solved - 02 - Data structures.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import pandas as pd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
    "try:\n",
    "    import seaborn\n",
    "except ImportError:\n",
    "    pass"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Tabular data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df = pd.read_csv(\"data/titanic.csv\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>PassengerId</th>\n",
       "      <th>Survived</th>\n",
       "      <th>Pclass</th>\n",
       "      <th>Name</th>\n",
       "      <th>Sex</th>\n",
       "      <th>Age</th>\n",
       "      <th>SibSp</th>\n",
       "      <th>Parch</th>\n",
       "      <th>Ticket</th>\n",
       "      <th>Fare</th>\n",
       "      <th>Cabin</th>\n",
       "      <th>Embarked</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Braund, Mr. Owen Harris</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>22.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>A/5 21171</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.2500</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>PC 17599</td>\n",
       "      <td>71.2833</td>\n",
       "      <td>C85</td>\n",
       "      <td>C</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Heikkinen, Miss. Laina</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>STON/O2. 3101282</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.9250</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)</td>\n",
       "      <td>female</td>\n",
       "      <td>35.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>113803</td>\n",
       "      <td>53.1000</td>\n",
       "      <td>C123</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>Allen, Mr. William Henry</td>\n",
       "      <td>male</td>\n",
       "      <td>35.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>373450</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.0500</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>S</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   PassengerId  Survived  Pclass  \\\n",
       "0            1         0       3   \n",
       "1            2         1       1   \n",
       "2            3         1       3   \n",
       "3            4         1       1   \n",
       "4            5         0       3   \n",
       "\n",
       "                                                Name     Sex   Age  SibSp  \\\n",
       "0                            Braund, Mr. Owen Harris    male  22.0      1   \n",
       "1  Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...  female  38.0      1   \n",
       "2                             Heikkinen, Miss. Laina  female  26.0      0   \n",
       "3       Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)  female  35.0      1   \n",
       "4                           Allen, Mr. William Henry    male  35.0      0   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Parch            Ticket     Fare Cabin Embarked  \n",
       "0      0         A/5 21171   7.2500   NaN        S  \n",
       "1      0          PC 17599  71.2833   C85        C  \n",
       "2      0  STON/O2. 3101282   7.9250   NaN        S  \n",
       "3      0            113803  53.1000  C123        S  \n",
       "4      0            373450   8.0500   NaN        S  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Starting from reading this dataset, to answering questions about this data in a few lines of code:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**What is the age distribution of the passengers?**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fa70ee497f0>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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zM2nmGzlypO6//35J0o033qgRI0bogw8+SJr5RowYoYKCAjmdTt14443KysqS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\nUQMAYDCKGgAAg1HUAAAY7P8DvN2ShlKzVvwAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7fa70ee31a90>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df['Age'].hist()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**How does the survival rate of the passengers differ between sexes?**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>Survived</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Sex</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>female</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.742038</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>male</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.188908</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "        Survived\n",
       "Sex             \n",
       "female  0.742038\n",
       "male    0.188908"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.groupby('Sex')[['Survived']].aggregate(lambda x: x.sum() / len(x))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Or how does it differ between the different classes?**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fa70cd49710>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAeEAAAFhCAYAAABH+hLWAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7fa70cdccb38>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.groupby('Pclass')['Survived'].aggregate(lambda x: x.sum() / len(x)).plot(kind='bar')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Are young people more likely to survive?**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0.38383838383838381"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df['Survived'].sum() / df['Survived'].count()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0.41196013289036543"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df25 = df[df['Age'] <= 25]\n",
    "df25['Survived'].sum() / len(df25['Survived'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "All the needed functionality for the above examples will be explained throughout this tutorial."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Data structures\n",
    "\n",
    "Pandas provides two fundamental data objects, for 1D (``Series``) and 2D data (``DataFrame``)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Series\n",
    "\n",
    "A Series is a basic holder for **one-dimensional labeled data**. It can be created much as a NumPy array is created:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    0.1\n",
       "1    0.2\n",
       "2    0.3\n",
       "3    0.4\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = pd.Series([0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4])\n",
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Attributes of a Series: `index` and `values`\n",
    "\n",
    "The series has a built-in concept of an **index**, which by default is the numbers *0* through *N - 1*"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "RangeIndex(start=0, stop=4, step=1)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.index"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "You can access the underlying numpy array representation with the `.values` attribute:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([ 0.1,  0.2,  0.3,  0.4])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We can access series values via the index, just like for NumPy arrays:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0.10000000000000001"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s[0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Unlike the NumPy array, though, this index can be something other than integers:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "a    0\n",
       "b    1\n",
       "c    2\n",
       "d    3\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s2 = pd.Series(np.arange(4), index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])\n",
    "s2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s2['c']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "In this way, a ``Series`` object can be thought of as similar to an ordered dictionary mapping one typed value to another typed value.\n",
    "\n",
    "In fact, it's possible to construct a series directly from a Python dictionary:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Belgium           11.3\n",
       "France            64.3\n",
       "Germany           81.3\n",
       "Netherlands       16.9\n",
       "United Kingdom    64.9\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pop_dict = {'Germany': 81.3, \n",
    "            'Belgium': 11.3, \n",
    "            'France': 64.3, \n",
    "            'United Kingdom': 64.9, \n",
    "            'Netherlands': 16.9}\n",
    "population = pd.Series(pop_dict)\n",
    "population"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We can index the populations like a dict as expected:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "64.299999999999997"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "population['France']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "but with the power of numpy arrays:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Belgium           11300.0\n",
       "France            64300.0\n",
       "Germany           81300.0\n",
       "Netherlands       16900.0\n",
       "United Kingdom    64900.0\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "population * 1000"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## DataFrames: Multi-dimensional Data\n",
    "\n",
    "A DataFrame is a **tablular data structure** (multi-dimensional object to hold labeled data) comprised of rows and columns, akin to a spreadsheet, database table, or R's data.frame object. You can think of it as multiple Series object which share the same index.\n",
    "\n",
    "<img src=\"img/dataframe.png\" width=110%>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "One of the most common ways of creating a dataframe is from a dictionary of arrays or lists.\n",
    "\n",
    "Note that in the IPython notebook, the dataframe will display in a rich HTML view:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>area</th>\n",
       "      <th>capital</th>\n",
       "      <th>country</th>\n",
       "      <th>population</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>30510</td>\n",
       "      <td>Brussels</td>\n",
       "      <td>Belgium</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>671308</td>\n",
       "      <td>Paris</td>\n",
       "      <td>France</td>\n",
       "      <td>64.3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>357050</td>\n",
       "      <td>Berlin</td>\n",
       "      <td>Germany</td>\n",
       "      <td>81.3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>41526</td>\n",
       "      <td>Amsterdam</td>\n",
       "      <td>Netherlands</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.9</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>244820</td>\n",
       "      <td>London</td>\n",
       "      <td>United Kingdom</td>\n",
       "      <td>64.9</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     area    capital         country  population\n",
       "0   30510   Brussels         Belgium        11.3\n",
       "1  671308      Paris          France        64.3\n",
       "2  357050     Berlin         Germany        81.3\n",
       "3   41526  Amsterdam     Netherlands        16.9\n",
       "4  244820     London  United Kingdom        64.9"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data = {'country': ['Belgium', 'France', 'Germany', 'Netherlands', 'United Kingdom'],\n",
    "        'population': [11.3, 64.3, 81.3, 16.9, 64.9],\n",
    "        'area': [30510, 671308, 357050, 41526, 244820],\n",
    "        'capital': ['Brussels', 'Paris', 'Berlin', 'Amsterdam', 'London']}\n",
    "countries = pd.DataFrame(data)\n",
    "countries"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Attributes of the DataFrame\n",
    "\n",
    "A DataFrame has besides a `index` attribute, also a `columns` attribute:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "RangeIndex(start=0, stop=5, step=1)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "countries.index"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Index(['area', 'capital', 'country', 'population'], dtype='object')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "countries.columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "To check the data types of the different columns:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "area            int64\n",
       "capital        object\n",
       "country        object\n",
       "population    float64\n",
       "dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "countries.dtypes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "An overview of that information can be given with the `info()` method:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>\n",
      "RangeIndex: 5 entries, 0 to 4\n",
      "Data columns (total 4 columns):\n",
      "area          5 non-null int64\n",
      "capital       5 non-null object\n",
      "country       5 non-null object\n",
      "population    5 non-null float64\n",
      "dtypes: float64(1), int64(1), object(2)\n",
      "memory usage: 240.0+ bytes\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "countries.info()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Also a DataFrame has a `values` attribute, but attention: when you have heterogeneous data, all values will be upcasted:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[30510, 'Brussels', 'Belgium', 11.3],\n",
       "       [671308, 'Paris', 'France', 64.3],\n",
       "       [357050, 'Berlin', 'Germany', 81.3],\n",
       "       [41526, 'Amsterdam', 'Netherlands', 16.9],\n",
       "       [244820, 'London', 'United Kingdom', 64.9]], dtype=object)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "countries.values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "If we don't like what the index looks like, we can reset it and set one of our columns:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>area</th>\n",
       "      <th>capital</th>\n",
       "      <th>population</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>country</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Belgium</th>\n",
       "      <td>30510</td>\n",
       "      <td>Brussels</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>France</th>\n",
       "      <td>671308</td>\n",
       "      <td>Paris</td>\n",
       "      <td>64.3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Germany</th>\n",
       "      <td>357050</td>\n",
       "      <td>Berlin</td>\n",
       "      <td>81.3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Netherlands</th>\n",
       "      <td>41526</td>\n",
       "      <td>Amsterdam</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.9</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>United Kingdom</th>\n",
       "      <td>244820</td>\n",
       "      <td>London</td>\n",
       "      <td>64.9</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                  area    capital  population\n",
       "country                                      \n",
       "Belgium          30510   Brussels        11.3\n",
       "France          671308      Paris        64.3\n",
       "Germany         357050     Berlin        81.3\n",
       "Netherlands      41526  Amsterdam        16.9\n",
       "United Kingdom  244820     London        64.9"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "countries = countries.set_index('country')\n",
    "countries"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "To access a Series representing a column in the data, use typical indexing syntax:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "country\n",
       "Belgium            30510\n",
       "France            671308\n",
       "Germany           357050\n",
       "Netherlands        41526\n",
       "United Kingdom    244820\n",
       "Name: area, dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "countries['area']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Basic operations on Series/Dataframes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "As you play around with DataFrames, you'll notice that many operations which work on NumPy arrays will also work on dataframes.\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# redefining the example objects\n",
    "\n",
    "population = pd.Series({'Germany': 81.3, 'Belgium': 11.3, 'France': 64.3, \n",
    "                        'United Kingdom': 64.9, 'Netherlands': 16.9})\n",
    "\n",
    "countries = pd.DataFrame({'country': ['Belgium', 'France', 'Germany', 'Netherlands', 'United Kingdom'],\n",
    "        'population': [11.3, 64.3, 81.3, 16.9, 64.9],\n",
    "        'area': [30510, 671308, 357050, 41526, 244820],\n",
    "        'capital': ['Brussels', 'Paris', 'Berlin', 'Amsterdam', 'London']})"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Elementwise-operations (like numpy)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Just like with numpy arrays, many operations are element-wise:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Belgium           0.113\n",
       "France            0.643\n",
       "Germany           0.813\n",
       "Netherlands       0.169\n",
       "United Kingdom    0.649\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "population / 100"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    0.000370\n",
       "1    0.000096\n",
       "2    0.000228\n",
       "3    0.000407\n",
       "4    0.000265\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "countries['population'] / countries['area']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Alignment! (unlike numpy)\n",
    "\n",
    "Only, pay attention to **alignment**: operations between series will align on the index:  "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "s1 = population[['Belgium', 'France']]\n",
    "s2 = population[['France', 'Germany']]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Belgium    11.3\n",
       "France     64.3\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "France     64.3\n",
       "Germany    81.3\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Belgium      NaN\n",
       "France     128.6\n",
       "Germany      NaN\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s1 + s2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Reductions (like numpy)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The average population number:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "47.739999999999995"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "population.mean()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The minimum area:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "30510"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 35,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "countries['area'].min()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "For dataframes, often only the numeric columns are included in the result:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "area          244820.0\n",
       "population        64.3\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 36,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "countries.median()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"alert alert-success\">\n",
    "    <b>EXERCISE</b>: Calculate the population numbers relative to Belgium\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {
    "clear_cell": true,
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Belgium           1.000000\n",
       "France            5.690265\n",
       "Germany           7.194690\n",
       "Netherlands       1.495575\n",
       "United Kingdom    5.743363\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 37,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "population / population['Belgium'].mean()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"alert alert-success\">\n",
    "    <b>EXERCISE</b>: Calculate the population density for each country and add this as a new column to the dataframe.\n",
    "</div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {
    "clear_cell": true,
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    370.370370\n",
       "1     95.783158\n",
       "2    227.699202\n",
       "3    406.973944\n",
       "4    265.092721\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "countries['population']*1000000 / countries['area']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {
    "clear_cell": true,
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>area</th>\n",
       "      <th>capital</th>\n",
       "      <th>country</th>\n",
       "      <th>population</th>\n",
       "      <th>density</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>30510</td>\n",
       "      <td>Brussels</td>\n",
       "      <td>Belgium</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>370.370370</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>671308</td>\n",
       "      <td>Paris</td>\n",
       "      <td>France</td>\n",
       "      <td>64.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>95.783158</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>357050</td>\n",
       "      <td>Berlin</td>\n",
       "      <td>Germany</td>\n",
       "      <td>81.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>227.699202</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>41526</td>\n",
       "      <td>Amsterdam</td>\n",
       "      <td>Netherlands</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>406.973944</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>244820</td>\n",
       "      <td>London</td>\n",
       "      <td>United Kingdom</td>\n",
       "      <td>64.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>265.092721</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     area    capital         country  population     density\n",
       "0   30510   Brussels         Belgium        11.3  370.370370\n",
       "1  671308      Paris          France        64.3   95.783158\n",
       "2  357050     Berlin         Germany        81.3  227.699202\n",
       "3   41526  Amsterdam     Netherlands        16.9  406.973944\n",
       "4  244820     London  United Kingdom        64.9  265.092721"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "countries['density'] = countries['population']*1000000 / countries['area']\n",
    "countries"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Some other useful methods"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Sorting the rows of the DataFrame according to the values in a column:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>area</th>\n",
       "      <th>capital</th>\n",
       "      <th>country</th>\n",
       "      <th>population</th>\n",
       "      <th>density</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>41526</td>\n",
       "      <td>Amsterdam</td>\n",
       "      <td>Netherlands</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>406.973944</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>30510</td>\n",
       "      <td>Brussels</td>\n",
       "      <td>Belgium</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>370.370370</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>244820</td>\n",
       "      <td>London</td>\n",
       "      <td>United Kingdom</td>\n",
       "      <td>64.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>265.092721</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>357050</td>\n",
       "      <td>Berlin</td>\n",
       "      <td>Germany</td>\n",
       "      <td>81.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>227.699202</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>671308</td>\n",
       "      <td>Paris</td>\n",
       "      <td>France</td>\n",
       "      <td>64.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>95.783158</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     area    capital         country  population     density\n",
       "3   41526  Amsterdam     Netherlands        16.9  406.973944\n",
       "0   30510   Brussels         Belgium        11.3  370.370370\n",
       "4  244820     London  United Kingdom        64.9  265.092721\n",
       "2  357050     Berlin         Germany        81.3  227.699202\n",
       "1  671308      Paris          France        64.3   95.783158"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 40,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "countries.sort_values('density', ascending=False)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "One useful method to use is the ``describe`` method, which computes summary statistics for each column:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>area</th>\n",
       "      <th>population</th>\n",
       "      <th>density</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>count</th>\n",
       "      <td>5.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>mean</th>\n",
       "      <td>269042.800000</td>\n",
       "      <td>47.740000</td>\n",
       "      <td>273.183879</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>std</th>\n",
       "      <td>264012.827994</td>\n",
       "      <td>31.519645</td>\n",
       "      <td>123.440607</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>min</th>\n",
       "      <td>30510.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.300000</td>\n",
       "      <td>95.783158</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>25%</th>\n",
       "      <td>41526.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.900000</td>\n",
       "      <td>227.699202</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>50%</th>\n",
       "      <td>244820.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>64.300000</td>\n",
       "      <td>265.092721</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>75%</th>\n",
       "      <td>357050.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>64.900000</td>\n",
       "      <td>370.370370</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>max</th>\n",
       "      <td>671308.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>81.300000</td>\n",
       "      <td>406.973944</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                area  population     density\n",
       "count       5.000000    5.000000    5.000000\n",
       "mean   269042.800000   47.740000  273.183879\n",
       "std    264012.827994   31.519645  123.440607\n",
       "min     30510.000000   11.300000   95.783158\n",
       "25%     41526.000000   16.900000  227.699202\n",
       "50%    244820.000000   64.300000  265.092721\n",
       "75%    357050.000000   64.900000  370.370370\n",
       "max    671308.000000   81.300000  406.973944"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "countries.describe()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The `plot` method can be used to quickly visualize the data in different ways:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fa70cd3f080>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
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zTRZ8f39/Ro0aBUDnzp3x9fUlPT2duro6HB0dKSgowN/fH4PB0OhsvKCggJiY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\n9k8/AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7fa70cccc048>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "countries.plot()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "However, for this dataset, it does not say that much:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fa70cc213c8>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 43,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7fa70cd50a20>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "countries['population'].plot(kind='bar')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "You can play with the `kind` keyword: 'line', 'bar', 'hist', 'density', 'area', 'pie', 'scatter', 'hexbin'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Importing and exporting data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "A wide range of input/output formats are natively supported by pandas:\n",
    "\n",
    "* CSV, text\n",
    "* SQL database\n",
    "* Excel\n",
    "* HDF5\n",
    "* json\n",
    "* html\n",
    "* pickle\n",
    "* ..."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "pd.read"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "states.to"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Other features\n",
    "\n",
    "* Working with missing data (`.dropna()`, `pd.isnull()`)\n",
    "* Merging and joining (`concat`, `join`)\n",
    "* Grouping: `groupby` functionality\n",
    "* Reshaping (`stack`, `pivot`)\n",
    "* Time series manipulation (resampling, timezones, ..)\n",
    "* Easy plotting"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "There are many, many more interesting operations that can be done on Series and DataFrame objects, but rather than continue using this toy data, we'll instead move to a real-world example, and illustrate some of the advanced concepts along the way.\n",
    "\n",
    "See the next notebooks!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "## Acknowledgement\n",
    "\n",
    "> *© 2015, Stijn Van Hoey and Joris Van den Bossche  (<mailto:stijnvanhoey@gmail.com>, <mailto:jorisvandenbossche@gmail.com>). Licensed under [CC BY 4.0 Creative Commons](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)*\n",
    "\n",
    "> This notebook is partly based on material of Jake Vanderplas (https://github.com/jakevdp/OsloWorkshop2014).\n",
    "\n",
    "---"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "Python 3",
   "language": "python",
   "name": "python3"
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  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": {
    "name": "ipython",
    "version": 3
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   "file_extension": ".py",
   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
   "name": "python",
   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
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 },
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