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+!! title: After-hours Deployment is a Symptom of a Systemic Issue
+!! slug: after-hours-deployment-symptom
+!! published: 2024-02-12
+!! description: Discussing how after-hours deployments is a symptom of a larger systemic problem.
+
+---
+
+I had an early morning epiphany a few days ago: as I have been the intervenor in my team (see [the post on this "trap"
+or System Dynamics Archetype](./posts/e2m-st-addiction)), my team has the intervenor for the company when it comes to
+the issues we are having with the resiliency of the system during a deployment.
+
+A lot has changed in our underlying approach to hosting over the three years that I've been on the team. When I first
+joined, the backend was being built locally and the built project files were uploaded into the compute layer in the
+cloud via SFTP. It was an all day process to build and get ready. Once the files had been uploaded, we were constrained
+to only make the final update during low traffic hours (after business hours). Some of the improvements since have
+allowed us to shift some types of deployments during the day.
+
+About two years ago, my team noticed that the resiliency issues were highly correlated to changes to the underlying
+database schema. During a deployment that contained both schema changes that were not backwards compatible with the
+older version of the code, we would experience service degradation. Since almost all releases/deployments at that time
+included a database change, most deployments would cause service degradation or a full outage. The default solution?
+Post a maintenance window and make the changes after hours (ie. use the DevOps team to deploy after hours as the
+solution to the resiliency issue instead of fixing the underlying problem). But for any deployment that did not require
+a database change, those could be done during business hours.
+
+About a year later, one of the Staff Engineers proposed and pushed for the use of Evolutionary Database Design (Fowler,
+2016) to solve this particular underlying issue of backwards compatible database changes. Implementing EDD was a really
+large push and took months of effort to get everyone onboard and figure out all of the nuances of implementing the
+theoretical into the practical orchestration process (Bitwarden, 2023). I have [previously written about the technical
+implementation](./posts/edd-for-ha) for a tool to help the orchestration. It has been amazing to see the decrease in
+backwards compatibility issues over the last 18 months.
+
+Unfortunately, in the time that it took to get there, more resiliency issues have been experienced that were not
+correlated with the database schema changing. I can suppose about the root causes to the issues for eternity (and I
+have started), but at the end of the day, the solution is still the same: deploy after hours so that we don't run into
+the effects of the resiliency issues for the majority of our end users.
+
+Since this after-hours deployment strategy has seemed effective to decreasing the amount of service degradation
+experienced, it has started to drift into other stateless applications. To decrease cloud egress costs, we've started
+using a cache on the edge to serve our web app client. The client code is not generationally aware (aware of previous or
+future versions) so does not know how to handle updating itself with the new version when available or alerting the user
+to reload. Instead, the experience has been missing files resulting in 404s and the unavailability of the web app for up
+to 15 minutes every deploy. The current solution? Deploy after hours to minimize user impact.
+
+In addition to the culture issues of defending corners, skills, and tools that Skelton and Pais present for separate and
+siloed DevOps Team (Skelton & Pais, 2016), siloed DevOps teams present the "Shift the Burden" Systems Dynamics
+archetype (Kim, 1992). There is a high risk of them becoming the solution to the underlying problem and becoming a silo themselves,
+as Skelton and Pais discuss. After hours deploys are indications that the DevOps/Release team is the solution that is
+hiding a larger systemic issue on the overall technology organization processes, how software is being designed,
+implemented, and delivered.
+
+Now how to stop being the intervenor? How do we make strides towards improving the overall technological organization
+processes? I am hoping that the tools in Systems Dynamics and Systems Thinking can provide some insight on how to
+identify the high leverage points in the system to achieve systemic and lasting change.
+
+---
+
+# Resources
+
+1. [Fowler - Evolutionary Database Design](https://martinfowler.com/articles/evodb.html)
+2. [Bitwarden - Evolutionary Database Design](https://contributing.bitwarden.com/contributing/database-migrations/edd)
+3. [Skelton & Pais - What Team Structure is right for DevOps to flourish?](https://web.devopstopologies.com)
+4. [Kim - Systems Archetypes I: Diagnosing Systemic Issues and Designing Interventions](https://thesystemsthinker.com/systems-archetypes-i-diagnosing-systemic-issues-and-designing-interventions/)