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satz4.htm
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<title>Sentences and Syntax</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td nowrap>
<h1 class="red">Caibidil a Trí Déag: Sentences and Syntax (Abairt agus Comhréir)</h1>
<h1 id="oben"><i class="red">The Relative Clause (an clásal coibhneasta)</i></h1>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><a href="#Direkter Relativsatz">Direct</a> relative clauses
<br><a href="#Indirekter Relativsatz">Indirect</a> relative clauses
<br><a href="#Verallg. Relativpronomen">Generalizing relative pronoun</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Relative clauses are subordinate clauses, which refer back to a word
(antecedent) in the primary clause. In Irish, they are introduced by
a <a href="sonstig.htm#relativpartikel">relative particle</a>,
more rarely by a relative pronoun. The relative particle is usually
<i>not</i> a pronoun. Is links only an antecedent and a relative
clause (thus it is a conjunction.)</p>
<p>In
Irish, there is a distinction between <i>direct</i> and <i>indirect</i>
relative clauses. In direct relative clauses, the antecedent is a
<i>direct</i> subject or object. In indirect relative clauses, a
there usually appears a further pronoun which has the function of an
object, and which itself refers back to the antecedent.
</p>
<p>For
syntactic reasons, relative clauses are used by far more frequently
than in English.</p>
<h2 id="Direkter_Relativsatz">
<i class="lightgreen">The direct relative clause
(an clásal coibhneasta díreach)</i></h2>
<table width="584" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0">
<col width="582">
<tr>
<td width="582" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<p class="western"><span class="black">antecedent + </span><b class="red">a</b><font color="#000000">
+ <b>verb</b> + </font><b class="blue">subject</b><span class="black">
and/or </span><b class="lilac">object</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>form:</b>
One uses the <a href="sonstig.htm#dir">direct relative particle </a>(<i>mír chobhneasta dhíreach</i>)
</p>
<ul>
<li>
affirmative clause: <i>present et al..:</i> <b class="red">a</b>
(<b class="lightgreen">Lenition</b>),
<i>past:</i> <b class="red">a</b>
(<b class="lightgreen">Lenition</b>)
<li>
negative clause: <i>present et al.: </i><b class="red">nach</b>
(<b class="blue">eclipsis</b>),
<i>Past:</i> <b class="red">nár</b>
(><b class="lightgreen">Lenition</b>)
(in Munster <b class="red">ná </b>instead
of <i>nach</i>)
</ul>
<p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><font color="#000000"><b>Characteristics:</b>
</font>
</p>
<ul>
<li>
In both the present and future special
<a href="zeitform.htm#relativ">relative forms</a>
of the verb are used (with s-endings: Present: -(e)a(nn)s, Future:
-f(e)as or. -ós) <br>e.g.: bíonn > a bhíos
(also <i>a bhíonns</i>), beidh > a bheas, feiceann > a
fheiceas (also <i>a fheiceanns</i>), feicfidh > a fheicfeas,
éireoidh > a éireos<br>These relative forms are
widely common, but not part of the standard.
<li>An exception is tá, which is always
“merged” with a to form <b class="red">atá</b>.
Likewise <b class="red">adeir, adúirt,
</b>whicare mostly written todays as <i>a deir, a dúirt</i>
= (says, said).
</ul>
<p><b>Uses:</b>
</p>
<ul>
<li>
as an <b>attributive subordinate clause<i>
</i></b>referring to an antecedent. The antecedent is the <b>subject</b>
or <b>direct object</b> of the relative clause.<br>e.g.: <i>an fear
a rinne sin = the man who did that; an rud a rinne sé = the
thing that he did</i><br>position of the relative clause:
<ul>
<li>
attributive relative clauses mostly stand
directly after their antecedents, in the sentence structure the
antecedent and the relative clause often move to a place that
allows for this, usually at the send of the sentence:: <br>e.g.:
<i>Tháinig isteach i dteach tábhairne <u>an fear a
bhí ina chónaí sa Spidéal</u> = Into
the pub came the man who lived in Spiddal.</i>
<li>
or at the beginning of the sentence, if it is
the subject (with a pronoun in its place after the verb)<br>e.g.:
<i><u>An fear a bhí ina chónaí i Spidéal</u>,
tháinig <u>sé</u> isteach i dteach tábhairne =
The man who lived in Spiddal came into the pub</i>
<li>
also, the relative clause can be separated
from the antecedent: <br>e.g.: <i>Tháinig <u>an fear</u>
isteach i dteach tábhairne <u>a bhí ina chónaí
i Spidéal</u> = The man came into the pub, the one who lived
in Spiddal</i>
</ul>
<li>
relative clauses that refer to an entire
sentence of sentence subset begin with <b class="red">rud
a</b> (in English “which"):
<br>
e.g.: <i>Dúirt sé liom an leabhar a cheannach, rud
a rinne mé = He told me to buy the book, which I did.</i>
<li>
to <b>get around the PSO word order</b>,
sentence elements can be fronted, and the rest of the sentence
follows as a direct relative construction (as a <b>gap clause</b>,
see <a href="satz5.htm">emphatic sentence position</a>).
In this case there is no proper relative clause: the relative clause
serves here only syntactic functions (the so-called independent
relative clause, clásal coibhneasta leithleach) <br>
e.g. <i>Is
ag léamh a bhí mé = I was reading.</i> lit.:
"It-is at reading that was I". [The emphasis would largely
be conveyed in English by a stronger intonation on “reading.”]
<li>after <b>question words</b> (<b class="red">cé,
cad, ceard, conas</b>, etc.) a direct
relative clause always follows. e.g.: <i>Cé a bhí ann?
= Wer war da?</i> <br>(if <i>cé, cad</i> are linked with
prepositions (cé air, cad chuige, etc), an <i>indirect</i>
relative clause follows! Likewise after <i>cén fáth,
cén chaoi</i> and a few others.)
<li>after <b class="red">an té</b>
(the one), <b class="red">cibé, pé</b>
(whoever) <br>e.g.: <i>an té a chonaic sin = the one who saw
that; cibé ar bith a chonaic sin = whoever saw that</i>
<li>after the <b>conjunctions</b> <b class="red">nuair,
mar</b> <br>e.g.: <i>nuair a bhí
mé anseo = when I was here; mar a bhí sí = as
she was</i>
<li>together with<b class="red"> chomh</b>
(+ adjective) et al. with <b class="red">agus</b>
(in the sense of “As….as") : <br>
e.g.: <i>chomh
luath agus a bhí sé ann = as soon as he was therer; an
oiread agus a fuair sé = as much as he got</i>)
<li>
after the <a href="adjektiv.htm">abstract_noun_of
degree</a>(see there) e.g. <i>dá
fheabhas a rinne sé é = as well as he did it.</i>
</ul>
<p><b>Characteristics
of the syntax:</b>
</p>
<p>If
a sentence with a <b>go/nach subordinate clause</b> is converted into
a direct relative clause, the go/nach subordinate clause is <b>also
</b>converted into a direct relative caluse. The previous primary
clause is converted into a <b>module clause <i>(clásal
idiraisnéiseach)</i></b><i> </i>as in our example “whom
I think.” It usually involves a verb of saying or thinking.</p>
<table width="584" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0">
<col width="116">
<col width="217">
<col width="244">
<tr>
<td width="116" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<p class="western"><i><b>normal: </b></i></p>
</td>
<td width="217" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
Sílim <b class="red">go
bhfuil</b> an fear sásta</p>
</td>
<td width="244" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
I think (<b class="red">that</b>)
the man <b class="red">is </b>happy
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="116" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<i><b>direct relative:</b></i>
</td>
<td width="217" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
Feicim an fear <b class="red">a</b>
shílim <b class="red">atá</b>
sásta.
</td>
<td width="244" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
I see the man <b class="red">whom</b>
I think <b class="red">is</b>happy.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
</p>
<p id="Indirekter_Relativsatz">
<font color="#009900" size="5"><i><b>The indirect relative clause
(an clásal coibhneasta indíreach)</b></i></font></p>
<p><b>form:</b>
The <a href="sonstig.htm#ind">
indirect relative particle</a><i> (mír choibhneasta indíreach)</i>
is used</p>
<ul>
<li>
positive: <i>Present et al.:</i><b class="red"> a</b>
(<b class="lightblue">Eclipsis</b>),
<i>Past:</i><b class="red">ar</b>
(<b class="lightgreen">Lenition</b>)
(in Munster <b><i class="red">go/gur</i></b>
in stread of <i>a/ar</i>)
<li>
negative: <i>Present et al.:</i><b class="red"> nach</b>
(<b class="blue">Eclipsis</b>),
<i>Past:</i> <b class="red">nár</b><span class="black">
(</span><b class="lightgreen">Lenition</b>)
(in Munster <b><i class="red">ná </i></b>instead
of <i>nach</i>)
</ul>
<p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><font color="#000000"><b>Use:</b>
The indirect relative clause is either </font>
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="#praepo">prepositional</a>
(e.g. Eng. <i>on which</i>),
<li>
<a href="#genit">genitive</a>
(e.g. Eng <i>whose</i>)
<li>
<a href="#adverb">adverbial</a>
(Eng. <i>when, where, how</i>),
<li>
used <a href="#akkusat">with a
back-referencing prepositional pronoun as an accusative object</a>.
</ul>
<p>A
<b>back-referencing pronoun (forainm iartheachtach) </b>appears both
in prepositional use (mostly as a prepositional pronoun) and in
genitive use (as a possessive pronoun). Is can also appear as a
prepositional pronoun in the form of an accusative object (without
this pronoun a direct relative clause it necessary)</p>
<p>This
back-referencing pronoun represents the antecedent (r<span lang="en-IE">éamhtheachtaí)
as an object. The antecedent is only more <b><i>indirectly</i></b>
the object of the sentence (represented by the pronoun). In the
<i>direct</i> relative clause however, the antecedent is always the
<i><b>direct</b> </i>object or the subject of the sentence.</span></p>
<p id="praepo">
<font color="#009900" size="4" style="font-size: 13pt"><b>I.
prepositional use (on which.... / in which... / etc.)</b></font></p>
<p><i><b>1.</b>
Preposition with personal pronoun <u>at the end of the clause</u></i>
<br>
</p>
<table width="862" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0">
<col width="73">
<col width="397">
<col width="386">
<tr>
<td width="99" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<p class="western"><b>Present.et al. </b></p>
</td>
<td width="371" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<p class="western"><span class="black">antecedent + </span><b class="red">a</b><font color="#000000">
+ <b>verb</b> + </font><b class="blue">subject</b><span class="black">
+ </span><b class="red">preposition</b><span class="black">
+ </span><b class="red">pronoun</b></p>
</td>
<td width="386" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
an bord a bhfuil an forc air = the table
that the fork is on.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="99" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<p class="western"><b>Past:</b></p>
</td>
<td width="371" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<p class="western"><span class="black">antecedent + </span><b class="red">ar</b><font color="#000000">
+ <b>verb</b> + </font><b class="blue">subject </b><span class="black">+
</span><b class="red">preposition</b><span class="black">
+ </span><b class="red">pronoun</b></p>
</td>
<td width="386" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<p class="western"> an bord ar luigh an forc air = the table
that the fork lay on.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The
personal pronoun is here the back-referencing pronoun. <br>
Combinations
of prepositions and personal pronouns are the most common occurences.
(<a href="praepro.htm">Prepositional_Pronouns</a>).</p>
<p><i><b>2.
</b>Preposition <u>before the relative pronoun</u></i> <br> </font>
</p>
<table width="796" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0">
<col width="73">
<col width="324">
<col width="393">
<tr>
<td width="102" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<p class="western"><b>Present.et al. </b></p>
</td>
<td width="304" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<p class="western"><span class="black">antecedent + </span><b class="red">preposition</b><span class="black">
+ </span><b class="red">a</b><font color="#000000">
+ <b>verb</b> + </font><b class="blue">subject</b></p>
</td>
<td width="384" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<p class="western"> an bord ar a bhfuil an forc = the table
on which the fork is.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="102" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<p class="western"><b>Past:</b></p>
</td>
<td width="304" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<p class="western"><span class="black">antecedent + </span><b class="red">preposition</b><span class="black">
+ </span><b class="red">ar</b><font color="#000000">
+ <b>verb</b> + </font><b class="blue">subject </b></p>
</td>
<td width="384" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<p class="western"> an bord ar ar luigh an forc = the table
on which the fork lay</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>A
preposition can introduce the relative clause. [Learners of English
who remember being scolded not end sentences with prepositions will
recognize this as the “proper” or “formal”
form in English. In Irish, like in English, the previous form, with
the preposition at the end, is more common and more natural in living
speech – <i>DN</i>]</p>
<p><br>This
variant is only encountered with a few prepositions (<i>ar, as, do,
i, le</i>) and <br>it is only possible in <i>affirmative</i>
sentences, not in <i>negative </i> ones: e.g.: </font>
</p>
<p>An
bord ar a bhfuil an forc = the table on which the fork is
(affirmative) <i>but:</i> <br>An bord nach bhfuil an forc air. = the
table that the fork is not on (negative)</font></p>
<p id="coibhneasta_iartheachtach">
In this case the relative particle is a genuine
relative pronoun, the so-called <b><i>back-referencing relative
pronoun (forainm coibhneasta iartheachtach)</i></b>. <br>The
<a href="sonstig.htm#iartheachtach">back-referencing relative pronoun</a>
requires certain <i>combinations</i> of the prepsitions and the
relative pronoun a / ar. <br>Of these, the most frequently appearing
forms are <b><i>lena(r), dá(r), ina(r)</i></b> <br>
</p>
<p id="genit">
<font color="#009900" size="4" style="font-size: 13pt"><b>II.
genitive use (whose...)</b></font></p>
<table width="893" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0">
<col width="97">
<col width="384">
<col width="405">
<tr>
<td width="97" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<p class="western"><b>Present et al. </b></p>
</td>
<td width="384" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<p class="western"><span class="black">antecedent + </span><b class="red">a</b><font color="#000000">
+ <b>verb</b> + </font><b class="red">poss. pron.</b><span class="black">
+ </span><b class="blue">subject</b><span class="black">
+ </span><b class="lilac">object</b></p>
</td>
<td width="405" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<p class="western"> an fear a bhfuil a mhac sásta
= the man whose son is happy</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="97" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<p class="western"><b>Past</b></p>
</td>
<td width="384" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<p class="western"><span class="black">antecedent + </span><b class="red">ar</b><font color="#000000">
+ <b>verb </b>+ </font><b class="red">poss. pron.</b><span class="black">
+ </span><b class="blue">subject</b><span class="black">
+ </span><b class="lilac">object </b></p>
</td>
<td width="405" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<p class="western"> an fear a raibh a mhac sásta
= the man whose son was happy</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p id="fnverweis1">
Here the possessive pronoun is the
back-referencing pronoun. It must refer back to the antecedent of the
relative clause. [<a href="#fn1">1</a>]
</p>
<p id="adverb">
<font color="#009900" size="4" style="font-size: 13pt"><b>III.
adverbial use</b></font></p>
<table width="737" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0">
<col width="82">
<col width="285">
<col width="54">
<col width="155">
<tr>
<td rowspan="3" width="100" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<b>Present. et al.</b>
</td>
<td rowspan="3" width="305" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
antecedent + <b class="red">a</b>
+ <b>verb</b> + <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="lilac">object</b></p>
</td>
<td width="82" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<b>Place</b>
</td>
<td width="349" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
an áit a bhfuil mé sásta
= <br>the place where I was happy
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="82" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<b>Time</b>
</td>
<td width="349" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
an t-am a dtiocfaidh mé anseo =
<br>the time that I will come here
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="82" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<b>Reason</b>
</td>
<td width="349" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
an fáth a mbeidh mé anseo =
<br>the reason that I will be here
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3" width="100" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<b>Past:</b>
</td>
<td rowspan="3" width="305" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
antecedent + <b class="red">ar</b>
+ <b>verb</b> + <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="lilac">object</b>
</td>
<td width="82" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<b>Place</b>
</td>
<td width="349" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
an áit ar ól mé fuisce
= <br>the place where I drank whiskey
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="82" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<b>Time</b>
</td>
<td width="349" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
an t-am ar tháinig mé anseo =
<br>the time that I came here
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="82" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<b>Reason</b>
</td>
<td width="349" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
an fáth ar ól mé fuisce =
<br>the reason that I drank whiskey
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The
<b class="red">antecedent</b>
must be a general term of <b>time / place / reason / and way</b>. A
direct relative clause is equally possible here. <br>e.g.: <i>áit
= place, slí = way, caoi = manner, dóigh, fáth =
reason, am =time, lá = day, oíche = night, etc.</i>
(<i>uair</i> however is not usual) <br>The antecedent can also occur
in questions, e.g.: <i>cén chaoi, cén fáth</i>
(<i>Cén chaoi a bhfuil tú? = How are you?</i>)
</p>
<p>These
uses are called <b><i>adverbial</i></b>, since the relative particle
here replaces the relative adverbs <i>when, where, who, how, </i>etc.
<br>
In <b>English</b> this is very common:
</p>
<p>e.g.:
<i>an áit a bhfuil mé sásta = the place <u>where</u>
I'm satisfied</i> <br><i> an fáth
a bhfuil mé sásta = the reason <u>why</u> I'm satisfied</i>
<br><i> an t-am a bhfuil mé
sásta = the time <u>when</u> I'm satisfied</i> <br><i>
an tslí ar fhoghlaim mé Gaeilge = the way <u>how</u> I
learned Irish</i></p>
<p>In
principle, this adverbial relationship can be convered into a
prepositional relationship (the place in which, the time at which,
etc.). This means that a back-referencing pronoun would be
conceivable.<br>(e.g. <i>an áit a bhfuil mé <b>ann</b>
/ an áit <b>ina</b> bhfuil mé = the place that I am
in</i>).</p>
<p>Actually,
the indirect relative pronoun with the preposition “i”
<b>ina </b> = <i> in which</i> was was reduced in the course of time
to the modern <b><i>a</i></b>. <br>In earlier times, <b><i>i</i></b>
(in the sense of “in which,” as an abbreviation of <i>ina</i>)
was written here. <br>(<i>an áit <b>ina</b> bhfuil mé
> an áit <b>i</b> bhfuil mé</i>. today: <i>an áit
<b>a</b> bhfuil mé</i>). <br>
</p>
<p id="akkusat">
<font color="#009900" size="4" style="font-size: 13pt"><b>IV. use
with a back-referencing personal pronoun as accusative object.</b></font></p>
<p>Principally,
when the antecedent is an accusative object, a direct relative clause
is used. <br>However, direct relative clauses like "<i>An fear a
bhuail mé.</i>”are <b>ambiguous.</b> <br>There is no way
to distinguish whether the antecendet is the subject (”<i>the
man who hit me”</i>) or the object (“<i>the man whom I
hit</i>”).</p>
<p>In
the latter case, an <b>unambiguous</b> sentence structure with the
<i>indirect</i> relative particle is possible. <br>
</p>
<table width="729" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0">
<col width="107">
<col width="288">
<col width="328">
<tr>
<td width="107" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<b>Present et al..: </b>
</td>
<td width="288" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
antecedent + <b class="red">a</b>
+ <b>verb</b> + <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="red">é/í/iad</b></p>
</td>
<td width="328" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<i>an fear a
mbuailfidh mé é = the man whom I hit </i>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="107" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<b>Past:</b></p>
</td>
<td width="288" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
antecedent + <b class="red">ar</b>
+ <b>verb</b> + <b><span class="blue">subject</span>
+ <span class="red">é/í/iad </span></b></p>
</td>
<td width="328" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<i>an fear
ar bhuail mé é = the man whom I hit</i>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The
back-referencing pronoun (usually é, í, iad) is
important.<br>Without it, a direct relative clause would be
necessary.
</p>
<p> </p>
<p><font color="#009900" size="4" style="font-size: 13pt"><b>Special properties of the indirect relative clause </b></font></p>
<p>A <b class="red">go/nach-subordinating clause </b>
my be converted into an indirect relative clause if one turns the
main clause into a relative clause, similarly to
direct relative clauses. A prerequisite for this is a potential
back-referencing pronoun, or the creation of such (in the example below: air = upon it) <br>
The main clause becomes an <b>inserted clause (<i>clásal idiraisnéiseach</i>)</b>, in the
example: "of which I thought ". <br>
According to the <i>Bráithre
Críostaí</i>, the inserted clause is a direct
relative clause: <i>"a shíl mé"</i> <br>
According to <i>Ó
Siadhail</i> it is an indirect relative clause: <i>"<u>ar</u>
shíl mé"</i> <br>
</p>
<table width="953" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0">
<col width="111">
<col width="379">
<col width="457">
<tr>
<td width="124" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<i><b>normal: </b></i>
</td>
<td width="366" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
Shíl mé <b class="red">go
raibh</b> an forc ar an mbord.
</td>
<td width="457" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
I thought </font><b class="red">that</b>
the fork <b class="red">was</b>on the table. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="124" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<i><b>(in)dir. relative: </b></i>
</td>
<td width="366" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
An bhfuil an forc ar an
mbord <b class="red">a(r)</b>
shíl mé <b class="red">a raibh</b>
sé air?
</td>
<td width="457" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
Is the fork on the table<b class="red">of which </b>
I thought, <b class="red">that</b> it upon it
<b class="red">was?</b>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The
conversion of the go/nach-subordinating clause is not required. Also sentences like this are possible: <br>
<i>An bhfuil an forc ar an mbord <b>ar</b>
shíl mé <b>go</b> raibh sé air? = Is the fork
in the table, of which I thought, that it was on?</i> <br>
The
indirect relative clause (<i>ar shíl mé ...</i>) is comprised here as well of the prepositional pronoun <i>air</i>, referring back to
<i>bord</i>, so it is a back-referencing pronoun. </p>
<p>Hence, three possibilities
come about of this sentence: <br>
<i>An bhfuil
an forc ar an mbord <b>a</b> shíl mé <b>a</b> raibh sé
air?</i> (dir. + indir. relative clause) <br><i>An bhfuil an forc ar an
mbord <b>ar</b> shíl mé <b>a</b> raibh sé air?</i>
(indir. + indir. relative clause) <br><i>An bhfuil an forc ar an mbord <b>ar</b>
shíl mé <b>go</b> raibh sé air?</i> (indir.
relative clause + go-subordinating clause)</p>
<p>The <b class="red">indirect neg. relative clause </b>
identical in form to the <i>direct</i> neg. relative clause
(<i>as well </i> nach/nár), with the exception of a naturally occurring back-referencing pronouns (in the
examples in <b>bold</b>) <br>
A preposition is not possible as the introducer of the relative clause. <br>
</p>
<table width="788" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0">
<col width="57">
<col width="222">
<col width="504">
<tr>
<td width="100" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<b>Present, et al. </b>
</td>
<td width="205" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
antecedent + <b class="red">nach</b>
+ <b>verb</b> + etc.
</td>
<td width="477" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
an bord <b>nach</b>
luíonn forc ar bith <b>air</b> = the table upon which no
fork lies<br>
an fear <b>nach</b> bhfuil <b>a</b> mhac sásta
= the man whose son is not happy<br>
an t-am <b>nach</b>
mbeidh mé ansin = the time which I will not be there<br>
an
fear <b>nach</b> mbuaileann mé <b>é</b> = the man whom I do not hit </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="100" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<b>Past</b>:
</td>
<td width="205" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
antecedent + <b class="red">nár</b>
+ <b>verb</b> + etc.
</td>
<td width="477" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
an bord <b>nár</b>
luigh forc ar bith air = the table upon which no fork lay<br>
an
bhean <b>nár</b> tháinig <b>a</b> mac = the woman
whose son didn't come<br>
an t-am <b>nár</b> tháinig
mé ansin = the time in which I did not come there<br>
an
fear <b>nár</b> bhuail mé <b>é</b> = the man whom I didn't hit</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p id="Verallg._Relativpronomen">
<font color="#009900" size="5"><i><b>Clauses with the generalising relative pronoun a</b></i></font></p>
<table width="647" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0">
<col width="57">
<col width="202">
<col width="333">
<tr>
<td width="95" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<b>Present, et al. </b>
</td>
<td width="216" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<span class="red"> <b>a </b></span>
+ <b>verb</b> + <b><span class="blue">subject</span>
/ <span class="lilac">object</span></b>
</td>
<td width="330" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
Sin </font><b><span class="red">a</span>
</font></b>bhfuil anseo = That is all there is </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="95" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<b>Past</b>
</td>
<td width="216" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<span class="red"> <b>ar</b></span>
+ <b>verb</b> + <b><span class="blue">subject</span>
/ <span class="lilac">object</span></b>
</td>
<td width="330" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
Sin <b class="red">ar</b>
tháinig anseo = That's all that came </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>In this instance, <b class="red">a / ar</b>
means: "everything which " or "all that" <br>
even this
<b class="red">a</b>
requires eclipsis, <b class="red">ar</b>
lenites!
This <a href="sonstig.htm#a">generalising
relative pronoun</a> (<i>forainm
coibhneasta réamhtheachtach</i>) looks the same as the
indirect relative particle, but the antecedent is missing! <br>
The missing
antecedent (réamhtheachtaí) is expressed by the
relative pronoun itself. <br>
Hence the term
"réamhtheachtach" <br>
It can be the object (<i>sin a bhfaca mé = that's all that I saw </i>), as well as the subject (<i>sin a bhfuil anseo = that's all that's here</i>)
of the relative clause. <br>
<i>Sin a bhfuil</i> is short and sweet for: <i>That's all.</i></p>
<p></p>
<b><font color="#009900"><i>possible further</i>
<i>modification</i> <i>using </i> de ( = everything which is..)</font></b> <br>
</p>
<table width="761" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0">
<col width="57">
<col width="194">
<col width="480">
<tr>
<td width="96" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<b>Present, et al. </b>
</td>
<td width="156" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<b class="red">a</b>
+ <b>verb</b> + <b class="red">de</b>
+ <b class="lilac">noun</b>
</td>
<td width="503" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
Féiceann tú
<b class="red">a</b>
bhfuil<b class="red"> d'</b>fhir
ann = You see all of the men which are there.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="96" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<b>Past</b>
</td>
<td width="156" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<b class="red">ar</b>
+ <b>verb</b> + <b class="red">de</b>
+ <b class="lilac">noun</b>
</td>
<td width="503" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
Chonaic tú
<b class="red">a</b>
raibh <b class="red">de</b>
mhná ann = You saw all of the women which were there.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>With the help of the preposition<b class="red"> de</b>
(= <a href="de.htm">of</a>)
one can closer modify what is meant by "all".
</p>
<p><b><span class="lightgreen"><i>emphasis of a selection with </i> dá (= of all that which)</span></b>
</p>
<table width="847" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0">
<col width="96">
<col width="233">
<col width="512">
<tr>
<td width="96" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<p class="western"><b>Present (u.a.)</b></p>
</td>
<td width="233" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<p class="western"><b class="lilac">noun </b><span class="black">+
</span><b class="red">dá</b><font color="#000000">
+ <b>verb</b> + </font><b class="lilac">object</b></p>
</td>
<td width="512" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<p class="western"><span class="black">
Féiceann tú fear </span><b class="red">dá
</b><span class="black">bhfuil ann = You see one man of all which are there </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="96" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<p class="western"><b>Past</b></p>
</td>
<td width="233" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<p class="western"><b class="lilac">noun </b><span class="black">+
</span><b class="red">dár</b><font color="#000000">
+ <b>verb</b> + </font><b class="lilac">object</b></p>
</td>
<td width="512" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<p class="western"><span class="black"> An
leabhar is fearr </span><b class="red">dár</b><span class="black">
scríobh sé = The best book of all which he wrote </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="western" style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm"><span class="black">This </span><b class="red">dá</b><span class="black">
is a combination of </span><b class="red">de</b><span class="black">
(= </span><a href="de.htm"><u><font color="#0000ee">of</font></u></a><span class="black">)
and the general relative pronoun </span><b class="red">a</b><span class="black">
(all that). </span>
</p>
<p class="western" style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm"><b class="black">use
of the form dá:</b>
</p>
<ul>
<li>
often with <b><i>superlatives</i></b> <br>
e.g.:
<i>An fear is airde dá bhfaca mé riamh = the biggest man that I have ever seen.</i> (lit: "...of-all,
that saw I ever ")
<p>after <i><b>gach</b> + noun</i> and
similar expressions: <br>
e.g.: <i>gach ní dá
mb'fhéidir = everything within possibility</i> (lit.: "every
thing of-all, that are possible ") <br>
after
timepoints-/locations, also in a rather adverbial sense: <br>
e.g.: <i>gach
uair dá raibh mé ann = everytime I was there</i>
(lit.: "every time of-all, that was I in-it ")
<br>
<i>gach áit dá mbím = everywhere I am </i> (lit.: "[at] every place of-all, [at] which I
am")
</p>
<p>
after <i><b>iomlán</b> = everything </i> and other
expressions: <br>
e.g.: <i>Iomlán dá bhfaca mé
riamh = All I ever saw </i> (lit.: "all of
all, that saw I ever ")
</p>
<li>after <b><i>dá + </i></b><a href="adjektiv.htm#wieauchimmer">abstract
noun</a>: <br>
e.g.: <i>dá
óige dá bhfuil sé = however young he is </i>
(lit.: "of-his youth, of-all that is he ")
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><b><i class="lightgreen">negation
of a = all with an méid</i></b>
</p>
<table width="721" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0">
<col width="125">
<col width="455">
<tr>
<td width="154" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<b class="red">an méid nach</b>
+ <b>verb</b>
</td>
<td width="563" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<b class="red">an méid nach
</b>bhfuil ann = Everything that isn't there (lit.: <i>"the amount, that isn't there"</i>)
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><i>nach</i>
is here a normal relative particle and not a pronoun, which is replaced by <i>an méid</i>. The whole clause is a
normal direct relative clause.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><b><span class="lightgreen"><i>negation of a = everything with diabhal</i> (= devil)</span></b></p>
<table width="584" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0">
<col width="122">
<col width="458">
<tr>
<td width="122" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<b class="red">diabhal a</b>
+ <b>verb</b>
</td>
<td width="458" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<b class="red">diabhal a </b>bhfuil
ann = Nothing is there (lit.: <i>"devil all that there is "</i>)
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br>
<b class="red">a</b>
is again the generalising relative pronoun, which is negated by <b class="red">diabhal</b>. <br>
<b class="red">diabhal a</b>
means then <i>nothing</i>. <br>
With
<i>ach</i> an <i>only</i>-clause is created: <i>Diabhal a bhfuil ann ach leabhartha = Only books are there.</i>
</p>
<hr>
<p><center><a href="#oben">suas</a>
<br>
<font color="#000000">
<br>
<a href="satz1.htm">sentences
and syntax</a><br>
<a href=".">Gramadach
na Gaeilge</a><br></font></center>
</p>
<hr>
<p><center><font size="1" style="font-size: 7pt">©
Lars Bräsicke 1999 / 2003<br>
English translation and annotation by Daniel Nieciecki with help from Lynn Schneider.</font>
</center><br><br>
</p>
<p id="fn1">
<br><br><br>
<font size="2">[<a href="#fnverweis1">1</a>] The genitive use comes from the
prepositional use (selectively, the prepositions ag, i,
do) <br>
an fear <b>ag a</b> bhfuil a mhac ann = the man whose son is there
<br>
an fear <b>ina</b> bhfuil a mhac ann = the man whose
son is there <br>
an fear <b>dá</b> bhfuil a mhac ann = the
man whose son is there <br>
(ag a > 'ga > gha > a, ina >
'na > a, dá > dhá > a) <br>
ag a > 'ga >
go - also the reason why in Munster, one uses go instead of a </font>
</p>
<a href="https://github.com/cuplamilefocal/gnag">view on github</a>
<a href="https://braesicke.de/satz4.htm">view original German</a>
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