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anarchism originate
d as a term of abuse
first used against
early working class
radicals including t
he diggers of the en
glish revolution and
the sans culottes o
f the french revolut
ion whilst the term
is still used in a p
ejorative way to des
cribe any act that u
sed violent means to
destroy the organiz
ation of society it
has also been taken
up as a positive lab
el by self defined a
narchists the word a
narchism is derived
from the greek witho
ut archons ruler chi
ef king anarchism as
a political philoso
phy is the belief th
at rulers are unnece
ssary and should be
abolished although t
here are differing i
nterpretations of wh
at this means anarch
ism also refers to r
elated social moveme
nts that advocate th
e elimination of aut
horitarian instituti
ons particularly the
state the word anar
chy as most anarchis
ts use it does not i
mply chaos nihilism
or anomie but rather
a harmonious anti a
uthoritarian society
in place of what ar
e regarded as author
itarian political st
ructures and coerciv
e economic instituti
ons anarchists advoc
ate social relations
based upon voluntar
y association of aut
onomous individuals
mutual aid and self
governance while ana
rchism is most easil
y defined by what it
is against anarchis
ts also offer positi
ve visions of what t
hey believe to be a
truly free society h
owever ideas about h
ow an anarchist soci
ety might work vary
considerably especia
lly with respect to
economics there is a
lso disagreement abo
ut how a free societ
y might be brought a
bout origins and pre
decessors kropotkin
and others argue tha
t before recorded hi
story human society
was organized on ana
rchist principles mo
st anthropologists f
ollow kropotkin and
engels in believing
that hunter gatherer
bands were egalitar
ian and lacked divis
ion of labour accumu
lated wealth or decr
eed law and had equa
l access to resource
s william godwin ana
rchists including th
e the anarchy organi
sation and rothbard
find anarchist attit
udes in taoism from
ancient china kropot
kin found similar id
eas in stoic zeno of
citium according to
kropotkin zeno repu
diated the omnipoten
ce of the state its
intervention and reg
imentation and procl
aimed the sovereignt
y of the moral law o
f the individual the
anabaptists of one
six th century europ
e are sometimes cons
idered to be religio
us forerunners of mo
dern anarchism bertr
and russell in his h
istory of western ph
ilosophy writes that
the anabaptists rep
udiated all law sinc
e they held that the
good man will be gu
ided at every moment
by the holy spirit
from this premise th
ey arrive at communi
sm the diggers or tr
ue levellers were an
early communistic m
ovement during the t
ime of the english c
ivil war and are con
sidered by some as f
orerunners of modern
anarchism in the mo
dern era the first t
o use the term to me
an something other t
han chaos was louis
armand baron de laho
ntan in his nouveaux
voyages dans l am r
ique septentrionale
one seven zero three
where he described
the indigenous ameri
can society which ha
d no state laws pris
ons priests or priva
te property as being
in anarchy russell
means a libertarian
and leader in the am
erican indian moveme
nt has repeatedly st
ated that he is an a
narchist and so are
all his ancestors in
one seven nine thre
e in the thick of th
e french revolution
william godwin publi
shed an enquiry conc
erning political jus
tice although godwin
did not use the wor
d anarchism many lat
er anarchists have r
egarded this book as
the first major ana
rchist text and godw
in as the founder of
philosophical anarc
hism but at this poi
nt no anarchist move
ment yet existed and
the term anarchiste
was known mainly as
an insult hurled by
the bourgeois giron
dins at more radical
elements in the fre
nch revolution the f
irst self labelled a
narchist pierre jose
ph proudhon it is co
mmonly held that it
wasn t until pierre
joseph proudhon publ
ished what is proper
ty in one eight four
zero that the term
anarchist was adopte
d as a self descript
ion it is for this r
eason that some clai
m proudhon as the fo
under of modern anar
chist theory in what
is property proudho
n answers with the f
amous accusation pro
perty is theft in th
is work he opposed t
he institution of de
creed property propr
i t where owners hav
e complete rights to
use and abuse their
property as they wi
sh such as exploitin
g workers for profit
in its place proudh
on supported what he
called possession i
ndividuals can have
limited rights to us
e resources capital
and goods in accorda
nce with principles
of equality and just
ice proudhon s visio
n of anarchy which h
e called mutualism m
utuellisme involved
an exchange economy
where individuals an
d groups could trade
the products of the
ir labor using labor
notes which represe
nted the amount of w
orking time involved
in production this
would ensure that no
one would profit fr
om the labor of othe
rs workers could fre
ely join together in
co operative worksh
ops an interest free
bank would be set u
p to provide everyon
e with access to the
means of production
proudhon s ideas we
re influential withi
n french working cla
ss movements and his
followers were acti
ve in the revolution
of one eight four e
ight in france proud
hon s philosophy of
property is complex
it was developed in
a number of works ov
er his lifetime and
there are differing
interpretations of s
ome of his ideas for
more detailed discu
ssion see here max s
tirner s egoism in h
is the ego and its o
wn stirner argued th
at most commonly acc
epted social institu
tions including the
notion of state prop
erty as a right natu
ral rights in genera
l and the very notio
n of society were me
re illusions or ghos
ts in the mind sayin
g of society that th
e individuals are it
s reality he advocat
ed egoism and a form
of amoralism in whi
ch individuals would
unite in associatio
ns of egoists only w
hen it was in their
self interest to do
so for him property
simply comes about t
hrough might whoever
knows how to take t
o defend the thing t
o him belongs proper
ty and what i have i
n my power that is m
y own so long as i a
ssert myself as hold
er i am the propriet
or of the thing stir
ner never called him
self an anarchist he
accepted only the l
abel egoist neverthe
less his ideas were
influential on many
individualistically
inclined anarchists
although interpretat
ions of his thought
are diverse american
individualist anarc
hism benjamin tucker
in one eight two fi
ve josiah warren had
participated in a c
ommunitarian experim
ent headed by robert
owen called new har
mony which failed in
a few years amidst
much internal confli
ct warren blamed the
community s failure
on a lack of indivi
dual sovereignty and
a lack of private p
roperty warren proce
eded to organise exp
erimenal anarchist c
ommunities which res
pected what he calle
d the sovereignty of
the individual at u
topia and modern tim
es in one eight thre
e three warren wrote
and published the p
eaceful revolutionis
t which some have no
ted to be the first
anarchist periodical
ever published benj
amin tucker says tha
t warren was the fir
st man to expound an
d formulate the doct
rine now known as an
archism liberty xiv
december one nine ze
ro zero one benjamin
tucker became inter
ested in anarchism t
hrough meeting josia
h warren and william
b greene he edited
and published libert
y from august one ei
ght eight one to apr
il one nine zero eig
ht it is widely cons
idered to be the fin
est individualist an
archist periodical e
ver issued in the en
glish language tucke
r s conception of in
dividualist anarchis
m incorporated the i
deas of a variety of
theorists greene s
ideas on mutual bank
ing warren s ideas o
n cost as the limit
of price a heterodox
variety of labour t
heory of value proud
hon s market anarchi
sm max stirner s ego
ism and herbert spen
cer s law of equal f
reedom tucker strong
ly supported the ind
ividual s right to o
wn the product of hi
s or her labour as p
rivate property and
believed in a market
economy for trading
this property he ar
gued that in a truly
free market system
without the state th
e abundance of compe
tition would elimina
te profits and ensur
e that all workers r
eceived the full val
ue of their labor ot
her one nine th cent
ury individualists i
ncluded lysander spo
oner stephen pearl a
ndrews and victor ya
rros the first inter
national mikhail bak
unin one eight one f
our one eight seven
six in europe harsh
reaction followed th
e revolutions of one
eight four eight tw
enty years later in
one eight six four t
he international wor
kingmen s associatio
n sometimes called t
he first internation
al united some diver
se european revoluti
onary currents inclu
ding anarchism due t
o its genuine links
to active workers mo
vements the internat
ional became signfic
iant from the start
karl marx was a lead
ing figure in the in
ternational he was e
lected to every succ
eeding general counc
il of the associatio
n the first objectio
ns to marx came from
the mutualists who
opposed communism an
d statism shortly af
ter mikhail bakunin
and his followers jo
ined in one eight si
x eight the first in
ternational became p
olarised into two ca
mps with marx and ba
kunin as their respe
ctive figureheads th
e clearest differenc
e between the camps
was over strategy th
e anarchists around
bakunin favoured in
kropotkin s words di
rect economical stru
ggle against capital
ism without interfer
ing in the political
parliamentary agita
tion at that time ma
rx and his followers
focused on parliame
ntary activity bakun
in characterised mar
x s ideas as authori
tarian and predicted
that if a marxist p
arty gained to power
its leaders would e
nd up as bad as the
ruling class they ha
d fought against in
one eight seven two
the conflict climaxe
d with a final split
between the two gro
ups at the hague con
gress this is often
cited as the origin
of the conflict betw
een anarchists and m
arxists from this mo
ment the social demo
cratic and libertari
an currents of socia
lism had distinct or
ganisations includin
g rival internationa
ls anarchist communi
sm peter kropotkin p
roudhon and bakunin
both opposed communi
sm associating it wi
th statism however i
n the one eight seve
n zero s many anarch
ists moved away from
bakunin s economic
thinking called coll
ectivism and embrace
d communist concepts
communists believed
the means of produc
tion should be owned
collectively and th
at goods be distribu
ted by need not labo
r an early anarchist
communist was josep
h d jacque the first
person to describe
himself as libertari
an unlike proudhon h
e argued that it is
not the product of h
is or her labor that
the worker has a ri
ght to but to the sa
tisfaction of his or
her needs whatever
may be their nature
he announced his ide
as in his us publish
ed journal le libert
aire one eight five
eight one eight six
one peter kropotkin
often seen as the mo
st important theoris
t outlined his econo
mic ideas in the con
quest of bread and f
ields factories and
workshops he felt co
operation is more b
eneficial than compe
tition illustrated i
n nature in mutual a
id a factor of evolu
tion one eight nine
seven subsequent ana
rchist communists in
clude emma goldman a
nd alexander berkman
many in the anarcho
syndicalist movemen
ts see below saw ana
rchist communism as
their objective isaa
c puente s one nine
three two comunismo
libertario was adopt
ed by the spanish cn
t as its manifesto f
or a post revolution
ary society some ana
rchists disliked mer
ging communism with
anarchism several in
dividualist anarchis
ts maintained that a
bolition of private
property was not con
sistent with liberty
for example benjami
n tucker whilst prof
essing respect for k
ropotkin and publish
ing his work describ
ed communist anarchi
sm as pseudo anarchi
sm propaganda of the
deed johann most wa
s an outspoken advoc
ate of violence anar
chists have often be
en portrayed as dang
erous and violent du
e mainly to a number
of high profile vio
lent acts including
riots assassinations
insurrections and t
errorism by some ana
rchists some revolut
ionaries of the late
one nine th century
encouraged acts of
political violence s
uch as bombings and
the assassinations o
f heads of state to
further anarchism su
ch actions have some
times been called pr
opaganda by the deed
one of the more out
spoken advocates of
this strategy was jo
hann most who said t
he existing system w
ill be quickest and
most radically overt
hrown by the annihil
ation of its exponen
ts therefore massacr
es of the enemies of
the people must be
set in motion most s
preferred method of
terrorism dynamite
earned him the monik
er dynamost however
there is no consensu
s on the legitimacy
or utility of violen
ce in general mikhai
l bakunin and errico
malatesta for examp
le wrote of violence
as a necessary and
sometimes desirable
force in revolutiona
ry settings but at t
he same time they de
nounced acts of indi
vidual terrorism mal
atesta in on violenc
e and bakunin when h
e refuted nechaev ot
her anarchists somet
imes identified as p
acifist anarchists a
dvocated complete no
nviolence leo tolsto
y whose philosophy i
s often viewed as a
form of christian an
archism see below wa
s a notable exponent
of nonviolent resis
tance anarchism in t
he labour movement t
he red and black fla
g coming from the ex
perience of anarchis
ts in the labour mov
ement is particularl
y associated with an
archo syndicalism an
archo syndicalism wa
s an early two zero
th century working c
lass movement seekin
g to overthrow capit
alism and the state
to institute a worke
r controlled society
the movement pursue
d industrial actions
such as general str
ike as a primary str
ategy many anarcho s
yndicalists believed
in anarchist commun
ism though not all c
ommunists believed i
n syndicalism after
the one eight seven
one repression frenc
h anarchism reemerge
d influencing the bo
urses de travails of
autonomous workers
groups and trade uni
ons from this moveme
nt the conf d ration
g n rale du travail
general confederati
on of work cgt was f
ormed in one eight n
ine five as the firs
t major anarcho synd
icalist movement emi
le pataud and emile
pouget s writing for
the cgt saw liberta
rian communism devel
oping from a general
strike after one ni
ne one four the cgt
moved away from anar
cho syndicalism due
to the appeal of bol
shevism french style
syndicalism was a s
ignificant movement
in europe prior to o
ne nine two one and
remained a significa
nt movement in spain
until the mid one n
ine four zero s the
industrial workers o
f the world iww foun
ded in one nine zero
five in the us espo
used unionism and so
ught a general strik
e to usher in a stat
eless society in one
nine two three one
zero zero zero zero
zero members existed
with the support of
up to three zero ze
ro zero zero zero th
ough not explicitly
anarchist they organ
ized by rank and fil
e democracy embodyin
g a spirit of resist
ance that has inspir
ed many anglophone s
yndicalists cnt prop
aganda from april tw
o zero zero four rea
ds don t let the pol
iticians rule our li
ves you vote and the
y decide don t allow
it unity action sel
f management spanish
anarchist trade uni
on federations were
formed in the one ei
ght seven zero s one
nine zero zero and
one nine one zero th
e most successful wa
s the confederaci n
nacional del trabajo
national confederat
ion of labour cnt fo
unded in one nine on
e zero prior to the
one nine four zero s
the cnt was the maj
or force in spanish
working class politi
cs with a membership
of one five eight m
illion in one nine t
hree four the cnt pl
ayed a major role in
the spanish civil w
ar see also anarchis
m in spain syndicali
sts like ricardo flo
res mag n were key f
igures in the mexica
n revolution latin a
merican anarchism wa
s strongly influence
d extending to the z
apatista rebellion a
nd the factory occup
ation movements in a
rgentina in berlin i
n one nine two two t
he cnt was joined wi
th the international
workers association
an anarcho syndical
ist successor to the
first international
contemporary anarch
o syndicalism contin
ues as a minor force
in many socities mu
ch smaller than in t
he one nine one zero
s two zero s and th
ree zero s the large
st organised anarchi
st movement today is
in spain in the for
m of the confederaci
n general del traba
jo and the cnt the c
gt claims a paid up
membership of six ze
ro zero zero zero an
d received over a mi
llion votes in spani
sh syndical election
s other active syndi
calist movements inc
lude the us workers
solidarity alliance
and the uk solidarit
y federation the rev
olutionary industria
l unionist industria
l workers of the wor
ld also exists claim
ing two zero zero ze
ro paid members cont
emporary critics of
anarcho syndicalism
and revolutionary in
dustrial unionism cl
aim that they are wo
rkerist and fail to
deal with economic l
ife outside work pos
t leftist critics su
ch as bob black clai
m anarcho syndicalis
m advocates oppressi
ve social structures
such as work and th
e workplace anarcho
syndicalists in gene
ral uphold principle
s of workers solidar
ity direct action an
d self management th
e russian revolution
the russian revolut
ion of one nine one
seven was a seismic
event in the develop
ment of anarchism as
a movement and as a
philosophy anarchis
ts participated alon
gside the bolsheviks
in both february an
d october revolution
s many anarchists in
itially supporting t
he bolshevik coup ho
wever the bolsheviks
soon turned against
the anarchists and
other left wing oppo
sition a conflict wh
ich culminated in th
e one nine one eight
kronstadt rebellion
anarchists in centr
al russia were impri
soned or driven unde
rground or joined th
e victorious bolshev
iks in ukraine anarc
hists fought in the
civil war against bo
th whites and bolshe
viks within the makh
novshchina peasant a
rmy led by nestor ma
khno expelled americ
an anarchists emma g
oldman and alexander
berkman before leav
ing russia were amon
gst those agitating
in response to bolsh
evik policy and the
suppression of the k
ronstadt uprising bo
th wrote classic acc
ounts of their exper
iences in russia aim
ing to expose the re
ality of bolshevik c
ontrol for them baku
nin s predictions ab
out the consequences
of marxist rule had
proved all too true
the victory of the
bolsheviks in the oc
tober revolution and
the resulting russi
an civil war did ser
ious damage to anarc
hist movements inter
nationally many work
ers and activists sa
w bolshevik success
as setting an exampl
e communist parties
grew at the expense
of anarchism and oth
er socialist movemen
ts in france and the
us for example the
major syndicalist mo
vements of the cgt a
nd iww began to real
ign themselves away
from anarchism and t
owards the communist
international in pa
ris the dielo truda
group of russian ana
rchist exiles which
included nestor makh
no concluded that an
archists needed to d
evelop new forms of
organisation in resp
onse to the structur
es of bolshevism the
ir one nine two six
manifesto known as t
he organisational pl
atform of the libert
arian communists was
supported by some c
ommunist anarchists
though opposed by ma
ny others the platfo
rm continues to insp
ire some contemporar
y anarchist groups w
ho believe in an ana
rchist movement orga
nised around its pri
nciples of theoretic
al unity tactical un
ity collective respo
nsibility and federa
lism platformist gro
ups today include th
e workers solidarity
movement in ireland
the uk s anarchist
federation and the l
ate north eastern fe
deration of anarchis
t communists in the
northeastern united
states and bordering
canada the fight ag
ainst fascism spain
one nine three six m
embers of the cnt co
nstruct armoured car
s to fight against t
he fascists in one o
f the collectivised
factories in the one
nine two zero s and
one nine three zero
s the familiar dyna
mics of anarchism s
conflict with the st
ate were transformed
by the rise of fasc
ism in europe in man
y cases european ana
rchists faced diffic
ult choices should t
hey join in popular
fronts with reformis
t democrats and sovi
et led communists ag
ainst a common fasci
st enemy luigi fabbr
i an exile from ital
ian fascism was amon
gst those arguing th
at fascism was somet
hing different fasci
sm is not just anoth
er form of governmen
t which like all oth
ers uses violence it
is the most authori
tarian and the most
violent form of gove
rnment imaginable it
represents the utmo
st glorification of
the theory and pract
ice of the principle
of authority in fra
nce where the fascis
ts came close to ins
urrection in the feb
ruary one nine three
four riots anarchis
ts divided over a un
ited front policy in
spain the cnt initi
ally refused to join
a popular front ele
ctoral alliance and
abstention by cnt su
pporters led to a ri