diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index 5a54798b..f68f84dd 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        docutils-version: ["0.20", "0.21"]
+        docutils-version: ["0.20", "0.21", "0.22"]
 
     steps:
     - name: Checkout source
diff --git a/AGENTS.md b/AGENTS.md
index 798417b7..2851b1d5 100644
--- a/AGENTS.md
+++ b/AGENTS.md
@@ -85,7 +85,8 @@ tox -e py311-sphinx8
 # Run with coverage
 tox -- --cov=myst_parser
 
-# Update regression test fixtures
+# Update regression test fixtures (this will initially produce an error code if the files change)
+# but note, these files must pass for all python/sphinx/docutils versions
 tox -- --regen-file-failure --force-regen
 ```
 
@@ -337,5 +338,6 @@ flowchart TB
 - [markdown-it-py Documentation](https://markdown-it-py.readthedocs.io/)
 - [Docutils Repository](https://github.com/live-clones/docutils)
 - [Docutils Documentation](https://docutils.sourceforge.io/)
+- [Docutils release log](https://docutils.sourceforge.io/RELEASE-NOTES.html)
 - [Sphinx Repository](https://github.com/sphinx-doc/sphinx)
 - [Sphinx Extension Development](https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/extdev/index.html)
diff --git a/myst_parser/mocking.py b/myst_parser/mocking.py
index 8a800bcc..f809c6d7 100644
--- a/myst_parser/mocking.py
+++ b/myst_parser/mocking.py
@@ -454,12 +454,18 @@ def run(self) -> list[nodes.Element]:
             literal_block.line = 1  # TODO don;t think this should be 1?
             self.add_name(literal_block)
             if "number-lines" in self.options:
-                try:
-                    startline = int(self.options["number-lines"] or 1)
-                except ValueError as err:
-                    raise DirectiveError(
-                        3, ":number-lines: with non-integer start value"
-                    ) from err
+                # note starting in docutils 0.22 this option is now an integer instead of a string, see: https://github.com/live-clones/docutils/commit/f39ac1413e56a330c8fea6e0d080fed0ff2b8483
+                if self.options["number-lines"] is None:
+                    startline = 1
+                elif isinstance(self.options["number-lines"], int):
+                    startline = self.options["number-lines"]
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        startline = int(self.options["number-lines"] or 1)
+                    except ValueError as err:
+                        raise DirectiveError(
+                            3, ":number-lines: with non-integer start value"
+                        ) from err
                 endline = startline + len(file_content.splitlines())
                 file_content = file_content.removesuffix("\n")
                 tokens = NumberLines([([], file_content)], startline, endline)
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 068a474b..1f9440f9 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ keywords = [
 ]
 requires-python = ">=3.11"
 dependencies = [
-    "docutils>=0.20,<0.22",
+    "docutils>=0.20,<0.23",
     "jinja2", # required for substitutions, but let sphinx choose version
     "markdown-it-py~=4.0",
     "mdit-py-plugins~=0.5",
@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@ disallow_any_generics = false
 [tool.pytest.ini_options]
 filterwarnings = [
     "ignore:.*The default for the setting.*:FutureWarning",
+    "ignore:.*:PendingDeprecationWarning",
 ]
 
 [tool.coverage.run]
diff --git a/tests/conftest.py b/tests/conftest.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7952e9f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+"""Shared pytest configuration for all tests."""
+
+import re
+
+from docutils import __version_info__ as docutils_version_info
+
+DOCUTILS_0_22_PLUS = docutils_version_info >= (0, 22)
+
+
+def normalize_doctree_xml(text: str) -> str:
+    """Normalize docutils XML output for cross-version compatibility.
+
+    In docutils 0.22+, boolean attributes are serialized as "1"/"0"
+    instead of "True"/"False". This function normalizes to the old format
+    for consistent test fixtures.
+    """
+    if DOCUTILS_0_22_PLUS:
+        # Normalize new format (1/0) to old format (1/0)
+        # Only replace when it's clearly a boolean attribute value
+        # Pattern: attribute="1" or attribute="0"
+        attrs = [
+            "force",
+            "glob",
+            "hidden",
+            "id_link",
+            "includehidden",
+            "inline",
+            "internal",
+            "is_div",
+            "linenos",
+            "multi_line_parameter_list",
+            "multi_line_trailing_comma",
+            "no-contents-entry",
+            "no-index",
+            "no-index-entry",
+            "no-typesetting",
+            "no-wrap",
+            "nocontentsentry",
+            "noindex",
+            "noindexentry",
+            "nowrap",
+            "refexplicit",
+            "refspecific",
+            "refwarn",
+            "sorted",
+            "titlesonly",
+            "toctree",
+            "translatable",
+        ]
+        text = re.sub(rf' ({"|".join(attrs)})="1"', r' \1="True"', text)
+        text = re.sub(rf' ({"|".join(attrs)})="0"', r' \1="False"', text)
+        # numbered is changed in math_block, but not in toctree, so we have to be more precise
+        text = re.sub(r' numbered="1" xml:space', r' numbered="True" xml:space', text)
+    return text
diff --git a/tests/test_html/test_html_to_nodes.py b/tests/test_html/test_html_to_nodes.py
index 207a6274..08423a79 100644
--- a/tests/test_html/test_html_to_nodes.py
+++ b/tests/test_html/test_html_to_nodes.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 from myst_parser.config.main import MdParserConfig
 from myst_parser.mdit_to_docutils.html_to_nodes import html_to_nodes
+from tests.conftest import normalize_doctree_xml
 
 FIXTURE_PATH = Path(__file__).parent
 
@@ -32,4 +33,4 @@ def _run_directive(name: str, first_line: str, content: str, position: int):
 def test_html_to_nodes(file_params, mock_renderer):
     output = nodes.container()
     output += html_to_nodes(file_params.content, line_number=0, renderer=mock_renderer)
-    file_params.assert_expected(output.pformat(), rstrip=True)
+    file_params.assert_expected(normalize_doctree_xml(output.pformat()), rstrip=True)
diff --git a/tests/test_renderers/fixtures/docutil_link_resolution.md b/tests/test_renderers/fixtures/docutil_link_resolution.md
index e686e17c..3942a915 100644
--- a/tests/test_renderers/fixtures/docutil_link_resolution.md
+++ b/tests/test_renderers/fixtures/docutil_link_resolution.md
@@ -128,14 +128,15 @@
         Test
     <subtitle ids="other test-1" names="other test">
         Other
-    <system_message backrefs="test-1" level="1" line="3" source="<src>/index.md" type="INFO">
-        <paragraph>
-            Duplicate implicit target name: "test".
     <target refid="test-1">
     <paragraph>
         <reference id_link="True" refid="test-1">
             <inline classes="std std-ref">
                 Other
+
+
+<src>/index.md:3: (INFO/1) Target name overrides implicit target name "test".
+<src>/index.md:3: (INFO/1) Hyperlink target "test-1" is not referenced.
 .
 
 [id-with-spaces] 
diff --git a/tests/test_renderers/fixtures/myst-config.txt b/tests/test_renderers/fixtures/myst-config.txt
index 765b0108..1f009a66 100644
--- a/tests/test_renderers/fixtures/myst-config.txt
+++ b/tests/test_renderers/fixtures/myst-config.txt
@@ -263,6 +263,12 @@ a
 <document source="<string>">
     <paragraph>
         a
+    <section classes="system-messages">
+        <title>
+            Docutils System Messages
+        <system_message level="2" source="<string>" type="WARNING">
+            <paragraph>
+                The `attrs_image` extension is deprecated, please use `attrs_inline` instead. [myst.deprecated]
 
 <string>:: (WARNING/2) The `attrs_image` extension is deprecated, please use `attrs_inline` instead. [myst.deprecated]
 .
diff --git a/tests/test_renderers/test_error_reporting.py b/tests/test_renderers/test_error_reporting.py
index 196da30d..17d68bcf 100644
--- a/tests/test_renderers/test_error_reporting.py
+++ b/tests/test_renderers/test_error_reporting.py
@@ -20,4 +20,9 @@ def test_basic(file_params):
         parser=Parser(),
         settings_overrides={"warning_stream": report_stream},
     )
-    file_params.assert_expected(report_stream.getvalue(), rstrip=True)
+    text = report_stream.getvalue()
+    # changed in docutils 0.23
+    text = text.replace(
+        "corresponding footnote available", "corresponding footnotes available"
+    )
+    file_params.assert_expected(text, rstrip=True)
diff --git a/tests/test_renderers/test_fixtures_docutils.py b/tests/test_renderers/test_fixtures_docutils.py
index 86c7d095..c46e51c7 100644
--- a/tests/test_renderers/test_fixtures_docutils.py
+++ b/tests/test_renderers/test_fixtures_docutils.py
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
 from typing import Any
 
 import pytest
+from conftest import normalize_doctree_xml
+from docutils import __version_info__ as docutils_version
 from docutils.core import Publisher, publish_doctree
 from pytest_param_files import ParamTestData
 
@@ -37,7 +39,9 @@ def _apply_transforms(self):
     )
 
     # in docutils 0.18 footnote ids have changed
-    outcome = doctree.pformat().replace('"footnote-reference-1"', '"id1"')
+    outcome = normalize_doctree_xml(doctree.pformat()).replace(
+        '"footnote-reference-1"', '"id1"'
+    )
     outcome = outcome.replace(' language=""', "")
     file_params.assert_expected(outcome, rstrip_lines=True)
 
@@ -48,13 +52,18 @@ def test_link_resolution(file_params: ParamTestData):
     settings = settings_from_cmdline(file_params.description)
     report_stream = StringIO()
     settings["warning_stream"] = report_stream
+    if file_params.title == "explicit>implicit":
+        if docutils_version < (0, 22):
+            # reporting changed in docutils 0.22
+            pytest.skip("different in docutils>=0.22")
+        settings["report_level"] = 0
     doctree = publish_doctree(
         file_params.content,
         source_path="<src>/index.md",
         parser=Parser(),
         settings_overrides=settings,
     )
-    outcome = doctree.pformat()
+    outcome = normalize_doctree_xml(doctree.pformat())
     if report_stream.getvalue().strip():
         outcome += "\n\n" + report_stream.getvalue().strip()
     file_params.assert_expected(outcome, rstrip_lines=True)
@@ -75,7 +84,9 @@ def _apply_transforms(self):
         parser=Parser(),
     )
 
-    file_params.assert_expected(doctree.pformat(), rstrip_lines=True)
+    file_params.assert_expected(
+        normalize_doctree_xml(doctree.pformat()), rstrip_lines=True
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.param_file(FIXTURE_PATH / "docutil_directives.md")
@@ -95,7 +106,9 @@ def _apply_transforms(self):
         parser=Parser(),
     )
 
-    file_params.assert_expected(doctree.pformat(), rstrip_lines=True)
+    file_params.assert_expected(
+        normalize_doctree_xml(doctree.pformat()), rstrip_lines=True
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.param_file(FIXTURE_PATH / "docutil_syntax_extensions.txt")
@@ -109,7 +122,9 @@ def test_syntax_extensions(file_params: ParamTestData):
         parser=Parser(),
         settings_overrides=settings,
     )
-    file_params.assert_expected(doctree.pformat(), rstrip_lines=True)
+    file_params.assert_expected(
+        normalize_doctree_xml(doctree.pformat()), rstrip_lines=True
+    )
 
 
 def settings_from_cmdline(cmdline: str | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
diff --git a/tests/test_renderers/test_fixtures_sphinx.py b/tests/test_renderers/test_fixtures_sphinx.py
index 02157dbe..c061febc 100644
--- a/tests/test_renderers/test_fixtures_sphinx.py
+++ b/tests/test_renderers/test_fixtures_sphinx.py
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 from sphinx_pytest.plugin import CreateDoctree
 
 from myst_parser.mdit_to_docutils.sphinx_ import SphinxRenderer
+from tests.conftest import normalize_doctree_xml
 
 FIXTURE_PATH = Path(__file__).parent.joinpath("fixtures")
 
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ def _apply_transforms(self):
         monkeypatch.setattr(SphinxTransformer, "apply_transforms", _apply_transforms)
 
     result = sphinx_doctree(file_params.content, "index.md")
-    pformat = result.pformat("index")
+    pformat = normalize_doctree_xml(result.pformat("index"))
     replacements = {
         # changed in docutils 0.20.1
         '<literal classes="code" language="">': '<literal classes="code">',
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ def test_link_resolution(file_params: ParamTestData, sphinx_doctree: CreateDoctr
     sphinx_doctree.srcdir.joinpath("test.txt").touch()
     sphinx_doctree.srcdir.joinpath("other.rst").write_text(":orphan:\n\nTest\n====")
     result = sphinx_doctree(file_params.content, "index.md")
-    outcome = result.pformat("index")
+    outcome = normalize_doctree_xml(result.pformat("index"))
     if result.warnings.strip():
         outcome += "\n\n" + result.warnings.strip()
     file_params.assert_expected(outcome, rstrip_lines=True)
@@ -80,7 +81,9 @@ def settings_from_json(string: str | None):
 def test_tables(file_params: ParamTestData, sphinx_doctree_no_tr: CreateDoctree):
     sphinx_doctree_no_tr.set_conf({"extensions": ["myst_parser"]})
     result = sphinx_doctree_no_tr(file_params.content, "index.md")
-    file_params.assert_expected(result.pformat("index"), rstrip_lines=True)
+    file_params.assert_expected(
+        normalize_doctree_xml(result.pformat("index")), rstrip_lines=True
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.param_file(FIXTURE_PATH / "directive_options.md")
@@ -89,7 +92,9 @@ def test_directive_options(
 ):
     sphinx_doctree_no_tr.set_conf({"extensions": ["myst_parser"]})
     result = sphinx_doctree_no_tr(file_params.content, "index.md")
-    file_params.assert_expected(result.pformat("index"), rstrip_lines=True)
+    file_params.assert_expected(
+        normalize_doctree_xml(result.pformat("index")), rstrip_lines=True
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.param_file(FIXTURE_PATH / "sphinx_directives.md")
@@ -102,7 +107,9 @@ def test_sphinx_directives(
         pytest.skip(file_params.title)
 
     sphinx_doctree_no_tr.set_conf({"extensions": ["myst_parser"]})
-    pformat = sphinx_doctree_no_tr(file_params.content, "index.md").pformat("index")
+    pformat = normalize_doctree_xml(
+        sphinx_doctree_no_tr(file_params.content, "index.md").pformat("index")
+    )
     # see https://github.com/executablebooks/MyST-Parser/issues/522
     if sys.maxsize == 2147483647:
         pformat = pformat.replace('"2147483647"', '"9223372036854775807"')
@@ -115,7 +122,9 @@ def test_sphinx_roles(file_params: ParamTestData, sphinx_doctree_no_tr: CreateDo
         pytest.skip(file_params.title)
 
     sphinx_doctree_no_tr.set_conf({"extensions": ["myst_parser"]})
-    pformat = sphinx_doctree_no_tr(file_params.content, "index.md").pformat("index")
+    pformat = normalize_doctree_xml(
+        sphinx_doctree_no_tr(file_params.content, "index.md").pformat("index")
+    )
     # sphinx 3 adds a parent key
     pformat = re.sub('cpp:parent_key="[^"]*"', 'cpp:parent_key=""', pformat)
     # sphinx >= 4.5.0 adds a trailing slash to PEP URLs,
@@ -136,7 +145,9 @@ def test_dollarmath(file_params: ParamTestData, sphinx_doctree_no_tr: CreateDoct
         {"extensions": ["myst_parser"], "myst_enable_extensions": ["dollarmath"]}
     )
     result = sphinx_doctree_no_tr(file_params.content, "index.md")
-    file_params.assert_expected(result.pformat("index"), rstrip_lines=True)
+    file_params.assert_expected(
+        normalize_doctree_xml(result.pformat("index")), rstrip_lines=True
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.param_file(FIXTURE_PATH / "amsmath.md")
@@ -148,7 +159,9 @@ def test_amsmath(
         {"extensions": ["myst_parser"], "myst_enable_extensions": ["amsmath"]}
     )
     result = sphinx_doctree_no_tr(file_params.content, "index.md")
-    file_params.assert_expected(result.pformat("index"), rstrip_lines=True)
+    file_params.assert_expected(
+        normalize_doctree_xml(result.pformat("index")), rstrip_lines=True
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.param_file(FIXTURE_PATH / "containers.md")
@@ -160,7 +173,9 @@ def test_containers(
         {"extensions": ["myst_parser"], "myst_enable_extensions": ["colon_fence"]}
     )
     result = sphinx_doctree_no_tr(file_params.content, "index.md")
-    file_params.assert_expected(result.pformat("index"), rstrip_lines=True)
+    file_params.assert_expected(
+        normalize_doctree_xml(result.pformat("index")), rstrip_lines=True
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.param_file(FIXTURE_PATH / "eval_rst.md")
@@ -169,7 +184,9 @@ def test_evalrst_elements(
 ):
     sphinx_doctree_no_tr.set_conf({"extensions": ["myst_parser"]})
     result = sphinx_doctree_no_tr(file_params.content, "index.md")
-    file_params.assert_expected(result.pformat("index"), rstrip_lines=True)
+    file_params.assert_expected(
+        normalize_doctree_xml(result.pformat("index")), rstrip_lines=True
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.param_file(FIXTURE_PATH / "definition_lists.md")
@@ -180,7 +197,9 @@ def test_definition_lists(
         {"extensions": ["myst_parser"], "myst_enable_extensions": ["deflist"]}
     )
     result = sphinx_doctree_no_tr(file_params.content, "index.md")
-    file_params.assert_expected(result.pformat("index"), rstrip_lines=True)
+    file_params.assert_expected(
+        normalize_doctree_xml(result.pformat("index")), rstrip_lines=True
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.param_file(FIXTURE_PATH / "attributes.md")
@@ -192,4 +211,6 @@ def test_attributes(file_params: ParamTestData, sphinx_doctree_no_tr: CreateDoct
         }
     )
     result = sphinx_doctree_no_tr(file_params.content, "index.md")
-    file_params.assert_expected(result.pformat("index"), rstrip_lines=True)
+    file_params.assert_expected(
+        normalize_doctree_xml(result.pformat("index")), rstrip_lines=True
+    )
diff --git a/tests/test_renderers/test_include_directive.py b/tests/test_renderers/test_include_directive.py
index 51d421e6..e7065747 100644
--- a/tests/test_renderers/test_include_directive.py
+++ b/tests/test_renderers/test_include_directive.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
+from conftest import normalize_doctree_xml
 from docutils.core import publish_doctree
 
 from myst_parser.parsers.docutils_ import Parser
@@ -24,7 +25,11 @@ def test_render(file_params, tmp_path, monkeypatch):
     )
 
     doctree["source"] = "tmpdir/test.md"
-    output = doctree.pformat().replace(str(tmp_path) + os.sep, "tmpdir/").rstrip()
+    output = (
+        normalize_doctree_xml(doctree.pformat())
+        .replace(str(tmp_path) + os.sep, "tmpdir/")
+        .rstrip()
+    )
 
     file_params.assert_expected(output, rstrip=True)
 
diff --git a/tests/test_renderers/test_myst_config.py b/tests/test_renderers/test_myst_config.py
index 8ee5f8db..9a276cce 100644
--- a/tests/test_renderers/test_myst_config.py
+++ b/tests/test_renderers/test_myst_config.py
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
+from conftest import normalize_doctree_xml
+from docutils import __version_info__ as docutils_version
 from docutils.core import Publisher, publish_string
 from pytest_param_files import ParamTestData
 
@@ -17,6 +19,9 @@
 @pytest.mark.param_file(FIXTURE_PATH / "myst-config.txt")
 def test_cmdline(file_params: ParamTestData):
     """The description is parsed as a docutils commandline"""
+    if file_params.title == "attrs_image" and docutils_version < (0, 22):
+        # loose system messages are also output to ast in 0.22 https://github.com/live-clones/docutils/commit/dc4e16315b4fbe391417a6f7aad215b9389a9c74
+        pytest.skip("different in docutils>=0.22")
     pub = Publisher(parser=Parser())
     try:
         pub.process_command_line(shlex.split(file_params.description or ""))
@@ -36,6 +41,7 @@ def test_cmdline(file_params: ParamTestData):
         writer_name="pseudoxml",
         settings_overrides=settings,
     )
+    output = normalize_doctree_xml(output)
     warnings = report_stream.getvalue()
     if warnings:
         output += "\n" + warnings
diff --git a/tests/test_renderers/test_myst_refs.py b/tests/test_renderers/test_myst_refs.py
index 8e853619..fcdfd619 100644
--- a/tests/test_renderers/test_myst_refs.py
+++ b/tests/test_renderers/test_myst_refs.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import sys
 
 import pytest
+from conftest import normalize_doctree_xml
 from sphinx.util.console import strip_colors
 from sphinx_pytest.plugin import CreateDoctree
 
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ def test_parse(
 
     doctree["source"] = "root/index.md"
     doctree.attributes.pop("translation_progress", None)
-    outcome = doctree.pformat()
+    outcome = normalize_doctree_xml(doctree.pformat())
     if result.warnings.strip():
         outcome += "\n\n" + strip_colors(result.warnings.strip())
     file_regression.check(outcome, basename=test_name, extension=".xml")
diff --git a/tests/test_sphinx/conftest.py b/tests/test_sphinx/conftest.py
index 83d2c01f..ddace0d6 100644
--- a/tests/test_sphinx/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/test_sphinx/conftest.py
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ def test_basic(app, status, warning, get_sphinx_app_output):
 from docutils import nodes
 
 from myst_parser._compat import findall
+from tests.conftest import normalize_doctree_xml
 
 SOURCE_DIR = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "sourcedirs"))
 
@@ -125,7 +126,7 @@ def read(
             node.attributes.pop("translated", None)
 
         if regress:
-            text = doctree.pformat()  # type: str
+            text = normalize_doctree_xml(doctree.pformat())  # type: str
             for find, rep in (replace or {}).items():
                 text = text.replace(find, rep)
             if rstrip_lines:
diff --git a/tests/test_sphinx/sourcedirs/includes/index.md b/tests/test_sphinx/sourcedirs/includes/index.md
index 9957b6d9..3f3c4cf0 100644
--- a/tests/test_sphinx/sourcedirs/includes/index.md
+++ b/tests/test_sphinx/sourcedirs/includes/index.md
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 ```{include} include_code.py
 :code: python
-:number-lines: 0
+:number-lines: 1
 ```
 
 ```{include} include_literal.txt
diff --git a/tests/test_sphinx/test_sphinx_builds.py b/tests/test_sphinx/test_sphinx_builds.py
index 6ea05b40..0276b247 100644
--- a/tests/test_sphinx/test_sphinx_builds.py
+++ b/tests/test_sphinx/test_sphinx_builds.py
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 import pytest
 from sphinx.util.console import strip_colors
 
+from tests.conftest import normalize_doctree_xml
+
 SOURCE_DIR = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "sourcedirs"))
 
 
@@ -441,7 +443,9 @@ def test_substitutions(
     try:
         get_sphinx_app_doctree(app, docname="index", regress=True)
         file_regression.check(
-            get_sphinx_app_doctree(app, docname="other").pformat(),
+            normalize_doctree_xml(
+                get_sphinx_app_doctree(app, docname="other").pformat()
+            ),
             extension=".other.xml",
         )
     finally:
diff --git a/tests/test_sphinx/test_sphinx_builds/test_includes.html b/tests/test_sphinx/test_sphinx_builds/test_includes.html
index 1a2faee1..251d0e72 100644
--- a/tests/test_sphinx/test_sphinx_builds/test_includes.html
+++ b/tests/test_sphinx/test_sphinx_builds/test_includes.html
@@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ <h2>
 </pre>
       </div>
      </div>
-     <pre class="code python literal-block"><small class="ln">0 </small><code data-lineno="0 "><span class="keyword">def</span><span class="whitespace"> </span><span class="name function">a_func</span><span class="punctuation">(</span><span class="name">param</span><span class="punctuation">):</span><span class="whitespace">
-</span></code><small class="ln">1 </small><code data-lineno="1 "><span class="whitespace"></span>    <span class="name builtin">print</span><span class="punctuation">(</span><span class="name">param</span><span class="punctuation">)</span></code></pre>
+     <pre class="code python literal-block"><small class="ln">1 </small><code data-lineno="1 "><span class="keyword">def</span><span class="whitespace"> </span><span class="name function">a_func</span><span class="punctuation">(</span><span class="name">param</span><span class="punctuation">):</span><span class="whitespace">
+</span></code><small class="ln">2 </small><code data-lineno="2 "><span class="whitespace"></span>    <span class="name builtin">print</span><span class="punctuation">(</span><span class="name">param</span><span class="punctuation">)</span></code></pre>
      <div class="highlight-default notranslate">
       <div class="highlight">
        <pre><span></span><span class="n">This</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">literal</span><span class="o">*</span>
diff --git a/tests/test_sphinx/test_sphinx_builds/test_includes.xml b/tests/test_sphinx/test_sphinx_builds/test_includes.xml
index 8da26cb0..c12a9922 100644
--- a/tests/test_sphinx/test_sphinx_builds/test_includes.xml
+++ b/tests/test_sphinx/test_sphinx_builds/test_includes.xml
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@
                     )
             <literal_block classes="code python" source="include_code.py" xml:space="preserve">
                 <inline classes="ln">
-                    0
+                    1
                 <inline classes="keyword">
                     def
                 <inline classes="whitespace">
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@
                 <inline classes="whitespace">
 
                 <inline classes="ln">
-                    1
+                    2
                 <inline classes="whitespace">
 
                 <inline classes="name builtin">