02 - Python basics.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Python basics"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Nikolay Koldunov\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "koldunovn@gmail.com"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "This is part of [**Python for Geosciences**](https://github.com/koldunovn/python_for_geosciences) notes."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "================"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Variables"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Python uses [duck typing](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_typing)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Int"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = 10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "10"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "int"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Float"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "10.7"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "z = 10.7\n",
    "z"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "float"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(z)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### String"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'2'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b = '2'\n",
    "b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Some operations are not allowed on different types:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-7-ca730b97bf8a>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m\u001b[0mb\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a+b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "But some of them are allowed:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'2222222222'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a*b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Might be a source of confusion :)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "String variables can be combined:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "' guys walk into a bar'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c = ' guys walk into a bar'\n",
    "c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'2 guys walk into a bar'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b+c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "In order to include variable of another type in to string you have to convert it:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'10 guys walk into a bar'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str(a)+c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Everything is an object"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "In IPython you can get the list of object's methods and attributes by typing dot and pressing TAB:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "c."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Methods are basically default functions that can be applied to our variable:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "' GUYS WALK INTO A BAR'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c.upper()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "' Guys Walk Into A Bar'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c.title()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c.count('a')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "11"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c.find('into')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "If you need help on method in IPython type something like:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "c.find?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Or open bracket and press SHIFT+TAB:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "c.find("
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Int variable is also an object:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.bit_length()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Methods can be combined (kind of a pipeline)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c.title().count('a').bit_length()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Lists"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "There are several other interesting variable types in Python, but the one we would need the most is the list."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "In order to create list put coma separated values in square brackets:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l = [1,2,3,4,5]\n",
    "l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Sort of similar to Matlab variables, but not exactly."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Values in list can be any type:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l = ['one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five']\n",
    "l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Combined"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['one', 2, 'three', 4.0, 5]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l = ['one', 2, 'three', 4.0, 3+2]\n",
    "l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Any type means ANY type:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['one', 2, 'three', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 5]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l = ['one', 2, 'three', [1,2,3,4,5], 3+2]\n",
    "l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "You can access list values by index:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'one'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l[0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Oh, yes, indexing starts with zero, so for Matlab users the zero is the new one :) See discussion on the matter [here](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-based_numbering)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l[1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Let's have a look at the 4th element of our list:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l[3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "It's also a list, and its values can be accessed by indexes as well:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l[3][4]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "You also can acces multiple elements of the list using slices:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['one', 2, 'three', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 5]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[2, 'three']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l[1:3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Slice will start with the first slice index and go up to but not including the second slice index. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l[3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Control Structures"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### For loop:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "This loop will print all elements from the list *l*"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "one\n",
      "2\n",
      "three\n",
      "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",
      "5\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l = ['one', 2, 'three', [1,2,3,4,5], 3+2]\n",
    "\n",
    "for element in l:\n",
    "    print(element)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Two interesting thins here. First: indentation, it's in the code, you must use it, otherwise code will not work:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "IndentationError",
     "evalue": "expected an indented block (<ipython-input-32-c5812f5beca3>, line 2)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;36m  File \u001b[0;32m\"<ipython-input-32-c5812f5beca3>\"\u001b[0;36m, line \u001b[0;32m2\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m    print(element)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m        ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mIndentationError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m expected an indented block\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for element in l:\n",
    "print(element)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Second - you can iterate through the elements of the list. There is an option to iterate through a bunch of numbers as we used to in Matlab:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "one\n",
      "2\n",
      "three\n",
      "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",
      "5\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for index in range(5):\n",
    "    print(l[index])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "where *range* is just generating a sequence of numbers:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "list(range(5))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Branches"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We are not going to use branches in this notes, but this is how they look like just as another example of indentation use:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Freezing\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = -1\n",
    "if x > 0:\n",
    "    print(\"Melting\")\n",
    "elif x == 0:\n",
    "    print(\"Zero\")\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(\"Freezing\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Modules"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Pure python does not do much. To do some specific tasks you need to import modules. Here I am going to demonstrate several ways to do so."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The most common one is to import complete library. In this example we import *urllib2* - a library for opening URLs using a variety of protocols."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import requests"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Here we get information from [FESOM](http://fesom.de/) website site. Note how function *get* is called. We have to use name of the library, then dot, then name of the function from the library:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'Date': 'Tue, 28 Apr 2020 15:58:46 GMT', 'Server': 'Apache', 'Content-Language': 'en', 'Vary': 'Accept-Encoding', 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip', 'Cache-Control': 'max-age=0', 'Expires': 'Tue, 28 Apr 2020 15:58:46 GMT', 'X-UA-Compatible': 'IE=edge', 'X-Content-Type-Options': 'nosniff', 'Content-Length': '7375', 'Keep-Alive': 'timeout=3, max=500', 'Connection': 'Keep-Alive', 'Content-Type': 'text/html; charset=utf-8'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 37,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "response = requests.get('http://fesom.de/')\n",
    "response.headers"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Another option is to import it like this:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from requests import *"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "In this case all functions will be imported in to the name-space and you can use *get* directly, without typing the name of the library first:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'Date': 'Tue, 28 Apr 2020 15:58:48 GMT', 'Server': 'Apache', 'Content-Language': 'en', 'Vary': 'Accept-Encoding', 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip', 'Cache-Control': 'max-age=0', 'Expires': 'Tue, 28 Apr 2020 15:58:48 GMT', 'X-UA-Compatible': 'IE=edge', 'X-Content-Type-Options': 'nosniff', 'Content-Length': '7375', 'Keep-Alive': 'timeout=3, max=500', 'Connection': 'Keep-Alive', 'Content-Type': 'text/html; charset=utf-8'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "response = get('http://fesom.de/')\n",
    "response.headers"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "But generally this is very bad idea and is not recomended, because your name-space is populated by things that you don't really need and it's hard to tell where the function comes from."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Variable                    Type          Data/Info\n",
      "---------------------------------------------------\n",
      "ConnectTimeout              type          <class 'requests.exceptions.ConnectTimeout'>\n",
      "ConnectionError             type          <class 'requests.exceptions.ConnectionError'>\n",
      "DependencyWarning           type          <class 'urllib3.exceptions.DependencyWarning'>\n",
      "FileModeWarning             type          <class 'requests.exceptions.FileModeWarning'>\n",
      "HTTPError                   type          <class 'requests.exceptions.HTTPError'>\n",
      "NullHandler                 type          <class 'logging.NullHandler'>\n",
      "PreparedRequest             type          <class 'requests.models.PreparedRequest'>\n",
      "ReadTimeout                 type          <class 'requests.exceptions.ReadTimeout'>\n",
      "Request                     type          <class 'requests.models.Request'>\n",
      "RequestException            type          <class 'requests.exceptions.RequestException'>\n",
      "RequestsDependencyWarning   type          <class 'requests.exceptio<...>questsDependencyWarning'>\n",
      "Response                    type          <class 'requests.models.Response'>\n",
      "Session                     type          <class 'requests.sessions.Session'>\n",
      "Timeout                     type          <class 'requests.exceptions.Timeout'>\n",
      "TooManyRedirects            type          <class 'requests.exceptions.TooManyRedirects'>\n",
      "URLRequired                 type          <class 'requests.exceptions.URLRequired'>\n",
      "a                           int           10\n",
      "adapters                    module        <module 'requests.adapter<...>es/requests/adapters.py'>\n",
      "api                         module        <module 'requests.api' fr<...>ackages/requests/api.py'>\n",
      "auth                        module        <module 'requests.auth' f<...>ckages/requests/auth.py'>\n",
      "b                           str           2\n",
      "c                           str            guys walk into a bar\n",
      "certs                       module        <module 'requests.certs' <...>kages/requests/certs.py'>\n",
      "chardet                     module        <module 'chardet' from '/<...>ges/chardet/__init__.py'>\n",
      "check_compatibility         function      <function check_compatibility at 0x107e7f3b0>\n",
      "codes                       LookupDict    <lookup 'status_codes'>\n",
      "compat                      module        <module 'requests.compat'<...>ages/requests/compat.py'>\n",
      "cookies                     module        <module 'requests.cookies<...>ges/requests/cookies.py'>\n",
      "cryptography_version        str           2.9.2\n",
      "delete                      function      <function delete at 0x108e7a050>\n",
      "element                     int           5\n",
      "exceptions                  module        <module 'requests.excepti<...>/requests/exceptions.py'>\n",
      "get                         function      <function get at 0x108e565f0>\n",
      "head                        function      <function head at 0x108e5b440>\n",
      "hooks                       module        <module 'requests.hooks' <...>kages/requests/hooks.py'>\n",
      "index                       int           4\n",
      "l                           list          n=5\n",
      "logging                     module        <module 'logging' from '/<...>3.7/logging/__init__.py'>\n",
      "models                      module        <module 'requests.models'<...>ages/requests/models.py'>\n",
      "options                     function      <function options at 0x108e5b560>\n",
      "packages                    module        <module 'requests.package<...>es/requests/packages.py'>\n",
      "patch                       function      <function patch at 0x108e76f80>\n",
      "post                        function      <function post at 0x108e76e60>\n",
      "put                         function      <function put at 0x108e76ef0>\n",
      "pyopenssl                   module        <module 'urllib3.contrib.<...>b3/contrib/pyopenssl.py'>\n",
      "request                     function      <function request at 0x108e09680>\n",
      "requests                    module        <module 'requests' from '<...>es/requests/__init__.py'>\n",
      "response                    Response      <Response [200]>\n",
      "session                     function      <function session at 0x108e615f0>\n",
      "sessions                    module        <module 'requests.session<...>es/requests/sessions.py'>\n",
      "status_codes                module        <module 'requests.status_<...>equests/status_codes.py'>\n",
      "structures                  module        <module 'requests.structu<...>/requests/structures.py'>\n",
      "urllib3                     module        <module 'urllib3' from '/<...>ges/urllib3/__init__.py'>\n",
      "utils                       module        <module 'requests.utils' <...>kages/requests/utils.py'>\n",
      "warnings                    module        <module 'warnings' from '<...>b/python3.7/warnings.py'>\n",
      "x                           int           -1\n",
      "z                           float         10.7\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "whos"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "You can import only function that you need:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from requests import get"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'Date': 'Tue, 28 Apr 2020 15:58:50 GMT', 'Server': 'Apache', 'Content-Language': 'en', 'Vary': 'Accept-Encoding', 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip', 'Cache-Control': 'max-age=0', 'Expires': 'Tue, 28 Apr 2020 15:58:50 GMT', 'X-UA-Compatible': 'IE=edge', 'X-Content-Type-Options': 'nosniff', 'Content-Length': '7375', 'Keep-Alive': 'timeout=3, max=500', 'Connection': 'Keep-Alive', 'Content-Type': 'text/html; charset=utf-8'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "response = get('http://fesom.de/')\n",
    "response.headers"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Or import library as alias in order to avoid extensive typing:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import requests as rq"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'Date': 'Tue, 28 Apr 2020 15:58:51 GMT', 'Server': 'Apache', 'Content-Language': 'en', 'Vary': 'Accept-Encoding', 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip', 'Cache-Control': 'max-age=0', 'Expires': 'Tue, 28 Apr 2020 15:58:51 GMT', 'X-UA-Compatible': 'IE=edge', 'X-Content-Type-Options': 'nosniff', 'Content-Length': '7375', 'Keep-Alive': 'timeout=3, max=500', 'Connection': 'Keep-Alive', 'Content-Type': 'text/html; charset=utf-8'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 44,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "response = rq.get('http://fesom.de/')\n",
    "response.headers"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Links:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "[Dive Into Python](https://diveintopython3.problemsolving.io/)"
   ]
  }
 ],
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   "display_name": "Python 3",
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    "name": "ipython",
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