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sonstig.htm
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<meta name="KeyWords" content="gaeilge, gälisch, Irisch">
<meta name="Description" content="Konjunktionen des Irischen">
<title>Other Words</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1 id="Anfang" class="red">Caibidil a Naoi</h1>
<h1 class="red">Other Words(Focail eile)</h1>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><a href="#Fragewörter">interrogatives</a>
<br> <a href="#ce">cé</a>, <a href="#ca">cá</a>, <a href="#cad">cad</a>, <a href="#conas">conas</a>, <a href="#cathain">cathain</a>, <a href="#an">an</a>
<br>
<a href="#praep">interrogatives with prepositions</a> <br>
<a href="#Dempron">Demonstrative pronouns</a> <br>
<a href="#relativpartikel">relative particle and -pronouns</a> <br>
<a href="#dir">direct relative particles</a> <br>
<a href="#ind">indirect relative particles</a> <br>
<a href="#iartheachtach">reflexive relative pronouns</a><br>
<a href="#a">generalising relative pronouns</a></td>
<td><a href="sonstig.htm#determinativ">determinant pronouns</a> <br>
<a href="sonstig.htm#indefinite">indefinite pronouns</a><br>
<a href="#fein">the pronoun féin</a> <br>
<a href="sonstig.htm#acheile">reciprocal pronouns</a> <br>
<a href="part.htm">verbal particle</a> <br>
<a href="#vokativpartikel">vocative particle</a> <br>
<a href="#zahlpartikel">number particle</a>
<br><br><br></td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<h2 id="Fragewörter"><span class="red">Interrogatives (míreanna ceisteacha)</span></h2>
<p>One can subdivide interrogatives in:
<ul>
<li><b>Interrogative pronouns (<i>forainmneacha ceisteacha</i>)</b>: (who, what)</li>
<li><b>Interrogative adverbs (<i>dobhriathra ceisteacha</i>)</b>: (when, where,
how, with what, etc.)</li>
<li><b>Interrogative adjectives (<i>aidiachtaí ceisteacha</i>)</b>: (which,
how many)</li>
</ul>
<p>This subdivision makes generally (and especially in Irish) little sense, because
the adverbs are often used with the help of a pronoun (adverbial pronouns are)
do not behave any differently than an innterogative pronoun. Some (e.g. <i>cá</i>)
can act as a pronoun, an adverb or an adjective.
<p>While in German the interrogatives all start with "w", in Latin with"qu", in
Irish they being with "c" (comp. lat. <i>quod </i>, dt. <i>was, </i>Ir. <i>cad</i>).
The root of this is the indo-european "kw-" <br>
<i>Cé, cá, cad</i> are autonomous interrogatives. <br>
All other interrogatives are <b>combinations</b> with nouns, pronouns, prepositions
or other words, also when the individual parts aren't easily recognizable(e.g.
conas < cá ionas)
<p><b>Syntax of interrogatives:</b>
<p>Interrogatives contain for the most part some (invisible) form of the <a href="kopul1.htm">copula</a>
or, better said, the copula is included in the formation of the interrogative.
Interrogative particle and intentional copula comprise the <b><i>copular clause</i></b>.
<br>
The interrogative is considered then the <b><i>predicate of the copular clause</i></b>.
<br>
This "copular clause" most often consisits only of one word e.g. cé =
who, <i>lit.</i> <i>"who <u>is</u>(it)"</i>, but here the subject is nowhere
to be seen (e.g. "it"). <br>
The <b><i>subject</i></b> is now the rest of the question, e.g.: <i>cé
hé sin = who is that?</i><br>
If a verb should be incorporated (e.g. "who says that?"), there is still the
need of a real subject, which is then replaced by a <b>relative clause</b> with
the verb: e.g. <i>cé a deir sin? = who says that?</i>, lit.: <i>"who
is(it), that says that?"</i>. <i>cé a rinne sin? = who did that?</i>
<br>
More about this under <a href="satz2.htm#ergaenzung">Syntax: supplementary queries</a>
or under <a href="kopul5.htm#Frage">the copula in interrogative clauses</a>
<p>interrogatives can also be used in indirect questions as a <a href="conaisc.htm">conjunction</a>:
<br>
(e.g. <i>Níl a fhios agam <b>cé</b> hé an fear seo = I
don't know, who this man is</i>)
<p>the interrogatives differ in their use strongly from dialect to dialect. <br>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td>
<h3>
<b id="ce" class="lightgreen">Cé </b></h3>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>older form - also <b class="red">cia</b> instead of cé</p>
<p><b>Cé in copular clauses</b>
<br>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>present</b></td>
<td><b>present</b>
<br>
<b>preceding vowel</b></td>
<td><b>preterite</b></td>
<td><b>preterite</b>
<br>
<b>preceding vowel</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold"> cé</td>
<td><b><span class="red"> cé </span><span class="lilac">h</span></b></td>
<td class="red bold"> cér</td>
<td class="red bold"> cérbh</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Cé in copular relative clauses</b> <br>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>relative clause</b></td>
<td><b>present</b></td>
<td><b>present</b>
<br>
<b>preceding vowel</b></td>
<td><b>preterite</b></td>
<td><b>preterite</b>
<br>
<b>preceding vowel</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>direct </td>
<td class="red bold">cé</td>
<td class="red bold">(cérb)</td>
<td class="red bold">cér</td>
<td class="red bold">cérbh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>indirect</td>
<td class="red bold">(cér)</td>
<td class="red bold">(cérbh)</td>
<td class="red bold">cér</td>
<td class="red bold">(cérbh)</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Cé with the article an ( = which?)</b> <br>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td><b> + an</b></td>
<td><b> + na</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold"> cé </td>
<td class="red bold"> cén </td>
<td class="red bold"> cé na </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Usage</b>
<ol>
<li><b>who :</b> (base meaning)
<ul type="square">
<li>with personal pronoun or demonstrative pronoun (secondary subject or
subject as a part of the copular clause) <i>Cé hé an cailín
beag = who is the little girl?, Cé (hé) sin? = who is that?,
Cérbh í an bhean sin? = who was this woman?, Cérb
iad = who are they?</i></li>
<li>with direct relative clause (in the presence of another verb)
<i>Cé atá ann? = who is there?, Cé a rinne é
= who did it?</i></li>
<li>with prepositional pronoun (as a part of the copular clause), especially
le: <b><span class="red">cé leis</span> = whose</b> and as:
<b><span class="red">cé as</span> = where</b>: <i>Cé
leis é? = Whose is it?/To whom does it belong, cér leis
é an carr? = To whom did the car belong?/Whose car was it, Cé
as thú = Where are you from?</i></li>
<li>with prepositional pronoun (mostly 3rd person sg. or pl. ) and with
the <u>in</u>direct relative clause: <i>Cé aige a bhfuil an arán
= who has the bread?</i></li>
</ul></li>
<li> <b>what</b> (as such especially in Connacht)
<ul type="square">
<li>with prepositional pronoun (3rd person sg. or pl., see table ) and with
the <u>in</u>direct relative clause: <i>Cé leis ar scríobh
tú? = with what did you write?</i></li> <li><i>cé + rud</i> > <b class="red">céard</b>
= what: <i>Céard atá ann? = What's there?</i>, older form
also <b class="red">créad</b> <br>
<i>céard</i> is the Connacht form for <i>cad = what</i>. <br>
there also <b class="red">céardós</b> =
what a</li>
<li><i>cé + an ní</i> > <b class="red">cén
ní</b> = what: <i>Cén ní baisteadh? = What
is baptism?</i></li>
</ul></li>
<li><b>what kind/which:</b>
<ul type="square">
<li>cé + article an: <i>Cén fear é? = What sort of
man is he?, Cén t-am é? = What time?, Cé na fir iad
= What sort of men are they?</i></li>
<li>cé + noun: <i>cé rud? = Which thing?, What?</i></li>
<li>cé + comparative form of the adjective: <i>Cé is mó,
seo nó sin? = who/what is bigger, this or that?</i> (also <b class="red">cé
acu</b>: <i>cé acu is mó, seo nó sin? = which
one is bigger, this one or that one?</i></li>
</ul></li>
<li><b>who of / which of:</b>
<ul type="square">
<li>with pronoun: cé + againn/agaibh/acu (= who of us, of you, of
them) + dir. relative clause: <i>cé agaibh atá ann? = who
of you is there?</i> <br>
common also: <b class="red">cé acu</b> + againn/agaibh/acu
(= who of us, of you, of them) + dir. relative clause: <i>cé acu
agaibh a bhí ann? = who of you were there?</i> <br>
less common also with de: <i>cé acu díobh seo = which of
these, cé acu díobh seo a bhfuil uait? = which of these
do you want?</i></li>
<li>with nouns in the singular: <b class="red">cé acu</b>
+ noun + dir. relative clause: <i>Cé acu fear atá ann? =
Which man is there?</i></li>
<li>with nouns in the plural: <b class="red">cé acu</b>
+ de + noun + dir. relative clause: <i>Cé acu de na fir atá
ann? = Who of the men is there?</i></li>
<li><b class="red">cé acu</b> often also (following
the pronunciation) > <b class="red">céca, ciaca, ciacu</b></li>
<li><b class="red">cé acu</b> + dir. relative clause
+ <b class="red">nó</b> also in indirect queries
with an alternatve in the meaning <b>"if ... or"</b> e.g.: <i>abair léi
cé acu atá tú ann nó nach bhfuil = Tell her,
if you are there or not</i></li>
</ul></li>
<li><b>where, where to:</b>
<ul type="square">
<li>in Connemara, <i>cé</i> often instead of <i>cá</i> (standard)
is used and then with the indirect relative clause (cé + a = cé),
e.g.: <i>Cé raibh tú? = Where were you?, Cé ndeachaigh
tú? = Where did you go to?</i></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><b>other combinations:</b>
<ul type="square">
<li><b>how: <span class="red">cé chomh</span></b> (+ adjective
+ le/agus a), e.g.: <i>Cé chomh mór leis an iasc? = How
big is the fish?</i></li>
<li><b>how: <span class="red">cé mar</span></b> (+ dir. relative
clause), <b class="red">cén chaoi</b> (+ indir.
relative clause), <b class="red">cén dóigh</b>
(+ indir. relative clause, u.a. in Ulster)</li>
<li><b>how old</b>: <b class="red">cén aois</b>
(lit.: "which age"; + dir. relative clause)</li>
<li><b>why</b>: <b class="red">cén fáth</b>
(lit.: "which reason"; + indir. relative clause) u.a. in Connacht </li>
<li><b>when:</b> <b class="red">cén uair</b> (lit.:
"which time"; + dir. relative clause), <b class="red">cén
t-am</b> (lit.: "what time"; + indir./dir. relative clause)</li>
<li><b>where:</b> <b class="red">cén áit</b>
(lit.: "which place"; + indir./dir. relative clause)</li>
<li><b>how much:</b> <b class="red">cé mhéad</b>
(instead of cá mhéad, see also cá; + dir. relative
clause)</li>
<li><b>who/whatever: <span class="red">cé ar bith</span></b>
> <b class="red">cibé</b> > <b class="red">pé</b>,
<i>cé beag sin = however small it was</i></li>
</ul></li>
<li><b>despite:</b>
<ul type="square">
<li><b>despite: <span class="red">cé go/nach</span></b></li>
<li><b>except: <span class="red">cé is moite (de)</span></b></li>
</ul></li>
</ol>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><h3 id="ca"><span class="lightgreen">Cá </span></h3></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b id="ca">Cá in copular clauses</b>
<br>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>present</b></td>
<td><b>present</b>
<br>
<b>preceding vowel</b></td>
<td><b>preterite</b></td>
<td><b>preterite</b>
<br>
<b>preceding vowel</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold"> cá</td>
<td class="red bold"> cárb</td>
<td class="red bold"> cár</td>
<td class="red bold"> cárbh</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Cá with indir. relative particle (in the meaning of: where)</b> <br>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>present </b></td>
<td><b>preterite</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b class="red">cá</b></td>
<td class="red bold">cár</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Usage</b>
<ol>
<li><b>what</b> (no lenition/eclipsis) (especially so in Ulster)
<ul type="square">
<li>with prepositional pronoun (3rd pers. singular, see table) <i>Cá
leis? = with what?</i></li>
</ul></li>
<li><b>which/what</b> (no lenition/eclipsis)
<ul type="square">
<li>cá + noun in the copular clause: <i>Cá</i><b> </b><i>haois
é? = what age does he have?, Cárbh aois é = what
age did he have?</i>, also with dir. relative clause, preceding vowel
also shortened to <b class="red">c'</b> (e.g.: <i>c'ainm
atá ort = what is your name?</i>)</li>
</ul></li>
<li><b>how</b>
<ul type="square">
<li>cá + <a href="adjektiv.htm#ceime">gradiated abstract noun</a>
(lenition!): <i>Cá mhinice = how often, Cá fhad</i> (>
<b class="red">cád, cáid</b>)<i> = how long?,
Cá mhéad = how much?</i></li>
<li>cá + adjective (no lenition/eclipsis!): <i>Cá hard é?
= how high is it?, cárbh ard é? = how high was it?</i></li>
</ul></li>
<li><b>where / where to</b>
<ul type="square">
<li>this is a combination with the indir. relative particle: cá a/ar
> cá/cár</li>
<li>with dependent verb form (<b class="red">cá</b>
+ eclipsis, <b class="red">cár</b> + lenition
:<i> Cá bhfuil tú? = Where are you? Cár chuir tú
é? = Where did you put it?</i></li>
</ul></li>
<li><b>from where</b>
<ul type="square">
<li>with preposition as: Cárb as é? = Where is he from?</li>
</ul></li>
<li><b>other combinations:</b>
<ul type="square">
<li><b>where</b>: <b class="red">cá háit</b>
(lit.: "what place", also > <b class="red">c'áit</b>)
+ indir. relative clause</li>
<li><b>where</b>: <b class="red">canad</b> (< cá
ionad)</li>
<li><b>when</b>: <b class="red">cá huair</b>, <b class="red">cá
ham</b> (><b class="red">c'am</b>) + dir./indir.
relative clause</li>
<li><b>since when</b>: <b class="red">cá fhad é
ó</b> (<b class="red">cád é ó</b>
> <b class="red">cáideó</b>)</li>
<li><b>whatever:</b> <b class="red">cár bith</b></li>
</ul></li>
</ol>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><h3 id="cad"><span class="lightgreen">Cad </span></h3>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Usage</b>
<ol>
<li><b>what</b> (base meaning, <b class="red">cad</b> most common
in Munster, in Ulster always cad é > <b class="red">goidé</b>,
in Ring (East-Munster) and Scotland cad é > <b class="red">dé</b>)
<ul type="square">
<li>in copular clauses: <i>Cad é seo? = What is this?, Cad é
an rud é nuachtáin? = What is a newspaper?</i></li>
<li>in copular relative clauses (generally <u>with</u> prepositions): <i>Cad
is ainm duit ? = What is your name</i> ("What, [that] is name to-you")?,
<i>Cad is nuachtán ann = What is a newspaper?</i> ("What, [that]
is newspaper in-it")</li>
<li>with the direct relative clause: <i>Cad a dhéinir / Cad a dhéanann
tú? = What are you doing?</i> <br>
preceding tá the relative particle is sometimes omitted: <i>Cad
(a)tá ... = What is ...</i></li>
<li>with é (<b class="red">cad é</b> with
the dir. copular relative clause): <i>Cad é is fearr leat? = What
do you prefer?</i></li>
<li>with é (<b class="red">cad é</b> and
with the direct relative clause): <i>Cad é a dhéineann sé
= What is he doing?</i></li>
<li>with prepositional pronoun (3rd person sing. masc.; see table) and the
indirect relative clause, e.g.: cad air = what is it, cad leis = with
what etc. e.g.: <i>Cad air ar chuir tú é = Upon what did
you place it?</i></li>
</ul></li>
<li><b>which</b>
<ul type="square">
<li>with é (<b class="red">cad é</b> + noun
with article): Cad é an t-am é? = What time is it? </li>
</ul></li>
<li><b>from where</b>
<ul type="square">
<li>with preposition as <b class="red">Cad as</b>: Cad
as é? = Where is he from?</li>
</ul></li>
<li><b>other combinations</b>
<ul type="square">
<li><b>how: <span class="red">cad é mar</span></b> (in Ulster:
<b class="red">goidé mar</b>) Goidé mar
atá tú? = How are you?</li>
<li><b>why, on what account: <span class="red">cad ina thaobh</span></b>
(lit.: "what in-his side", used in Munster)</li>
<li><b>why, to what end: <span class="red">cad chuige</span></b> (lit.:
"what to-him", used in Ulster, oft > <b class="red">tuige</b>)</li>
<li><b>why: <span class="red">cad é chúis</span></b> (>
<b class="red">d'é chúis</b>),used in Ring
.</li>
<li><b>what: <span class="red">cad éard</span></b> (> <b class="red">d'éard</b>),
used in Ring (East-Munster).</li>
</ul></li>
</ol>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><h3 id="conas"><span class="lightgreen">Conas </span></h3>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><i>cá/cé + ionas > conas = what way</i>, <br>
conas is most commonly used in Munster
<p><b>Usage</b>
<ul>
<li><b>how: </b> <br>
+ direct relative clause: <i>Conas atá tú = How are you?</i>
(here often tá instead of atá: <i>Conas tá tú</i>)
or <br>
+ go- clause: <i>Conas go ndéarfadh sé a léithead? =
How could he say something like that?</i> or <br>
+ Infinitive construction (engl. "how to"): <i>Conas tosú? = How to
start?, Conas gearán a dhéanamh = How to make a complaint.</i></li>
</ul>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><h3 id="cathain"><span class="lightgreen">Cathain </span></h3>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><i>cá/cé + tan > cathain = what time</i>
<p><b>Usage</b>
<ul>
<li> <b>when: </b>with the direct relative clause: <i>Cathain a tharla sé?
= When did it happen?</i></li>
</ul>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><h3 id="an"><span class="lightgreen">An</span></h3>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>forms</b>
<br>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>affirmative </b></td>
<td><b>L/E</b></td>
<td><b>negative</b></td>
<td><b>L/E</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>present </b></td>
<td class="red bold"> an </td>
<td> <b class="blue">E</b></td>
<td> <b class="red">nach</b></td>
<td><b> <span class="blue">E</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>preterite</b></td>
<td><b> <span class="red">ar</span></b></td>
<td> <b class="lightgreen">L</b></td>
<td> <b class="red">nár</b></td>
<td><b> <span class="lightgreen">L</span></b></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Usage</b>
<ol>
<li><b>An </b>is used as a marker (<a href="part.htm">Verbal particle</a>) in
simple queries: <i>An bhfuil tú ann? = Are you there? Nach bhfaca
tú é? = Haven't you seen it? Nár bhualamarna le chéile
fós? = Haven't we met?</i></li>
<li><b>combinations:</b>
<br>
<b>how much: <span class="red">an mó</span></b> e.g.: <i>An mó
atá ann? = How much is there?</i></li>
</ol>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><h3 id="praep"><span class="lightgreen">interrogatives with prepositions</span></h3>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>these words are called <b>interrogative adverbial pronouns (<i>forainmneacha
dobhriathartha ceisteacha</i>)</b>
<p>One uses the 3rd person singular masculine (less often also in the plural:
cé acu = who of them, cé eatarthu = amongst whom). <br>
These combinations mostly require an<i> <u>in</u>direct</i> relative clause
(colloquially sometimes a <i>direct</i> relative clause; <b>cé leis </b>meaning
"whose"/"to whom belongs" and <b>cé as/cad as/cá has</b> "where
is ... from" and form a non-relative copular clause; <b>cé acu</b>, "who
of them" requires a direct relative clause)
<p>the usage and translation can be derived from the corresponding translation
of the preposition (here, only the base meaning is given) <br>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>prep. </b></td>
<td><b>cé +</b></td>
<td><b>cá +</b></td>
<td><b>cad + </b></td>
<td><b>translation *</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="ag.htm">ag</a></td>
<td class="red bold">cé aige</td>
<td class="red bold">cá (h)aige</td>
<td class="red bold">cad aige</td>
<td>at whose place, in which, at what, who has</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="ar.htm">ar</a></td>
<td class="red bold">cé air</td>
<td class="red bold">cá (h)air</td>
<td class="red bold">cad air</td>
<td>upon whom, whereupon, on what</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="as.htm">as</a></td>
<td class="red bold">cé as</td>
<td class="red bold">cá (h)as</td>
<td class="red bold">cad as</td>
<td>from whom, where from, resulting from what, how</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="chuig.htm">chuig</a></td>
<td class="red bold">cé chuige</td>
<td class="red bold">cá chuige</td>
<td class="red bold">cad chuige</td>
<td>to whom, where to, to what end, why</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="de.htm">de</a></td>
<td class="red bold">cé de</td>
<td class="red bold">cá de</td>
<td class="red bold">cad de</td>
<td>from whom, from what (origin)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="do.htm">do</a></td>
<td class="red bold">cé dó</td>
<td class="red bold">cá dó</td>
<td class="red bold">cad dó</td>
<td>to whom, who, where to</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="faoi.htm">faoi</a></td>
<td class="red bold">cé faoi</td>
<td class="red bold">cá faoi</td>
<td class="red bold">cad faoi</td>
<td>under whom, under what</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="i.htm">i</a></td>
<td class="red bold">cé ann</td>
<td class="red bold">cá (h)ann</td>
<td class="red bold">cad ann</td>
<td>in whom, in what, where</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="idir.htm">idir</a></td>
<td nowrap><b class="red">cé eatarthu</b></td>
<td nowrap><b class="red">cá (h)eatarthu</b></td>
<td nowrap><b class="red">cad eatarthu</b></td>
<td nowrap>amongst whom, between whom, where between</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="le.htm">le</a></td>
<td class="red bold">cé leis</td>
<td class="red bold">cá leis</td>
<td class="red bold">cad leis</td>
<td>with whom, with what , to whom does ... belong</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="o.htm">ó</a></td>
<td class="red bold">cé uaidh</td>
<td class="red bold">cá (h)uaidh</td>
<td class="red bold">cad uaidh</td>
<td>from whom, where from, from what</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="roimh.htm">roimh</a></td>
<td class="red bold">cé roimhe</td>
<td class="red bold">cá roimhe</td>
<td class="red bold">cad roimhe</td>
<td>before whom, before what</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="tri.htm">trí</a></td>
<td class="red bold">cé tríd</td>
<td class="red bold">cá tríd</td>
<td class="red bold">cad tríd</td>
<td>through whom, through what</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="thar.htm">thar</a></td>
<td class="red bold">cé thart</td>
<td class="red bold">cá thart</td>
<td class="red bold">cad thart</td>
<td>via whom, via what, along which way</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="um.htm">um</a></td>
<td class="red bold">cé uime</td>
<td class="red bold">cá (h)uime</td>
<td class="red bold">cad uime</td>
<td>about whom, about what, at what</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>*only <b>cé</b> can be used when referring to <i>persons</i> and <i>things</i>
, also cé air = upon whom/ whereupon, <br>
<b>cad</b> and <b>cá</b> only in reference to <i>things</i>: cad air/cá
air = on what<br>
Instead of cad <b>céard</b> is also used.
<p>Forms with <b>cá</b> are typical für <i>Ulster</i>, with <b>cad</b>
more in <i>Munster</i> (cad chuige as <b class="red">'tuige</b>
also in other dialects), <b>cé</b> is used in dialects if in reference
to persons ("who"), in reference to objects ("what") is often common in Connacht.
<p>Under <b>cá</b> in Ó Dónaills dictionary, forms like"cá
air" are given for prepositions with a vowel. Given its initial vowel, forms
with h (cá hair or cá h-air) seem more logical and are also found
in literature. Under as, mostly "cá has" is written. <br>
In spoken Ulster-Irish one hears cá and preposition often contracted.
e.g.: <b class="red">c'air, c'as, c'aige</b>. <br>
the other prepositions with vowel (ann, uaidh, uime) I have not yet encountered
with cá.
<p><b>Derived prepositions</b>
<p>The genitive-requiring <a href="genpraep.htm#abgeleitet">derived prepositions</a>
(preposition and noun) use the appropriate interrogative beside <b class="red">cad,
céard, cé, cá</b> always the <a href="possess.htm">possessive
pronoun</a> of the 3rd person masculine singular <b class="red">a =
his</b>
<p> Examples:
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>preposition</b></td><td><b>lit.</b></td>
<td><b>interrogative</b></td>
<td><b>lit.</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>ar nós </b> = like</td>
<td>"in way"</td>
<td nowrap><b class="red">Cad ar a nós</b> = how, in
what way? </td>
<td>"what on his way"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><b>de chois</b> = close to</td>
<td>"of foot"</td>
<td nowrap><b class="red">Cad dá chois</b> = Close
to what? </td>
<td>"what of-his foot"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>i dtaobh</b> = regarding</td>
<td>"in side"</td>
<td nowrap><b class="red">Cad ina thaobh</b> = Regarding what,
why? </td>
<td>"what in-his side"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>i gcoinne</b> = against</td>
<td>"in meeting"</td>
<td><b class="red">Cad ina choinne</b> = against what? </td>
<td>"what in-his meeting"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>le haghaidh</b> = for</td>
<td>"with face"</td>
<td><b class="red">Cad lena aghaidh</b> = for what? </td>
<td nowrap>"what with-his face"</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Derived prepositions without the genitive with simple prepositions (e.g. <i>mar
gheall ar = because of, in aice le = in the area of</i> use here the 3rd person
masculine of the prepositional pronoun (e.g. <i>air, leis</i>)
<p> Examples:
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr><td><b>preposition</b></td><td><b>lit.</b></td>
<td><b>interrogative</b></td>
<td><b>lit.</b></td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>mar gheall ar</b> = because of</td>
<td>"like bet on"</td>
<td><b class="red">Cad mar gheall air</b> = why? </td>
<td nowrap>"what like bet on-him"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>in aice le</b> = in the area of</td>
<td>"in area with "</td>
<td><b class="red">Cad in aice leis</b> = close to what? </td>
<td nowrap>"what in area with-him"</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><hr width="100%">
<h2 id="Dempron"><span class="red">Demonstrative pronouns (forainmneacha
taispeántacha)</span></h2>
<p><b class="red">Seo, sin, siúd</b> are the standard forms
(adjectivial <b class="red">úd</b> instead of <i>siúd</i>)
<br>
In <i>Munster</i> following <i>broad</i> consonants the forms <b class="red">so,
san, súd</b> are common (e.g. <i>an capall <b>so</b></i> but <i>na
capaill <b>seo</b></i>, <i>an fear <b>san</b></i> but <i>an buachaill <b>sin</b></i>)
<br>
There are, in copular clauses (e.g.in the preterite) sometimes forms without
"s" (<b class="red">eo, in, iúd</b>) see also: <a href="kopul3.htm#seo,%20sin,%20siud">"seo,
sin, siud as copular forms"</a>
<p>meaning of <b>seo, sin, siud</b>: <br>
with <b><i>seo = this</i></b> something spatially /temporally close to the speaker
is meant. Also something emotionally close to him (e.g.: <i>a chara seo = dear
friend!</i>) <br>
with <b><i>sin = that</i></b> something either spatially / temporally close
to the addressed party or spatially / temporally a bit away from the speaker
is meant. Emotionally, as well, a rather cooler, more neutral relationship.
<br>
with <b><i>siúd = that there</i></b> something either spatially / temporally
further away is meant. Emotionally, it indicates a greater distance, not only
as politeness and admiration but also dislike.
<h3 id="allein"><span class="lightgreen">standalone demonstrative pronomina</span></h3>
<p><b class="red">seo</b> = <b>this</b> e.g. <i>Seo é
mo theach = this is my house. Tabhair dom seo! = Give me this here!</i> <br>
<b class="red">sin</b> = <b>that</b> e.g.: <i>Sin a raibh anseo
= That is all that there was.</i> <br>
<b class="red">siúd</b> = <b>that there</b> e.g. <i>Siúd
is feidir liom a thabhairt = That there I can spare</i>
<h3 id="adjekt"><span class="lightgreen">adjectivial demonstrative pronomina
(this ..., that... etc,)</span></h3>
<p>these pronouns for the indication of nouns are formed with the articles and
the 3 words <b class="red">seo, sin, úd</b> (in Ulster
instead <b class="red">adaí</b>)
<p><b class="red">an .... seo</b> = <b>this</b> ... e.g.: <i>an
teach seo = this house</i> <br>
<b class="red">an ... sin</b> = <b>the</b> ..., <b>there</b>
... e.g.: <i>an cailín sin = that girl</i> <br>
<b class="red">an ... úd</b> = <b>that</b> ... <b>there</b>
e.g.: <i>an crann úd = the tree over there</i>
<p>Just as in German, one generally does not place a <b>possessive pronoun</b>
next to a demonstrative pronoun <b> </b> ("this, my house"). If it is indeed
needed to indicate the owner , one uses a form of <a href="ag.htm">ag</a> in
place of thepossessive pronoun: <br>
e.g.: <i>an teach seo (atá) agamsa = this house, that I have. Sa tír
seo againne = In this, our country</i>
<p>Often, this construction of demonstrative pronoun and <a href="ag.htm">ag</a>
is used as the <b>alternative to the possessive pronoun</b>; in <i>Ulster</i>
the demonstrative pronoun is then abbreviated to <b class="red">s'</b>
(<b class="red">s'agam, s'agat</b>, etc.): <i>an teach s'agamsa
= my house</i>, alternatively, in <i>Connemara</i> an abbreviated form of the
prepsitional pronoun ('amsa, 'atsa, etc.) is used : <i>an teach seo 'amsa =
my house</i>)
<p>Such forms as : <i>*mo theach seo, *inár dtír seo</i> etc. are
not possible! <br>
the form "<i>a theach seo</i>" has another meaning. It does <u>not</u> mean
"<i>this, his house</i>" <u>but instead</u> "<i>this one's house</i>" (see below)
<h3 id="person"><span class="lightgreen">Demonstrative pronomina with the
personal pronoun (this, that etc,)</span></h3>
<p>Only possible with the 3rd person (sé, sí, siad, é,
í, iad or synthetic verb forms of the 3rd person pl. e.g. bhíodar
= sie waren) <br>
<i>not</i> with emphatic pronouns (seisean, sise, siadsan)!
<p><b><span class="red">sé/sí/siad seo</span> = this</b> e.g.:
<i>Is é seo a rinne é = This did it.</i> <br>
<b><span class="red">sé/sí/siad sin</span> = der, die, das,
die</b> e.g.: <i>Tá sí sin go maith = That is good.</i> <br>
<b><span class="red">sé/sí/siad siúd</span> = jene(r,-s),
jene</b> e.g. <i>Bhíodar siúd ina gcónai i mBéal
Feirste = Those ones lived in Belfast.</i>
<h3 id="possess"><span class="lightgreen">Demonstrative pronomina with the
possessive pronoun (his, hers, theirs, etc.)</span></h3>
<p>also only possible with the 3rd person (a = his, her, their). <i>Seo, sin,
siúd</i> refers to the possessive pronoun, not to the noun.
<p><b class="red">a .... seo</b> = <b>his, her, their</b> e.g.
<i>a theach seo = his house</i> <br>
<b class="red">a ... sin</b> = <b>his, her, their </b>
e.g.: <i>a theach sin = this one's(m.) house, a teach sin = this one's(f.) house</i> <br>
<b class="red">a ... siúd</b> = <b>his, her, their</b>
e.g. <i>a dteach siúd = those ones' house</i>
<p>with the verbal noun <b class="red">á ... seo/sin/siúd</b>
takes the place of the object (á = do + a). <br>
e.g. <i>Tá mé á dhéanamh seo = I'm doing this</i>
("<i>I am to his doing</i>" or lit. "<i>I am to-his doing it</i>")
<p>In German and English, all 3 forms translate to approximately the same thing, the only differences
being the indication of distance to the person (his, her, their). <br>
These distances are only possible in English or German only beyond the realm
of fine grammar: "this his/that his" etc.
<p>In German the word "dessen", "deren" also serves as the genitive-relative pronoun
("Der Mann, <i>dessen</i> Frau hübsch ist"=The man whose wife is beautiful.).
In Irish, the <a href="#relativpartikel">indirect relative particle</a> is used!
("<i>An fear <b>a</b> bhfuil a bhean go hálainn</i>")!
<h3 id="adverb"><span class="lightgreen">Demonstrative adverbs</span></h3>
<p>these are formed simply using the "prefix" <b>an-</b> :
<p><font size="-1">(<b>an-</b> is actually the prepositional pronoun <i><b>ann</b>
= in him</i>, used as an adverbial pronoun ("in that"), anseo then actually
<i>ann seo = lit. "in this" > "herein"</i>), earlier also written with double-n
. <i>Ann</i> alone as an adverb means also <i>there</i>, although this hasn't
the demonstrative character it might carry in German. </font>
<p><b><span class="red">anseo</span> = here</b> e.g.: <i>Táim anseo
= I am here</i> <br>
<b><span class="red">ansin</span> = there </b>e.g.: <i>Bhíomar inár
gconaí ansin = We lived there.</i> <br>
<b><span class="red">ansiúd</span> = over there</b> e.g.: <i>Bhi
siad ina gcónaí thall ansiúd i Sasana = They lived over
there in England.</i>
<p>ansin can also be used as a temporal adverb ("then") : <i>Ansin a bhí
mé i mo chonaí i Londain = Then, I lived in London</i>
<p>In Munster, forms with broad s are also common (<b class="red">anso,
ansan, ansúd</b>)
<p>also with the preposition <a href="sonpraep.htm#mar">mar</a> one forms adverbial
phrases:
<p><b><span class="red">mar seo</span> = this way, at this time, in this way</b>:
<i>Téir mar seo = go this way! Déan é mar seo = do it this
way!</i> <br>
<b><span class="red">mar sin</span> = so, that way, so then</b> (also conditional):
<i>ní rachaidh tú mar sin = so then you won't go?, cúig
phunt nó mar sin = 5 pounds or so</i>
<p>also in the formation of additional <a href="adverb.htm#prep">adverbial pronouns</a>
the demonstrative pronoun is used: <br>
e.g.: <b class="red">aige sin</b> = therewith, <b class="red">aige
seo</b> = herewith, <b class="red">air seo</b> = hereupon,
<b class="red">leis sin</b> = thereupon , etc.
<p><hr width="100%">
<h2 id="relativpartikel"><span class="red">relative particle and -pronoun (míreanna agus forainmneacha coibhneasta)</span></h2>
<p>relative pronoun are <b>words, that</b> refer to a word ("antecedent") in the
previous partial clause<br>
(like e.g. the word <i>"that"</i> in this clause, which refers to <i>"words"</i>).
<br>
In the new partial clause, the pronoun forms the subject (direct relative clauses),
a direct object (also direct relative clauses) or an indirect object (indirect
relative clause)
<h3 id="dir"><span class="lightgreen">direct relative particle (mír choibhneasta dhíreach)</span></h3>
<p>In German, these are "equivalents" to the pronoun <i>(der, die, das) "that"</i>
or also <i>(welcher, welche, welches) "which".</i> In Irish it's only
a particle. <br>
<br>
<b>Why particle and not pronoun?</b> <br>
The Irish perspective sees it not as taking the place of a noun ("pro nomen")
as the subject or object of the relative clause, but as the antecedent <i>directly</i>
subject/object without the need of a pronoun! The relative particle only connects
antecedent and relative clause. In addition to that, it is very short and flown
over in speech. An extensive explanation is given in the footnotes [
<a id="fnverweis1" href="#fn1">1</a> ] <br>
<br>
A division between <i>masculine</i> and<i> feminine</i> is not made. <br>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td>tense</td>
<td>affirmative</td>
<td>L/E</td>
<td>negative</td>
<td>L/E</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>present a.o.</td>
<td class="red bold"> a</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td class="red bold"> nach</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preterite</td>
<td class="red bold"> a</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
<td class="red bold"> nár</td>
<td class="lightgreen bold">L</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>An teach <b>a</b> bhí go maith = the house, <i>that</i> was good. <br>
An scéal <b>nach</b> raibh go maith = the story, <i>that</i> wasn't good
<p>The direct relative particle <b class="red">a</b> requires
the <a href="verb1.htm#spleach">autonomous verb form</a>. In the preterite with
d' preceding vowel: e.g.: <i>a d'ól tú = that you drank</i> <br>
The negative form <b class="red">nach/nár</b> requires
the <a href="verb1.htm#spleach">dependent verb form</a>. In the preterite without
d' preceding vowel: e.g.: <i>nár ól tú = that you didn't
drink</i>
<p>More about the usage see: <a href="satz4.htm#Direkter%20Relativsatz"> clause
forms: direct relative clause</a>
<h3 id="ind"><span class="lightgreen">indirect relative particle (mír choibhneasta indíreach)</span></h3>
<p>In German the (genitive) relative pronoun <i><b>dessen, deren</b>, (whose)
</i>(dative-/accusative-) relative pronoun with a preposition e.g. <b><i>to
whom, in which, on which</i></b> etc. <br>
<br>
This is a<b> particle</b> and not a <b>pronoun</b>, while an additional, real
<b><i>reflexive pronoun (forainm iartheachtach)</i></b> appears (mostly a prepositional
pronoun [dt. e.g. "on him"] or a possessive pronoun [dt. e.g. "whose"]) <br>
The indirect relative particle connects only relative clause and antecedent.
The antecedent is represented by a reflexive pronoun in the relative clause,
and is therefore only the <i>indirect</i> object of the relative clause. <br>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td>tense</td>
<td>affirmative</td>
<td>L/E</td>
<td>negativ</td>
<td>L/E</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>present </td>
<td class="red bold"> a</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td class="red bold"> nach</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
</tr>