the same results:

What hand (Q33767) is part of (P361):

$ wdtaxonomy Q33767 -P 361 -r

What parts the hand (Q33767) has (P527):

$ wdtaxonomy Q33767 -P 527

Options

Query options

brief (`-b`)

Don't count instance and sites. Same as -S/--no-sitecount and -I/--no-instancecount.

children (`-c`)

Get direct subclasses only

descr (`-d`)

Include item descriptions

sparql-endpoint (`-e`)

SPARQL endpoint to query (default: https://query.wikidata.org/sparql)

instances (`-i`)

Include instances

no-instancecount (`-I`)

Don't count number of instances

lang (`-l`)

Language to get labels in (default: en)

no-labels (`-L`)

Omit all labels. This allows for querying larger taxonomies (several thousands of classes), especially if combined with option --brief.

mappings (`-m`)

Lookup mappings based on given comma-separated properties such as P1709 (equivalent class). The following keywords can be used as shortcuts:

equal or =: equivalent property (P1628), equivalent class (P1709), and exact match (P2888)
broader: external superproperty (P2235)
narrower: narrower external class (P3950), external subproperty (P2236)
class: properties for mapping classes
property: properties for mapping properties
all all properties for ontology mapping (instances of Q30249126)

reverse (`-r`)

Get superclasses instead of subclasses up to the root

no-sitecount (`-I`)

Don't count number of sites

total (`-t`)

Count total (transitive) number of instances, including instances of subclasses

post (`-p`)

Use HTTP POST to disable caching

sparql (`-s`)

Don't actually perform a query but print SPARQL query and exit

user (`-u`)

User to the SPARQL endpoint

password (`-w`)

Password to the SPARQL endpoint

Output options

color (`-C`)

enable color output if it's disabled (e.g. when output is piped or written to a file)

format (`-f`)

Output format

json (`-j`)

Use JSON output format. Same as --format json but shorter.

no-colors (`-n`)

disable color output

output (`-o`)

write result to a file given by name

prune (`-R`)

prune hierarchy to all entries with any of a given criteria plus their broader concepts and all top concepts:

mappings: has mappings
sites: has sites
instances: has instances
occurences : has sites or instances

Multiple criteria can be combined as alternatives with comma.

uris (`-U`)

Show full URIs in output formats, e.g. http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1 instead of Q1

verbose (`-v`)

Show verbose error messages

Output formats

Text format

By default, the taxonomy is printed in "text" format with colored Unicode characters:

$ wdtaxonomy Q17362350

planet of the Solar System (Q17362350) •2 ↑
├──outer planet (Q30014) •25 ×4 ↑↑
└──inner planets (Q3504248) •8 ×4 ↑↑

The output contains item labels, Wikidata identifiers, the number of Wikimedia sites connected to each item (indicated by bullet character "•"), the number of instances (property P31), indicated by a multiplication sign "×"), and an upwards arrow ("↑") as indicator for additional superclasses.

Option "--instances" (or "-i") explicitly includes instances:

$ wdtaxonomy -i Q17362350

planet of the Solar System (Q17362350) •2 ↑
├──outer planet (Q30014) •25 ↑↑
|   -Saturn (Q193)
|   -Jupiter (Q319)
|   -Uranus (Q324)
|   -Neptune (Q332)
└──inner planets (Q3504248) •8 ↑↑
    -Earth (Q2)
    -Mars (Q111)
    -Mercury (Q308)
    -Venus (Q313)

Classes that occur at multiple places in the taxonomy (multihierarchy) are marked like in the following example:

$ wdtaxonomy Q634

planet (Q634) •202 ×7 ↑
├──extrasolar planet (Q44559) •88 ×833 ↑
|  ├──circumbinary planet (Q205901) •15 ×10
|  ├──super-Earth (Q327757) •32 ×46 ↑
...
├──terrestrial planet (Q128207) •70 ×7
|  ╞══super-Earth (Q327757) •32 ×46 ↑ …
...

JSON format

Option --format json serializes the taxonomy as JSON object. The format follows specification of JSKOS Concept Schemes:

{
  "type": [ "http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#ConceptScheme" ],
  "modified": "2017-11-06T10:25:54.966Z",
  "license": [
    {
      "uri": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
      "notation": [ "CC0" ]
    }
  ],
  "languages": [ "en" ],
  "topConcepts": [
    { "uri": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q17362350" }
  ],
  "concepts": [ ]
}

Field concepts contains an array of all extracted Wikidata entities (usually classes and instances) as JSKOS Concepts:

{
  "uri": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q17362350",
  "notation": [ "Q17362350" ],
  "prefLabel": {
    "en": "planet of the Solar System"
  },
  "scopeNote": {
    "en": [ "inner and outer planets of our solar system" ]
  },
  "broader": [
    { "uri": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q634" }
  ],
  "narrower": [
    { "uri": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q30014" },
    { "uri": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q3504248" }
  ]
}

Instances (option --instances) are linked via field subjectOf the same way as field broader and narrower.

The number of instances and sites, if counted is given as array of JSKOS Concept Occurrences in field occurrences, each identified by subfield relation:

{
  "uri": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q30014",
  "notation": [ "Q30014" ],
  "prefLabel": {
    "en": "outer planet of the Solar system"
  },
  "occurrences": [
    {
      "relation": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/P31",
      "count": 4
    },
    {
      "relation": "http://schema.org/about",
      "count": 25
    }
  ]
}

Mappings (option --mappings) are stored in field mappings as array of JSKOS Concept Mappings:

[
  {
    "from": {
      "memberSet": [
        { "uri": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q634" }
      ]
    },
    "to": {
      "memberSet": [
        { "uri": "http://dbpedia.org/ontology/Planet" }
      ]
    },
    "type": [
      "http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#exactMatch",
      "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#equivalentClass",
      "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/P1709"
    ]
  }
]

The mapping type is given in field type with the Wikidata property URI as last array element and the SKOS mapping relation URI as first.

NDJSON format

Option --format ndjson serializes JSON field concepts with one record per line. The order if records is same as in txt, json, and csv format but each concept is only included once.

CSV and TSV format

CSV and TSV format are optimized for comparing differences in time. Each output row consists of five fields:

level in the hierarchy indicated by zero or more "-" (default) or "=" characters (multihierarchy).
id of the item. Items on the same level are sorted by their id.
label of the item. Language can be selected with option --language. The label in csv format is quoted.
sites: number of connected sites (Wikipedia and related project editions). Larger numbers may indicate more established concepts.
parents outside of the hierarchy, indicated by zero or more "^" characters.

For instance the CSV output for Q634 would be like this:

$ wdtaxonomy -f csv Q634

level,id,label,sites,instances,parents
,Q634,"planet",196,7,^
-,Q44559,"extrasolar planet",81,833,^
--,Q205901,"circumbinary planet",14,10,
--,Q327757,"super-Earth",32,46,
...
-,Q128207,"terrestrial planet",67,7,
==,Q327757,"super-Earth",32,46,
...

In this example there are 196 Wikipedia editions or other sites with an article about planets and seven Wikidata items are direct instance of a planet. At the end of the line "^" indicates that "planet" has one superclass. In the next rows "extrasolar planet" (Q44559) is a subclass of planet with another superclass indicated by "^". Both "circumbinary planet" and "super-Earth" are subclasses of "extrasolar planet". The latter also occurs as subclass of "terrestrial planet" where it is marked by "==" instead of "--".

Usage as module

Add wikidata-taxonomy as dependency to you package.json:

$ npm install wikidata-taxonomy --save

The library provides:

queryTaxonomy(id, options) returns a promise with a taxonomy extracted from Wikidata as JSKOS Concept Scheme. See JSON format of the command line client for documentation.
```
const { queryTaxonomy } = require('wikidata-taxonomy')

var options = { lang: 'fr', brief: true }
queryTaxonomy('Q634', lang)
.then(taxonomy => {
  taxonomy.concepts.forEach(concept => {
    var qid = concept.notation[0]
    var label = (concept.prefLabel || {}).fr || '???'
    console.log('%s %s', qid, label)
  })
})
.catch(error => console.error("E",error))
```
Options roughly equivalent command line query options:
- boolean flags brief, children, description, labels, total, instances, instancecount, sitecount, reverse, post
- SPARQL endpoint configuration with endpoint, user, password
- language tag language or lang
- array property (set to ['P279', 'P31'] by default)
- array or string mappings

serializeTaxonomy contains serializers to be called with a taxonomy, an output stream, and optional configuration:

const { serializeTaxonomy } = require('wikidata-taxonomy')

// serialize taxonomy to stream
serializeTaxonomy.csv(taxonomy, process.stdout)
serializeTaxonomy.txt(taxonomy, process.stdout, {colors: true}) // FIXME
serializeTaxonomy.json(taxonomy, process.stdout)
serializeTaxonomy.ndjson(taxonomy, process.stdout)

Usage in web applications

Experimental support of this library in web application is given with file wikidata-taxonomy.js in directoy dist. The gh-pages branch contains a sample application, also available at http://jakobvoss.de/wikidata-taxonomy/.

Requires wikidata-sdk and a HTTP client library. The latter can be attached to window.requestPromise (before wikidata-taxonomy is loaded). Axios is detected by default.

<html>
  <head>
    <script src="https://unpkg.com/wikidata-sdk/dist/wikidata-sdk.min.js"></script>
    <script src="https://unpkg.com/axios/dist/axios.min.js"></script>
    <script src="https://unpkg.com/wikidata-taxonomy/dist/wikidata-taxonomy.min.js"></script>
  </head>
  <body>
    ...
  </body>
</html>

Release notes

Release notes are listed in file CHANGES.md in the source code repository.

Files

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Wikidata-Taxonomy

Installation

Usage

Examples

Options

Query options

brief (-b)

children (-c)

descr (-d)

sparql-endpoint (-e)

instances (-i)

no-instancecount (-I)

lang (-l)

no-labels (-L)

mappings (-m)

reverse (-r)

no-sitecount (-I)

total (-t)

post (-p)

sparql (-s)

user (-u)

password (-w)