The Klipper messaging protocol is used for low-level communication between the Klipper host software and the Klipper micro-controller software. At a high level the protocol can be thought of as a series of command and response strings that are compressed, transmitted, and then processed at the receiving side. An example series of commands in uncompressed human-readable format might look like:
set_digital_out pin=86 value=1
set_digital_out pin=85 value=1
schedule_digital_out oid=8 clock=4000000 value=0
queue_step oid=7 interval=7458 count=10 add=331
queue_step oid=7 interval=11717 count=4 add=1281
See the mcu commands document for information on available commands. See the debugging document for information on how to translate a G-Code file into its corresponding human-readable micro-controller commands.
This page provides a high-level description of the Klipper messaging protocol itself. It describes how messages are declared, encoded in binary format (the "compression" scheme), and transmitted.
The goal of the protocol is to enable an error-free communication channel between the host and micro-controller that is low-latency, low-bandwidth, and low-complexity for the micro-controller.
The Klipper transmission protocol can be thought of as a RPC mechanism between micro-controller and host. The micro-controller software declares the commands that the host may invoke along with the response messages that it can generate. The host uses that information to command the micro-controller to perform actions and to interpret the results.
The micro-controller software declares a "command" by using the DECL_COMMAND() macro in the C code. For example:
DECL_COMMAND(command_set_digital_out, "set_digital_out pin=%u value=%c");
The above declares a command named "set_digital_out". This allows the host to "invoke" this command which would cause the command_set_digital_out() C function to be executed in the micro-controller. The above also indicates that the command takes two integer parameters. When the command_set_digital_out() C code is executed, it will be passed an array containing these two integers - the first corresponding to the 'pin' and the second corresponding to the 'value'.
In general, the parameters are described with printf() style syntax (eg, "%u"). The formatting directly corresponds to the human-readable view of commands (eg, "set_digital_out pin=86 value=1"). In the above example, "value=" is a parameter name and "%c" indicates the parameter is an integer. Internally, the parameter name is only used as documentation. In this example, the "%c" is also used as documentation to indicate the expected integer is 1 byte in size (the declared integer size does not impact the parsing or encoding).
The micro-controller build will collect all commands declared with DECL_COMMAND(), determine their parameters, and arrange for them to be callable.
To send information from the micro-controller to the host a "response" is generated. These are both declared and transmitted using the sendf() C macro. For example:
sendf("status clock=%u status=%c", sched_read_time(), sched_is_shutdown());
The above transmits a "status" response message that contains two integer parameters ("clock" and "status"). The micro-controller build automatically finds all sendf() calls and generates encoders for them. The first parameter of the sendf() function describes the response and it is in the same format as command declarations.
The host can arrange to register a callback function for each response. So, in effect, commands allow the host to invoke C functions in the micro-controller and responses allow the micro-controller software to invoke code in the host.
The sendf() macro should only be invoked from command or task handlers, and it should not be invoked from interrupts or timers. The code does not need to issue a sendf() in response to a received command, it is not limited in the number of times sendf() may be invoked, and it may invoke sendf() at any time from a task handler.
To simplify debugging, there is also an output() C function. For example:
output("The value of %u is %s with size %u.", x, buf, buf_len);
The output() function is similar in usage to printf() - it is intended to generate and format arbitrary messages for human consumption.
Constants can also be exported. For example, the following:
DECL_CONSTANT(SERIAL_BAUD, 250000);
would export a constant named "SERIAL_BAUD" with a value of 250000 from the micro-controller to the host.
To accomplish the above RPC mechanism, each command and response is encoded into a binary format for transmission. This section describes the transmission system.
All data sent from host to micro-controller and vice-versa are contained in "message blocks". A message block has a two byte header and a three byte trailer. The format of a message block is:
<1 byte length><1 byte sequence><n-byte content><2 byte crc><1 byte sync>
The length byte contains the number of bytes in the message block including the header and trailer bytes (thus the minimum message length is 5 bytes). The maximum message block length is currently 64 bytes. The sequence byte contains a 4 bit sequence number in the low-order bits and the high-order bits always contain 0x10 (the high-order bits are reserved for future use). The content bytes contain arbitrary data and its format is described in the following section. The crc bytes contain a 16bit CCITT CRC of the message block including the header bytes but excluding the trailer bytes. The sync byte is 0x7e.
The format of the message block is inspired by HDLC message frames. Like in HDLC, the message block may optionally contain an additional sync character at the start of the block. Unlike in HDLC, a sync character is not exclusive to the framing and may be present in the message block content.
Each message block sent from host to micro-controller contains a series of zero or more message commands in its contents. Each command starts with a Variable Length Quantity (VLQ) encoded integer command-id followed by zero or more VLQ parameters for the given command.
As an example, the following four commands might be placed in a single message block:
set_digital_out pin=86 value=1
set_digital_out pin=85 value=0
get_config
get_clock
and encoded into the following eight VLQ integers:
<id_set_digital_out><86><1><id_set_digital_out><85><0><id_get_config><id_get_clock>
In order to encode and parse the message contents, both the host and micro-controller must agree on the command ids and the number of parameters each command has. So, in the above example, both the host and micro-controller would know that "id_set_digital_out" is always followed by two parameters, and "id_get_config" and "id_get_clock" have zero parameters. The host and micro-controller share a "data dictionary" that maps the command descriptions (eg, "set_digital_out pin=%u value=%c") to their integer command-ids. When processing the data, the parser will know to expect a specific number of VLQ encoded parameters following a given command id.
The message contents for blocks sent from micro-controller to host follow the same format. The identifiers in these messages are "response ids", but they serve the same purpose and follow the same encoding rules. In practice, message blocks sent from the micro-controller to the host never contain more than one response in the message block contents.
See the wikipedia article for more information on the general format of VLQ encoded integers. Klipper uses an encoding scheme that supports both positive and negative integers. Integers close to zero use less bytes to encode and positive integers typically encode using less bytes than negative integers. The following table shows the number of bytes each integer takes to encode:
| Integer | Encoded size |
|---|---|
| -32 .. 95 | 1 |
| -4096 .. 12287 | 2 |
| -524288 .. 1572863 | 3 |
| -67108864 .. 201326591 | 4 |
| -2147483648 .. 4294967295 | 5 |
As an exception to the above encoding rules, if a parameter to a command or response is a dynamic string then the parameter is not encoded as a simple VLQ integer. Instead it is encoded by transmitting the length as a VLQ encoded integer followed by the contents itself:
<VLQ encoded length><n-byte contents>
The command descriptions found in the data dictionary allow both the host and micro-controller to know which command parameters use simple VLQ encoding and which parameters use string encoding.
In order for meaningful communications to be established between micro-controller and host, both sides must agree on a "data dictionary". This data dictionary contains the integer identifiers for commands and responses along with their descriptions.
The micro-controller build uses the contents of DECL_COMMAND() and sendf() macros to generate the data dictionary. The build automatically assigns unique identifiers to each command and response. This system allows both the host and micro-controller code to seamlessly use descriptive human-readable names while still using minimal bandwidth.
The host queries the data dictionary when it first connects to the micro-controller. Once the host downloads the data dictionary from the micro-controller, it uses that data dictionary to encode all commands and to parse all responses from the micro-controller. The host must therefore handle a dynamic data dictionary. However, to keep the micro-controller software simple, the micro-controller always uses its static (compiled in) data dictionary.
The data dictionary is queried by sending "identify" commands to the micro-controller. The micro-controller will respond to each identify command with an "identify_response" message. Since these two commands are needed prior to obtaining the data dictionary, their integer ids and parameter types are hard-coded in both the micro-controller and the host. The "identify_response" response id is 0, the "identify" command id is 1. Other than having hard-coded ids the identify command and its response are declared and transmitted the same way as other commands and responses. No other command or response is hard-coded.
The format of the transmitted data dictionary itself is a zlib compressed JSON string. The micro-controller build process generates the string, compresses it, and stores it in the text section of the micro-controller flash. The data dictionary can be much larger than the maximum message block size - the host downloads it by sending multiple identify commands requesting progressive chunks of the data dictionary. Once all chunks are obtained the host will assemble the chunks, uncompress the data, and parse the contents.
In addition to information on the communication protocol, the data dictionary also contains the software version, constants (as defined by DECL_CONSTANT), and static strings.
To reduce bandwidth the data dictionary also contains a set of static strings known to the micro-controller. This is useful when sending messages from micro-controller to host. For example, if the micro-controller were to run:
shutdown("Unable to handle command");
The error message would be encoded and sent using a single VLQ. The host uses the data dictionary to resolve VLQ encoded static string ids to their associated human-readable strings.
Message commands sent from host to micro-controller are intended to be error-free. The micro-controller will check the CRC and sequence numbers in each message block to ensure the commands are accurate and in-order. The micro-controller always processes message blocks in-order - should it receive a block out-of-order it will discard it and any other out-of-order blocks until it receives blocks with the correct sequencing.
The low-level host code implements an automatic retransmission system for lost and corrupt message blocks sent to the micro-controller. To facilitate this, the micro-controller transmits an "ack message block" after each successfully received message block. The host schedules a timeout after sending each block and it will retransmit should the timeout expire without receiving a corresponding "ack". In addition, if the micro-controller detects a corrupt or out-of-order block it may transmit a "nak message block" to facilitate fast retransmission.
An "ack" is a message block with empty content (ie, a 5 byte message block) and a sequence number greater than the last received host sequence number. A "nak" is a message block with empty content and a sequence number less than the last received host sequence number.
The protocol facilitates a "window" transmission system so that the host can have many outstanding message blocks in-flight at a time. (This is in addition to the many commands that may be present in a given message block.) This allows maximum bandwidth utilization even in the event of transmission latency. The timeout, retransmit, windowing, and ack mechanism are inspired by similar mechanisms in TCP.
In the other direction, message blocks sent from micro-controller to host are designed to be error-free, but they do not have assured transmission. (Responses should not be corrupt, but they may go missing.) This is done to keep the implementation in the micro-controller simple. There is no automatic retransmission system for responses - the high-level code is expected to be capable of handling an occasional missing response (usually by re-requesting the content or setting up a recurring schedule of response transmission). The sequence number field in message blocks sent to the host is always one greater than the last received sequence number of message blocks received from the host. It is not used to track sequences of response message blocks.