README.md

NanoCollision: Investigating nanosecond collisions

How often do nanosecond counters collide? Often! See my blog post for details.

Go's time.Now() API records both the "absolute" time as well as a "monotonic clock" for relative time, so this compares both. See the Go time package documentation for details. I also wrote a C program that uses clock_getres as a comparison. Scroll down for example output and details. On Linux, clock_getres reports that all timers have 1 ns resolution. On Mac OS X, it reports 1 us resolution, except for CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW which has a 42 ns resolution.

Example output

Linux

From a Linux system running Ubuntu 23.04, kernel version 6.2.0-25-generic, on real non-virtualized hardware "11th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-1135G7 @ 2.40GHz"

1: 1689888428505845688: timeDiff=59; nanoDiff=64
2: 1689888428505845722: timeDiff=34; nanoDiff=34
3: 1689888428505845756: timeDiff=35; nanoDiff=34
4: 1689888428505845789: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=33
5: 1689888428505845825: timeDiff=35; nanoDiff=36
6: 1689888428505845858: timeDiff=34; nanoDiff=33
7: 1689888428505845892: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=34
8: 1689888428505845927: timeDiff=36; nanoDiff=35
9: 1689888428505845962: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=35
10: 1689888428505845994: timeDiff=34; nanoDiff=32
11: 1689888428505846030: timeDiff=34; nanoDiff=36
12: 1689888428505846063: timeDiff=34; nanoDiff=33
13: 1689888428505846098: timeDiff=34; nanoDiff=35
14: 1689888428505846131: timeDiff=34; nanoDiff=33
15: 1689888428505846165: timeDiff=34; nanoDiff=34
16: 1689888428505846199: timeDiff=35; nanoDiff=34
17: 1689888428505846232: timeDiff=31; nanoDiff=33
18: 1689888428505846264: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=32
19: 1689888428505846297: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=33
20: 1689888428505846330: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=33
21: 1689888428505846362: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=32
22: 1689888428505846394: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=32
23: 1689888428505846428: timeDiff=31; nanoDiff=34
24: 1689888428505846459: timeDiff=34; nanoDiff=31
25: 1689888428505846493: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=34
26: 1689888428505846524: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=31
27: 1689888428505846557: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=33
28: 1689888428505846589: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=32
29: 1689888428505846623: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=34
30: 1689888428505846654: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=31
31: 1689888428505846687: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=33
32: 1689888428505846719: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=32
33: 1689888428505846752: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=33
34: 1689888428505846785: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=33
35: 1689888428505846817: timeDiff=31; nanoDiff=32
36: 1689888428505846850: timeDiff=34; nanoDiff=33
37: 1689888428505846882: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=32
38: 1689888428505846915: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=33
39: 1689888428505846947: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=32
40: 1689888428505846980: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=33
41: 1689888428505847013: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=33
42: 1689888428505847044: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=31
43: 1689888428505847078: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=34
44: 1689888428505847109: timeDiff=31; nanoDiff=31
45: 1689888428505847142: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=33
46: 1689888428505847175: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=33
47: 1689888428505847208: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=33
48: 1689888428505847239: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=31
49: 1689888428505847272: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=33
50: 1689888428505847305: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=33
51: 1689888428505847337: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=32
52: 1689888428505847370: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=33
53: 1689888428505847402: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=32
54: 1689888428505847434: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=32
55: 1689888428505847468: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=34
56: 1689888428505847499: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=31
57: 1689888428505847533: timeDiff=34; nanoDiff=34
58: 1689888428505847565: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=32
59: 1689888428505847598: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=33
60: 1689888428505847629: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=31
61: 1689888428505847663: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=34
62: 1689888428505847695: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=32
63: 1689888428505847727: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=32
64: 1689888428505847759: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=32
65: 1689888428505847793: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=34
66: 1689888428505847825: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=32
67: 1689888428505847857: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=32
68: 1689888428505847890: timeDiff=34; nanoDiff=33
69: 1689888428505847923: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=33
70: 1689888428505847955: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=32
71: 1689888428505847988: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=33
72: 1689888428505848020: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=32
73: 1689888428505848053: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=33
74: 1689888428505848085: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=32
75: 1689888428505848117: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=32
76: 1689888428505848150: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=33
77: 1689888428505848183: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=33
78: 1689888428505848215: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=32
79: 1689888428505848247: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=32
80: 1689888428505848280: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=33
81: 1689888428505848313: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=33
82: 1689888428505848345: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=32
83: 1689888428505848378: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=33
84: 1689888428505848410: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=32
85: 1689888428505848443: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=33
86: 1689888428505848475: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=32
87: 1689888428505848508: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=33
88: 1689888428505848542: timeDiff=35; nanoDiff=34
89: 1689888428505848574: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=32
90: 1689888428505848607: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=33
91: 1689888428505848639: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=32
92: 1689888428505848672: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=33
93: 1689888428505848704: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=32
94: 1689888428505848736: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=32
95: 1689888428505848770: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=34
96: 1689888428505848802: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=32
97: 1689888428505848835: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=33
98: 1689888428505848866: timeDiff=32; nanoDiff=31
99: 1689888428505848900: timeDiff=33; nanoDiff=34
100: 1689888428505848931: timeDiff=31; nanoDiff=31
299: 1689888428505860488: timeDiff=5115; nanoDiff=5117
553: 1689888428505867935: timeDiff=315; nanoDiff=30
554: 1689888428505868766: timeDiff=755; nanoDiff=831
555: 1689888428505869284: timeDiff=476; nanoDiff=518
680: 1689888428505874658: timeDiff=1180; nanoDiff=1178
723: 1689888428505887046: timeDiff=11022; nanoDiff=11024
4899: 1689888428506023920: timeDiff=1155; nanoDiff=1155
4904: 1689888428506027957: timeDiff=3906; nanoDiff=3907
printed the first 100 diffs, and diffs == 0 || >= 100ns; see --help for flags
time diff distribution: count=4999 avg=37.0 min=28 p50=32 p90=33 p95=34 max=11022
nano diff distribution: count=4999 avg=37.0 min=28 p50=32 p90=33 p95=34 max=11024

running longer zeros test ...
sampled 10000000 pairs; 0 time diff zeros = 0.000000%; 0 nano diff zeros = 0.000000%

starting parallel test 8 goroutines x 10000000 samples ...
10000000 samples from a thread; 0 collisions inside the thread; 0 collisions with other threads
10000000 samples from a thread; 0 collisions inside the thread; 188465 collisions with other threads
10000000 samples from a thread; 0 collisions inside the thread; 313291 collisions with other threads
10000000 samples from a thread; 0 collisions inside the thread; 497677 collisions with other threads
10000000 samples from a thread; 0 collisions inside the thread; 660498 collisions with other threads
10000000 samples from a thread; 0 collisions inside the thread; 798538 collisions with other threads
10000000 samples from a thread; 0 collisions inside the thread; 932329 collisions with other threads
10000000 samples from a thread; 0 collisions inside the thread; 1099527 collisions with other threads
75509675 final samples; 4490325 total collisions = 5.612906%; possible duplicate collisions? 0

Mac OS X Output

From an M1 Max running OS X 13.4.1, and truncated a bit because it is too long.

1: 1689954854062410000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
2: 1689954854062410000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=0
3: 1689954854062410000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
4: 1689954854062410000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
5: 1689954854062410000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=0
6: 1689954854062410000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
7: 1689954854062410000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
8: 1689954854062410000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=0
9: 1689954854062410000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
10: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=1000
11: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=0
12: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
13: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
14: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=0
15: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
16: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
17: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=0; nanoDiff=0
18: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=0
19: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=84; nanoDiff=0
20: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=0; nanoDiff=0
21: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=83; nanoDiff=0
22: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=0; nanoDiff=0
23: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=83; nanoDiff=0
24: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=0; nanoDiff=0
25: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=84; nanoDiff=0
26: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=0; nanoDiff=0
27: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=0
28: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
29: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
30: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=0
31: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
32: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=0; nanoDiff=0
33: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=83; nanoDiff=0
34: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=0; nanoDiff=0
35: 1689954854062411000: timeDiff=84; nanoDiff=0
36: 1689954854062412000: timeDiff=0; nanoDiff=1000
37: 1689954854062412000: timeDiff=83; nanoDiff=0
38: 1689954854062412000: timeDiff=0; nanoDiff=0
39: 1689954854062412000: timeDiff=83; nanoDiff=0
40: 1689954854062412000: timeDiff=0; nanoDiff=0
41: 1689954854062412000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
42: 1689954854062412000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
43: 1689954854062412000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=0
44: 1689954854062412000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
45: 1689954854062412000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
46: 1689954854062412000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=0
47: 1689954854062412000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
48: 1689954854062412000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
49: 1689954854062412000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=0
50: 1689954854062412000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
51: 1689954854062412000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
52: 1689954854062412000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=0
53: 1689954854062412000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
54: 1689954854062412000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
55: 1689954854062412000: timeDiff=0; nanoDiff=0
56: 1689954854062412000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=0
57: 1689954854062412000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
58: 1689954854062412000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
59: 1689954854062412000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=0
60: 1689954854062412000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
61: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=1000
62: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=0
63: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
64: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
65: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=0
66: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
67: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
68: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=0
69: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=0; nanoDiff=0
70: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
71: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
72: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=0
73: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
74: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
75: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=0
76: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
77: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
78: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=0
79: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
80: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
81: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=0
82: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
83: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
84: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=0; nanoDiff=0
85: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=0
86: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
87: 1689954854062413000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
88: 1689954854062414000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=1000
89: 1689954854062414000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
90: 1689954854062414000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
91: 1689954854062414000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=0
92: 1689954854062414000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
93: 1689954854062414000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
94: 1689954854062414000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=0
95: 1689954854062414000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
96: 1689954854062414000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
97: 1689954854062414000: timeDiff=41; nanoDiff=0
98: 1689954854062414000: timeDiff=0; nanoDiff=0
99: 1689954854062414000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
100: 1689954854062414000: timeDiff=42; nanoDiff=0
113: 1689954854062415000: timeDiff=0; nanoDiff=1000
1025: 1689954854062459000: timeDiff=4541; nanoDiff=4000
2390: 1689954854062515000: timeDiff=1167; nanoDiff=1000
3073: 1689954854062543000: timeDiff=1333; nanoDiff=1000
3755: 1689954854062571000: timeDiff=1250; nanoDiff=1000
printed the first 100 diffs, and diffs == 0 || >= 100ns; see --help for flags
time diff distribution: count=4999 avg=42.2 min=0 p50=42 p90=42 p95=83 max=4541
nano diff distribution: count=4999 avg=42.2 min=0 p50=0 p90=0 p95=0 max=5000

running longer zeros test ...
sampled 10000000 pairs; 2023599 time diff zeros = 20.235990%; 9613818 nano diff zeros = 96.138180%

starting parallel test 10 goroutines x 10000000 samples ...
816284 samples from a thread; 9183716 collisions inside the thread; 0 collisions with other threads
821781 samples from a thread; 9178219 collisions inside the thread; 455881 collisions with other threads
813481 samples from a thread; 9186519 collisions inside the thread; 565390 collisions with other threads
819691 samples from a thread; 9180309 collisions inside the thread; 658627 collisions with other threads
805853 samples from a thread; 9194147 collisions inside the thread; 701377 collisions with other threads
822764 samples from a thread; 9177236 collisions inside the thread; 740862 collisions with other threads
825620 samples from a thread; 9174380 collisions inside the thread; 787101 collisions with other threads
814251 samples from a thread; 9185749 collisions inside the thread; 794170 collisions with other threads
825603 samples from a thread; 9174397 collisions inside the thread; 813050 collisions with other threads
827795 samples from a thread; 9172205 collisions inside the thread; 806668 collisions with other threads
1869997 final samples; 6323126 total collisions = 6.323126%; possible duplicate collisions? -91806877

clock_gettime_demo

This calls clock_getres and `clock_gettime`` with three different clocks to try to make sure we are avoiding any Go specific weirdness.

Linux

TODO: update with same system as above. Using strace shows this does not make system calls, so it should be using the Kernel's fast VDSO API.

clock_getres(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)=1 ns
clock_getres(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, ...)=1 ns
clock_getres(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW, ...)=1 ns

CLOCK_REALTIME 30 samples:
1689955184084847577
1689955184084847650 (diff=73)
1689955184084847680 (diff=30)
1689955184084847703 (diff=23)
1689955184084847728 (diff=25)
1689955184084847751 (diff=23)
1689955184084847774 (diff=23)
1689955184084847797 (diff=23)
1689955184084847820 (diff=23)
1689955184084847843 (diff=23)
1689955184084847866 (diff=23)
1689955184084847890 (diff=24)
1689955184084847913 (diff=23)
1689955184084847936 (diff=23)
1689955184084847959 (diff=23)
1689955184084847982 (diff=23)
1689955184084848006 (diff=24)
1689955184084848028 (diff=22)
1689955184084848051 (diff=23)
1689955184084848074 (diff=23)
1689955184084848098 (diff=24)
1689955184084848121 (diff=23)
1689955184084848144 (diff=23)
1689955184084848167 (diff=23)
1689955184084848190 (diff=23)
1689955184084848214 (diff=24)
1689955184084848237 (diff=23)
1689955184084848260 (diff=23)
1689955184084848283 (diff=23)
1689955184084848306 (diff=23)

CLOCK_MONOTONIC 30 samples:
1705631302570739
1705631302570776 (diff=37)
1705631302570798 (diff=22)
1705631302570821 (diff=23)
1705631302570845 (diff=24)
1705631302570868 (diff=23)
1705631302570891 (diff=23)
1705631302570914 (diff=23)
1705631302570937 (diff=23)
1705631302570960 (diff=23)
1705631302570983 (diff=23)
1705631302571006 (diff=23)
1705631302571029 (diff=23)
1705631302571053 (diff=24)
1705631302571076 (diff=23)
1705631302571099 (diff=23)
1705631302571122 (diff=23)
1705631302571145 (diff=23)
1705631302571168 (diff=23)
1705631302571191 (diff=23)
1705631302571214 (diff=23)
1705631302571237 (diff=23)
1705631302571261 (diff=24)
1705631302571284 (diff=23)
1705631302571307 (diff=23)
1705631302571330 (diff=23)
1705631302571353 (diff=23)
1705631302571377 (diff=24)
1705631302571399 (diff=22)
1705631302571422 (diff=23)

CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW 30 samples:
1705609726388901
1705609726388992 (diff=91)
1705609726389022 (diff=30)
1705609726389045 (diff=23)
1705609726389069 (diff=24)
1705609726389092 (diff=23)
1705609726389115 (diff=23)
1705609726389138 (diff=23)
1705609726389162 (diff=24)
1705609726389186 (diff=24)
1705609726389210 (diff=24)
1705609726389232 (diff=22)
1705609726389256 (diff=24)
1705609726389279 (diff=23)
1705609726389303 (diff=24)
1705609726389326 (diff=23)
1705609726389350 (diff=24)
1705609726389373 (diff=23)
1705609726389397 (diff=24)
1705609726389420 (diff=23)
1705609726389444 (diff=24)
1705609726389466 (diff=22)
1705609726389490 (diff=24)
1705609726389514 (diff=24)
1705609726389538 (diff=24)
1705609726389561 (diff=23)
1705609726389584 (diff=23)
1705609726389607 (diff=23)
1705609726389631 (diff=24)
1705609726389654 (diff=23)

Mac OS X

clock_getres(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)=1000 ns
clock_getres(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, ...)=1000 ns
clock_getres(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW, ...)=42 ns

CLOCK_REALTIME 30 samples:
1689955300589484000
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)
1689955300589484000 (diff=0)

CLOCK_MONOTONIC 30 samples:
67337505901000
67337505901000 (diff=0)
67337505901000 (diff=0)
67337505901000 (diff=0)
67337505901000 (diff=0)
67337505901000 (diff=0)
67337505901000 (diff=0)
67337505901000 (diff=0)
67337505901000 (diff=0)
67337505902000 (diff=1000)
67337505902000 (diff=0)
67337505902000 (diff=0)
67337505902000 (diff=0)
67337505902000 (diff=0)
67337505902000 (diff=0)
67337505902000 (diff=0)
67337505902000 (diff=0)
67337505902000 (diff=0)
67337505902000 (diff=0)
67337505902000 (diff=0)
67337505902000 (diff=0)
67337505902000 (diff=0)
67337505902000 (diff=0)
67337505902000 (diff=0)
67337505902000 (diff=0)
67337505902000 (diff=0)
67337505902000 (diff=0)
67337505902000 (diff=0)
67337505902000 (diff=0)
67337505902000 (diff=0)

CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW 30 samples:
67344405125375
67344405125416 (diff=41)
67344405125458 (diff=42)
67344405125500 (diff=42)
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