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life-lexicon-nowrap-plaintext.txt
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This text file includes the combined contents of the lex-txt folder,
as of October 29th, 2019. Starting from "LIFE LEXICON" below, this
is the form in which Stephen Silver's Lexicon compiler utility expects
to find the raw material needed to produce the various HTML versions.
This file is up-to-date as of October 29th, 2019. It should be updated
ONLY by updating the individual lex_*.txt files in the lex-txt folder,
then combining them to produce this monolithic file. At that point the
above date should also be updated. New definitions and new corrections
should NOT be added directly to this file. In this current form, its
GitHub checkin date should be October 29, 2019.
LIFE LEXICON
Release 30, 2019 ? ?
ASCII version
INTRODUCTION
This is a lexicon of terms relating to John Horton Conway's
Game of Life. It is also available in single-page and multipage
HTML versions.
This lexicon was originally compiled between 1997 and 2006 by
Stephen A. Silver, and was updated in 2016-18 by Dave Greene and David
Bell. See below for additional credits.
The latest versions of this lexicon (both HTML and ASCII) can be
found at the Life Lexicon Home Page, http://conwaylife.com/ref/lexicon/.
CREDITS
The largest single source for the early versions of this lexicon was
a glossary compiled by Alan Hensel "with indispensable help from John
Conway, Dean Hickerson, David Bell, Bill Gosper, Bob Wainwright, Noam
Elkies, Nathan Thompson, Harold McIntosh, and Dan Hoey".
Other sources include the works listed in the bibliography at the
end of this lexicon, as well as pattern collections by Alan Hensel and
David Bell (and especially Dean Hickerson's file stamp.l in the latter
collection), and the web sites of Mark Niemiec, Paul Callahan, Achim
Flammenkamp, Robert Wainwright and Heinrich Koenig. Recent releases
also use a lot of information from Dean Hickerson's header to his
1995 stamp file (http://conwaylife.com/ref/DRH/stamps.html).
Most of the information on recent results is from the discoverers
themselves, or from Nathaniel Johnston's excellent resources at
http://www.conwaylife.com, including both the LifeWiki and the
discussion forums.
The following people all provided useful comments on earlier releases
of this lexicon: David Bell, Nicolay Beluchenko, Johan Bontes, Daniel
Collazo, Scot Ellison, Nick Gotts, Ivan Fomichev, Dave Greene, Alan
Hensel, Dean Hickerson, Dieter Leithner, Mark Niemiec, Gabriel Nivasch,
Andrzej Okrasinski, Arie Paap, Peter Rott, Chris Rowett, Tony Smith,
Ken Takusagawa, Andrew Trevorrow, Malcolm Tyrrell, and the
conwaylife.com forum users with the handles 'thunk' and 'Apple Bottom'.
The format, errors, use of British English and anything else you
might want to complain about are by Stephen Silver - except that for
post-Version 25 definitions, everything besides the British English
may well be Dave Greene's fault instead.
COPYING
This lexicon is copyright (C) Stephen Silver, 1997-2018. It may be
freely copied, modified and distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported licence (CC BY-SA 3.0),
as long as due credit is given. This includes not just credit to those
who have contributed in some way to the present version (see above),
but also credit to those who have made any modifications.
LEXICOGRAPHIC ORDER
I have adopted the following convention: all characters (including
spaces) other than letters and digits are ignored for the purposes of
ordering the entries in this lexicon. (Many terms are used by some
people as a single word, with or without a hyphen, and by others as two
words. My convention means that I do not have to list these in two
separate places. Indeed, I list them only once, choosing whichever
form seems most common or sensible.) Digits lexicographically precede
letters.
FORMAT
The format used in the ASCII version of this lexicon is loosely
based on that of the Jargon File. In particular, the keywords are
enclosed in colons and selected references to them are enclosed in
curly brackets. The curly brackets will not be of much use unless
you have a programmable text editor, in which case you could program
it to jump from a reference to the corresponding definition when you
hit a certain key. (The file lifelex.el, which you should have
received with this lexicon, provides such a facility for GNU Emacs.)
If you don't want the curly brackets you can safely remove them with
two find and replace operations, since they are not used for any other
purpose in this file. The colons are more generally useful. For
example, a search for ":foo" will take you straight to the definition
of the first word beginning with "foo" (or at least it would if there
were any).
The diagrams in this lexicon are in a very standard format. You
should be able to simply copy a pattern, paste it into a new file and
run it in your favourite Life program. Of course if you use Golly
(http://golly.sf.net) then you can paste the pattern directly into the
program. If you view this lexicon in GNU Emacs and use lifelex.el then
you should be able to load a pattern into your Life program with a
single keypress, without needing to copy or paste.
The diagrams use an asterisk to represent a live cell. If this looks
ugly with the font you use then you can change to O or o with a global
replace. I have restricted myself to diagrams of size 64x64 or less.
Most definitions that have a diagram have also some data in brackets
after the keyword. Oscillators are marked as pn (where n is a positive
integer), meaning that the period is n (p1 indicates a still life).
Wicks are marked in the same way but with the word "wick" added. For
spaceships the speed (as a fraction of c, the speed of light), the
direction and the period are given. Fuses are marked with speed and
period and have the word "fuse" added. Wicks and fuses are infinite in
extent and so have necessarily been truncated, with the ends stabilized
wherever practical.
SCOPE
This lexicon covers only Conway's Life, and provides no information
about other cellular automata. David Bell has written articles on
two other interesting cellular automata: HighLife (which is similar
to Life, but has a tiny replicator) and Day & Night (which is very
different, but exhibits many of the same phenomena). These articles
can be found on his website (http://tip.net.au/~dbell/).
ERRORS AND OMISSIONS
If you find any errors (including typos) or serious omissions, then
please email b3s23life[at]gmail.com with the details. As of mid-2018
this email address is monitored by Dave Greene.
NAMES
When deciding whether to use full or abbreviated forms of forenames
I have tried, wherever possible, to follow the usage of the person
concerned.
QUOTE
Every other author may aspire to praise; the lexicographer can only
hope to escape reproach. -- Samuel Johnson, 1775
DEDICATION
This lexicon is dedicated to the memory of Dieter Leithner, who died
on 26 February 1999.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
:0hd Demonoid: See {Demonoid}.
:101: (p5) Found by Achim Flammenkamp in August 1994. The name was suggested by Bill Gosper, noting that the {phase} shown below displays the period in binary.
....**......**....
...*.*......*.*...
...*..........*...
**.*..........*.**
**.*.*..**..*.*.**
...*.*.*..*.*.*...
...*.*.*..*.*.*...
**.*.*..**..*.*.**
**.*..........*.**
...*..........*...
...*.*......*.*...
....**......**....
:10hd Demonoid: See {Demonoid}.
:119P4H1V0: (c/4 orthogonally, p4) A {spaceship} discovered by Dean Hickerson in December 1989, the first spaceship of its kind to be found. Hickerson then found a small {tagalong} for this spaceship which could be attached to one side or both. These three variants of 119P4H1V0 were the only known c/4 orthogonal spaceships until July 1992 when Hartmut Holzwart discovered a larger spaceship, 163P4H1V0.
.................................*.
................*...............*.*
......*.*......*.....**........*...
......*....*....*.******....**.....
......*.********..........*..*.***.
.........*.....*.......****....***.
....**.................***.*.......
.*..**.......**........**..........
.*..*..............................
*..................................
.*..*..............................
.*..**.......**........**..........
....**.................***.*.......
.........*.....*.......****....***.
......*.********..........*..*.***.
......*....*....*.******....**.....
......*.*......*.....**........*...
................*...............*.*
.................................*.
:1-2-3: (p3) Found by Dave Buckingham, August 1972. This is one of only three essentially different p3 {oscillator}s with only three cells in the {rotor}. The others are {stillater} and {cuphook}.
..**......
*..*......
**.*.**...
.*.*..*...
.*....*.**
..***.*.**
.....*....
....*.....
....**....
:1-2-3-4: (p4) See also {Achim's p4}.
.....*.....
....*.*....
...*.*.*...
...*...*...
**.*.*.*.**
*.*.....*.*
...*****...
...........
.....*.....
....*.*....
.....*.....
:135-degree MWSS-to-G: The following {converter}, discovered by Matthias Merzenich in July 2013. It accepts an {MWSS} as input, and produces an output {glider} travelling at a 135-degree angle relative to the input direction.
......**......
......*.*.**.*
........*.*.**
........**....
..............
..............
.*****.....**.
*....*.....**.
.....*........
*...*.........
..*...........
:14-ner: = {fourteener}
:17c/45 spaceship: A {spaceship} travelling at seventeen forty-fifths of the {speed of light}. This was the first known {macro-spaceship} speed. See {Caterpillar} for details.
:180-degree kickback: The only other two-{glider} collision besides the standard {kickback} that produces a clean output glider with no leftover {ash}. The 180-degree change in direction is occasionally useful in {glider synthesis}, but is rarely used in {signal} circuitry or in {self-supporting} patterns like the {Caterpillar} or {Centipede}, because 90-degree collisions are generally much easier to arrange.
.*.
*..
***
...
...
.**
*.*
..*
:1G seed: See {seed}.
:(2,1)c/6 spaceship: A {knightship} that travels obliquely at the fastest possible speed. To date the only known example of a spaceship with this velocity is {Sir Robin}.
:(23,5)c/79 Herschel climber: The following glider-supported {Herschel climber} reaction used in the {self-supporting} {waterbear} {knightship}, which can be repeated every 79 ticks, moving the {Herschel} 23 cells to the right and 5 cells upward, and releasing two {glider}s to the northwest and southwest. As the diagram shows, it is possible to substitute a loaf or other {still life}s for some or all of the support gliders. This fact is used to advantage at the front end of the waterbear.
...............*.*...............*..
...............**...............*.*.
................*...............*..*
.................................**.
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
*...................................
*.*.................................
***.................................
..*.................................
:24-cell quadratic growth: A 39786x143 {quadratic growth} pattern found by Michael Simkin in October 2014, two days after {25-cell quadratic growth} and a week before {switch-engine ping-pong}.
:25-cell quadratic growth: A 25-cell quadratic growth pattern found by Michael Simkin in October 2014, with a bounding box of 21372x172. It was the smallest-population quadratic growth pattern for two days, until the discovery of {24-cell quadratic growth}. It superseded {wedge}, which had held the record for eight years. See {switch-engine ping-pong} for the lowest-population {superlinear growth} pattern as of June 2018, along with a list of the record-holders.
:25P3H1V0.1: (c/3 orthogonally, p3) A {spaceship} discovered by Dean Hickerson in August 1989. It was the first c/3 spaceship to be discovered. In terms of its 25 cells, it is tied with {25P3H1V0.2} as the smallest c/3 spaceship. Unlike 25P3H1V0.2, it has a population of 25 in all of its phases, as well as a smaller bounding box.
.......**.*.....
....**.*.**.***.
.****..**......*
*....*...*...**.
.**.............
Martin Grant discovered a glider synthesis for 25P3H1V0.1 on 6 January 2015.
:25P3H1V0.2: (c/3 orthogonally, p3) A {spaceship} discovered by David Bell in early 1992, with a minimum of 25 cells - the lowest number of cells known for any c/3 spaceship. A note in {Spaceships in Conway's Life} indicates that it was found with a search that limited the number of live cells in each column, and possibly also the maximum cross-section (4 cells in this case). See also {edge-repair spaceship} for a very similar c/3 spaceship with a minimum population of 26.
..........*.....
........***.***.
.......**......*
..*...*..*...**.
.****...........
*...*...........
.*.*..*.........
.....*..........
In December 2017 a collaborative effort found a 26-glider synthesis for this spaceship.
:26-cell quadratic growth: = {wedge}.
:295P5H1V1: (c/5 diagonally, p5) The first {spaceship} of its type to be discovered, found by Jason Summers on 22 November 2000.
.............**.....................................
.....**....**.*.*...................................
....***....****.....................................
...**......**.....*.................................
..**..**...*..*..*..................................
.**.....*.......*..**...............................
.**.*...****........................................
....*...**..**.*....................................
.....***....*.*.....................................
......**...**..*....................................
......*.....*.......................................
.****.*..*..*...*...................................
.***...*****..*******.*.............................
*.*....*..........*..**.............................
***.*...*...*.....***...............................
.......*.*..*.......**..............................
.*...*.....**........**..*.*........................
....*.......*........***.*.***......................
...*........***......*....*.........................
.....*......*.*.....*.*.............................
.....*......*.**...*....*...........................
.............*.****...*.....*..*....................
............**..**.*.*...*.***......................
.................*......*..***...***................
....................*..*......**....................
................**....*..*..........**..............
..................*.............*...*...............
................**....**........*...................
.................*...***........*.*.*.*.............
.................*....**........*.....**............
........................*........*..***.............
.....................*..*........*........*.........
..........................****........**...*........
.......................*......**......**...*........
.......................*....*............*..........
.......................*...............*............
.........................**.*.*.......*..*..........
.........................*....*.........***.........
............................***.**..*...*...*.**....
.............................*..**.*.....*...*..*...
.....................................**..*...*......
..................................*.**.**.*..**...*.
...............................*.....*...*.......*.*
................................**............**...*
......................................*.......**....
.......................................***...**..*..
......................................*..*.***......
......................................*....**.......
.......................................*............
..........................................*..*......
.........................................*..........
..........................................**........
:2c/3: Two thirds of the speed of light - the speed of signals in a {2c/3 wire} or of some {against the grain} {negative spaceship} signals in the {zebra stripes} {agar}, and also the speed of {burn}ing of the {blinker fuse} and the {bi-block fuse}.
:2c/3 wire: A {wire} discovered by Dean Hickerson in March 1997, using his {dr} {search program}. It supports {signal}s that travel through the wire diagonally at two thirds of the {speed of light}.
......*..*.......................................
....******.......................................
...*.............................................
...*..******.....................................
**.*.*.*....*....................................
**.*.*.******....................................
....**.*.......*.................................
.......*..******.................................
.......*.*.......................................
......**.*..******...............................
.........*.*......*..............................
.........*.*..*****..............................
..........**.*.......*...........................
.............*..******...........................
.............*.*.................................
............**.*..******.........................
...............*.*......*........................
...............*.*..*****........................
................**.*.......*.....................
...................*..******.....................
...................*.*...........................
..................**.*..******...................
.....................*.*......*..................
.....................*.*..*****..................
......................**.*.......*...............
.........................*..******...............
.........................*.*.....................
........................**.*..******.............
...........................*.*......*............
...........................*.*..*****............
............................**.*.......*.........
...............................*..******.........
...............................*.*...............
..............................**.*..******.......
.................................*.*......*......
.................................*.*..*****......
..................................**.*.......*...
.....................................*..******...
.....................................*.*.........
....................................**.*..******.
.......................................*.*......*
.......................................*.*..***.*
........................................**.*...*.
...........................................*..*..
...........................................*.*...
..........................................**.*.*.
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Each 2c/3 signal is made up of two half-signals that can be separated from each other by an arbitrary number of {tick}s.
Considerable effort has been spent on finding a way to turn a 2c/3 signal 90 or 180 degrees, since this would by one way to prove Life to be {omniperiodic}. There is a known 2c/3 converter shown under {signal elbow}, which converts a standard 2c/3 signal into a double-length signal. This is usable in some situations, but unfortunately it fails when its input is a double-length signal, so it can't be used to complete a loop.
Noam Elkies discovered a glider synthesis of a reaction that can repeatably insert a signal into the upper end of a 2c/3 wire. See {stable pseudo-Heisenburp} for details. On 11 September 2017, Martin Grant reduced the input reaction to five gliders, or three gliders plus a {Herschel}. With the Herschel option the {recovery time} is 152 ticks.
See also {5c/9 wire}.
:2c/5 spaceship: A {spaceship} travelling at two fifths of the {speed of light}. The only such spaceships that are currently known travel orthogonally. Examples include {30P5H2V0}, {44P5H2V0}, {60P5H2V0}, and {70P5H2V0}. As of June 2018, only 30P5H2V0 and 60P5H2V0 have known {glider synthesis} {recipe}s.
:2c/7 spaceship: A {spaceship} travelling at two sevenths of the {speed of light}. The only such spaceships that are currently known travel orthogonally. The first to be found was the {weekender}, found by David Eppstein in January 2000. See also {weekender distaff}.
:2 eaters: = {two eaters}
:2-engine Cordership: The smallest known Cordership, with a minimum population of 100 cells, discovered by Aidan F. Pierce on 31 December 2017. Luka Okanishi produced a 9-glider synthesis of the spaceship on the same day.
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:2-glider collision: Two gliders can react with each other in many different ways, either at right angles, or else head-on. A large number of the reactions cleanly destroy both gliders leaving nothing. Many of the remaining reactions cleanly create some common objects, and so are used as the first steps in {glider synthesis} or as part of constructing interesting objects using {rake}s. Only a small number of collisions can be considered {dirty} due to creating multiple objects or a mess.
Here is a list of the possible results along with how many different ways they can occur (ignoring reflections and rotations).
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result right-angle head-on
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nothing 11 17
{beehive} 1 0
{B-heptomino} 1 2
{bi-block} 1 0
{blinker} 2 1
{block} 3 3
{boat} 0 1
{eater1} 1 0
{glider} 1 1
{honey farm} 3 2
{interchange} 1 0
{loaf} 0 1
{lumps of muck} 1 0
{octomino} 0 1
{pi-heptomino} 2 1
{pond} 1 1
{teardrop} 1 0
{traffic light} 2 1
{four skewed blocks} 0 1
{dirty} 6 0
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The messiest of the two-glider collisions in the "dirty" category is {2-glider mess}.
:2-glider mess: A constellation made up of eight {blinker}s, four {block}s, a {beehive} and a {ship}, plus four emitted {glider}s, created by the following {2-glider collision}.
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Two of the blocks, two of the gliders, and the ship are the standard signature {ash} of a {Herschel}.
:30P5H2V0: (2c/5 orthogonally, p5) A spaceship discovered by Paul Tooke on 7 December 2000. With just 30 cells, it is currently the smallest known 2c/5 spaceship. A {glider synthesis} for 30P5H2V0 was found by Martin Grant in January 2015, based on a predecessor by Tanner Jacobi.
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:31c/240: The rate of travel of the {31c/240 Herschel-pair climber} reaction, and {Caterpillar}-type spaceships based on that reaction. Each {Herschel} travels 31 cells orthogonally every 240 {tick}s.
:31c/240 Herschel-pair climber: The mechanism defining the rate of travel of the {Centipede} and {shield bug} spaceships. Compare {pi climber}. It consists of a pair of {Herschel}s climbing two parallel chains of blocks. Certain spacings between the block chains allow gliders from each Herschel to delete the extra ash objects produced by the other Herschel. Two more gliders escape, one to each side, leaving only an exact copy of the original block chains, but shifted forward by 9 cells:
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:3c/7 spaceship: A {spaceship} travelling at three sevenths of the {speed of light}. The only such spaceships that are currently known travel orthogonally. The first to be found was the {spaghetti monster}, found by Tim Coe in June 2016.
:3-engine Cordership: See {Cordership}.
:44P5H2V0: (2c/5 orthogonally, p5) A {spaceship} discovered by Dean Hickerson on 23 July 1991, the first 2c/5 spaceship to be found. Small {tagalong}s were found by Robert Wainwright and David Bell that allowed the creation of arbitrarily large 2c/5 spaceships. These were the only known 2c/5 spaceships until the discovery of {70P5H2V0} in December 1992.
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:45-degree LWSS-to-G: = {45-degree MWSS-to-G}.
:45-degree MWSS-to-G: The following small {converter}, which accepts an MWSS or LWSS as input and produces an output glider travelling at a 45-degree angle relative to the input direction.
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:4-8-12 diamond: The following {pure glider generator}.
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:4 boats: (p2)
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:4F: = {Fast Forward Force Field}. This term is no longer in common use.
:4g-to-5g reaction: A reaction involving 4 gliders which cleanly produces 5 gliders. The one shown below was found by Dieter Leithner in July 1992:
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The first two gliders collide to produce a {traffic light} and glider. The other two gliders react symmetrically with the evolving {traffic light} to form four gliders. A {glider gun} can be built by using {reflector}s to turn four of the output gliders so that they repeat the reaction.
:56P6H1V0: (c/6 orthogonally, p6) A 56-cell {spaceship} discovered by Hartmut Holzwart in 2009, the smallest known c/6 orthogonal spaceship as of June 2018.
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:58P5H1V1: (c/5 diagonally, p5) A {spaceship} discovered by Matthias Merzenich on 5 September 2010. In terms of its minimum population of 58 cells it is the smallest known c/5 diagonal spaceship. It provides sparks at its trailing edge which can perturb gliders, and this property was used to create the first c/5 diagonal puffers. These sparks also allow the attachment of tagalongs which was used to create the first c/5 diagonal wickstretcher in January 2011.
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:5c/9 wire: A {wire} discovered by Dean Hickerson in April 1997, using his {dr} {search program}. It supports {signal}s that travel through the wire diagonally at five ninths of the {speed of light}. See also {2c/3 wire}.
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:60P312: (p312) Found by Dave Greene, 1 November 2004, based on {92P156}.
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:60P5H2V0: (2c/5 orthogonally, p5) A 60-cell {spaceship} discovered by Tim Coe in May 1996. It was the first non-c/2 orthogonal spaceship to be successfully constructed via {glider synthesis}.
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:67P5H1V1: (c/5 diagonally, p5) A {spaceship} discovered by Nicolay Beluchenko in July 2006. It was the smallest known c/5 diagonal spaceship until the discovery of {58P5H1V1} in September 2010.
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:70P5H2V0: (2c/5 orthogonally, p5) A {spaceship} discovered by Hartmut Holzwart on 5 December 1992.
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:7x9 eater: A high-{clearance} {eater5} variant that can suppress passing gliders in tight spaces, such as on the inside corner of an {R64} {Herschel conduit}. Like the eater5 and {sidesnagger}, the 7x9 eater is able to eat gliders coming from two directions, though this ability is not commonly used.
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:83P7H1V1: = {lobster}
:86P5H1V1: (c/5 diagonally, p5) A {spaceship} discovered by Jason Summers on January 8, 2005. It was the smallest known c/5 diagonal spaceship until the discovery of {67P5H1V1} in July 2006.
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:90-degree kickback: See {kickback reaction}.
:92P156: (p156) Discovered by Jason Summers on October 31, 2004. It is actually an eight-barrel {glider gun}, with all output gliders suppressed by {eater1}s. Replacing each pair of eater1s with a {beehive} doubles the period and produces {60P312}.
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:9hd: Separated by 9 {half diagonal}s. Specifically used to describe the distance between the two {construction lane}s in the {linear propagator}.
:Achim's p144: (p144) This was found (minus the blocks shown below) on a cylinder of width 22 by Achim Flammenkamp in July 1994. Dean Hickerson reduced it to a finite form using {figure-8}s the same day. The neater finite form shown here, replacing the figure-8s with blocks, was found by David Bell in August 1994. See {factory} for a use of this oscillator.
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:Achim's p16: (p16) Found by Achim Flammenkamp, July 1994.
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:Achim's p4: (p4) Dave Buckingham found this in a less compact form (using two halves of {sombreros}) in 1976. The form shown here was found by Achim Flammenkamp in 1988. The {rotor} is two copies of the rotor of {1-2-3-4}, so the oscillator is sometimes called the "dual 1-2-3-4".
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:Achim's p5: = {pseudo-barberpole}
:Achim's p8: (p8) Found by Achim Flammenkamp, July 1994.
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:acorn: (stabilizes at time 5206) A {methuselah} found by Charles Corderman. It has a final population of 633 and covers an area of 215 by 168 cells, not counting the 13 gliders it produces. Its {ash} consists of typical stable objects and blinkers, along with the relatively rare {mango} and a temporary {eater1}.
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