电脑/c语言/链接装载和库.html

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<title>链接装载和库</title>
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<body>
<div id="content">
<header>
<h1 class="title">链接装载和库</h1>
</header><nav id="table-of-contents">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<div id="text-table-of-contents">
<ul>
<li><a href="#orgheadline1">1. 基本概念</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline2">2. 静态库</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline3">3. 动态库</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline4">4. 参考资料</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</nav>


<div class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgheadline1">基本概念</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-1">
<p>
参考了 <a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/skynet/p/3372855.html">这篇文章</a> 。
</p>

<p>
库是可执行代码的二进制形式，可以被操作系统载入内存执行。库有静态库（.a, .lib）和动态库（.so, .dll）两种。
</p>
</div>
</div>


<div class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgheadline2">静态库</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-2">
<p>
静态库在链接的时候会将目标文件(.o) 用到的引用库一起链接打包可执行文件中。
</p>

<p>
linux下用 <strong>ar</strong> 工具， windows下用 <strong>lib.exe</strong> 将目标文件链接起来。
</p>

<p>
linux下静态库的命名规范是 <code>lib[lib_name].a</code> 
</p>

<p>
linux下制作静态库的过程是：
</p>
<ol class="org-ol">
<li>将各个代码文件编译为.o文件</li>
</ol>
<pre>
gcc -c what.c
</pre>

<ol class="org-ol">
<li>用ar命令将各个汇编文件链接为.a静态库文件</li>
</ol>
<pre>
ar -crv libwhat.a what.o
</pre>


<p>
linux使用静态库文件是在编译的时候用 <code>-L</code> 选项指定静态库搜索路径，用 <code>-l</code> 来指定具体的静态库文件名， <code>-l</code> 指定的时候不需要写lib前缀和.a后缀。
</p>

<p>
windows下的情况暂时先略过。
</p>
</div>
</div>


<div class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgheadline3">动态库</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-3">
<p>
linux下动态库的命名规则是 <code>lib[name].so</code> 。
</p>

<p>
linux下制作动态库直接通过编译器进行：
</p>
<pre>
gcc -fPIC -shared -o libwhat.so what.c
</pre>

<p>
linux下使用动态库需要将动态库放入系统文件夹 <code>/lib</code> 或 <code>/usr/lib</code> 中，然后还需要运行命令：
</p>
<pre>
ldconfig
</pre>

<p>
ldconfig命令是一个动态链接库管理命令，一般往 <code>/lib</code> 或 <code>/usr/lib</code> 里面直接加文件还需要运行ldconfig命令来更新下 <code>/etc/ld.so.cache</code> 文件。
</p>


<p>
引用动态库两个选项含义和静态库是一样的：
</p>

<p>
<code>-L</code> 选项指定静态库搜索路径，用 <code>-l</code> 来指定具体的静态库文件名， <code>-l</code> 指定的时候不需要写lib前缀和.a后缀。
</p>


<p>
windows下创建.dll的过程先略过。
</p>
</div>
</div>


<div class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgheadline4">参考资料</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-4">
<ol class="org-ol">
<li>程序员的自我修养——链接装载和库</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>