chore(ci): test workflow embetterments (tokio-rs#2176)

This branch makes the following changes to the CI test workflows:

- Consolidate all tests into a single workflow again. We had previously
  broken things out to allow restarting only some failed checks, but now
  GitHub Actions allows restarting individual jobs, which is much nicer,
  and we can combine everything into one workflow.
- Gate starting any tests/checks on an initial `cargo check` run. This
  should mean that if code doesn't compile, we don't spin up a huge
  number of test jobs that all end up failing, and delaying other PRs'
  CI runs.
- Use `cargo nextest` for running tests. This should make test runs a
  bit quicker, and also get us other nice features like retries for
  flaky tests.
- Switch to `taiki-e/install-action` for installing stuff like
  `cargo-hack`, `nextest`, and `wasm-pack`. This is a bit nicer than
  just `curl`ing stuff.
- Use a matrix for testing across toolchains/OSes, instead of having
  separate jobs. This reduces the complexity of the CI workflow a bit.

Signed-off-by: Eliza Weisman <[email protected]>

Author: hawkw

.config/nextest.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# recommended nextest profile for CI jobs (from
+# https://nexte.st/book/configuration.html#profiles)
+[profile.ci]
+# Print out output for failing tests as soon as they fail, and also at the end
+# of the run (for easy scrollability).
+failure-output = "immediate-final"
+# Do not cancel the test run on the first failure.
+fail-fast = false
+
+# TODO(eliza): uncomment this when we can get nicer JUnit output from nextest...
+# [profile.ci.junit]
+# path = "junit.xml"