Detail pictures see iFixit Teardown
Processor TI CC3200
Technical Information Cortex-M4 arm7e-m thumb
I suggest to get a CC3200 Launchpad for first contact.
Various useful pins (SOP2, TCK, TMS, GND, RST, GND, RX0, TX0) are available through the onboard debug pins.
Flash 4MB ISSI IS25LQ032B
Firmware is stored in a TI propiertery FatFS but can easily be read over the RX/TX lines of the mainboard when the CC3200 is in flash-mode.
Audio DAC TI TLV320DAC3100
I2C address should be 0x18.
RFID Reader TI TRF7962A
Reading MiFare Classic is not possible without using the chips direct mode which means more work. 1.2 http://www.ti.com/lit/an/sloa248b/sloa248b.pdf http://www.ti.com/tool/TRF796X_TRF7970X_MIFARE_12_2013
Firmware TRF7970ABP: http://www.ti.com/lit/zip/sloc297 Example Salae Logic SPI http://www.ti.com/lit/zip/sloc240
Acceleration Sensor NXP MMA8451Q
Arduino Library exists. I2C address is 0x1D