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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<title>Emphasis and Shifting</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td nowrap>
<h1 class="red">Caibidil a Trí Déag: Sentences and Syntax (Abairt agus Comhréir)</h1>
<h1 id="oben"><i class="red">Emphasis (tréisiú)</i></h1>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><b class="lightgreen">with the help of the copula</b>
<br>
cleft construction: <a href="#Hervorheb. des s, o, vn">subject, object, other sentence members </a>
<br>
cleft construction: <a href="#vedean">verb via verbal noun and déan</a>
<br>
cleft construction: <a href="#iskompar">with comparatives</a>
<br>
pseudo-cleft construction: <a href="#Hervorhebung des Verbs">verb</a>, <a href="#Hervorheb. des Nebensatzes">go/nach-subordinating clause </a>, <a href="#Hervorheb. des O">object</a>, <a href="#fragesperr">as an interrog. clause </a>
<br>
<a href="#spaltkop">cleft- and pseudo-cleft construction in the copular clause itself </a>
<br><b class="lightgreen">without the help of the copula</b>
<br>
<a href="#subjekt">complex subject</a>, <a href="#objo">object</a>, <a href="#praedik">predicate in the classificatory clause</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2 id="treisiu"><span class="red">change in the sentence word order through stress (tréisiú)</span></h2>
<p>The syntax in Irish is quite rigid (PSO or. VSO, see <a href="satz2.htm#wortfolge">word order </a>). Althought, this is often skirted with the following changes inf the word order. This actually does not only happen for a special emphasis (treisiú) or reinforcement (néartú), but also to bring variety in speech/writing and is therefore common.
<p>
<h2><i class="red">with the help of the copula (cleft- and pseudo-cleft construction)</i></h2>
<p>The emphasis using a copular construction is the most common variety of changing the word order in Irish. <br>
There are two basic variations, which actually - although rare - also exist in German:
<p><b>the cleft construction (an abairt scoilte)</b> <br>
The part of the sentence to be emphasised is split off the sentence "cleft" and appears as the predicate of the <a href="kopul1.htm">copula</a> in a copular clause. The rest of the sentence follows then as a relative clause. In German and Irish, both have a similar form.
<br>
e.g.: <i>Is <u>teach</u> a thógann sé = It is a <u>house</u>, that he builds </i> (instead of: <i>Tógann sé teach = He builds a house </i>)
<p><b>the pseudo-cleft construction (an abairt bhréagscoilte)</b> <br>
This acts as the construction similar to e.g. "What he's building, is a house ".
<br>
In this case, the part being emphasised appears at the end of the sentence, but is represented at the beginning of the sentence with a pronoun (above e.g. "what", Irish "séard").
<br>
After the pronoun, follows a relative clause in Irish (different to the German).
<br>
e.g.: <i><u>Séard</u> a thógann sé ná <u>teach</u> = <u>What</u> he builds, is a <u>house</u></i>
<p>In German, as opposed to Irish, cleft and pseudo-cleft constructions are a rather rare occurrance of rearranged clause elements. Much more common are freestyle rearrangements of the word order. This is not possible in Irish and therefore cleft- and pseudo-cleft constructs must take the place of that.
<br>
<h3 id="Hervorheb. des s, o, vn"><span class="lightgreen">the cleft construction to emphasise the subject, object, verbal noun and other construction elements </span></h3>
<ul>
<li>This is the most common form of emphasis. It can be used for all clause elements (except for verbs and subordinating clauses)</li>
<li>The element to be emphasised moves to the beginning of the sentence in the form of a <i>copular construction </i> (most simply as <i>is</i> + word/phrase), which means it becomes the predicate of a copular clause. <br>
The rest of the sentence follows as a <a href="satz4.htm#Direkter%20Relativsatz">direct relative clause</a>. Whereby here, it's not always an apparent logical and understandable direct relative relationship between the antecedent and the relative clause (for example by adverbs as the antecedent).
<br>
Moreover, the relative clause is independent and functions quasi as the subject of the new copular clause. This is why it is also called <i><b>independent relative clause (an clasál coibhneasta leithleach)</b></i>.</li>
<li>In place of <i>is</i> any other copula form (interrogative, negative, relative etc) is possible, depending on the situation (<i>ní, an, nach</i>, etc.)</li>
<li>preterite forms (<i>ba, níor, ar, nar, etc.</i>) are to be avoided. In their place, present tense forms are used.</li>
<li>The copular form <i>is</i> can often be omitted, but other forms of the copula cannot. Preceding indefinite nouns, it is mostly omitted.</li>
<li>Preceding <i>definite</i> nouns, as always by the copula, comes the corresponding pronoun <i>é/í/iad</i> as a subpredicate. <br>
If <i>is</i> is omitted, then one no longer needs this pronoun (e.g.<i> <u>Is é</u> an fear a ...</i> or <i>An fear a ...)</i></li>
</ul>
<b>example:</b>
<table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr><td> </td>
<td><b>structure</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
<td><b>lit.</b></td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>normal</b> syntax: </td>
<td><b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="lilac">object</b></td>
<td>Féiceann tu an fear</td>
<td>You see the man</td>
<td>see you the man</td>
</tr>
<tr><td nowrap>emphasised <b>subject </b></td>
<td>(<b class="red">Is</b>
+ ) <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="red">a</b>
+ <b>verb</b>
+ <b class="lilac">object</b></td>
<td>(Is) <u>tusa</u> a fhéiceann an fear</td>
<td><u>You</u> see the man</td>
<td>Are <u>you</u> [it], that sees the man </td>
</tr>
<tr><td nowrap>emphasised <b>dir. object</b></td>
<td>(<b class="red">Is</b>
+ ) <b class="lilac">object</b>
+ <b class="red">a</b>
+ <b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b></td>
<td>(Is é) <u>an fear</u> a fhéiceann tú</td>
<td><u>The man</u> you see.</td>
<td>[It] is <u>the man</u>, that you see </td>
</tr>
<tr><td nowrap>emphasised <b>indir. object</b></td>
<td nowrap>(<b class="red">Is</b>
+ ) <b class="tangerine">prep.</b>
+ <b class="tangerine">object</b>
+ <b class="red">a</b>
+ <b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b></td>
<td nowrap>(Is) <u>don fhear</u> a thugann tú é</td>
<td nowrap><u>The man</u> you give it to.</td>
<td nowrap>[It] is <u>to-the man</u>, whom you give it </td>
</tr>
<tr><td nowrap>emphasised <b>Adverb</b></td>
<td nowrap>(<b class="red">Is</b>
+ ) <b class="lightgreen">Adverb</b>
+ <b class="red">a</b>
+ <b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b></td>
<td nowrap>(Is) <u>abhaile</u> a théann an fear </td>
<td nowrap><u>Home</u> goes the man</td>
<td nowrap>[It] is <u>home</u>, [where] the man goes </td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul>
<li>with adverbs and indirect objects (with a preposition), but also an indefinite direct objecten, instead of <i>is</i> also <i>is ea</i> (comes afterwards) is used:
<br>
(i.e.: In the copular clause, there is another shift in the form of a left shift of the predicate instead)
<br>
e.g.: Abhaile <b class="red">is ea a</b> théann an fear = Home is where the man goes.</li>
<li>By subjects and definite direct objects, é/í/íad may also follow is, which is much less commonplace.
<br>
e.g. An fear <b class="red">is é a</b> fhéiceann tú = The man it is, that you see </li>
<li><a href="satz2.htm#ergaenzung">supplementary queries </a> (with interrogative particle) always demonstrate a cleft construction, whereby copula and interrogative mostly fuse into one word.
<br>
(e.g.: cé = who-is[-it]):
<br>
e.g.: Cé a rinne é? = Who did it? (lit.: "Who-is[-it], that did it?")</li>
</ul>
In sentences of the <b>progressive</b>:
<br>
<table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr><td> </td>
<td><b>structure</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
<td><b>lit.</b></td></tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><b>normal</b> syntax </td>
<td nowrap><b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="red">ag</b>
+ <b class="lightgreen">VN</b>
+ <b class="lilac">object </b></td>
<td nowrap>Tá mé ag scríobh an leabhair</td>
<td nowrap>I am writing the book</td>
<td nowrap>am I at writing of the book</td>
</tr>
<tr><td nowrap>emphasised <b>subject</b></td>
<td nowrap>(<b class="red">Is</b>
+ ) <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="red">a</b>
+ <b>verb</b>
+ <b class="red">ag</b>
+ <b class="lightgreen">VN</b>
+ <b class="lilac">object </b></td>
<td nowrap>(Is) <u>mise</u> atá ag scríobh an leabhair</td>
<td nowrap><u>I</u> am writing the book</td>
<td nowrap>am I [it], that-is at writing of the book</td>
</tr>
<tr><td nowrap>emphasised <b>verbal noun</b></td>
<td nowrap>(<b class="red">Is</b>
+ ) <b class="red">ag</b>
+ <b class="lightgreen">VN</b>
+ <b class="red">a</b>
+ <b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="lilac">object</b></td>
<td nowrap>(Is) <u>ag scríobh</u> atá mé an leabhar</td>
<td nowrap><u>Writing</u> the book I am </td>
<td nowrap>is [it] at writing, that-am I the book</td>
</tr>
<tr><td nowrap>emphasised <b>object</b></td>
<td nowrap>(<b class="red">Is</b>
+ ) <b class="lilac">object</b>
+ <b class="red">a</b>
+ <b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="red">a</b>
+ <b class="lightgreen">VN</b></td>
<td nowrap>(Is é) <u>an leabhar</u> atá mé a scríobh</td>
<td nowrap><u>The book</u> it is, that I am writing</td>
<td nowrap>is it the book, that-am I to write </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>If the verbal noun and object are split through the shift of the clause element, then the object is in the nominative/accusative and no londer in the genitive (2nd and 3rd example of the table)
<br>
If the <b>object</b> is pulled in front of the verbal noun in sentences in the progressive, then <b class="red">a</b> (lenition!) takes the place instead of <b class="red">ag</b> preceding the verbal noun (3rd example in the table)!
<br>
A theoretically plausable <i>indirect</i> relative clause like *<i>Is scríobh a bhfuil mé an leabhar aige</i> is not possible, <i>ag</i> and verbal noun are not split.
<p>
<h3 id="vedean"><span class="lightgreen">the cleft construction to emphasise the verb using the verbal noun and déan</span></h3>
<p>A verb cannot be emphasised in a cleft construction like those above, because it already stands at the beginngin of a normal sentence.
One can however place the verbal noun of the verb at the beginning, and following that, a relative clause with a form of the verb <a href="dean.htm">déan</a> (= do) (similar as the poor German: <i>Laufen tust du</i>)
<br>
<table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr><td> </td>
<td><b>structure</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
<td><b>lit.</b></td></tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><b>normal</b> syntax</td>
<td nowrap><b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="lilac">object</b></td>
<td>Chonaic tu an fear</td>
<td>You saw the man</td>
<td>Saw you the man</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>emphasised <b>verb: </b></td>
<td nowrap><b>verbal noun</b>
+ <b class="red">a</b>
+ <b class="red">déan</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="lilac">object </b></td>
<td nowrap>Féiceáil a rinne tú an fear </td>
<td nowrap><u>Seen</u> the man you have </td>
<td nowrap><u>Seeing</u> did you the man</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This cleft construction is basically a sentence form with <i>déan = do </i> as an auxilliary verb like:
<br>
<i>Rinne tú an fear a fheiceáil = You did see the man.</i> (lit.: "did you the man to see ").
<br>
In this form, it is used most often with rare verbs, to avoid their inflexion.
<p>
<h3 id="iskompar"><span class="lightgreen">the cleft construction with comparative adjectives</span></h3>
<a href="adjekt2.htm">comparatives</a> (gradiated adjectives) are often avoided within a relative clause, because they themselves act as relative clauses (with <i>níos</i> or <i>is</i>).
<br>
Instead, the comparative appears as a copular construction (i.e. with <i>is, ba</i>) preceding the relative clause.
<br>
This form is used with attributive, predicative and adverbial uses of the comparative (also in the superlative meaning).
<p><table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr><td> </td>
<td><b>structure</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
<td><b>lit.</b></td></tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>normal sentence</td>
<td nowrap><b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b> (etc.)
+ <b class="red">níos / is</b> + <b class="lightgreen">comparative</b></td>
<td nowrap>Bíonn na laethanta <b>níos fuaire</b> sa gheimhreadh</td>
<td nowrap>The days are cooler in the Winter</td>
<td nowrap>are the days thing-is cooler in the Winter</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>w/ relative clause </td>
<td nowrap><b class="red">is</b> + <b class="lightgreen">comparative</b> + <b class="red">a</b>
+ <b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b> (etc.)</td>
<td nowrap>Sa gheimhreadh <b>is fuaire</b> a bhíonn na laethanta</td>
<td nowrap>In the Winter, the days are cooler</td>
<td nowrap>In the Winter is cooler, (REL that which) are the days </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This applies not only to sentences with a special emphasis af one part of the sentence, but also in other occasions where a relative clause is needed.
<br>
This form also doesn't really serve to specially emphasise the comparative.
<br>
On the practical side, the resulting construction always forms a cleft construction (is + comparative + relative clause).
<br>
This form is, of course, not to be used if the relative clause should only serve to highlight the comparative:
<br>
e.g.: <i>an fear a bhí níos sine ná mise = the man who was older than me </i>
<p>
<h3 id="Hervorhebung des Verbs"><span class="lightgreen">the pseudo-cleft construction to emphasise the verb </span></h3>
<p>An emphasis of the verb as in the above patterns (i.e. as the cleft construction) is only possible in the form of the verbal noun.
<br>
The verb, or the action clause, can also be emphasised, by placing certain expressions in front of it that point to the fact that the action is in the spotlight of interest.
<br>
Such expressions as: <i>"Is é an chaoi" = "the way it is "</i> or <i>"is é an rud = the thing is"</i>, <i>"is amhlaidh = so it is "</i> or <i>"is ea = it is "</i>
<br>
This is grammatically a "pseudo-cleft construct".
<br>
<table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr><td> </td>
<td><b>structure</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
<td><b>lit.</b></td></tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><b>normal</b> syntax</td>
<td nowrap><b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="lilac">object</b></td>
<td>Bhuail tu an fear</td>
<td>You hit the man</td>
<td>hit you the man</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4" nowrap>emphasised <b>verb: </b></td>
<td nowrap><b class="red">Is é an chaoi</b>
+ <b class="red">a/ar</b>
+ <b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="lilac">object </b></td>
<td nowrap>Is é an chaoi ar <u>bhuail</u> tú an fear</td>
<td rowspan="4" nowrap>What you did was <u>hit</u> the man</td>
<td nowrap>is it the way, that hit you the man</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b class="red">Is é an rud</b>
+ <b class="red">a</b>
+ <b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="lilac">object </b></td>
<td>Is é an rud a <u>bhuail</u> tú an fear</td>
<td>is it the thing, that hit you the man</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b class="red">Is amhlaidh</b>
+ <b class="red">a</b>
+ <b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="lilac">object </b></td>
<td>Is amhlaidh a <u>bhuail</u> tú an fear</td>
<td>is [it] so, REL hit you the man</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b class="red">Is ea</b>
+ <b class="red">a</b>
+ <b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="lilac">object </b></td>
<td>Is ea a <u>bhuail</u> tú an fear</td>
<td>is it, REL hit you the man</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><i>"Is a an chaoi"</i> requires an <a href="satz4.htm#Indirekter%20Relativsatz">indirect relative clause</a> (comp. <i>adverbial</i> indir. relative clause), hence the eclipsis after a or lenition after ar in the preterite (hence <i>ar bhuail</i> in the above example instead of <i>a bhuail</i> in the other examples)
<br>
<i>"Is é an rud"</i> can be contracted to one word: <a href="sonstig.htm#determinativ">séard</a> (<i>Séard a bhuail tú an fear</i>). <i>"Is ea"</i> becomes then <i>"Sea"</i>
<p>
<h3 id="Hervorheb. des Nebensatzes"><span class="lightgreen">the pseudo-cleft construction to emphasise a go/nach-subordinating clause</span></h3>
<p>Such a subordinating clause can only be emphasised through the formation of a "pseudo-cleft construction", similar to the emphasis of verbs.
<p><table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr><td> </td>
<td><b>structure</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
<td><b>deutsch</b></td>
<td><b>lit.</b></td></tr>
<tr><td nowrap><b>normal</b> syntax</td>
<td nowrap><b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="red">go/nach ...</b></td>
<td nowrap>Dúirt sé go bhfaca sé an fear.</td>
<td nowrap>He said that he saw the man.</td>
<td nowrap>said he that saw he the man.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>emphasised <b>clause</b></td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Is é an rud </span>
+ <span class="red">a</span></b>
+ <b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ (<b class="red">ná</b>)
+ <b class="red">go/nach ...</b></td>
<td nowrap><u>Séard</u> a dúirt sé (ná) <u>go bhfaca sé an fear.</u></td>
<td nowrap><u>What</u> he said is <u>that he saw the man.</u></td>
<td nowrap>is-it-the-thing, that said he (but) that he saw the man.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>"Is é an rud" can be contracted to one word: <a href="sonstig.htm#determinativ">Séard</a>
<br>
Instead of "séard" one can use other expressions, e.g. <i>rud eile = something else / what's more</i>, etc.
<br>
e.g.: <i><u>Rud eile</u> atá speisiúil faoin teach seo ná <u>go raibh cónaí air ann</u> = <u>Something else</u> interesting about this house is <u>that he had lived there </u>.</i>
<p>Similar to the go/nach-subordinating clause, an <b>infinitive construction</b> may be also be emphasised by a pseudo-cleft construction:
<br>
e.g.: <i><u>Séard</u> a dúirt sé leis ná <u>an féar a bhaint</u>. = <u>What</u> he told him was is that <u>he was to cut the grass </u>.</i>
<p>
<h3 id="Hervorheb. des O"><span class="lightgreen">the pseudo-cleft construction to emphasise the object </span></h3>
<p>An object can be emphasised using a cleft construction (see above), but also with a pseudo-cleft construction. The emphasis comes about when one moves the object to the <i>end</i> of the sentence.
<br>
This way of shifting emphasis is also possible for subjects, but less common and most likely restricted to interrogative clauses.
<br>
<table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr><td> </td>
<td><b>structure</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
<td><b>lit.</b></td></tr>
<tr><td nowrap><b>normal</b> syntax </td>
<td nowrap><b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="lilac">object</b></td>
<td nowrap>Chonaic mé capall </td>
<td nowrap>I saw a horse</td>
<td nowrap>saw I a horse</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>emphasised <b>object</b>: </td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="red">Is é an rud</span>
+ <span class="red">a</span></b>
+ <b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="red">ná</b>
+ <b class="lilac">object</b></td>
<td nowrap><u>Séard</u> a chonaic mé ná <u>capall</u></td>
<td nowrap><u>What</u> I saw, was a <u>horse</u></td>
<td nowrap>is-it-the-thing, that saw I but a <u>horse</u></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>"Is é an rud" can be contracted to one word: <a href="sonstig.htm#determinativ">séard</a>
<br>
Note the use of the conjunction <b class="red">ná</b> (lit.: <i>but</i>): It's possibly comparable to: <i>You've seen nothing <u>but</u> a horse.</i>
<p>
<h3 id="fragesperr"><span class="lightgreen">the pseudo-cleft construction as an interrogative construction </span></h3>
<p>Similar pseudo-cleft construction syntaxes may also be attained in (mostly rhetorical) questions.
<br>
Instead of
<i>"is é an rud (séard)"</i> comes then words like <b class="red">céard, cad, cé</b>.
<br>
Here, instead of <b class="red">ná</b> often <b class="red">ach</b>:
<br>
e.g.:
<br>
<i><u>Céard eile</u> a chonaic sí ansin ach <u>capall</u>? = <u>What else</u> did she see there but <u>a horse</u>?</i>
<br>
<i><u>Cad</u> a dhéanfainn, mar sin, ach <u>é a bhualadh</u>? = <u>What</u> else should I have done but <u>to hit him </u>?</i>
<p>
<h3 id="spaltkop"><span class="lightgreen">cleft- and pseudo-cleft construction in the copular construction istelf </span></h3>
<p>Cleft- and pseudo cleft constructs are formed using the copula, but also appear in various copular clauses themselves,
<br>
see here: <a href="kopul5.htm#treisiu">emphasis in the copular clause</a>.
<p><br>
<h2><b><i class="red">without the help of the copula (so-called "left shift")</i></b></h2>
<h3 id="subjekt"><span class="lightgreen">emphasis of the subject </span></h3>
<p>If a subject is modified by an <b>expansion</b> (e.g. a relative clause or other adverbial construct) is becomes rather long and there fore clumsy in the normal PSO-sentence structure.
<br>
Therefore, it can move to the beginning of the sentence (i.e. shifted to the left. Hence the term <b>left shift </b>)
<br>
The actual main clause follows unchanged, the subject is represented there in its normal position by a reflexive pronoun, to ensure continuity of meaning.
<br>
In the German or English comparative clause such a pronoun is lacking, so below, the extra "he" is rather atypical.
<br>
e.g. (subject bold, expansion italicised):
<p><table width="102%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr><td nowrap width="20%"><b>normal</b>:</td>
<td nowrap>Bhí <b>an fear</b> <i>a chonaic mé ar an tsráid</i> ag dul abhaile.</td>
<td nowrap><b>The man</b> <i>that I had seen on the street</i>, went home.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td width="20%"><b>shifted:</b></td>
<td nowrap><b>An fear</b> <i>a chonaic mé ar an tsráid</i>, bhí <b>sé</b> ag dul abhaile.</td>
<td nowrap><b>The man</b>, <i>that I had seen on the street </i>, (<b>he</b>) went home.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br>
<h3 id="objo"><span class="lightgreen">emphasis of the object </span></h3>
<p>In <i>negative</i> clauses, one can often shift the object to the front. It shows a particularly strong emphasis (of the negation, not the object).
<br>
It is one of the rare forms, in which one actually goes against the PSO syntax rule.
<br>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr><td nowrap width="20%"><b>normal</b>:</td>
<td nowrap><i>Ní bhfuair mé litir.</i></td>
<td nowrap><i>I didn't receive a letter.</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="20%"><b>shifted:</b></td>
<td><i><b>Litir</b> ní bhfuair mé.</i></td>
<td><i><b>Not one </b> letter did I receive. </i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>In clauses in the <b>progressive</b>:
<p>Here, the object can also be positioned at the beginning of <i>negative</i> clauses, it then is in the nominative/accusative.
There is then <b><i>a</i></b> instead of <b><i>ag</i></b> preceding the verbal noun.
<br>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr><td nowrap width="20%"><b>normal</b>:</td>
<td nowrap><i>Ní raibh mé ag saothrú pingine.</i></td>
<td nowrap><i>I didn't earn a penny.</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="20%"><b>shifted:</b></td>
<td><i><b>Pingin</b> ní raibh mé a shaothrú.</i></td>
<td><i><b>Not one </b> penny did I earn </i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br>
<h3 id="praedik"><span class="lightgreen">emphasis of the predicate in the classificatory clause </span></h3>
<p>The sentence form <i>Dochtúir is ea é = He is a doctor </i>is meant here<br>
For more information, see: <a href="kopul5.htm#treisiu">emphasis in the copular clause</a>
<p><br>
<p><hr width="100%">
<center><a href="#oben" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="satz1.htm">sentences and syntax</a>
<br>
<a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
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