电脑/linux/nginx/nginx学习笔记.html

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</head>
<body>
<div id="content">
<header>
<h1 class="title">nginx学习笔记</h1>
</header><nav id="table-of-contents">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<div id="text-table-of-contents">
<ul>
<li><a href="#orgheadline2">1. 前言</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#orgheadline1">1.1. 安装</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline6">2. nginx配置基础</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#orgheadline3">2.1. 通用配置</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline4">2.2. http部分配置</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline5">2.3. server部分配置</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline10">3. 附录</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#orgheadline7">3.1. nginx分配请求逻辑</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline8">3.2. 403没有权限访问错误</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline9">3.3. 参考资料</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</nav>

<div class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgheadline2">前言</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-1">
<p>
nginx的官方文档在 <a href="http://nginx.org/en/docs/">这里</a> ，有问题主要还是参看官方文档吧。
</p>
</div>

<div class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgheadline1">安装</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-1-1">
<p>
debian系安装:
</p>
<pre>
sudo apt-get install nginx
</pre>

<p>
rpm系统安装:
</p>
<pre>
sudo yum install nginx
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<div class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgheadline6">nginx配置基础</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-2">
<p>
nginx的配置就是在 <code>/etc/nginx/sites-available</code> 那里新建一个配置文件，然后这样创建一个符号链接到 <code>sites-enabled</code> 那里。
</p>

<pre>
sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/cdwanze.work /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/cdwanze.work
</pre>

<p>
然后重启nginx即可。 
</p>
<pre>
sudo service nginx restart
</pre>

<p>
nginx配置文件的基本格式是:
</p>
<pre>
&lt;section&gt; {
    &lt;directive&gt;  &lt;parameters&gt;;
}
</pre>
</div>

<div class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgheadline3">通用配置</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-1">
<p>
这里的所谓通用的配置也就是所谓的 global section ，这些配置将影响整个server，我们常在 <code>nginx.conf</code> 中看到这些配置。
</p>

<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>user</dt><dd>当前工作进程下的user用户名。比如一般推荐 <code>nginx.conf</code> 中如下设置:</dd>
</dl>

<pre>
# Run as a unique, less privileged user for security reasons.
user www www;
</pre>

<p>
也就是以用户名 <code>www</code> 来运行网站（大概是这个意思吧），为了不出错你需要确保服务器系统里有用户 www ，没有简单运行:
</p>
<pre>
useradd www
</pre>

<p>
即可。
</p>

<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>worker_processes</dt><dd>工作进程数设置，在 <a href="https://github.com/h5bp/server-configs-nginx">这个项目</a> 中的推荐设置如下:</dd>
</dl>

<pre>
# Sets the worker threads to the number of CPU cores available in the system for best performance.
# Should be &gt; the number of CPU cores.
# Maximum number of connections = worker_processes * worker_connections
worker_processes auto;
</pre>

<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>error_log</dt><dd>控制错误日志输出路径</dd>
</dl>
<pre>
# Log errors and warnings to this file
# This is only used when you don't override it on a server{} level
error_log  logs/error.log warn;
</pre>

<p>
第二个参数是控制输出级别，有: debug, info, notice, warn, error, crit, alert, and emerg 。
</p>

<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>pid</dt><dd>存储主进程的id信息的文件路径</dd>
</dl>
<pre>
# The file storing the process ID of the main process
pid        /var/run/nginx.pid;
</pre>
</div>
</div>


<div class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgheadline4">http部分配置</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-2">
<p>
http部分也就是所谓的 <code>http</code> section部分配置，其是基于http module。http section部分后面有这么一句:
</p>
<pre>
  include sites-enabled/*;
}
</pre>

<p>
然后我们后面会看到这么一句，那就是server section部分应该放入http section部分中。常常有些需求最后要到这里来配置。比如说 <code>client_max_body_size</code> ，如果你遇到nginx请求实体过大错误信息:
</p>
<pre>
Nginx 413 Request Entity Too Large
</pre>

<p>
参考了 <a href="http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-unix-bsd-nginx-413-request-entity-too-large/">这个网页</a> ，你需要在http section里面如下配置:
</p>
<pre>
# set client body size to 2M #
client_max_body_size 2M;
</pre>


<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>chunked_transfer_encoding</dt><dd></dd>
</dl>

<p>
这部分后面慢慢熟悉。
</p>
</div>
</div>


<div class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgheadline5">server部分配置</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-3">
<p>
server section部分在 <code>sites-available</code> 是配置的重点。
</p>

<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>linsten</dt><dd>设置虚拟server的监听端口:</dd>
</dl>
<pre>
listen 80;
</pre>

<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>server_name</dt><dd></dd>
</dl>
<pre>
server {
    listen 80;
    return 444;
}
</pre>

<p>
这个虚拟服务器没有设置 <code>server_name</code> ，意思是如果进来的HTTP请求请求头没有 <code>HOST</code> 这一行，则将由该虚拟服务器处理。这里就是简单的返回444状态码。
</p>

<p>
我们在来看这个server配置:
</p>
<pre>
server {
  # don't forget to tell on which port this server listens
  listen [::]:80;
  listen 80;

  # listen on the www host
  server_name www.cdwanze.work;

  # and redirect to the non-www host (declared below)
  return 301 $scheme://cdwanze.work$request_uri;
}
</pre>

<p>
显示监听80端口，现在 <code>listen [::]:80;</code> 这个我还看不懂。然后server_name的简单意思就是遇到 HOST 是 <code>www.cdwanze.work</code> 的请求都重定向为 <code>cdwanze.work/....</code> 的url请求。
</p>

<p>
server_name 支持正则表达和通配符表达，正则表达暂时不讨论吧，通配符表达比如:
</p>
<pre>
*.example.com
www.example.*
.example.com # match *.example.com 和 example.com
</pre>


<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>location</dt><dd>location在server section里面，也是很关键的一个配置点。</dd>
</dl>
<pre>
location / {
    proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:5000;
}
</pre>

<p>
就是描述了在遇到 <code>/</code> 的时候如何处理。
</p>

<ul class="org-ul">
<li>proxy_pass</li>
</ul>
<p>
代理传递，也就是比如说python的flask框架在后台端口5000运行， <code>/</code> 这样的请求将传递给flask的app来处理。这里值得提醒的是location的uri分发规则较为复杂，目前我们需要知道的是， <code>/</code> 是一个通用匹配，就是如果是精确匹配，当然就选这个规则，如果有其他规则匹配，则用其他规则，否则最后就考虑使用这个通用规则。更多信息请参看 <a href="http://seanlook.com/2015/05/17/nginx-location-rewrite/">这个网页</a> 。
</p>

<p>
这种反向代理，一个很重要的知识点就是uri的改写规则。这里面东西也很多，比如下面的这个:
</p>
<pre>
location /socket.io {
    proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:5000/socket.io;
}
</pre>

<p>
匹配到的部分会被改写为 <code>http://127.0.0.1:5000/socket.io</code> 但是也有些例外的情况，以后再详细讨论之。
</p>

<ul class="org-ul">
<li>proxy_set_header</li>
</ul>
<p>
比如websocket协议部分的转发，需要对header做如下一些修改:
</p>
<pre>
proxy_http_version 1.1;    
proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
proxy_set_header Connection "upgrade";
</pre>

<p>
具体就是送入upstream 服务器的header加上这两行:
</p>
<pre>
Upgrade: websocket
Connection: Upgrade
</pre>
<p>
这里所谓的upstream服务器，在nginx实际上就可以简单看作一个汇总性质的服务器，因为我们前面看到了nginx下面有很多虚拟的server，那么这个upstream可以看作最终面向客户端的那个服务器。初步的理解就是这么个意思。
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<div class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgheadline10">附录</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-3">
</div><div class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgheadline7">nginx分配请求逻辑</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-3-1">
<p>
这部分内容很关键，慢慢看下吧。
</p>

<ol class="org-ol">
<li>根据请求的ip和端口号来核对 <code>listen</code> 信息。</li>
<li>根据请求Host字段来核对 <code>server_name</code> 信息。
<ul class="org-ul">
<li>核对由继续分为通配符前核对</li>
<li>通配符后核对</li>
<li>正则核对</li>
</ul></li>

<li>以上listen和server_name的核对最后若没有匹配最后都会回滚到默认的配置中。</li>

<li>以上核对若匹配则进一步根据相应的配置来进行请求处理。</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>


<div class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgheadline8">403没有权限访问错误</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-3-2">
<p>
我需要在本用户的主文件夹下的随便某个文件夹来写一些网页，然后nginx的server的 <code>root</code> 配置好后可能会出现 403错误，这很有可能是你 <code>nginx.conf</code> 文件的 <code>user</code> 配置，没有设置为本用户，所以才无权限操作。ubuntu下那个user好像默认的是var-www这个。将其改为你的用户名即可。参看了 <a href="http://zoroeye.iteye.com/blog/2166174">这个网页</a> 。
</p>
</div>
</div>


<div class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgheadline9">参考资料</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-3-3">
<ol class="org-ol">
<li>mastering nginx</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>