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a namedtuple (``eigenvalues``, ``eigenvectors``) whose
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- first element must have the field name ``eigenvalues`` (corresponding to :math:`\operatorname{diag}\Lambda` above) and must be an array consisting of computed eigenvalues. The array containing the eigenvalues must have shape ``(..., M)`` and must have a real-valued floating-point data type whose precision matches the precision of ``x`` (e.g., if ``x`` is ``complex128``, then ``eigenvalues`` must be ``float64``).
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- second element have the field name ``eigenvectors`` (corresponding to :math:`Q` above) and must be an array where the columns of the inner most matrices contain the computed eigenvectors. These matrices must be orthogonal. The array containing the eigenvectors must have shape ``(..., M, M)`` and must have the same data type as ``x``.
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- second element must have the field name ``eigenvectors`` (corresponding to :math:`Q` above) and must be an array where the columns of the inner most matrices contain the computed eigenvectors. These matrices must be orthogonal. The array containing the eigenvectors must have shape ``(..., M, M)`` and must have the same data type as ``x``.
The eigenvalues of a non-symmetric real matrix in general are complex: for
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The eigenvalues of a non-symmetric real matrix are in general complex: for
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:math:x \in \mathbb{R}^{n \times n}`, the eigenvalues, :math:`\lambda \in \mathbb{C}`,
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and may or may not reside on the real axis of the complex plane.
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may or may not reside on the real axis of the complex plane.
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.. warning::
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The eigenvectors of a general matrix are not unique and are not continuous with respect to ``x``. Because eigenvectors are not unique, different hardware and software may compute different eigenvectors.
- first element must have the field name ``eigenvalues`` (corresponding to :math:`\lambda` above) and must be an array consisting of computed eigenvalues. The array containing the eigenvalues must have shape ``(..., M)`` and must have a complex floating-point array data type having the same precision as that of ``x`` (e.g., if ``x`` has a ``float32`` data type, ``eigenvalues`` must have the ``complex64`` data type; if ``x`` has a ``float64`` data type, ``eigenvalues`` have the ``complex128`` data type).
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- second element have the field name ``eigenvectors`` (corresponding to :math:`v` above) and must be an array where the columns of the inner most matrices contain the computed eigenvectors. These matrices must be orthogonal. The array containing the eigenvectors must have shape ``(..., M, M)`` and must have the same data type as ``eigenvalues``.
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- second element must have the field name ``eigenvectors`` (corresponding to :math:`v` above) and must be an array where the columns of the inner most matrices contain the computed eigenvectors. These matrices must be orthogonal. The array containing the eigenvectors must have shape ``(..., M, M)`` and must have the same data type as ``eigenvalues``.
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Notes
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-----
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.. note::
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Eigenvalue sort order is left unspecified and is thus implementation-dependent.
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- Eigenvalue sort order is left unspecified and is thus implementation-dependent.
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.. note::
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For real symmetric or complex Hermitian matrices, prefer using the ``eigh`` routine.
Returns the eigenvalues of a real or complex (or a stack of matrices) ``x``.
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Returns the eigenvalues of a real or complex matrix (or a stack of matrices) ``x``.
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If ``x`` is real-valued, let :math:`\mathbb{K}` be the union of the set of real numbers :math:`\mathbb{R}`
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and the set of complex numbers, :math:`\mathbb{C}`; if ``x`` is complex-valued, let :math:`\mathbb{K}` be the set of complex numbers :math:`\mathbb{C}`.
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